51
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Basnet U, Patil AR, Kulkarni A, Roy S. Role of Stress-Survival Pathways and Transcriptomic Alterations in Progression of Colorectal Cancer: A Health Disparities Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5525. [PMID: 34063993 PMCID: PMC8196775 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Every year, more than a million individuals are diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) across the world. Certain lifestyle and genetic factors are known to drive the high incidence and mortality rates in some groups of individuals. The presence of enormous amounts of reactive oxygen species is implicated for the on-set and carcinogenesis, and oxidant scavengers are thought to be important in CRC therapy. In this review, we focus on the ethnicity-based CRC disparities in the U.S., the negative effects of oxidative stress and apoptosis, and gene regulation in CRC carcinogenesis. We also highlight the use of antioxidants for CRC treatment, along with screening for certain regulatory genetic elements and oxidative stress indicators as potential biomarkers to determine the CRC risk and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urbashi Basnet
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (U.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Abhijeet R. Patil
- Computational Science Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA;
| | - Aditi Kulkarni
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (U.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Sourav Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (U.B.); (A.K.)
- The Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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52
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A novel proteomics approach to epigenetic profiling of circulating nucleosomes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7256. [PMID: 33790358 PMCID: PMC8012598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86630-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration of epigenetic modifications plays an important role in human cancer. Notably, the dysregulation of histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) has been associated with several cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the signature of histone PTMs on circulating nucleosomes is still not well described. We have developed a fast and robust enrichment method to isolate circulating nucleosomes from plasma for further downstream proteomic analysis. This method enabled us to quantify the global alterations of histone PTMs from 9 CRC patients and 9 healthy donors. Among 54 histone proteoforms identified and quantified in plasma samples, 13 histone PTMs were distinctive in CRC. Notably, methylation of histone H3K9 and H3K27, acetylation of histone H3 and citrullination of histone H2A1R3 were upregulated in plasma of CRC patients. A comparative analysis of paired samples identified 3 common histone PTMs in plasma and tumor tissue including the methylation and acetylation state of lysine 27 of histone H3. Moreover, we highlight for the first time that histone H2A1R3 citrulline is a modification upregulated in CRC patients. This new method presented herein allows the detection and quantification of histone variants and histone PTMs from circulating nucleosomes in plasma samples and could be used for biomarker discovery of cancer.
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53
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Căinap C, Bochiş OV, Vlad C, Popita R, Achimaş-Cadariu P, Havasi A, Vidrean A, Dranca A, Piciu A, Constantin AM, Tat T, Dana M, Crişan O, Cioban CV, Bălăcescu O, Coza O, Bălăcescu L, Marta MM, Bota M, Căinap S. Doubling the Dose of Bevacizumab Beyond Progression in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer-the Experience of a Tertiary Cancer Center. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:487316. [PMID: 33776758 PMCID: PMC7991840 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.487316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in Europe, with an annual increase in incidence ranging between 0.4 and 3.6% in various countries. Although the development of CRC was extensively studied, limited number of new therapies were developed in the last few years. Bevacizumab is frequently used as first- and second-line therapy for management of metastatic CRC (mCRC). The aim of this study is to present our experience with using bevacizumab beyond disease progression at different dosage levels in mCRC patients, in terms of overall survival, progression-free survival, time to treatment failure, and toxicities. Methods: We performed a consecutive retrospective analysis of patients with confirmed mCRC who were treated with bevacizumab at "Prof Dr. Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. We included patients who had received bevacizumab as first- or second-line therapy and further stratified them according to the dose administered as a second-line (either standard dose of 5 mg/kg every 2 weeks or 7.5 mg/kg every 3 weeks, or double dose of 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks or 15 mg/kg every 3 weeks–depending on the classical chemotherapy partner). All patients had received bevacizumab beyond progression (BYP) which is defined as continuing bevacizumab administration through second-line treatment despite disease progression. In each group, we evaluated the prognostic factors that influenced survival and treatment outcome. Results: One hundred and fifty-one (151) patients were included in the study. Themedian age of patients receiving double dose bevacizumab (DDB) and standard dose bevacizumab (SDB) was 58 years (range 41–71) and 57 years (range 19–75), respectively. The median overall survival in the DDB group was 41 months (range 27–49) compared to 25 months (range 23–29) in the SDB group (p = 0.01 log-rank test). First-line oxaliplatin-based treatment was used more frequently regardless of group, while irinotecan-based more frequently used as a second-line treatment (p = 0.014). Both oxaliplatin- and irinotecan-based regimens were found to be suitable partners for BYP. Statistical analysis revealed that dose intensity, primary tumor location, and cumulative exposure to BYP had significant influence on survival. Conclusion: Doubling the dose of bevacizumab after first progression may improve survival in mCRC patients. Increasing bevacizumab dose intensity could override the prognostic impact of primary tumor location in patients receiving double the dose of bevacizumab after first disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Călin Căinap
- "Prof Dr Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Oncology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Cătălin Vlad
- "Prof Dr Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Oncology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Raluca Popita
- "Prof Dr Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Surgical Specialities, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Patriciu Achimaş-Cadariu
- "Prof Dr Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Oncology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Havasi
- "Prof Dr Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreea Vidrean
- "Prof Dr Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Dranca
- "Prof Dr Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andra Piciu
- "Prof Dr Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Oncology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anne-Marie Constantin
- Department of Morphological Sciences, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Tiberiu Tat
- "Prof Dr Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care I, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Maniu Dana
- Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Crişan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cosmin Vasile Cioban
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Bălăcescu
- "Prof Dr Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Coza
- "Prof Dr Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Oncology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Monica Mihaela Marta
- Department of Medical Education, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Madalina Bota
- Department of Mother and Child, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simona Căinap
- Department of Mother and Child, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Ounissi D, Weslati M, Boughriba R, Hazgui M, Bouraoui S. Clinicopathological characteristics and mutational profile of KRAS and NRAS in Tunisian patients with sporadic colorectal cancer. Turk J Med Sci 2021; 51:148-158. [PMID: 32892548 PMCID: PMC7991861 DOI: 10.3906/sag-2003-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major public health problem worldwide and in Tunisia due to its increasing rate of incidence.
KRAS
and
NRAS
mutations have become a pivotal part of CRC diagnosis, given their association to treatment resistance with antiepidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibodies. In this study, we aimed to screen for mutations in
KRAS
and
NRAS
genes in Tunisian patients with CRC and explore their correlations with clinicopathological features. Materials and methods AmoyDx
KRAS
and
NRAS
mutation real-time PCR kits were used to screen for mutations in
KRAS
(exon 2) and
NRAS
(exons 2, 3, and 4) in 96 CRC tumors. Results KRAS
exon 2 mutations were found in 41.7% (40/96) of the patients. Codon 12’s most abundant mutations were G12D and G12V, followed by G12A, while G13D is the predominant mutation in codon 13.
KRAS
exon 2 mutations were associated with older patients (P = 0.029), left-sided tumors (P = 0.037), and greater differentiation (P = 0.044). The prevalence rate of
NRAS
mutations was 7.3%, mostly in exon 2. These mutations were associated with early stages of the disease (P = 0.039) and the absence of lymph node metastasis (P = 0.045). Conclusion It can be inferred from this study that Tunisian CRC patients have a similar frequency of
KRAS
and
NRAS
mutations compared to those observed in other populations. Consequently, screening for
KRAS
and
NRAS
mutations is crucial for the orientation of therapies and the selection of appropriate candidates, while also helping to avoid unnecessary toxicity and increased costs for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donia Ounissi
- Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Research UR12SP14, Mongi Slim Hospital, La Marsa, Tunisia,Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Weslati
- Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Research UR12SP14, Mongi Slim Hospital, La Marsa, Tunisia,Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rahma Boughriba
- Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Research UR12SP14, Mongi Slim Hospital, La Marsa, Tunisia,Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Meriam Hazgui
- Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Research UR12SP14, Mongi Slim Hospital, La Marsa, Tunisia,Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Saadia Bouraoui
- Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Research UR12SP14, Mongi Slim Hospital, La Marsa, Tunisia,Department of Pathology and Cytology, Mongi Slim Hospital, La Marsa, Tunisia
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55
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Bader El Din NG, Farouk S, Abdel-Salam LO, Khairy A. The potential value of miRNA-223 as a diagnostic biomarker for Egyptian colorectal patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 33:25-31. [PMID: 33079781 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000001961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third lethal malignancy worldwide. Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) mediates several growth factors signaling pathways and induces abnormal genes expression, which leads to colorectal carcinogenesis. We aimed to comprehensively assess the expression of miRNA-200c, miRNA-203a, miRNA-223 in Egyptian CRC tissue and their corresponding serum samples and to explore if they have any potential prognostic or diagnostic value for CRC patients. METHODS A total of 195 subjects (120 CRC patients and 75 healthy controls) participated in exploration and validation sets. The relative expression of miRNA-200c, miRNA-203a, and miRNA-223 was measured in both CRC tissue and serum samples, and the expressed miRNAs were compared in different CRC grades and types and the prognostic value was evaluated. RESULTS The expression levels of miRNA-200c and miRNA-203a were reduced in CRC tissue samples than adjacent noncancerous tissues. miRNA-223 level was significantly upregulated in both CRC tissue and serum samples with a positive association between them (r = 0.85, P = 0.001). The miRNA-223 can effectively discriminate CRC patients from controls and can significantly differentiate between colon and rectal cancer patients. The association between serum miRNA-223 expression and CRC development was validated in the second set and the ROC curve showed highly significant prognostic value with 90.1% sensitivity, 87% specificity, and area under the curve of 0.914 (95% confidence interval: 0.830-0.978, P = 0.0001). These results showed the association between miRNA-223 upregulation and the CRC carcinogenesis. CONCLUSION Circulating miRNA-223 can be a potential noninvasive prognostic biomarker for Egyptian CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sally Farouk
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, National Research Centre, Dokki
| | | | - Ahmed Khairy
- Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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56
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RNA-binding protein CELF1 enhances cell migration, invasion, and chemoresistance by targeting ETS2 in colorectal cancer. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:1973-1990. [PMID: 32677671 DOI: 10.1042/cs20191174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is often diagnosed at later stages after it has metastasized to other organs. The development of chemoresistance also contributes to a poor prognosis. Therefore, an increased understanding of the metastatic properties of CRC and chemoresistance could improve patient survival. CUGBP elav-like family member 1 (CELF1) is an RNA-binding protein, which is overexpressed in many human malignant tumors. However, the influence of CELF1 in CRC is unclear. V-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homologue 2 (ETS2) is an evolutionarily conserved proto-oncogene known to be overexpressed in a variety of human cancers including CRC. In thespresent tudy, we investigated the association between CELF1 and ETS2 in CRC tumorigenesis and oxaliplatin (L-OHP) resistance. We found a positive correlation between the elevated expression of CELF1 and ETS2 in human CRC tissues. Overexpression of CELF1 increased CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and in a xenograft tumor growth model in vivo, and induced resistance to L-OHP. In contrast, CELF1 knockdown improved the response of CRC cells to L-OHP. Overexpression of ETS2 increased the malignant behavior of CRC cells (growth, migration, and invasion) and L-OHP resistance in vitro. Moreover, L-OHP resistance induced by CELF1 overexpression was reversed by ETS2 knockdown. The results of luciferase reporter and ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation assays indicated that CELF1 up-regulates ETS2 by binding to its 3'-UTR. Taken together, our findings have identified that CELF1 regulates ETS2 in a mechanism that results in CRC tumorigenesis and L-OHP resistance, and CELF1 may be a promising target for overcoming chemoresistance in CRC.
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57
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Zhao Y, Wang C, Goel A. Role of gut microbiota in epigenetic regulation of colorectal Cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188490. [PMID: 33321173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The stepwise accumulation of epigenetic alterations in the normal colorectal epithelium has been reported to act as a driving force for the initiation and promotion of tumorigenesis in CRC. From a mechanistic standpoint, emerging evidence indicates that within the colorectal epithelium, the diverse gut microbiota can interact with host cells to regulate multiple physiological processes. In fact, recent studies have found that the gut microbiota represents a potential cause of carcinogenesis, invasion, and metastasis via DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs - providing an epigenetic perspective for the connection between the gut microbiota and CRC. Herein, we comprehensively review the recent research that provides a comprehensive yet succinct evidence connecting the gut microbiota to CRC at an epigenetic level, including carcinogenic mechanisms of cancer-related microbiota, and the potential for utilizing the gut microbiota as CRC biomarkers. These scientific findings highlight a promising future for manipulating the gut microbiota to improve clinical outcomes in patients suffering from CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Chuanxin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Ajay Goel
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
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58
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Wang Y, Zhang M, Hu X, Qin W, Wu H, Wei M. Colon cancer-specific diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers based on genome-wide abnormal DNA methylation. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:22626-22655. [PMID: 33202377 PMCID: PMC7746390 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal DNA methylation is a major early contributor to colon cancer (COAD) development. We conducted a cohort-based systematic investigation of genome-wide DNA methylation using 299 COAD and 38 normal tissue samples from TCGA. Through conditional screening and machine learning with a training cohort, we identified one hypomethylated and nine hypermethylated differentially methylated CpG sites as potential diagnostic biomarkers, and used them to construct a COAD-specific diagnostic model. Unlike previous models, our model precisely distinguished COAD from nine other cancer types (e.g., breast cancer and liver cancer; error rate ≤ 0.05) and from normal tissues in the training cohort (AUC = 1). The diagnostic model was verified using a validation cohort from The Cancer Genome Atlas (AUC = 1) and five independent cohorts from the Gene Expression Omnibus (AUC ≥ 0.951). Using Cox regression analyses, we established a prognostic model based on six CpG sites in the training cohort, and verified the model in the validation cohort. The prognostic model sensitively predicted patients’ survival (p ≤ 0.00011, AUC ≥ 0.792) independently of important clinicopathological characteristics of COAD (e.g., gender and age). Thus, our DNA methylation analysis provided precise biomarkers and models for the early diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of COAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, P. R. China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, P. R. China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, P. R. China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Wenyan Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, P. R. China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Huizhe Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, P. R. China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Minjie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, P. R. China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
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59
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Ye H, Li W, Wu K, Liu Y, Lv Y, Zhu Y, Luo H, Cui L. The SP1-Induced Long Noncoding RNA, LINC00339, Promotes Tumorigenesis in Colorectal Cancer via the miR-378a-3p/MED19 Axis. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:11711-11724. [PMID: 33235461 PMCID: PMC7678716 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s277254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Accumulating evidence has indicated that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are pivotal regulators involved in the pathogenesis of cancer; however, the molecular mechanism of LINC00339 in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. Methods The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for the expression of LINC00339 and miR-378a-3p and Western blots for MED19 were performed. A dual-luciferase assay was used to investigate the interaction between LIN00339 and miR-378a-3p, as well as between miR-378a-3p and MED19. Cell proliferation was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and 5-ethynyl-2ʹ-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay. The cell cycle was analyzed by propidium iodide staining followed by flow cytometry analysis. The wound-healing and transwell invasion assays were used to evaluate cell migration and invasion. Results The expression of LINC00339 was significantly upregulated in CRC cells and tissues, and high LINC00339 expression indicated an advanced tumor stage. Further experiments demonstrated that SP1 activated LINC00339 expression by binding to its promoter region. Luciferase activity and RNA pull-down assays demonstrated a direct interaction between LINC00339 and miR-378a-3p. miR-378a-3p expression was decreased in CRC samples and negatively correlated with LINC00339 expression in tumors. Gain- and loss-of-function assays indicated that LINC00339 contributed to cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, migration, and invasion, while miR-378a-3p reversed these effects. Furthermore, cotransfection of wild-type MED19 3ʹ-UTR reporters and miR-378a-3p significantly reduced luciferase activity. MED19 mRNA and protein expression was inhibited and enhanced by miR-378a-3p and LINC00339, respectively. MED19 overexpression reversed the effect of miR-378a-3p on cellular processes. Moreover, LINC00339 promoted tumor growth in vivo and induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in cells. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate the regulatory role of the SP1/LINC00339/miR-378a-3p/MED19 axis in CRC tumorigenesis and provide novel insight into the molecular mechanism underlying CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ye
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Marine Biomedical Research, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wende Li
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, People's Republic of China
| | - Kefeng Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Marine Biomedical Research, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Marine Biomedical Research, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingnian Lv
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Marine Biomedical Research, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhen Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Marine Biomedical Research, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Marine Biomedical Research, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Liao Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Marine Biomedical Research, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
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60
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Zhang J, Shen Z, Song Z, Luan J, Li Y, Zhao T. Drug Response Associated With and Prognostic lncRNAs Mediated by DNA Methylation and Transcription Factors in Colon Cancer. Front Genet 2020; 11:554833. [PMID: 33329694 PMCID: PMC7673839 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.554833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. As well as lifestyle, genetic and epigenetic changes are key factors that influence the risk of colon cancer. However, the impact of epigenetic alterations in non-coding RNAs and their consequences in colon cancer have not been fully characterized. We detected differential methylation sites (DMSs) in long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) promoters and identified lncRNA expression quantitative trait methylations (lncQTMs) by association tests. To investigate how transcription factor (TF) binding was affected by DNA methylation, we characterized the occurrence of known TFs among DMSs collected from the MEME suite. We further combined methylome and transcriptome data to construct TF-methylation-lncRNA relationships. To study the role of lncRNAs in drug response, we used pharmacological and lncRNA profiles from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) and investigated the association between lncRNAs and drug activity. We also used combinations of TF-methylation-lncRNA relationships to stratify patient survival using a risk model. DNA methylation sites displayed global hyper-methylation in lncRNA promoters and tended to have negative relationships with the corresponding lncRNAs. Negative lncQTMs located near transcription start sites (TSSs) had more significant correlations with the corresponding lncRNAs. Some lncRNAs found to be mediated by the interplay between DNA methylation and TFs were previously identified as markers for colon cancer. We also found that the ELF1-cg05372727- LINC00460 relationship were prognostic signatures for colon cancer. These findings suggest that lncRNAs mediated by the interplay between DNA methylation and TFs are promising predictors of drug response, and that combined TF-methylation-lncRNA can serve as a prognostic signature for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zheyu Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Luan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yezhou Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tiancheng Zhao
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Analysis of microRNA-34a expression profile and rs2666433 variant in colorectal cancer: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16940. [PMID: 33037254 PMCID: PMC7547073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73951-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are implicated in every stage of carcinogenesis and play an essential role as genetic biomarkers of cancer. We aimed to evaluate microRNA-34a gene (MIR34A) expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues compared with non-cancer one and to preliminarily explore the association of one related variant to CRC risk. A total of 116 paraffin-embedded colon specimens were enrolled. MiR-34a was quantified by qPCR, and rs2666433 (A/G) genotyping was performed by TaqMan Real-Time PCR. Also, the somatic mutation burden was assessed. MIR34A expression in the CRC specimens was significantly upregulated (median = 21.50, IQR: 7.0–209.2; P = 0.001) relative to the non-cancer tissues. Allele (A) was highly prevalent in CRC tissues represented 0.56 (P < 0.001). AA/AG genotype carriers were 5.7 and 2.8 more likely to develop cancer than GG carriers. Tumor-normal tissue paired analysis revealed genotype concordance in 33 out of 58 tissue samples. Approximately 43% of the specimens showed a tendency for G to A shift. Additionally, a higher frequency of somatic mutation (92%) was observed in adenocarcinoma (P = 0.006). MIR34A expression and gene variant did not show associations with the clinicopathological data. However, G > A somatic mutation carriers had more prolonged DFS and OS. Bioinformatics analysis revealed miR-34a could target 30 genes that are implied in all steps of CRC tumorigenesis. In conclusion, this study confirms MIR34A upregulation in CRC tissues, and its rs2666433 (A/G) variant showed association with CRC and a high somatic mutation rate in cancer tissues. MiR-34a could provide a novel targeted therapy after validation in large-scale studies.
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Feng W, Li B, Wang J, Zhang H, Liu Y, Xu D, Cheng K, Zhuang J. Long Non-coding RNA LINC00115 Contributes to the Progression of Colorectal Cancer by Targeting miR-489-3p via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway. Front Genet 2020; 11:567630. [PMID: 33193658 PMCID: PMC7525183 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.567630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are tumor-related regulators and have been found to be involved in the underlying molecular mechanisms of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the role of lncRNA LINC00115 during CRC progression is not entirely elucidated. In this study, we discovered that LINC00115 was significantly overexpressed in CRC, and its overexpression predicted poor patient outcomes. Downregulation of LINC00115 markedly inhibited CRC cell proliferation, increased cell apoptosis, and suppressed cell migration and invasion. Moreover, downregulation of LINC00115 led to the inactivation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. Bioinformatics analysis identified miR-489-3p as a candidate target of LINC00115. Furthermore, we revealed an inverse correlation between LINC00115 and miR-489-3p in CRC tissues. Importantly, by luciferase reporter assay, we found that miR-489-3p might directly target LINC00115, and downregulation of miR-489-3p could rescue the biological effects induced by the absence of LINC0015. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that LINC00115 serves as an oncogene in CRC metastasis. Deeper understanding of the LINC00115/miR-489-3p axis might provide potential therapeutic targets against CRC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Feng
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Baodong Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinbang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huiliang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yonggang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongli Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Liu Z, Li X, Ma J, Li D, Ju H, Liu Y, Chen Y, He X, Zhu Y. Integrative Analysis of the IQ Motif-Containing GTPase-Activating Protein Family Indicates That the IQGAP3-PIK3C2B Axis Promotes Invasion in Colon Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:8299-8311. [PMID: 32903879 PMCID: PMC7445521 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s257729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colon cancer (CRC) is a common type of tumour, and IQGAP family proteins play an important role in many tumours. However, their roles in CRC remain unclear. Methods First, we searched many public databases to comprehensively analyze expression of IQGAPs in CRC. Next, real-time PCR, immunohistochemical (IHC), transwell, siRNA transfection and Western blot assays were used to evaluate relationships among IQGAP3 expression, clinical pathological parameters and CRC prognosis, and the underlying molecular mechanism was investigated. Results IQGAP3 was elevated in CRC tissues, whereas there was no significant change in expression of IQGAP1 or IQGAP2. Additionally, IQGAP3 expression in CRC tissues was associated with tumour progression, invasion and poor prognosis. In mechanistic studies, we found that IQGAP3 was positively coexpressed with PIK3C2B. In an in vitro assay, the PIK3C2B expression level was increased after exogenous overexpression of IQGAP3, resulting in the promotion of cell invasion, which was blocked by pretransfecting cells with PIK3C2B siRNA. Furthermore, we found that high expression of IQGAP3 and PIK3C2B correlated with tumour stage and vessel invasion in human CRC, whereby patients with high expression of both in tumours had a worse prognosis compared with patients with single-positive or double-negative tumours. Conclusion The results of our current study and corresponding previous studies provide evidence that IQGAP3 is elevated in CRC and promotes colon cancer growth and metastasis by regulating PIK3C2B activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Liu
- Department of Colorectal Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research & Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Li
- The 2nd Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Dechuan Li
- Department of Colorectal Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research & Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixing Ju
- Department of Colorectal Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research & Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Colorectal Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research & Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinbo Chen
- Department of Colorectal Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research & Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xujun He
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Zhu
- Department of Colorectal Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research & Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang 310022, People's Republic of China
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Raut JR, Guan Z, Schrotz-King P, Brenner H. Fecal DNA methylation markers for detecting stages of colorectal cancer and its precursors: a systematic review. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:122. [PMID: 32778176 PMCID: PMC7418412 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00904-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methylation biomarkers in stool may have applications in early colorectal cancer (CRC) detection; however, their association with stages of CRC carcinogenesis or their performance in detecting various stages is unclear. We aimed to systematically review the evidence for DNA methylation markers in stool for risk stratification or detection of specific CRC stages, as well as precursors of CRC. Methods We conducted a systematic search in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We searched PubMed and ISI Web of Knowledge to identify relevant studies published until 14th January 2020. Two reviewers independently extracted data on study population characteristics, candidate genes, methylation measurement methods, odds ratios (ORs), overall and stage-specific sensitivities, specificities, areas under the receiver operating characteristics curve, and p-values for statistical significance for OR and for association of methylation levels with stage. Results Twenty-seven studies that reported stage-specific associations or performances of fecal DNA methylation markers for detecting colorectal neoplasms were identified. All studies used methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction for assessing methylation levels in the promoter or exon 1 regions of targeted genes. However, most studies were underpowered and limited by their case-control design. Furthermore, the stage-specific associations or sensitivities were validated for two markers (hypermethylation of GATA4 and VIM) only. Conclusion Methylation markers in stool may be useful for detection of CRC precursors or CRC staging, but promising candidate markers need to be validated in longitudinal studies on large screening populations, performing epigenome-wide analyses. Identification of stage-specific DNA methylation biomarkers in stool could boost current strategies towards early detection and enable different approaches to precision medicine for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janhavi R Raut
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.,Medical Faculty Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhong Guan
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Schrotz-King
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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65
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Leite ML, Oliveira KBS, Cunha VA, Dias SC, da Cunha NB, Costa FF. Epigenetic Therapies in the Precision Medicine Era. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Lopes Leite
- Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Program UCB ‐ Brasilia, SgAN 916, Modulo B, Bloco C, 70790‐160 Brasília DF Brazil
| | | | - Victor Albuquerque Cunha
- Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Program UCB ‐ Brasilia, SgAN 916, Modulo B, Bloco C, 70790‐160 Brasília DF Brazil
| | - Simoni Campos Dias
- Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Program UCB ‐ Brasilia, SgAN 916, Modulo B, Bloco C, 70790‐160 Brasília DF Brazil
- Animal Biology DepartmentUniversidade de Brasília UnB, Campus Darcy Ribeiro. Brasilia DF 70910‐900 Brazil
| | - Nicolau Brito da Cunha
- Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Program UCB ‐ Brasilia, SgAN 916, Modulo B, Bloco C, 70790‐160 Brasília DF Brazil
| | - Fabricio F. Costa
- Cancer Biology and Epigenomics ProgramAnn & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine 2430 N. Halsted St., Box 220 Chicago IL 60611 USA
- Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine 2430 N. Halsted St., Box 220 Chicago IL 60611 USA
- MATTER Chicago 222 W. Merchandise Mart Plaza, Suite 12th Floor Chicago IL 60654 USA
- Genomic Enterprise (www.genomicenterprise.com) San Diego, CA 92008 and New York NY 11581 USA
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Yang C, Shi S, Su Y, Tong JS, Li L. P2X7R promotes angiogenesis and tumour-associated macrophage recruitment by regulating the NF-κB signalling pathway in colorectal cancer cells. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10830-10841. [PMID: 32735377 PMCID: PMC7521273 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of P2X7R has been observed in several tumours and is related to cancer advancement and metastasis. However, the role of P2X7R in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients is not well understood. In the current study, overexpression of P2X7R and the effects at the molecular and functional levels in CRC were assessed in a mouse orthotopic model. Functional assays, such as the CCK‐8 assay, wound healing and transwell assay, were used to determine the biological role of P2X7R in CRC cells. CSC‐related genes and properties were detected via sphere formation and real‐time PCR assays. The underlying mechanisms were explored by Western blotting, real‐time PCR and Flow cytometry. In this study, we found that overexpression of P2X7R increases in the in vivo growth of tumours. P2X7R overexpression also increased CD31, VEGF and concurrent angiogenesis. P2X7R up‐regulates aldehyde dehydrogenase‐1 (ALDH1) and CSC characteristics. Transplanted tumour cells with P2X7R overexpression stimulated cytokines to recruit tumour‐associated macrophage (TAMs) to increase the growth of tumours. We also found that the NF‐κB signalling pathway is involved in P2X7R‐induced cytokine up‐regulation. P2X7R promotes NF‐κB–dependent cytokine induction, which leads to TAM recruitment to control tumour growth and advancement and remodelling of the stroma. Our findings demonstrate that P2X7R plays a key role in TAM recruitment, which may be a therapeutic target for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shuang Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing-Shan Tong
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Liangjun Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Chang JY, Kim JH, Kang J, Park Y, Park SJ, Cheon JH, Kim WH, Kim H, Park JJ, Kim TI. mTOR Signaling Combined with Cancer Stem Cell Markers as a Survival Predictor in Stage II Colorectal Cancer. Yonsei Med J 2020; 61:572-578. [PMID: 32608200 PMCID: PMC7329744 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2020.61.7.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Wnt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are major molecular signaling pathways associated with the development and progression of tumor, as well as the maintenance and proliferation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), in colorectal cancer (CRC). Identifying patients at risk of poor prognosis is important to determining whether to add adjuvant treatment in stage II CRC and thus improve survival. In the present study, we evaluated the prognostic value of Wnt, mTOR, and CSC markers as survival predictors in stage II CRC. MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified 148 cases of stage II CRC and acquired their tumor tissue. Tissue microarrays for immunohistochemical staining were constructed, and the expressions of CD166, CD44, EphB2, β-catenin, pS6 were evaluated using immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS The expressions of CD166 (p=0.045) and pS6 (p=0.045) and co-expression of pS6/CD166 (p=0.005), pS6/CD44 (p=0.042), and pS6/CD44/CD166 (p=0.013) were negatively correlated with cancer-specific survival. Cox proportional hazard analysis showed the combination of CD166/pS6 [hazard ratio, 9.42; 95% confidence interval, 2.36-37.59; p=0.002] to be the most significant predictor related with decreased cancer-specific survival. In addition, co-expression of CD44/CD166 (p=0.017), CD166/β-catenin (p=0.036), CD44/β-catenin (p=0.001), and CD44/CD166/β-catenin (p=0.001) were significant factors associated with liver metastasis. CONCLUSION Specific combinations of CSC markers and β-catenin/mTOR signaling could be a significant predictor of poor survival in stage II CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joyeon Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yehyun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Jung Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hee Cheon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoguen Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Jun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Yonsei Cancer Prevention Center, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Tae Il Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Yonsei Cancer Prevention Center, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Su F, Wang BF, Zhang T, Hou XM, Feng MH. TRPM7 deficiency suppresses cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in human colorectal cancer via regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Biomark 2020; 26:451-460. [PMID: 31640089 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-190666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been documented that transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) plays a pivotal role in the development of multiple cancers. However, the role of TRPM7 in human colorectal cancer (CRC) is poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression and significance of TRPM7 in CRC. METHODS In this study, TRPM7 expression was first investigated in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and then validated it with the data from our medical center. CCK-8, colony survival, transwell, and flow cytometry assays were employed to evaluate the effects of TRPM7 knockdown on the CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as cell cycle and apoptosis. RESULTS We observed markedly increased TRPM7 expression in CRC tissues. CRC patients with high expression of TRPM7 suggested deeper tumor infiltration, positive lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and advanced clinical stage. In addition, TRPM7 was also overexpressed in CRC cell lines. Downregulated TRPM7 in vitro suppressed CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as triggered cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, reduced the S phase, and promoted apoptosis. Importantly, decreased TRPM7 in CRC cells reversed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) status, accompanied by downregulation of N-cadherin and upregulation of E-cadherin. CONCLUSION Our study indicated that the expression of TRPM7 was positively correlated with tumor infiltration, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and clinical stage of CRC. Besides, decreased TRPM7 in vitro inhibited CRC cell proliferation, migration and invasion by modulating EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Su
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Bo-Fang Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Hou
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Mao-Hui Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Clinical Cancer Study Center of Hubei Provence, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behavior of Hubei Provence, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Center for Clinical Medicine of Peritoneal Cancer of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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69
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Ma M, Wang X, Liu N, Shan F, Feng Y. Low-dose naltrexone inhibits colorectal cancer progression and promotes apoptosis by increasing M1-type macrophages and activating the Bax/Bcl-2/caspase-3/PARP pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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70
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Jung YS. Strategies to Increase the Participation Rate of Colorectal Cancer Screening. Gut Liver 2020; 14:277-278. [PMID: 32400144 PMCID: PMC7234885 DOI: 10.5009/gnl20110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Suk Jung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Dai QX, Liao YH, Deng XH, Xiao XL, Zhang L, Zhou L. A novel epigenetic signature to predict recurrence-free survival in patients with colon cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 508:54-60. [PMID: 32423860 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation plays an important role in the initiation and progression of colon cancer. The aim of the present study was to perform a comprehensive analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression profiles in order to develop a signature to predict recurrence-free survival (RFS) of colon cancer. METHODS DNA methylation and mRNA expression data were obtained from TCGA database, and were analyzed using an R package MethylMix. Functional enrichment analysis was performed on statistically significant genes identified by MethylMix criteria. The epigenetic signature and nomogram associated with the RFS of colon cancer were established by the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) Cox model. Additionally, a joint survival analysis of gene expression and methylation was performed to identify potential prognostic factors for patients with colon cancer. RESULTS A total of 179 differentially methylated genes were obtained using MethylMix algorithm. An epigenetic signature for RFS was developed using LASSO. Patients with high-risk had significantly worse RFS than those with low-risk. The signature is independent of clinicopathological variables and indicated better predictive power than other clinicopathological variables in patients with colon cancer. Moreover, joint survival analysis of gene expression and methylation revealed that seven methylated genes could be independent prognostic factors for RFS in colon cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our proposed epigenetic signature presents potential prognostic significance in assessing recurrence risk stratification for patients with colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Xin Dai
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary surgery, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, 18 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Yong-Hui Liao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary surgery, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, 18 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Deng
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary surgery, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, 18 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Xiu-Lin Xiao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary surgery, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, 18 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary surgery, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, 18 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary surgery, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, 18 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China.
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72
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Oh HH, Joo YE. Novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer. Intest Res 2020; 18:168-183. [PMID: 31766836 PMCID: PMC7206347 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2019.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most common malignancies and remains a major cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Despite recent advances in surgical and multimodal therapies, the overall survival of advanced CRC patients remains very low. Cancer progression, including invasion and metastasis, is a major cause of death among CRC patients. The underlying mechanisms of action resulting in cancer progression are beginning to unravel. The reported molecular and biochemical mechanisms that might contribute to the phenotypic changes in favor of carcinogenesis include apoptosis inhibition, enhanced tumor cell proliferation, increased invasiveness, cell adhesion perturbations, angiogenesis promotion, and immune surveillance inhibition. These events may contribute to the development and progression of cancer. A biomarker is a molecule that can be detected in tissue, blood, or stool samples to allow the identification of pathological conditions such as cancer. Thus, it would be beneficial to identify reliable and practical molecular biomarkers that aid in the diagnostic and therapeutic processes of CRC. Recent research has targeted the development of biomarkers that aid in the early diagnosis and prognostic stratification of CRC. Despite that, the identification of diagnostic, prognostic, and/or predictive biomarkers remains challenging, and previously identified biomarkers might be insufficient to be clinically applicable or offer high patient acceptability. Here, we discuss recent advances in the development of molecular biomarkers for their potential usefulness in early and less-invasive diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Hoon Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, 3rd Fleet Medical Corps, Republic of Korea Navy, Yeongam, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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73
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Koulis C, Yap R, Engel R, Jardé T, Wilkins S, Solon G, Shapiro JD, Abud H, McMurrick P. Personalized Medicine-Current and Emerging Predictive and Prognostic Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040812. [PMID: 32231042 PMCID: PMC7225926 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer diagnosed worldwide and is heterogeneous both morphologically and molecularly. In an era of personalized medicine, the greatest challenge is to predict individual response to therapy and distinguish patients likely to be cured with surgical resection of tumors and systemic therapy from those resistant or non-responsive to treatment. Patients would avoid futile treatments, including clinical trial regimes and ultimately this would prevent under- and over-treatment and reduce unnecessary adverse side effects. In this review, the potential of specific biomarkers will be explored to address two key questions—1) Can the prognosis of patients that will fare well or poorly be determined beyond currently recognized prognostic indicators? and 2) Can an individual patient’s response to therapy be predicted and those who will most likely benefit from treatment/s be identified? Identifying and validating key prognostic and predictive biomarkers and an understanding of the underlying mechanisms of drug resistance and toxicity in CRC are important steps in order to personalize treatment. This review addresses recent data on biological prognostic and predictive biomarkers in CRC. In addition, patient cohorts most likely to benefit from currently available systemic treatments and/or targeted therapies are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Koulis
- Cabrini Monash University Department of Surgery, Cabrini Health, Malvern 3144, VIC, Australia; (R.Y.); (R.E.); (S.W.); (G.S.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-03-9508-3547
| | - Raymond Yap
- Cabrini Monash University Department of Surgery, Cabrini Health, Malvern 3144, VIC, Australia; (R.Y.); (R.E.); (S.W.); (G.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Rebekah Engel
- Cabrini Monash University Department of Surgery, Cabrini Health, Malvern 3144, VIC, Australia; (R.Y.); (R.E.); (S.W.); (G.S.); (P.M.)
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia; (T.J.); (H.A.)
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Stem Cells and Development Program, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Thierry Jardé
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia; (T.J.); (H.A.)
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Stem Cells and Development Program, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton 3168, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon Wilkins
- Cabrini Monash University Department of Surgery, Cabrini Health, Malvern 3144, VIC, Australia; (R.Y.); (R.E.); (S.W.); (G.S.); (P.M.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia
| | - Gemma Solon
- Cabrini Monash University Department of Surgery, Cabrini Health, Malvern 3144, VIC, Australia; (R.Y.); (R.E.); (S.W.); (G.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Jeremy D. Shapiro
- Cabrini Haematology and Oncology Centre, Cabrini Health, Malvern 3144, VIC, Australia;
| | - Helen Abud
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia; (T.J.); (H.A.)
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Stem Cells and Development Program, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul McMurrick
- Cabrini Monash University Department of Surgery, Cabrini Health, Malvern 3144, VIC, Australia; (R.Y.); (R.E.); (S.W.); (G.S.); (P.M.)
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Ghaedamini S, Nikbakht M, Soleimani M. Assessment of Immuno-Histochemical Expression of MBD1 in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma and Its Correlations with Prognostic Factors. Middle East J Dig Dis 2020; 12:39-44. [PMID: 32082520 PMCID: PMC7023652 DOI: 10.15171/mejdd.2020.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND
MBD1, the largest member of methyl binding domain family, has the most downregulated
mRNA expression and upregulated methylation levels in advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). In this
study, we evaluated the immune-histochemical expression of MBD1 in CRC and assessed its correlation
with clinicopathological features to study its prognostic value in CRC.
METHODS
A total of 60 samples of CRC, from patients who underwent surgical gastroenterology operations,
were randomly selected. The samples included one tumor-rich section per case and one adjacent
tumor-free section as a normal control for that case. Then, immunohistochemistry (ICH) was performed
for MBD1 protein on all samples and the expression of MBD1 was analyzed in cancerous and
normal samples. In the next step, the correlation between MBD1 and clinicopathological features
including age, sex, location of the tumor, grade, and stage were evaluated.
RESULTS
The expression of MBD1 protein had a significant downregulation in cancerous samples compared
with normal control samples. This downregulation increased corresponding to both grade and stage
of cancer. However, no correlation was seen between the expression of MBD1 and sex, age and
location of the tumor.
CONCLUSION
MBD1 protein may be considered as a protein marker in the detection of CRC and its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sholeh Ghaedamini
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nikbakht
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mitra Soleimani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Choi YS, Kim WS, Hwang SW, Park SH, Yang DH, Ye BD, Myung SJ, Yang SK, Byeon JS. Clinical outcomes of submucosal colorectal cancer diagnosed after endoscopic resection: a focus on the need for surgery. Intest Res 2020; 18:96-106. [PMID: 32013317 PMCID: PMC7000636 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2019.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims We aimed to investigate the proportion of and risk factors for residual cancer and/or lymph node metastasis after surgery was performed because of high-risk pathological features in endoscopic resection specimen of suspected superficial submucosal colorectal cancer (SSMC). Methods We reviewed medical records of 497 patients (58.8 ± 9.8 years, 331 males) undergoing endoscopic resection of suspected SSMC. High-risk pathological features included: deep submucosal cancer invasion ≥ 1,000 μm; positive lymphovascular and/or perineural invasion; poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma; and positive resection margin. We investigated the occurrence of additional surgery and residual cancer and/or lymph node involvement in the surgical specimen. Results En bloc resection was performed in 447 patients (89.9%). High-risk pathological features were detected in 372 patients (74.8%). Additional surgery was performed in 336 of 372 patients with high-risk pathological features. Of these, 47 surgical specimens (14.0%) showed residual cancer and/or lymph node metastasis. Piecemeal resection was more common in those with residual cancer and/or lymph node involvement than those without (9/47 [19.1%] vs. 24/289 [8.3%], P= 0.032). Positive resection margin was also significantly associated with positive residual cancer and/or lymph node involvement. As the number of high-risk pathological features increased, the risk of regional lymph node metastasis increased proportionally (P= 0.002). Conclusions High-risk pathological features were frequently detected after endoscopic resection of suspected SSMC while residual cancer and/or lymph node metastasis were not commonly present in the additional surgical specimen. Further optimized strategy for proper endoscopic management of suspected SSMC is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sik Choi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wan Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Sung Wook Hwang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hyoung Park
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byong Duk Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Myung
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk-Kyun Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Sik Byeon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Lawrence GW, Begley M, Cotter PD, Guinane CM. Potential Use of Biotherapeutic Bacteria to Target Colorectal Cancer-Associated Taxa. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030924. [PMID: 32019270 PMCID: PMC7037558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the gut microbiome in human health and disease is the focus of much attention. It has been widely agreed upon that our gut bacteria play a role in host immunity, nutrient absorption, digestion, metabolism, and other key drivers of health. Furthermore, certain microbial signatures and specific taxa have also been associated with the development of diseases, such as obesity; inflammatory bowel disease; and, indeed, colorectal cancer (CRC), which is the focus of this review. By extension, such taxa represent potential therapeutic targets. In particular, the emerging human pathogen Fusobacterium nucleatum represents an important agent in CRC development and its control within the gastrointestinal tract is desirable. This paper reviews the principal bacterial pathogens that have been associated with CRC to date and discusses the in vitro and human studies that have shown the potential use of biotherapeutic strains as a means of targeting CRC-associated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garreth W. Lawrence
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork T12 P928, Ireland; (G.W.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Máire Begley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork T12 P928, Ireland; (G.W.L.); (M.B.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland;
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland;
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Caitriona M. Guinane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork T12 P928, Ireland; (G.W.L.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Cantor DI, Cheruku HR, Westacott J, Shin JS, Mohamedali A, Ahn SB. Proteomic investigations into resistance in colorectal cancer. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:49-65. [PMID: 31914823 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1713103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite advances in screening and treatment options, colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most prevalent and lethal cancer subtypes. Resistance to cytotoxic or targeted therapy has remained a constant challenge to the treatment and long-term management of patients, attracting intense worldwide investigation since the 1950s. Through extensive investigations into the proteomic mechanisms and functions that convey resistance to therapy/s, researchers have become able to implicate alterations in several signaling pathways that provide and sustain resistance to treatment.Areas covered: In this review, we summarize how protein alterations are associated with resistance to therapy, with particular emphasis on CRC. An overview of the mechanisms of therapeutic resistance is described, highlighting recent studies which endeavor to elucidate the proteomic changes that are associated with the acquisition and promulgation of therapeutic resistance.Expert opinion: While cancers such as CRC have been intensively studied for decades, unresponsiveness and the resistance to therapy remain critical obstacles in the treatment of patients. Due to the inherent biological and clinical heterogeneity of individual CRCs, proteomic methods stand to become powerful tools to provide biological insights that may guide therapeutic strategies with the ultimate goal of refining emergent immunotherapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Cantor
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Jack Westacott
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joo-Shik Shin
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Abidali Mohamedali
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Seong Boem Ahn
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Huang F, Zheng C, Huang L, Lin C, Wang J. USP18 directly regulates Snail1 protein through ubiquitination pathway in colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:346. [PMID: 32742193 PMCID: PMC7389447 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common digestive malignant tumors in the world. Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (USP18) plays a regulatory role in tumorigenesis, and abnormal expression of Snail1 is also believed to be related to tumorigenesis. However, whether USP18 could affect colorectal cancer through Snail1 remains unclear. This study was designed to investigate the role of USP18 in colorectal cancer. METHODS USP18 protein and mRNA abundance in clinical tissues and five cell lines were analyzed with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot. USP18 overexpression-treated DLD1 cells and USP18 knockdown-treated SW480 cells were used to study cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) biomarkers. Moreover, ubiquitination-related Snail1 degradation was detected with qRT-PCR and western blot. The relationships between USP18 and Snail1 were investigated with western blot, co-immunoprecipitation, migration, and invasion. RESULTS USP18 was highly expressed in colorectal cancer tissues. Overexpression of USP18 could promote proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion of colorectal cancer cells. Overexpression of USP18 effectively promoted cell survival after treatment with three different chemotherapy drugs. Moreover, USP18 could regulate Snail1 degradation through ubiquitination pathway. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Snail1 could effectively reverse the influence of USP18 on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT of CRC cells. CONCLUSION USP18 could promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of colorectal cancer by deubiquitinating and stabilizing the Snail1 protein in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakun Huang
- grid.412683.a0000 0004 1758 0400Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350000 Fujian People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengying Zheng
- grid.412683.a0000 0004 1758 0400Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350000 Fujian People’s Republic of China
| | - Longkai Huang
- grid.412683.a0000 0004 1758 0400Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350000 Fujian People’s Republic of China
| | - Changqing Lin
- grid.412683.a0000 0004 1758 0400Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350000 Fujian People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- grid.412683.a0000 0004 1758 0400Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350000 Fujian People’s Republic of China
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79
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Catalano C, da Silva Filho MI, Frank C, Lu S, Jiraskova K, Vymetalkova V, Levy M, Liska V, Vycital O, Naccarati A, Vodickova L, Hemminki K, Vodicka P, Weber ANR, Försti A. Epistatic effect of TLR3 and cGAS-STING-IKKε-TBK1-IFN signaling variants on colorectal cancer risk. Cancer Med 2019; 9:1473-1484. [PMID: 31869529 PMCID: PMC7013077 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The TLR3/cGAS‐STING‐IFN signaling has recently been reported to be disturbed in colorectal cancer due to deregulated expression of the genes involved. Our study aimed to investigate the influence of potential regulatory variants in these genes on the risk of sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) in a Czech cohort of 1424 CRC patients and 1114 healthy controls. Methods The variants in the TLR3, CGAS, TMEM173, IKBKE, and TBK1 genes were selected using various online bioinformatic tools, such as UCSC browser, HaploReg, Regulome DB, Gtex Portal, SIFT, PolyPhen2, and miRNA prediction tools. Results Logistic regression analysis adjusted for age and sex detected a nominal association between CRC risk and three variants, CGAS rs72960018 (OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.11‐2.53, P‐value = .01), CGAS rs9352000 (OR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.07‐3.84, P‐value = .03) and TMEM173 rs13153461 (OR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.03‐2.27, P‐value = .03). Their cumulative effect revealed a threefold increased CRC risk in carriers of 5‐6 risk alleles compared to those with 0‐2 risk alleles. Epistatic interactions between these genes and the previously genotyped IFNAR1, IFNAR2, IFNA, IFNB, IFNK, IFNW, IRF3, and IRF7 genes, were computed to test their effect on CRC risk. Overall, we obtained nine pair‐wise interactions within and between the CGAS, TMEM173, IKBKE, and TBK1 genes. Two of them remained statistically significant after Bonferroni correction. Additional 52 interactions were observed when IFN variants were added to the analysis. Conclusions Our data suggest that epistatic interactions and a high number of risk alleles may play an important role in CRC carcinogenesis, offering novel biological understanding for the CRC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calogerina Catalano
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Frank
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shun Lu
- Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Katerina Jiraskova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,1st Medical Faculty, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Vymetalkova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,1st Medical Faculty, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Biomedical Center, Charles University Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Levy
- First Medical Faculty, Department of Surgery, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Liska
- Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Biomedical Center, Charles University Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic.,Department of Surgery, Teaching Hospital and Medical School of Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Vycital
- Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Biomedical Center, Charles University Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic.,Department of Surgery, Teaching Hospital and Medical School of Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Alessio Naccarati
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Turin, Italy
| | - Ludmila Vodickova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,1st Medical Faculty, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Biomedical Center, Charles University Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,1st Medical Faculty, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Biomedical Center, Charles University Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander N R Weber
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Asta Försti
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
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80
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Amirkhah R, Naderi-Meshkin H, Shah JS, Dunne PD, Schmitz U. The Intricate Interplay between Epigenetic Events, Alternative Splicing and Noncoding RNA Deregulation in Colorectal Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080929. [PMID: 31430887 PMCID: PMC6721676 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) results from a transformation of colonic epithelial cells into adenocarcinoma cells due to genetic and epigenetic instabilities, alongside remodelling of the surrounding stromal tumour microenvironment. Epithelial-specific epigenetic variations escorting this process include chromatin remodelling, histone modifications and aberrant DNA methylation, which influence gene expression, alternative splicing and function of non-coding RNA. In this review, we first highlight epigenetic modulators, modifiers and mediators in CRC, then we elaborate on causes and consequences of epigenetic alterations in CRC pathogenesis alongside an appraisal of the complex feedback mechanisms realized through alternative splicing and non-coding RNA regulation. An emphasis in our review is put on how this intricate network of epigenetic and post-transcriptional gene regulation evolves during the initiation, progression and metastasis formation in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Amirkhah
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
- Nastaran Center for Cancer Prevention (NCCP), Mashhad 9185765476, Iran
| | - Hojjat Naderi-Meshkin
- Nastaran Center for Cancer Prevention (NCCP), Mashhad 9185765476, Iran
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture Research (ACECR), Khorasan Razavi Branch, Mashhad 9177949367, Iran
| | - Jaynish S Shah
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Philip D Dunne
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Ulf Schmitz
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
- Computational BioMedicine Laboratory Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
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81
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Hung KC, Huang TC, Cheng CH, Cheng YW, Lin DY, Fan JJ, Lee KH. The Expression Profile and Prognostic Significance of Metallothionein Genes in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163849. [PMID: 31394742 PMCID: PMC6721156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease resulting from the combined influence of many genetic factors. This complexity has caused the molecular characterization of CRC to remain uncharacterized, with a lack of clear gene markers associated with CRC and the prognosis of this disease. Thus, highly sensitive tumor markers for the detection of CRC are the most essential determinants of survival. In this study, we examined the simultaneous downregulation of the mRNA levels of six metallothionein (MT) genes in CRC cell lines and public CRC datasets for the first time. In addition, we detected downregulation of these six MT mRNAs’ levels in 30 pairs of tumor (T) and adjacent non-tumor (N) CRC specimens. In order to understand the potential prognostic relevance of these six MT genes and CRC, we presented a four-gene signature to evaluate the prognosis of CRC patients. Further discovery suggested that the four-gene signature (MT1F, MT1G, MT1L, and MT1X) predicted survival better than any combination of two-, three-, four-, five-, or six-gene models. In conclusion, this study is the first to report that simultaneous downregulation of six MT mRNAs’ levels in CRC patients, and their aberrant expression together, accurately predicted CRC patients’ outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chen Hung
- Division of Gastroenterologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yuan's General Hospital, Kaohsiung 80249, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Chin Huang
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiung Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Translational Cancer Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of R&D, Calgent Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Taipei 10675, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Yen Lin
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 003107, Taiwan
| | - Jhen-Jia Fan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11561, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Haur Lee
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan.
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82
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Rawla P, Barsouk A, Hadjinicolaou AV, Barsouk A. Immunotherapies and Targeted Therapies in the Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Med Sci (Basel) 2019; 7:E83. [PMID: 31366129 PMCID: PMC6723550 DOI: 10.3390/medsci7080083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths, and while mortality has largely improved in the developed world, five-year survival for metastatic disease remains dismally low at only 15%. Fortunately, nearly a dozen targeted therapies and immunotherapies have been FDA approved in the past decade for certain patient profiles with metastatic CRC (mCRC), and many others are under development. Checkpoint inhibitors such as pembrolizumab have proven effective at extending survival for mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient and high microsatellite instability (MSI) mCRC patients. In combination with chemotherapy in first- and second-line treatment, antiangiogenic (anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VGEF)) agent bevacizumab has been shown to increase mCRC survival. Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) agents panitumumab and cetuximab, in combination with chemotherapy, have also prolonged survival among KRAS and all RAS wild-type mCRC patients. Among these patients, anti-EGFR therapy has been found to be more efficacious than bevacizumab. Improved selectivity has allowed small-molecule receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors to target VEGF and EGFR with greater efficacy and tolerability. Combinations of immunotherapies, RTKs, monoclonal antibodies, and cytotoxic drugs are being investigated to provide broad-spectrum protection against relapse by simultaneously targeting many cancer hallmarks. Lastly, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) therapy has shown promise for HER2-positive mCRC patients, though larger clinical trials are required to secure FDA approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Rawla
- Department of Medicine, Sovah Health, Martinsville, VA 24112, USA.
| | - Adam Barsouk
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Andreas V Hadjinicolaou
- Academic Clinical Post-doctoral Fellow and Gastroenterology Resident, MRC Cancer Unit and Department of Gastroenterology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Alexander Barsouk
- Hematologist-Oncologist, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
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83
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Jeong MA, Kang HW. [Early-onset Colorectal Cancer]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2019; 74:4-10. [PMID: 31344768 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2019.74.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing among young adults in several countries including the United States. Early-onset colorectal cancer (EO-CRC) is heterogenous group and appears to have a distinct clinical, pathologic, and molecular presentation compared to CRC diagnosed in older patients. EO-CRC patients tend to be diagnosed at later stage and with symptomatic disease. Tumors arise predominantly in the distal colon and rectum and have poorer histological features. Microsatellite and chromosome stable molecular pathway is frequently observed in EO-CRC. Survival data of EO-CRC is conflicting and younger patients tend to be treated more aggressively. It is important to identify high risk and have them screened appropriately to address increasing EO-CRC. Screening and treatment strategies for EO-CRC should be developed through further investigation of molecular mechanism and various environmental risk factors. In Korea, EO-CRC and late-onset CRC have both declined in recent several years, probably due to many screening colonoscopies in young population. Close observation and analysis of EO-CRC in Korea is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Ah Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyoun Woo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
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84
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Liang Y, Zhang C, Dai DQ. Identification of differentially expressed genes regulated by methylation in colon cancer based on bioinformatics analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:3392-3407. [PMID: 31341364 PMCID: PMC6639549 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i26.3392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation, acknowledged as a key modification in the field of epigenetics, regulates gene expression at the transcriptional level. Aberrant methylation in DNA regulatory regions could upregulate oncogenes and downregulate tumor suppressor genes without changing the sequences. However, studies of methylation in the control of gene expression are still inadequate. In the present research, we performed bioinformatics analysis to clarify the function of methylation and supply candidate methylation-related biomarkers and drivers for colon cancer.
AIM To identify and analyze methylation-regulated differentially expressed genes (MeDEGs) in colon cancer by bioinformatics analysis.
METHODS We downloaded RNA expression profiles, Illumina Human Methylation 450K BeadChip data, and clinical data of colon cancer from The Cancer Genome Atlas project. MeDEGs were identified by analyzing the gene expression and methylation levels using the edgeR and limma package in R software. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed in the DAVID database and KEGG Orthology-Based Annotation System 3.0, respectively. We then conducted Kaplan–Meier survival analysis to explore the relationship between methylation and expression and prognosis. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and investigation of protein-protein interactions (PPI) were performed to clarify the function of prognosis-related genes.
RESULTS A total of 5 up-regulated and 81 down-regulated genes were identified as MeDEGs. GO and KEGG pathway analyses indicated that MeDEGs were enriched in multiple cancer-related terms. Furthermore, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed that the prognosis was negatively associated with the methylation status of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and reelin (RELN). In PPI networks, GDNF and RELN interact with neural cell adhesion molecule 1. Besides, GDNF can interact with GDNF family receptor alpha (GFRA1), GFRA2, GFRA3, and RET. RELN can interact with RAFAH1B1, disabled homolog 1, very low-density lipoprotein receptor, lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8, and NMDA 2B. Based on GSEA, hypermethylation of GDNF and RELN were both significantly associated with pathways including “RNA degradation,” “ribosome,” “mismatch repair,” “cell cycle” and “base excision repair.”
CONCLUSION Aberrant DNA methylation plays an important role in colon cancer progression. MeDEGs that are associated with the overall survival of patients may be potential targets in tumor diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dong-Qiu Dai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
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85
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Liu YR, Hu Y, Zeng Y, Li ZX, Zhang HB, Deng JL, Wang G. Neurexophilin and PC-esterase domain family member 4 (NXPE4) and prostate androgen-regulated mucin-like protein 1 (PARM1) as prognostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:18041-18052. [PMID: 31297877 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the high morbidity and mortality, novel biomarkers in the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer (CRC) are needed nowadays. In this study, the CRC-related datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. After screening the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in R software, a total of 238 upregulated and 199 downregulated DEGs were revealed simultaneously. Then the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression analysis were used to reveal the prognostic function of these DEGs. Neurexophilin and PC-esterase domain family member 4 (NXPE4) and prostate androgen-regulated mucin-like protein 1 (PARM1) were two outstanding independent overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) prognostic genes of CRC in TCGA database. We next verified the expression of NXPE4 and PARM1 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were significantly lower in CRC tumor tissue than in the adjacent noncancerous tissue in our clinical samples, and NXPE4 mRNA expression level was related to the tumor location and tumor size, while PARM1 was related to tumor location, lymph nodes metastasis, and tumor size. This study demonstrated that NXPE4 and PARM1 might be two potential novel prognostic biomarkers for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Rui Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zeng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Xing Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Li Deng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Guo Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
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86
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Patnaik S, Anupriya. Drugs Targeting Epigenetic Modifications and Plausible Therapeutic Strategies Against Colorectal Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:588. [PMID: 31244652 PMCID: PMC6563763 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variations along with epigenetic modifications of DNA are involved in colorectal cancer (CRC) development and progression. CRC is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Initiation and progression of CRC is the cumulation of a variety of genetic and epigenetic changes in colonic epithelial cells. Colorectal carcinogenesis is associated with epigenetic aberrations including DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNAs. Recently, epigenetic modifications have been identified like association of hypermethylated gene Claudin11 (CLDN11) with metastasis and prognosis of poor survival of CRC. DNA methylation of genes CMTM3, SSTR2, MDF1, NDRG4 and TGFB2 are potential epigenetic biomarkers for the early detection of CRC. Tumor suppressor candidate 3 (TUSC3) mRNA expression is silenced by promoter methylation, which promotes epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and rescues the CRC cells from apoptosis and hence leading to poor survival rate. Previous scientific evidences strongly suggest epigenetic modifications that contribute to anticancer drug resistance. Recent research studies emphasize development of drugs targeting histone deacetylases (HDACs) and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors as an emerging anticancer strategy. This review covers potential epigenetic modification targeting chemotherapeutic drugs and probable implementation for the treatment of CRC, which offers a strong rationale to explore therapeutic strategies and provides a basis to develop potent antitumor drugs.
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87
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Abstract
Cancer-initiating cells (CIC) are the driving force in tumor progression. There is strong evidence that CIC fulfill this task via exosomes (TEX), which modulate and reprogram stroma, nontransformed cells, and non-CIC. Characterization of CIC, besides others, builds on expression of CIC markers, many of which are known as metastasis-associated molecules. We here discuss that the linkage between CIC/CIC-TEX and metastasis-associated molecules is not fortuitously, but relies on the contribution of these markers to TEX biogenesis including loading and TEX target interactions. In addition, CIC markers contribute to TEX binding- and uptake-promoted activation of signaling cascades, transcription initiation, and translational control. Our point of view will be outlined for pancreas and colon CIC highly expressing CD44v6, Tspan8, EPCAM, claudin7, and LGR5, which distinctly but coordinately contribute to tumor progression. Despite overwhelming progress in unraveling the metastatic cascade and the multiple tasks taken over by CIC-TEX, there remains a considerable gap in linking CIC biomarkers, TEX, and TEX-initiated target modulation with metastasis. We will try to outline possible bridges, which could allow depicting pathways for new and expectedly powerful therapeutic interference with tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Margot Zöller
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Pancreas Section, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany.
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88
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Association between polymorphism in the promoter region of lncRNA GAS5 and the risk of colorectal cancer. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190091. [PMID: 30902880 PMCID: PMC6465203 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth arrest special 5 (GAS5), as a research hotspot of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), has been reported to be associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the association between polymorphisms in GAS5 and the risk of CRC was not clear. In the present study, a case–control study in 1078 CRC patients and 1175 matched healthy controls was performed to evaluate the association between the potential functional genetic variants in GAS5 and the risk of CRC. PCR-TaqMan, qPCR, dual-luciferase assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), flow cytometry, migration and invasion assays were performed to evaluate the function of polymorphism. Results showed that subjects carrying the rs55829688 CT/TT genotypes had a significantly higher risk of CRC when compared with the CC genotype. Further qPCR assay confirmed that the CRC tissues with rs55829688 CT/TT genotypes had a higher GAS5 mRNA expression level. The dual-luciferase assay, qPCR and EMSA assay revealed that rs55829688 T>C polymorphism could decrease the expression level of GAS5 by impacting the binding ability of the transcription factor Yin Yang-1 (YY1) to the GAS5 promoter region. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins were detected by Western blot. Further, flow cytometry, migration, and invasion experiments showed that GAS5 repressed apoptosis and increased invasion and migration capability of CRC cells. Taken together, our findings provided evidence that the rs55829688 variant in the GAS5 promoter was associated with the risk of CRC and decreased expression of GAS5 by affecting the binding affinity of the transcription factors YY1 to GAS5.
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89
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Legrand N, Dixon DA, Sobolewski C. AU-rich element-binding proteins in colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2019; 11:71-90. [PMID: 30788036 PMCID: PMC6379757 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v11.i2.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans-acting factors controlling mRNA fate are critical for the post-transcriptional regulation of inflammation-related genes, as well as for oncogene and tumor suppressor expression in human cancers. Among them, a group of RNA-binding proteins called “Adenylate-Uridylate-rich elements binding proteins” (AUBPs) control mRNA stability or translation through their binding to AU-rich elements enriched in the 3’UTRs of inflammation- and cancer-associated mRNA transcripts. AUBPs play a central role in the recruitment of target mRNAs into small cytoplasmic foci called Processing-bodies and stress granules (also known as P-body/SG). Alterations in the expression and activities of AUBPs and P-body/SG assembly have been observed to occur with colorectal cancer (CRC) progression, indicating the significant role AUBP-dependent post-transcriptional regulation plays in controlling gene expression during CRC tumorigenesis. Accordingly, these alterations contribute to the pathological expression of many early-response genes involved in prostaglandin biosynthesis and inflammation, along with key oncogenic pathways. In this review, we summarize the current role of these proteins in CRC development. CRC remains a major cause of cancer mortality worldwide and, therefore, targeting these AUBPs to restore efficient post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression may represent an appealing therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Legrand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Dan A Dixon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, and University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66045, United States
| | - Cyril Sobolewski
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
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90
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Favero G, Moretti E, Bonomini F, Reiter RJ, Rodella LF, Rezzani R. Promising Antineoplastic Actions of Melatonin. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1086. [PMID: 30386235 PMCID: PMC6198052 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is an endogenous indoleamine with an incredible variety of properties and activities. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have investigated this indoleamine’s interaction with cancerous cells. In particular, it seems that melatonin not only has the ability to improve the efficacy of many drugs used in chemotherapy but also has a direct inhibitory action on neoplastic cells. Many publications underlined the ability of melatonin to suppress the proliferation of various cancer cells or to modulate the expression of membrane receptors on these cells, thereby reducing tumor aggressiveness to metastasize. In addition, while melatonin has antiapoptotic actions in normal cells, in many cancer cells it has proapoptotic effects; these dichotomous actions have gained the interest of researchers. The increasing focus on melatonin in the field of oncology and the growing number of studies on this topic require a deep understanding of what we already know about the antineoplastic actions of melatonin. This information would be of value for potential use of melatonin against neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Favero
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Moretti
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Bonomini
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Interdipartimental University Center of Research "Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs," University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Luigi Fabrizio Rodella
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Interdipartimental University Center of Research "Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs," University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rita Rezzani
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Interdipartimental University Center of Research "Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs," University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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91
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Outcomes of stent insertion and mortality in obstructive stage IV colorectal cancer patients through 10 year duration. Surg Endosc 2018; 33:1225-1234. [PMID: 30167945 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-018-6399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal stents are frequently used in patients with stage IV colorectal cancer with obstruction. However, there are only few studies on changes in outcomes of these patients and on the effect of stents on outcome over a long period of time with ongoing changes in therapeutic strategy, including chemotherapy. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated 353 patients with bowel obstruction in stage IV colorectal cancer who underwent colonic stenting between years 2005 and 2014. The study population was divided into three groups based on time periods: 2005-2008, 2009-2011, and 2012-2014. RESULTS The frequency of colorectal stent insertion procedure increased over the time periods (13.8%, 18.3%, and 20.8%, respectively). There were no changes in success rate and total complication rate. However, the early complication rate in the 3rd period was significantly lower than in the other periods (15.4% vs. 17.1% vs. 7.2%; P = 0.039). In the multivariate analysis, carcinomatosis (hazard ratio, 1.478; 95% confidence interval, 1.016-2.149; P = 0.041) and covered or partial-covered stent (hazard ratio, 1.733; 95% confidence interval, 1.144-2.624; P = 0.009; hazard ratio, 1.988; 95% confidence interval, 1.132-3.493; P = 0.017, respectively) were associated with increased complication rate. Stent-related perforation was an independent risk factor related with increased mortality. Although survival duration increased over time (P = 0.042), the mortality rate was unchanged across the three time periods. CONCLUSIONS Over 10 years, the targeted agent use and survival duration increased, and early complication rate was decreased, without change in late complication rate or mortality rate during the three time periods in patients with obstructive stage IV colorectal cancer and stent insertion.
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