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Sinha P, Srivastava S, Mishra N, Yadav NP. New perspectives on antiacne plant drugs: contribution to modern therapeutics. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:301304. [PMID: 25147793 PMCID: PMC4132408 DOI: 10.1155/2014/301304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acne is a common but serious skin disease, which affects approximately 80% adolescents and young adults in 11-30 age group. 42.5% of men and 50.9% of women continue to suffer from this disease into their twenties. Bacterial resistance is now at the alarming stage due to the irrational use of antibiotics. Hence, search for new lead molecule/bioactive and rational delivery of the existing drug (for better therapeutic effect) to the site of action is the need of the hour. Plants and plant-derived products have been an integral part of health care system since time immemorial. Therefore, plants that are currently used for the treatment of acne and those with a high potential are summarized in the present review. Most active plant extracts, namely, P. granatum, M. alba, A. anomala, and M. aquifolium exhibit minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in the range of 4-50 µg/mL against P. acnes, while aromatic oils of C. obovoides, C. natsudaidai, C. japonica, and C. nardus possess MICs 0.005-0.6 μL/mL and phytomolecules such as rhodomyrtone, pulsaquinone, hydropulsaquinone, honokiol, magnolol, xanthohumol lupulones, chebulagic acid and rhinacanthin-C show MIC in the range of 0.5-12.5 μg/mL. Novel drug delivery strategies of important plant leads in the treatment of acne have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyam Sinha
- Herbal Medicinal Products Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Shruti Srivastava
- Herbal Medicinal Products Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Nidhi Mishra
- Herbal Medicinal Products Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Narayan Prasad Yadav
- Herbal Medicinal Products Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
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Nogueira MNM, Aquino SG, Rossa Junior C, Spolidorio DMP. Terpinen-4-ol and alpha-terpineol (tea tree oil components) inhibit the production of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 on human macrophages. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:769-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0749-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Fisk WA, Lev-Tov HA, Sivamani RK. Botanical and Phytochemical Therapy of Acne: A Systematic Review. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1137-52. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney A. Fisk
- School of Medicine; University of California, Davis; Sacramento CA USA
| | - Hadar A. Lev-Tov
- Department of Dermatology; University of California, Davis; Sacramento CA USA
- Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System; Mather CA USA
| | - Raja K. Sivamani
- Department of Dermatology; University of California, Davis; Sacramento CA USA
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Kumar A, Baboota S, Agarwal SP, Ali J, Ahuja A. Treatment of acne with special emphasis on herbal remedies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469872.3.1.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Warnke PH, Lott AJ, Sherry E, Wiltfang J, Podschun R. The ongoing battle against multi-resistant strains: In-vitro inhibition of hospital-acquired MRSA, VRE, Pseudomonas, ESBL E. coli and Klebsiella species in the presence of plant-derived antiseptic oils. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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58
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Abstract
Tea tree oil (TTO) is an essential oil, steam-distilled from the Australian native plant, Melaleuca alternifolia. It has a minimum content of terpinen-4-ol and a maximum content of 1, 8-cineole. Terpinen-4-ol is a major TTO component which exhibits strong antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Tea tree oil exerts antioxidant activity and has been reported to have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal infections affecting skin and mucosa. Several studies have suggested the uses of TTO for the treatment of acne vulgaris, seborrheic dermatitis, and chronic gingivitis. It also accelerates the wound healing process and exhibits anti-skin cancer activity. This review opens up new horizons for dermatologists in the use of this herbal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Pazyar
- Department of Dermatology, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Qadan F, Thewaini AJ, Ali DA, Afifi R, Elkhawad A, Matalka KZ. The Antimicrobial Activities of Psidium guajava and Juglans regia Leaf Extracts to Acne-Developing Organisms. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 33:197-204. [PMID: 15974479 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x05002783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to present the in vitro inhibitory effect of Psidium guajava and Juglans regia leaf extracts on the main developer of acne lesions, Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), and other organisms that are isolated from acne lesions. Thirty-eight subjects (males and females) who had various types of acne were enrolled in the study. The contents of the acne lesions were cultured and the frequency of P. acnes (alone and with Staphylococci spp.) was 47%, whereas the frequencies for Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were 13% and 24%, respectively. The antimicrobial activities of Psidium guajava and Juglans regia leaf extracts, determined by disk diffusion method (zone of inhibition), were compared to tea tree oil (TTO), doxycycline and clindamycin antibiotics. The zones of inhibition due to the Psidium guajava and Juglans regia leaf extracts ranged from 15.8–17.6 mm against P. acnes, 11.3–15.7 mm against S. aureus and 12.9–15.5 mm against S. epidermidis, respectively. These zones of inhibition were significantly higher than those of TTO and equivalent in case of Staphylococci spp., but less in case of P. acnes, to those obtained from doxycycline or clindamycin. It can be concluded that Psidium guajava and Juglans regia leaf extracts may be beneficial in treating acne especially when they are known to have anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Qadan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Technology, The University of Petra PO. Box 961343, Amman, Jordan.
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Zager SH. Acne Vulgaris and Acne Rosacea. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1793-8.00057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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63
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Abstract
The need for cosmeceutical research is ever present. This article has tried to highlight the chemistry of botanic extracts in the current marketplace and review the best research available. In some ways, more questions have been raised than answered; yet, ideas for intellectual discourse have been provided. Herein lies the physician cosmeceutical challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Diana Draelos
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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64
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Sánchez-Navarro MM, Cuesta-Garrote N, Arán-Aís F, Orgilés-Barceló C. Microencapsulation ofMelaleuca alternifolia(Tea Tree) Oil as Biocide for Footwear Applications. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2011.616126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Thomsen PS, Jensen TM, Hammer KA, Carson CF, Mølgaard P, Riley TV. Survey of the Antimicrobial Activity of Commercially Available Australian Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) Essential Oil ProductsIn Vitro. J Altern Complement Med 2011; 17:835-41. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2010.0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Per S. Thomsen
- School of Pharmacy, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
| | - Theis M. Jensen
- School of Pharmacy, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
| | - Kate A. Hammer
- Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular, and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christine F. Carson
- Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular, and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Per Mølgaard
- School of Pharmacy, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
| | - Thomas V. Riley
- Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular, and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Divisions of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, Australia
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66
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Ocak B, Gülümser G, Baloğlu E. Microencapsulation ofMelaleuca alternifolia(Tea Tree) Oil by Using Simple Coacervation Method. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2011.9700470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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67
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Kanlayavattanakul M, Lourith N. Therapeutic agents and herbs in topical application for acne treatment. Int J Cosmet Sci 2011; 33:289-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2011.00647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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68
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kraft
- Division of Dermatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
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69
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BAJPAI VIVEKK, KANG SUNCHUL. POTENTIAL ROLE OF LEAF ESSENTIAL OIL AND EXTRACTS OF METASEQUOIA GLYPTOSTROBOIDES MIKI EX HU TO INHIBIT THE GROWTH OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES SPP. J Food Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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72
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Abstract
Botanical extracts and single compounds are increasingly used in cosmetics but also in over-the-counter drugs and food supplements. The focus of the present review is on controlled clinical trials with botanicals in the treatment of acne, inflammatory skin diseases, skin infections, UV-induced skin damage, skin cancer, alopecia, vitiligo, and wounds. Studies with botanical cosmetics and drugs are discussed, as well as studies with botanical food supplements. Experimental research on botanicals was considered to a limited extent when it seemed promising for clinical use in the near future. In acne therapy, Mahonia, tea tree oil, and Saccharomyces may have the potential to become standard treatments. Mahonia, Hypericum, Glycyrrhiza and some traditional Chinese medicines appear promising for atopic dermatitis. Some plant-derived substances like dithranol and methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen) [in combination with UVA] are already accepted as standard treatments in psoriasis; Mahonia and Capsicum (capsaicin) are the next candidates suggested by present evidence. Oral administration and topical application of antioxidant plant extracts (green and black tea, carotenoids, coffee, and many flavonoids from fruits and vegetables) can protect skin from UV-induced erythema, early aging, and irradiation-induced cancer. Hair loss and vitiligo are also traditional fields of application for botanicals. According to the number and quality of clinical trials with botanicals, the best evidence exists for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases, i.e. atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. However, many more controlled clinical studies are needed to determine the efficacy and risks of plant-derived products in dermatology. Safety aspects, especially related to sensitization and photodermatitis, have to be taken into account. Therefore, clinicians should not only be informed of the beneficial effects but also the specific adverse effects of botanicals used for dermatologic disorders and cosmetic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Reuter
- Competence Center Skintegral, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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73
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Reuter J, Wölfle U, Weckesser S, Schempp C. Which plant for which skin disease? Part 1: Atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne, condyloma and herpes simplex. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2010; 8:788-96. [PMID: 20707875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010.07496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plant extracts and isolated compounds are increasingly used in cosmetics and food supplements to improve skin conditions. We first introduce the positive plant monographs with dermatological relevance of the former German Commission E. Subsequently clinical studies with botanicals for atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne, condylomata acuminata and herpes simplex are discussed. The best studies have been conducted with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis patients. Mahonia aquifolium, Hypericum perforatum, Glycyrrhiza glabra and certain traditional Chinese therapies have been shown to be effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Mahonia aquifolium, Indigo naturalis and Capsicum frutescens are effective treatments for psoriasis. Green tea extract and tea tree oil have been investigated in the treatment of acne. Podophyllin and green tea extract are effective treatments for condylomata acuminata. Balm mint and a combination of sage and rhubarb have been shown to be effective in the treatment of herpes simplex in proof of concept studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Reuter
- Competence Center skintegral®, Department of Dermatology, University of Freiburg, Germany
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74
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Viyoch J, Pisutthanan N, Faikreua A, Nupangta K, Wangtorpol K, Ngokkuen J. Evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial activity of Thai basil oils and their micro-emulsion formulas against Propionibacterium acnes. Int J Cosmet Sci 2010; 28:125-33. [PMID: 18492147 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2494.2006.00308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Thai basil oils and their micro-emulsions, on in vitro activity against Propionibacterium acnes. An agar disc diffusion method was employed for screening antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil), Ocimum sanctum L. (holy basil) and Ocimum americanum L. (hoary basil) against P. acnes. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the basil oils were determined using an agar dilution assay. The obtained results indicated that the MIC values of sweet basil and holy basil oils were 2.0% and 3.0% v/v, respectively, whereas hoary basil oil did not show activity against P. acnes at the highest concentration tested (5.0% v/v). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that methyl chavicol (93.0%) was the major compound in sweet basil oil, and eugenol (41.5%), gamma-caryophyllene (23.7%) and methyl eugenol (11.8%) were major compounds in holy basil oil. Hoary basil oil contained high amounts of geraniol (32.0%) and neral (27.2%) and small amounts of methyl chavicol (0.8%). The Oil-in-water (o/w) micro-emulsions of individual basil oils with concentrations corresponding to their MIC values were formulated. The stable o/w micro-emulsion system for basil oil consisted of 55.0% v/v water phase, 10.0% v/v oil phase (2.0 or 3.0% v/v sweet basil or 3.0% v/v holy basil oil plus 7.0% v/v isopropyl myristate), 29.2% v/v polysorbate 80 and 5.8% v/v 1,2-propylene glycol. Hydroxyethylcellulose at a concentration of 0.5% w/v was used as thickening agent. According to the disc diffusion assay, the formulations containing sweet basil oil exhibited higher activity against P. acnes than those containing holy basil oil, and the thickened formulations tended to give a lower activity against P. acnes than the non-thickened formulations. The prepared micro-emulsions were stable after being tested by a heat-cool cycling method for five cycles. These findings indicate the possibility to use Thai sweet and holy basil oil in suitable formulations for acne skin care.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Viyoch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Naresuan University, 65000 Phitsanulok, Thailand.
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75
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Morelli V, Calmet E, Jhingade V. Alternative Therapies for Common Dermatologic Disorders, Part 2. Prim Care 2010; 37:285-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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76
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Kareru PG, Keriko JM, Kenji GM, Thiong'o GT, Gachanja AN, Mukiira HN. Antimicrobial activities of skincare preparations from plant extracts. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES : AJTCAM 2010; 7:214-8. [PMID: 21461148 PMCID: PMC3025622 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v7i3.54777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Tithonia diversifolia Helms. (A Gray), Aloe secundiflora (Miller) and Azadirachta indica (A. Juss) plant extracts were used to make herbal soaps while Thevetia peruviana (Schum) seed oil was used to make a herbal lotion for skincare. The soaps were tested for the growth inhibition of Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. The lotion was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli. Although Tithonia diversifolia soap exhibited the highest inhibitory effect on the test bacterial strains, it had the least inhibition against C. albicans. Results from this study indicated that the 'Tithonia diversifolia' soap would have superior skin protection against the tested bacteria but would offer the least skin protection against C. albicans. The herbal lotion inhibited S. aureus and E. coli in a concentration dependent manner, however, the inhibitory effect was more pronounced on S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Kareru
- Chemistry Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya.
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77
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Abstract
Acne vulgaris (acne) is a cutaneous pleomorphic disorder of the pilosebaceous unit involving abnormalities in sebum production and is characterized by both inflammatory (papules, pustules and nodules) and non-inflammatory (comedones, open and closed) lesions. Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis are common pus-forming microbes responsible for the development of various forms of acne. This disease remains a common condition in industrialized societies, with many mainstream treatment options available. There are many acne products on the market, and making an appropriate selection can be daunting. Common therapies that are used for the treatment of acne include topical, systemic, hormonal, herbal and combination therapy. Topically used agents are benzoyl peroxide, antibiotics and retinoid. Systemically used agents are antibiotics and isotretinoin. However, all such treatments carry risks and none is completely satisfactory. Natural alternatives are gaining greater research support, and have much to offer clinically in this disorder. This review focuses primarily on herbal treatments for acne that show scientific evidence of clinical efficacy, as well as the more common herbs shown to be useful in the treatment of this dermatologic disorder.
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78
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Casiraghi A, Minghetti P, Cilurzo F, Selmin F, Gambaro V, Montanari L. The effects of excipients for topical preparations on the human skin permeability of terpinen-4-ol contained in Tea tree oil: infrared spectroscopic investigations. Pharm Dev Technol 2009; 15:545-52. [PMID: 19842911 DOI: 10.3109/10837450903338387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate the effect induced by excipients conventionally used for topical dosage forms, namely isopropyl myristate (IPM) or oleic acid (OA) or polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) or Transcutol (TR), on the human skin permeability of terpinen-4-ol (T4OL) contained in the pure Tea tree oil. The effect of such excipients was determined by evaluating the absorption of T4OL using human epidermis and the perturbation of the organization of stratum corneum by ATR-FTIR. Among the tested excipients OA enhanced the absorption of T4OL by perturbing the stratum corneum lipid barrier. Other excipients caused a weak enhancement effect and their use should be carefully monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Casiraghi
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
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79
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The battle against multi-resistant strains: Renaissance of antimicrobial essential oils as a promising force to fight hospital-acquired infections. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2009; 37:392-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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80
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Hammer KA, Carson CF, Dunstan JA, Hale J, Lehmann H, Robinson CJ, Prescott SL, Riley TV. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of five Taxandria fragrans oils in vitro. Microbiol Immunol 2009; 52:522-30. [PMID: 19090831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of five samples of Taxandria fragrans essential oil was evaluated against a range of Gram-positive (n= 26) and Gram-negative bacteria (n= 39) and yeasts (n= 10). The majority of organisms were inhibited and/or killed at concentrations ranging from 0.06-4.0% v/v. Geometric means of MIC were lowest for oil Z (0.77% v/v), followed by oils X (0.86%), C (1.12%), A (1.23%) and B (1.24%). Despite differences in susceptibility data between oils, oils A and X did not differ when tested at 2% v/v in a time kill assay against Staphylococcus aureus. Cytotoxicity assays using peripheral blood mononuclear cells demonstrated that T. fragrans oil was cytotoxic at 0.004% v/v but not at 0.002%. Exposure to one or more of the oils at concentrations of <or=0.002% v/v resulted in a dose responsive reduction in the production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha, regulatory cytokine IL-10, Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma and Th2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 by PHA stimulated mononuclear cells. Oil B inhibited the production of all cytokines except IL-10, oil X inhibited TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10, oil A inhibited TNF-alpha and IL-6, oil C inhibited IL-5 and IL-6 and oil Z inhibited IL-13 only. IL-6 production was significantly inhibited by the most oils (A, B, C and X), followed by TNF-alpha (oils A, B and X). In conclusion, T. fragrans oil showed both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro, however, the clinical relevance of this remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Hammer
- Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
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81
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Abstract
Acne is the most common disease of the skin, yet only a fraction of acne sufferers are treated with prescription products by physicians. There is, however, a large and expanding market for over-the-counter (OTC) medications, many of which are not only effective but also well tolerated and cosmetically elegant. Given the presence of OTC acne medications on the television, the Internet, and store shelves, patients will be acutely aware of these OTC remedies and will have questions. Patients will expect dermatologists to advise them regarding products to use either as a sole therapy or in combination with prescription drugs. Recently, combinations of OTC acne medications in treatment regimens or "kits" have gained popularity and appear to have increased patient compliance. Quality-of-life outcomes from OTC medication use, in at least one study, have demonstrated good benefit. The most common OTC ingredients include benzoyl peroxide, a potent antibacterial agent, and salicylic acid, a mild comedolytic and antiinflammatory medication. Other, less-common OTC ingredients include sulfur, sodium sulfacetamide, and alpha hydroxy acids. Zinc, vitamin A, tea tree oil, and ayurvedic therapies also are available OTC for acne. Additional and better studies are needed to clarify the benefit of these latter medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney P Bowe
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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82
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Minghetti P, Casiraghi A, Cilurzo F, Gambaro V, Montanari L. Formulation Study of Tea Tree Oil Patches. Nat Prod Commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0900400129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties of tea tree oil (TTO), the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia are well documented. In order to optimize its therapeutic activity, TTO patches were designed. The aim of this work was the formulation of monolayer patches containing TTO. Moreover, the performance of oleic acid (OA) as a skin penetration enhancer in patches was evaluated. Terpinen-4-ol (T4OL), the main component of TTO, was the marker used to evaluate TTO skin permeability. The permeation study was performed through human epidermis by using Franz diffusion cells. Patches were prepared by using methacrylic copolymers, Eudragit E100 (EuE100) or Eudragit NE (EuNE), and a silicone resin, BioPSA7-4602 (Bio-PSA). TTO and OA contents were fixed at 10% w/w and 3% w/w, respectively. The patches were prepared by a casting method and characterised in terms of T4OL content and skin permeability. All the selected polymers were suitable as the main component of the patch matrix. Since the main critical issue in the use of TTO is related to its toxicity after absorption, the local administration of TTO can take advantage of the use of patches based on EuE100 because of the high retained amount and the low permeation of T4OL. In this matrix, OA slightly increased the T4OL retained amount, improving the efficacy and safety of TTO patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Minghetti
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica “P. Pratesi”, Via Mangiagalli 14, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonella Casiraghi
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica “P. Pratesi”, Via Mangiagalli 14, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Cilurzo
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica “P. Pratesi”, Via Mangiagalli 14, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Veniero Gambaro
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica “P. Pratesi”, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luisa Montanari
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica “P. Pratesi”, Via Mangiagalli 14, 20133 Milano, Italy
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83
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Abstract
Aloe vera is a natural product that is now a day frequently used in the field of cosmetology. Though there are various indications for its use, controlled trials are needed to determine its real efficacy. The aloe vera plant, its properties, mechanism of action and clinical uses are briefly reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Surjushe
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Grant Medical College and Sir J J Group of Hospitals, Mumbai - 400 008 Maharashtra, India.
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84
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Ashawat M, Amit G, Shailendra S, Swarnlata S. Role of Highly Specific and Complex Molecules in Skin Care. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/ijcr.2007.191.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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85
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Strauss JS, Krowchuk DP, Leyden JJ, Lucky AW, Shalita AR, Siegfried EC, Thiboutot DM, Van Voorhees AS, Beutner KA, Sieck CK, Bhushan R. Guidelines of care for acne vulgaris management. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 56:651-63. [PMID: 17276540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2006.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DISCLAIMER Adherence to these guidelines will not ensure successful treatment in every situation. Furthermore, these guidelines should not be deemed inclusive of all proper methods of care or exclusive of other methods of care reasonably directed to obtaining the same results. The ultimate judgment regarding the propriety of any specific therapy must be made by the physician and the patient in light of all the circumstances presented by the individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Strauss
- Department of Dermatology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
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86
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Hull SK. Acne Vulgaris and Acne Rosacea. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-2954-0.50077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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87
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Carson CF, Hammer KA, Riley TV. Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19:50-62. [PMID: 16418522 PMCID: PMC1360273 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.19.1.50-62.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicines such as tea tree (melaleuca) oil have become increasingly popular in recent decades. This essential oil has been used for almost 100 years in Australia but is now available worldwide both as neat oil and as an active component in an array of products. The primary uses of tea tree oil have historically capitalized on the antiseptic and anti-inflammatory actions of the oil. This review summarizes recent developments in our understanding of the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of the oil and its components, as well as clinical efficacy. Specific mechanisms of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory action are reviewed, and the toxicity of the oil is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Carson
- Microbiology and Immunology (M502), School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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88
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Magin PJ, Adams J, Pond CD, Smith W. Topical and oral CAM in acne: a review of the empirical evidence and a consideration of its context. Complement Ther Med 2005; 14:62-76. [PMID: 16473756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Revised: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acne is one of the commonest diseases to afflict humanity. Anecdotally, the use of CAM in acne is widespread. In this review the empirical evidence for the efficacy of CAM modalities is examined and the context for their use discussed. METHODS Searches were made of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED (Allied and Complementary Medicines), Cochrane, and DARE databases using the search terms "acne" and "acne vulgaris" together with "alternative" and "complementary". RESULTS The identified studies examined a broad range of CAM modalities but were of generally poor methodological quality. Evidence suggests that many of these therapies are biologically plausible. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Complementary therapies in acne should be viewed in a wider context than that of the very limited empiric evidence base that exists for their use. Further rigorously conducted trials should be conducted to define efficacy and adverse effect profiles of currently used CAM acne therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Magin
- Discipline of General Practice, Newbolds Building, School of Medical Practice and Population Health, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
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89
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Voravuthikunchai SP, Kitpipit L. Activity of medicinal plant extracts against hospital isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11:510-2. [PMID: 15882206 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of ten traditional Thai medicinal plants were investigated for their ability to inhibit 35 hospital isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Nine medicinal plants displayed activity against all isolates tested. Ethanolic extracts of Garcinia mangostana, Punica granatum and Quercus infectoria were most effective, with MICs for MRSA isolates of 0.05-0.4, 0.2-0.4 and 0.2-0.4 mg/mL, respectively, and for S. aureus ATCC 25923 of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.1 mg/mL, respectively. MBCs for MRSA isolates were 0.1-0.4, 1.6-3.2 and 0.4-1.6 mg/mL, and for S. aureus ATCC 25923 were 0.4, 3.2 and 1.6 mg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Voravuthikunchai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkla, Thailand.
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90
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Evandri MG, Battinelli L, Daniele C, Mastrangelo S, Bolle P, Mazzanti G. The antimutagenic activity of Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) essential oil in the bacterial reverse mutation assay. Food Chem Toxicol 2005; 43:1381-7. [PMID: 15907354 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Essential oils from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea-tree oil) and Lavandula angustifolia (lavender oil) are commonly used to treat minor health problems. Tea-tree oil possesses broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and is increasingly used for skin problems. Lavender oil, traditionally used as an antiseptic agent, is now predominantly used as a relaxant, carminative, and sedative in aromatherapy. Despite their growing use no data are available on their mutagenic potential. In this study, after determining the chemical composition of tea-tree oil and lavender oil, by gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry, we investigated their mutagenic and antimutagenic activities by the bacterial reverse mutation assay in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains and in Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA strain, with and without an extrinsic metabolic activation system. Neither essential oil had mutagenic activity on the two tested Salmonella strains or on E. coli, with or without the metabolic activation system. Conversely, lavender oil exerted strong antimutagenic activity, reducing mutant colonies in the TA98 strain exposed to the direct mutagen 2-nitrofluorene. Antimutagenicity was concentration-dependent: the maximal concentration (0.80 mg/plate) reduced the number of histidine-independent revertant colonies by 66.4%. Lavender oil (0.80 mg/plate) also showed moderate antimutagenicity against the TA98 strain exposed to the direct mutagen 1-nitropyrene. Its antimutagenic property makes lavender oil a promising candidate for new applications in human healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Evandri
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology, University La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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91
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Abstract
In the recent years there has been increasing interest in herbal therapy including its use for treatment of dermatologic disorders. In Germany, a regulatory authority known as "Commission E" performed an extensive review of common phytotherapeutic (1987-1995) agents indicating quality of evidence, clinical efficacy and therapeutic usefulness producing a "positive monograph" indicating agents supported by evidence and likely to be useful. This article explores the therapeutic use of several of these and other currently popular plants suitable for dermatologic indications; therapeutic hints including phytotherapeutic products and formulations are given and side effects, in particular toxic and allergic skin reactions, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Meyer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie der Universität Regensburg.
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92
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Biju SS, Ahuja A, Khar RK. Tea Tree Oil Concentration in Follicular Casts After Topical Delivery: Determination by High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography Using a Perfused Bovine Udder Model. J Pharm Sci 2005; 94:240-5. [PMID: 15570606 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tea tree oil, a popular antimicrobial agent is recommended for the treatment of acne vulgaris, a disease of the pilosebaceous unit. Tea tree oil formulations (colloidal bed, microemulsion, multiple emulsion, and liposomal dispersion containing 5% w/w tea tree oil) were applied to bovine udder skin. The follicular uptake of tea tree oil upon application was determined by a cyanoacrylate method. Tea tree oil was determined by quantifying terpinen-4-ol content using high-performance thin layer chromatography. The accumulation of tea tree oil in the follicular casts was 0.43 +/- 0.01, 0.41 +/- 0.009, 0.21 +/- 0.006, and 0.16 +/- 0.005 percentage by weight (milligram oil/gram of sebum plug) for microemulsion, liposomal dispersion, multiple emulsion, and colloidal bed, respectively. This is the first study of its kind to quantify tea tree oil concentration in the follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Biju
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110 062, India.
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93
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Abstract
The mainstays of modern acne therapy include comedolytic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory substances, as well as antiandrogens. Additionally, traditional or newly developed therapeutic approaches may be considered, including pharmacologic (dapsone, zinc) and physical measures (phototherapy, photodynamic therapy, comedone extraction, abrasives). This article reviews such adjunctive therapies with regard to efficacy and their roles in acne therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Degitz
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.
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94
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Khalil Z, Pearce AL, Satkunanathan N, Storer E, Finlay-Jones JJ, Hart PH. Regulation of wheal and flare by tea tree oil: complementary human and rodent studies. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 123:683-90. [PMID: 15373773 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
When applied 20 min after injection of histamine into human forearm skin, tea tree oil (TTO) reduces the developing cutaneous vascular response. In this study, the effect of TTO on inflammatory microvascular changes was dissected at the base of an experimental blister on rat skin. 1,8-Cineole, representing 2% of TTO, reduced vascular changes induced by sensory neuropeptides released when the distal portion of a cut sciatic nerve was electrically stimulated. The pre-terminal modulatory effect of 1,8-Cineole was confirmed in tests in sensory-denervated rats. Terpinen-4-ol (approximately 40% TTO) reduced substance P-induced microvascular changes and protein extravasation by a direct nitric oxide-mediated effect on the microvasculature, without sensory nerve involvement. alpha-Terpineol (3% of TTO) regulated both pre- and post-sensory nerve terminals. In human skin, terpinen-4-ol applied 10 min after histamine injection, but not alpha-terpineol or 1,8-cineole, regulated the developing wheal and flare suggesting that the histamine-induced responses in humans (at the dose used in this study, 50 microL of 330 microM histamine) are in large part determined by histamine directly affecting the vasculature via post-terminal-mediated events. The underlying strength of these studies is the use of a well-established rat physiologic model to differentiate the mechanism of regulation of microvascular changes by modulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Khalil
- National Ageing Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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95
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D R Camp
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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96
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Ben-Arye E, Frenkel M, Ziv M. An Approach to Teaching Dermatologists About Complementary Medicine. J Altern Complement Med 2004; 10:899-904. [PMID: 15650480 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2004.10.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is increasing evidence for the extensive use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among patients with dermatologic ailments amid a scarcity of information about teaching health providers on how to engage with patients who use CAM or request information about it. An approach to educating dermatologists and nurses about CAM is described in this paper. DESIGN A course on CAM and dermatology was offered to 17 dermatologists and nurses at a dermatology department in a university hospital in Israel. The course objective was to expose participants to common methods in CAM, emphasizing the role of an evidence-based approach and patient-doctor communication relating to CAM. RESULTS Course evaluation revealed that participants acknowledged the existence of evidence-based research as an important consideration before referring their patients to CAM. CONCLUSIONS Teaching CAM to dermatologists and nurses using evidence-based medicine and a patient-centered approach could enable them to provide informed and balanced advice to their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Ben-Arye
- Complementary and Traditional Medicine Unit, Department of Family Medicine, Clalit Health Services, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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97
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Burt S. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods--a review. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 94:223-53. [PMID: 15246235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5028] [Impact Index Per Article: 251.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2003] [Accepted: 03/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies have demonstrated antibacterial activity of essential oils (EOs) against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella dysenteria, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus at levels between 0.2 and 10 microl ml(-1). Gram-negative organisms are slightly less susceptible than gram-positive bacteria. A number of EO components has been identified as effective antibacterials, e.g. carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, perillaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid, having minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.05-5 microl ml(-1) in vitro. A higher concentration is needed to achieve the same effect in foods. Studies with fresh meat, meat products, fish, milk, dairy products, vegetables, fruit and cooked rice have shown that the concentration needed to achieve a significant antibacterial effect is around 0.5-20 microl g(-1) in foods and about 0.1-10 microl ml(-1) in solutions for washing fruit and vegetables. EOs comprise a large number of components and it is likely that their mode of action involves several targets in the bacterial cell. The hydrophobicity of EOs enables them to partition in the lipids of the cell membrane and mitochondria, rendering them permeable and leading to leakage of cell contents. Physical conditions that improve the action of EOs are low pH, low temperature and low oxygen levels. Synergism has been observed between carvacrol and its precursor p-cymene and between cinnamaldehyde and eugenol. Synergy between EO components and mild preservation methods has also been observed. Some EO components are legally registered flavourings in the EU and the USA. Undesirable organoleptic effects can be limited by careful selection of EOs according to the type of food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Burt
- Department of Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80175, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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98
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Park YS, You JE, Kim JD, Chung BH, Lee SH, Lee MK, Lee HY, Hwang B, Kim JH, Pakr YB, Lee HJ. The Effect of the Oil and Supercritical Fluid CO2Extract ofJuniperus rigidaSieb. on the Growth Performance of Rat Adrenal Nerve Cells. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2004.9698680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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99
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Calcabrini A, Stringaro A, Toccacieli L, Meschini S, Marra M, Colone M, Salvatore G, Mondello F, Arancia G, Molinari A. Terpinen-4-ol, The Main Component of Melaleuca Alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil Inhibits the In Vitro Growth of Human Melanoma Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122:349-60. [PMID: 15009716 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2004.22236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The search for innovative therapeutic approaches based on the use of new substances is gaining more interest in clinical oncology. In this in vitro study the potential anti-tumoral activity of tea tree oil, distilled from Melaleuca alternifolia, was analyzed against human melanoma M14 WT cells and their drug-resistant counterparts, M14 adriamicin-resistant cells. Both sensitive and resistant cells were grown in the presence of tea tree oil at concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.03%. Both the complex oil (tea tree oil) and its main active component terpinen-4-ol were able to induce caspase-dependent apoptosis of melanoma cells and this effect was more evident in the resistant variant cell population. Freeze-fracturing and scanning electron microscopy analyses suggested that the effect of the crude oil and of the terpinen-4-ol was mediated by their interaction with plasma membrane and subsequent reorganization of membrane lipids. In conclusion, tea tree oil and terpinen-4-ol are able to impair the growth of human M14 melanoma cells and appear to be more effective on their resistant variants, which express high levels of P-glycoprotein in the plasma membrane, overcoming resistance to caspase-dependent apoptosis exerted by P-glycoprotein-positive tumor cells.
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100
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Hammer KA, Dry L, Johnson M, Michalak EM, Carson CF, Riley TV. Susceptibility of oral bacteria to Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 18:389-92. [PMID: 14622345 DOI: 10.1046/j.0902-0055.2003.00105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against 161 isolates of oral bacteria from 15 genera was determined. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) ranged from 0.003 to 2.0% (v/v). MIC90 values were 1.0% (v/v) for Actinomyces spp., Lactobacillus spp., Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus sanguis, and 0.1% (v/v) for Prevotella spp. Isolates of Porphyromonas, Prevotella and Veillonella had the lowest MICs and MBCs, and isolates of Streptococcus, Fusobacterium and Lactobacillus had the highest. Time kill studies with Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus rhamnosus showed that treatment with > or = 0.5% tea tree oil caused decreases in viability of >3 log colony forming units/ml after only 30 s, and viable organisms were not detected after 5 min. These studies indicate that a range of oral bacteria are susceptible to tea tree oil, suggesting that tea tree oil may be of use in oral healthcare products and in the maintenance of oral hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Hammer
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
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