51
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Grenningloh R, Tai TS, Frahm N, Hongo TC, Chicoine AT, Brander C, Kaufmann DE, Ho IC. Ets-1 maintains IL-7 receptor expression in peripheral T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:969-76. [PMID: 21148801 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The expression of CD127, the IL-7-binding subunit of the IL-7 R, is tightly regulated during the development and activation of T cells and is reduced during chronic viral infection. However, the molecular mechanism regulating the dynamic expression of CD127 is still poorly understood. In this study, we report that the transcription factor Ets-1 is required for maintaining the expression of CD127 in murine peripheral T cells. Ets-1 binds to and activates the CD127 promoter, and its absence leads to reduced CD127 expression, attenuated IL-7 signaling, and impaired IL-7-dependent homeostatic proliferation of T cells. The expression of CD127 and Ets-1 is strongly correlated in human T cells. Both CD127 and Ets-1 expression are decreased in CD8(+) T cells during HIV infection. In addition, HIV-associated loss of CD127 is only observed in Ets-1(low) effector memory and central memory but not in Ets-1(high) naive CD8(+) T cells. Taken together, our data identify Ets-1 as a critical regulator of CD127 expression in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Grenningloh
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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52
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Jung YW, Rutishauser RL, Joshi NS, Haberman AM, Kaech SM. Differential localization of effector and memory CD8 T cell subsets in lymphoid organs during acute viral infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5315-25. [PMID: 20921525 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear where within tissues subsets of effector and memory CD8 T cells persist during viral infection and whether their localization affects function and long-term survival. Following lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, we found most killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1)(lo)IL-7R(hi) effector and memory cells, which are long-lived and high proliferative capacity, in the T cell zone of the spleen. In contrast, KLRG1(hi)IL-7R(lo) cells, which appear terminally differentiated and have shorter life spans, were exclusively localized to the red pulp. KLRG1(lo)IL-7R(hi) T cells homed to the T cell zone using pertussis toxin-sensitive chemokine receptors and appeared to contact gp38(+) stromal cells, which produce the chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 and the T cell survival cytokine IL-7. The transcription factors T-bet and B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 controlled effector CD8 T cell splenic migration. Effector CD8 T cells overexpressing T-bet homed to the red pulp, whereas those lacking B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 homed to the T cell zone. Upon memory formation, CD62L(+) memory T cells were predominantly found in the T cell zone, whereas CD62L(-) cells were found in the red pulp. Thus, effector and memory CD8 T cell subset localization within tissues is linked to their differentiation states, and this may identify anatomical niches that regulate their longevity and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Woo Jung
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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53
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Gfi1-cells and circuits: unraveling transcriptional networks of development and disease. Curr Opin Hematol 2010; 17:300-7. [PMID: 20571393 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0b013e32833a06f8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review will integrate current knowledge of transcriptional circuits whose dysregulation leads to autoimmunity, neutropenia and leukemia. RECENT FINDINGS Growth factor independent-1 (Gfi1) is a transcriptional repressor with essential roles in controlling hematopoietic stem cell biology, myeloid and lymphoid differentiation and lymphocyte effector functions. Recent work has suggested that Gfi1 competes or collaborates with other transcription factors to modulate transcription programs and lineage decisions. SUMMARY Gfi1 is central to several transcriptional circuits whose dysregulation leads to abnormal or malignant hematopoiesis. These functional relationships are conserved from Drosophila development. Such conserved pathways represent central oncogenic or 'gatekeeper' pathways that are pivotal to understanding the process of cellular transformation, and illustrate key targets for clinical intervention.
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54
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van der Meer LT, Jansen JH, van der Reijden BA. Gfi1 and Gfi1b: key regulators of hematopoiesis. Leukemia 2010; 24:1834-43. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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55
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Ponchel F, Cuthbert RJ, Goëb V. IL-7 and lymphopenia. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 412:7-16. [PMID: 20850425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a growth and anti-apoptotic factor for T-lymphocytes, with potential for clinical use in the treatment of immunodeficiencies due to loss of T-cells. Lymphopenia induced by disease (HIV infection, hemodialysis or Idiopathic CD4+ lymphopenia) or by treatment (high dose chemotherapy or depleting antibodies) for cancer or auto-immune diseases results in increased circulating levels of IL-7 which decline with T-cell recovery, however, the mechanism of such response remains to be elucidated. Furthermore, IL-7 is a major player in the regulation of peripheral T-cell homeostasis and as such is an important candidate cytokine for therapy aimed at improving T-cell reconstitution following lymphopenia. Anti- IL-7 is on the other hand proposed to treat conditions where IL-7 may play a more direct role in pathogenesis such as autoimmune disease like Rheumatoid Arthritis, Multiple Sclerosis or Inflammatory Bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederique Ponchel
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Section of Musculoskeletal disease, the University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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56
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Differential effects of STAT5 and PI3K/AKT signaling on effector and memory CD8 T-cell survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:16601-6. [PMID: 20823247 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1003457107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During viral infection, effector CD8 T cells contract to form a population of protective memory cells that is maintained by IL-7 and IL-15. The mechanisms that control effector cell death during infection are poorly understood. We investigated how short- and long-lived antiviral CD8 T cells differentially used the survival and cell growth pathways PI3K/AKT and JAK/STAT5. In response to IL-15, long-lived memory precursor cells activated AKT significantly better than short-lived effector cells. However, constitutive AKT activation did not enhance memory CD8 T-cell survival but rather repressed IL-7 and IL-15 receptor expression, STAT5 phosphorylation, and BCL2 expression. Conversely, constitutive STAT5 activation profoundly enhanced effector and memory CD8 T-cell survival and augmented homeostatic proliferation, AKT activation, and BCL2 expression. Taken together, these data illustrate that effector and memory cell viability depends on properly balanced PI3K/AKT signaling and the maintenance of STAT5 signaling.
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57
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Daniels MA, Teixeiro E. The persistence of T cell memory. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:2863-78. [PMID: 20364394 PMCID: PMC11115859 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T cell memory is a crucial feature of the adaptive immune system in the defense against pathogens. During the last years, numerous studies have focused their efforts on uncovering the signals, inflammatory cues, and extracellular factors that support memory differentiation. This research is beginning to decipher the complex gene network that controls memory programming. However, how the different signals, that a T cell receives during the process of differentiation, interplay to trigger memory programming is still poorly defined. In this review, we focus on the most recent advances in the field and discuss how T cell receptor signaling and inflammation control CD8 memory differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Daniels
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Center for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Missouri, M616 Medical Sciences Bldg., One Hospital Dr., Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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58
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Transcriptional regulation during CD8 T-cell immune responses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 684:11-27. [PMID: 20795537 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6451-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Naïve CD8 T cells differentiate in response to antigen stimulation. They acquire the capacity to express multiple effector molecules and mediate effector functions that contribute to infection control. Once antigen loads are reduced they revert progressively to a less activated status and eventually reach a steady-state referred to as "memory" that is very different from that of naive cells. Indeed, these "memory" cells are "ready-to-go" populations that acquired the capacity to respond more efficiently to antigen stimulation. They modify their cell cycle machinery in order to divide faster; they likely improve DNA repair and other cell survival mechanisms in order to survive during division and thus to generate much larger clones of effector cells; finally, they also mediate effector functions much faster. These modifications are the consequence of changes in the expression of multiple genes, i.e., on the utilization of a new transcription program.
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59
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Rutishauser RL, Kaech SM. Generating diversity: transcriptional regulation of effector and memory CD8 T-cell differentiation. Immunol Rev 2010; 235:219-33. [PMID: 20536566 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2010.00901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY In response to acute infections or vaccines, naive antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells proliferate and differentiate into effector cytotoxic lymphocytes that acquire the ability to kill infected cells. While the majority of differentiated effector cells die after pathogen clearance, a small number evade terminal differentiation, downregulate active effector functions, and survive as long-lived, self-renewing memory T cells. Our understanding of how effector CD8(+) T cells adopt these different cell fates has grown greatly in recent years. In this review, we discuss the transcriptional regulators that are known to support general effector differentiation, terminal effector differentiation, and memory cell formation. We propose that the diversity of activated CD8(+) T-cell differentiation states is achieved via gradients of activity or expression of transcriptional regulators that are regulated by the level of inflammation and antigenic signaling the T cells experience during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Rutishauser
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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60
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Kurtulus S, Tripathi P, Opferman JT, Hildeman DA. Contracting the 'mus cells'--does down-sizing suit us for diving into the memory pool? Immunol Rev 2010; 236:54-67. [PMID: 20636808 PMCID: PMC2907539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of T-cell homeostasis is critical for normal functioning of the immune system. After thymocyte selection, T cells enter the peripheral lymphoid organs, where they are maintained as naive cells. Transient disruption of homeostasis occurs when naive T cells undergo antigen-driven expansion and acquire effector functions. Effector T cells then either undergo apoptosis (i.e. contraction at the population level) or survive to become memory cells. This apoptotic process is crucial: it resets T-cell homeostasis, promotes protective immunity, and limits autoimmunity. Although initial studies using in vitro models supported a role for death receptor signaling, more recent in vivo studies have implicated Bcl-2 family members as being critical for the culling of T-cell responses. While several Bcl-2 family members likely contribute to T-cell contraction, the pro-apoptotic molecule Bim and its anti-apoptotic antagonist Bcl-2 are essential regulators of the process. This review discusses the progress made in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying contraction of T-cell responses and how some cells avoid this cell death and become memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Kurtulus
- Division of Immunobiology in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Cincinnati and Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Pulak Tripathi
- Division of Immunobiology in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Cincinnati and Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph T. Opferman
- Department of Biochemistry at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David A. Hildeman
- Division of Immunobiology in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Cincinnati and Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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61
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Abstract
Immunological memory is a cardinal feature of adaptive immunity. We are now beginning to elucidate the mechanisms that govern the formation of memory T cells and their ability to acquire longevity, survive the effector-to-memory transition, and mature into multipotent, functional memory T cells that self-renew. Here, we discuss the recent findings in this area and highlight extrinsic and intrinsic factors that regulate the cellular fate of activated CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Cui
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Susan M. Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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62
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-7 is required for T-cell development as well as for the survival and homeostasis of mature T-cells. In the thymus, the double negative (DN) CD4(-) CD8(-) thymocyte progenitor transition into double positive CD4+ CD8+ cells requires Notch and IL-7 signaling. Importantly, IL-7 seems to have a dose effect on T-cell development and, at high doses, DN progression is blocked. Naïve T-cells in the thymus, and after their exit to the periphery, are dependent on IL-7 and TCR signaling for survival. Upon antigen exposure, they proliferate and differentiate into memory T-cells. Because IL-7 intervenes at all stages of T-cell development and maintenance, it has been introduced recently into clinical trials as an immunotherapeutic agent for cancer patients (of particular note, those who had undergone T-cell depleting therapy) in an attempt to increase their population sizes of CD4+ and CD8+ cells overall, and specifically of CD8+ (CD45RA+)CCR7+ and/or CD27+), CD4+ (CD45RA+CD31+), and CD4+ central memory T-cells (CD45RA(-)CCR7+). Interestingly, IL-7 in humans induced a preferential expansion of naïve T-cells, resulting in a broader T-cell repertoire than before the treatment; this effect was independent of age. This suggests that IL-7 therapy could enhance immune responses in patients with limited naïve T-cell numbers as in aged patients or after disease-induced or iatrogenic T-cell depletion. This overview highlights the role of IL-7 on T-cells in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed ElKassar
- Experimental Immunology and Transplantation Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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63
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Abstract
The control of the differentiation pathways followed by responding CD8(+) T cells to produce protective memory cells has been intensely studied. Recent developments have identified heterogeneity at the effector cytotoxic T-lymphocyte level within which a bona fide memory cell precursor has emerged. The challenge now is to identify the cellular and molecular factors that control this developmental pathway. This review considers aspects of the regulation of the induction of effectors, the transition of effectors to memory cells, and the dynamics of the memory population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Lefrançois
- Department of Immunology, Center for Integrated Immunology and Vaccine Research, UCONN Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 1319, USA.
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64
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Horin P, Sabakova K, Futas J, Vychodilova L, Necesankova M. Immunity-related gene single nucleotide polymorphisms associated withRhodococcus equiinfection in foals. Int J Immunogenet 2010; 37:67-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2009.00890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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65
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Osborne LC, Abraham N. Regulation of memory T cells by γc cytokines. Cytokine 2009; 50:105-13. [PMID: 19879771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
T cells rely on a duality of TCR and gammac cytokine signals for development, activation and peripheral T cell homeostasis. Previous data had suggested that the requirements for CD4 and CD8 memory T cell regulation were qualitatively distinct, but emerging data has shown that the requirements for true antigen specific memory T cells are very similar between these two cell types. This review will focus on contributions made by members of the gammac cytokine family (IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-21) to homeostasis of naïve, memory phenotype and antigen experienced memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Colleen Osborne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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66
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Rochman Y, Spolski R, Leonard WJ. New insights into the regulation of T cells by gamma(c) family cytokines. Nat Rev Immunol 2009; 9:480-90. [PMID: 19543225 DOI: 10.1038/nri2580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 783] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Common cytokine receptor gamma-chain (gamma(c)) family cytokines have crucial roles in the development, proliferation, survival and differentiation of multiple cell lineages of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. In this Review, we focus on our current understanding of the distinct and overlapping effects of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21, as well as the IL-7-related cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), on the survival and proliferation of conventional alphabeta T cells, gammadelta T cells and regulatory T cells. This knowledge potentially allows for the therapeutic manipulation of immune responses for the treatment of cancer, autoimmunity, allergic diseases and immunodeficiency, as well as for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yrina Rochman
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674, USA
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67
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Inverse association of repressor growth factor independent-1 with CD8 T cell interleukin (IL)-7 receptor [alpha] expression and limited signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling in response to IL-7 among [gamma]-chain cytokines in HIV patients. AIDS 2009; 23:1341-7. [PMID: 19579270 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32832b51be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD8 T lymphocytes from chronically infected HIV-positive patients degenerate into a preapoptotic state and exhibit impaired functionality. Particularly in viremic patients, this was associated with an increased proportion of interleukin-7 receptor-alpha low-expressing (IL-7Ralpha(low)) effector-like CD8 T cells. As cytokine signaling through signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) is essential for cellular function, we hypothesized that activation of this pathway may be impaired in these cells. OBJECTIVES To evaluate cytokine-induced STAT activation in IL-7Ralpha(low) and IL-7Ralpha(high) CD8 T cells from chronically infected HIV-positive patients and investigate the potential molecular mechanism involved in the reduced IL-7Ralpha expression. METHODS CD8 T cells from HIV-positive patients on and off antiretroviral therapy were assayed respectively for STAT activation, cytokine receptor, and transcription factor expression by flow cytometry and real-time PCR. RESULTS IL-7 stimulation failed to activate STAT5 in a substantial proportion of patient CD8 T cells. This correlated with reduced IL-7Ralpha mRNA and surface protein expression. Interestingly, IL-7Ralpha(low) cells appeared to be fully capable of recruiting the STAT pathway in response to IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-15. mRNA expression suggested a potential role for growth factor independent (Gfi)-1 as an IL-7Ralpha transcriptional repressor, but not that of other transcriptional regulators studied, including Gfi-1B and GA-binding protein alpha. Programmed death-1 inhibitory receptor, though upregulated in CD8 T cells from HIV-positive patients, appeared unrelated to IL-7Ralpha expression and STAT signaling capacity.
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68
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Magri M, Yatim A, Benne C, Balbo M, Henry A, Serraf A, Sakano S, Gazzolo L, Lévy Y, Lelièvre JD. Notch ligands potentiate IL-7-driven proliferation and survival of human thymocyte precursors. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1231-40. [PMID: 19350552 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Notch and IL-7 are both well-characterized factors involved in T-cell development. In contrast to the mouse model, their precise requirements in the differentiation and/or proliferation of various stages of human thymic development have not been fully explored. Here, we demonstrate that IL-7 alone is sufficient to induce the differentiation of ex vivo purified CD34(+) triple negative (TN) surface (s) CD3(-) CD4(-)CD8(-) (CD3(-)CD4(-)CD8(-)), CD4 immature single positive (ISP) (sCD3(-)CD4(+)CD8(-)) and double positive (DP) (sCD3(-)CD4(+)CD8(+)) human thymic precursors to mature DP expressing sCD3 (sCD3(+)CD4(+)CD8(+)). We show that activation of Notch signaling by its ligands Delta-1 or Delta-4 potentiates IL-7-driven proliferation and survival of CD34(+) TN and to a lesser extent of CD4(+) ISP precursors. This effect of Notch is related to a sustained induction of IL-7 receptor alpha chain expression on thymocytes through a decreased methylation of its gene promoter. Thus, we show here that proliferation and differentiation of T-cell precursors are differentially modulated by IL-7 depending on the presence or absence of external signals. These results may have important implications for the clinical use of this cytokine as a strategy aimed at improving immune restoration.
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69
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Araki Y, Wang Z, Zang C, Wood WH, Schones D, Cui K, Roh TY, Lhotsky B, Wersto RP, Peng W, Becker KG, Zhao K, Weng NP. Genome-wide analysis of histone methylation reveals chromatin state-based regulation of gene transcription and function of memory CD8+ T cells. Immunity 2009; 30:912-25. [PMID: 19523850 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Memory lymphocytes are characterized by their ability to exhibit a rapid response to the recall antigen, in which differential transcription is important, yet the underlying mechanism is not understood. We report here a genome-wide analysis of histone methylation on two histone H3 lysine residues (H3K4me3 and H3K27me3) and gene expression profiles in naive and memory CD8(+) T cells. We found that specific correlation exists between gene expression and the amounts of H3K4me3 (positive correlation) and H3K27me3 (negative correlation) across the gene body. These correlations displayed four distinct modes (repressive, active, poised, and bivalent), reflecting different functions of these genes in CD8(+) T cells. Furthermore, a permissive chromatin state of each gene was established by a combination of different histone modifications. Our findings reveal a complex regulation by histone methylation in differential gene expression and suggest that histone methylation may be responsible for memory CD8(+) T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuto Araki
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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70
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Colpitts SL, Dalton NM, Scott P. IL-7 receptor expression provides the potential for long-term survival of both CD62Lhigh central memory T cells and Th1 effector cells during Leishmania major infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2009; 182:5702-11. [PMID: 19380817 PMCID: PMC2754146 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania major induces a state of concomitant immunity wherein secondary immunity is dependent upon the persistence of the original pathogen. Our laboratory has described two populations of Leishmania-induced CD4(+) T cells that contribute to immunity: CD62L(high) central memory T (T(CM)) cells and CD62L(low) effector T cells. To determine whether the prosurvival cytokine IL-7 contributes to maintaining these T cells, we examined expression of the IL7R on CD4(+) T cells activated during L. major infection. We found that T(CM) cells present in chronically infected mice expressed high levels of the IL7R. However, in addition to the expression of the IL7R by T(CM) cells, CD62L(low) cells responding to L. major infection expressed the IL7R. Additional experiments revealed that a large percentage of the IL7R(high)CD62L(low) cells were Th1 cells, based on transcription at the IFN-gamma locus and up-regulation of the Th1-promoting transcription factor T-bet. The up-regulation of T-bet did not prevent IL7R expression by L. major-responding CD4(+) T cells, nor did the absence of T-bet result in increased IL7R expression. Finally, blockade of IL7R signaling decreased the number of T-bet(+)CD4(+) T cells, reduced IFN-gamma production, and inhibited delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in immune mice challenged with L. major, indicating that IL7R signaling contributes to the maintenance of Th1 effector cells. Thus, both T(CM) and Th1 effector cells can express the IL7R during chronic L. major infection, which provides a potential means for their long-term survival in addition to the presence of persisting parasites.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- L-Selectin/biosynthesis
- Leishmania major/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/physiology
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/genetics
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/parasitology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/parasitology
- Th1 Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L. Colpitts
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Nicole M. Dalton
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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71
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An essential role of the Forkhead-box transcription factor Foxo1 in control of T cell homeostasis and tolerance. Immunity 2009; 30:358-71. [PMID: 19285438 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Revised: 01/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Forkhead box O (Foxo) family of transcription factors are key regulators of cellular responses, but their function in the immune system remains incompletely understood. Here we showed that T cell-specific deletion of Foxo1 gene in mice led to spontaneous T cell activation, effector T cell differentiation, autoantibody production, and the induction of inflammatory bowel disease in a transfer model. In addition, Foxo1 was critical for the maintenance of naive T cells in the peripheral lymphoid organs. Transcriptome analyses of T cells identified Foxo1-regulated genes encoding, among others, cell-surface molecules, signaling proteins, and nuclear factors that control gene expression. Functional studies validated interleukin-7 receptor-alpha as a Foxo1 target gene essential for Foxo1 maintenance of naive T cells. These findings reveal crucial functions of Foxo1-dependent transcription in control of T cell homeostasis and tolerance.
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Loss of CD127 expression links immune activation and CD4(+) T cell loss in HIV infection. Trends Microbiol 2008; 16:567-73. [PMID: 18964017 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although chronic immune activation correlates with CD4(+) T cell loss in HIV infection, an understanding of the factors mediating T cell depletion remains incomplete. We propose that reduced expression of CD127 (IL-7 receptor alpha chain, IL-7Ralpha), induced by immune activation, contributes to CD4(+) T cell loss in HIV infection. In particular, loss of CD127 on central memory CD4(+) T cells (T(CM)) severely restrains the regenerative capacity of the memory component of the immune system, resulting in a limited ability to control T cell homeostasis. Studies from both pathogenic and controlled HIV infection indicate that the containment of immune activation and preservation of CD127 expression are critical to the stability of CD4(+) T cells in infection. A better understanding of the factors regulating CD127 expression in HIV disease, particularly on T(CM) cells, might unveil new approaches exploiting the IL-7/IL-7R receptor pathway to restore T cell homeostasis and promote immune reconstitution in HIV infection.
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