951
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Black JM, Tanaka H, Stanley L, Nagamine M, Zakerani N, Thurston A, Kesler S, Hulme C, Lyytinen H, Glover GH, Serrone C, Raman MM, Reiss AL, Hoeft F. Maternal history of reading difficulty is associated with reduced language-related gray matter in beginning readers. Neuroimage 2011; 59:3021-32. [PMID: 22023744 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Family history and poor preliteracy skills (referred to here as familial and behavioral risk, respectively) are critical predictors of developmental dyslexia. This study systematically investigated the independent contribution of familial and behavioral risks on brain structures, which had not been explored in past studies. We also examined the differential effects of maternal versus paternal history on brain morphometry, and familial risk dimensionally versus categorically, which were also novel aspects of the study. We assessed 51 children (5 to 6 years of age) with varying degrees of familial and behavioral risks for developmental dyslexia and examined associations with brain morphometry. We found that greater maternal history of reading disability was associated with smaller bilateral prefrontal and parieto-temporal gray, but not white matter volumes. Regressing out behavioral risk, socioeconomic status, and maternal education and other confounds did not change the results. No such relationship was observed for paternal reading history and behavioral risk. Results of cortical surface area and thickness further showed that there was a significant negative relationship between cortical surface area (but not thickness) and greater severity of maternal history, in particular within the left inferior parietal lobule, suggesting prenatal influence of maternal history on children's brain morphometry. The results suggested greater maternal, possibly prenatal, influence on language-related brain structures. These results help to guide future neuroimaging research focusing on environmental and genetic influences and provide new information that may help predict which child will develop dyslexia in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Black
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral, Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305-5795, USA.
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952
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Yusa N, Koizumi M, Kim J, Kimura N, Uchida S, Yokoyama S, Miura N, Kawashima R, Hagiwara H. Second-language Instinct and Instruction Effects: Nature and Nurture in Second-language Acquisition. J Cogn Neurosci 2011; 23:2716-30. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2011.21607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Adults seem to have greater difficulties than children in acquiring a second language (L2) because of the alleged “window of opportunity” around puberty. Postpuberty Japanese participants learned a new English rule with simplex sentences during one month of instruction, and then they were tested on “uninstructed complex sentences” as well as “instructed simplex sentences.” The behavioral data show that they can acquire more knowledge than is instructed, suggesting the interweaving of nature (universal principles of grammar, UG) and nurture (instruction) in L2 acquisition. The comparison in the “uninstructed complex sentences” between post-instruction and pre-instruction using functional magnetic resonance imaging reveals a significant activation in Broca's area. Thus, this study provides new insight into Broca's area, where nature and nurture cooperate to produce L2 learners' rich linguistic knowledge. It also shows neural plasticity of adult L2 acquisition, arguing against a critical period hypothesis, at least in the domain of UG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Yusa
- 1Miyagi Gakuin Women's University, Sendai-shi, Japan
- 2Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society (RISTEX), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Koizumi
- 2Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society (RISTEX), Tokyo, Japan
- 3Tohoku University, Sendai-shi, Japan
| | | | | | - Shinya Uchida
- 4National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira-shi, Japan
| | | | - Naoki Miura
- 3Tohoku University, Sendai-shi, Japan
- 5Kochi University of Technology, Kami-shi, Japan
| | | | - Hiroko Hagiwara
- 2Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society (RISTEX), Tokyo, Japan
- 6Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
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953
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Sarubbo S, Le Bars E, Moritz-Gasser S, Duffau H. Complete recovery after surgical resection of left Wernicke's area in awake patient: a brain stimulation and functional MRI study. Neurosurg Rev 2011; 35:287-92; discussion 292. [PMID: 21947553 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-011-0351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Sarubbo
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S. Anna, 203 C.so Giovecca, Ferrara, Italy
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954
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Juphard A, Vidal JR, Perrone-Bertolotti M, Minotti L, Kahane P, Lachaux JP, Baciu M. Direct evidence for two different neural mechanisms for reading familiar and unfamiliar words: an intra-cerebral EEG study. Front Hum Neurosci 2011; 5:101. [PMID: 21960968 PMCID: PMC3176454 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
After intensive practice, unfamiliar letter strings become familiar words and reading speed increases strikingly from a slow processing to a fast and with more global recognition of words. While this effect has been well documented at the behavioral level, its neural underpinnings are still unclear. The question is how the brain modulates the activity of the reading network according to the novelty of the items. Several models have proposed that familiar and unfamiliar words are not processed by separate networks but rather by common regions operating differently according to familiarity. This hypothesis has proved difficult to test at the neural level because the effects of familiarity and length on reading occur (a) on a millisecond scale, shorter than the resolution of fMRI and (b) in regions which cannot be isolated with non-invasive EEG or MEG. We overcame these limitations by using invasive intra-cerebral EEG recording in epileptic patients. Neural activity (gamma-band responses, between 50 and 150 Hz) was measured in three major nodes of reading network – left inferior frontal, supramarginal, and inferior temporo-occipital cortices – while patients silently read familiar (words) and unfamiliar (pseudo-words) items of two lengths (short composed of one-syllable vs. long composed of three-syllables). While all items elicited strong neural responses in the three regions, we found that the duration of the neural response increases with length only for pseudo-words, in direct relation to orthographic-to-phonological conversion. Our results validate at the neural level the hypothesis that all words are processed by a common network operating more or less efficiently depending on words’ novelty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Juphard
- CMRR and Neuropsychologie, Département de Neurologie, CHU de Grenoble Grenoble, France
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955
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Matsumoto R, Nair DR, Ikeda A, Fumuro T, Lapresto E, Mikuni N, Bingaman W, Miyamoto S, Fukuyama H, Takahashi R, Najm I, Shibasaki H, Lüders HO. Parieto-frontal network in humans studied by cortico-cortical evoked potential. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 33:2856-72. [PMID: 21928311 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Parieto-frontal network is essential for sensorimotor integration in various complex behaviors, and its disruption is associated with pathophysiology of apraxia and visuo-spatial disorders. Despite advances in knowledge regarding specialized cortical areas for various sensorimotor transformations, little is known about the underlying cortico-cortical connectivity in humans. We investigated inter-areal connections of the lateral parieto-frontal network in vivo by means of cortico-cortical evoked potentials (CCEPs). Six patients with epilepsy and one with brain tumor were studied. With the use of subdural electrodes implanted for presurgical evaluation, network configuration was investigated by tracking the connections from the parietal stimulus site to the frontal site where the maximum CCEP was recorded. It was characterized by (i) a near-to-near and distant-to-distant, mirror symmetric configuration across the central sulcus, (ii) preserved dorso-ventral organization (the inferior parietal lobule to the ventral premotor area and the superior parietal lobule to the dorsal premotor area), and (iii) projections to more than one frontal cortical sites in 56% of explored connections. These findings were also confirmed by the standardized parieto-frontal CCEP connectivity map constructed in reference to the Jülich cytoarchitectonic atlas in the MNI standard space. The present CCEP study provided an anatomical blueprint underlying the lateral parieto-frontal network and demonstrated a connectivity pattern similar to non-human primates in the newly developed inferior parietal lobule in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riki Matsumoto
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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956
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Caspers S, Eickhoff SB, Rick T, von Kapri A, Kuhlen T, Huang R, Shah NJ, Zilles K. Probabilistic fibre tract analysis of cytoarchitectonically defined human inferior parietal lobule areas reveals similarities to macaques. Neuroimage 2011; 58:362-80. [PMID: 21718787 PMCID: PMC8007958 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human inferior parietal lobule (IPL) is a multimodal brain region, subdivided in several cytoarchitectonic areas which are involved in neural networks related to spatial attention, language, and higher motor processing. Tracer studies in macaques revealed differential connectivity patterns of IPL areas as the respective structural basis. Evidence for comparable differential fibre tracts of human IPL is lacking. Here, anatomical connectivity of five cytoarchitectonic human IPL areas to 64 cortical targets was investigated using probabilistic tractography. Connection likelihood was assessed by evaluating the number of traces between seed and target against the distribution of traces from that seed to voxels in the same distance as the target. The main fibre tract pattern shifted gradually from rostral to caudal IPL: Rostral areas were predominantly connected to somatosensory and superior parietal areas while caudal areas more strongly connected with auditory, anterior temporal and higher visual cortices. All IPL areas were strongly connected with inferior frontal, insular and posterior temporal areas. These results showed striking similarities with connectivity patterns in macaques, providing further evidence for possible homologies between these two species. This shift in fibre tract pattern supports a differential functional involvement of rostral (higher motor functions) and caudal IPL (spatial attention), with probable overlapping language involvement. The differential functional involvement of IPL areas was further supported by hemispheric asymmetries of connection patterns which showed left-right differences especially with regard to connections to sensorimotor, inferior frontal and temporal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2, INM-4), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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957
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Abel S, Huber W, Weiller C, Amunts K, Eickhoff SB, Heim S. The Influence of Handedness on Hemispheric Interaction During Word Production: Insights from Effective Connectivity Analysis. Brain Connect 2011; 1:219-31. [DOI: 10.1089/brain.2011.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Abel
- Section Neuropsychology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Section Clinical Research on Cognition, Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Freiburg Neurocenter, Freiburg, Germany
- Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Brain Translational Medicine
| | - Walter Huber
- Section Clinical Research on Cognition, Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Brain Translational Medicine
| | - Cornelius Weiller
- Department of Neurology, University of Freiburg Neurocenter, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Brain Translational Medicine
- Section Structural-Functional Brain Mapping, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Research Center Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1 and INM-2, Jülich, Germany
| | - Simon B. Eickhoff
- Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Brain Translational Medicine
- Section Structural-Functional Brain Mapping, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Research Center Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1 and INM-2, Jülich, Germany
| | - Stefan Heim
- Section Clinical Research on Cognition, Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Brain Translational Medicine
- Section Structural-Functional Brain Mapping, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Research Center Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1 and INM-2, Jülich, Germany
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958
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Gutbrod K, Spring D, Degonda N, Heinemann D, Nirkko A, Hauf M, Ozdoba C, Schnider A, Schroth G, Wiest R. Determination of language dominance: Wada test and fMRI compared using a novel sentence task. J Neuroimaging 2011; 22:266-74. [PMID: 21883628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6569.2011.00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study aimed to develop a new linguistic based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-sentence decision task that reliably detects hemispheric language dominance. METHODS FMRI was performed in 13 healthy right-handed controls and 20 patients at 1.5 T prior to neurosurgery. The main components of language were assessed with different paradigms (rhyme, synonym, and sentence). In controls, activations were quantified by a volume of interest analysis. Four neuroimagers tested a visual rating score in the patients group. Interrater agreement and concordance between fMRI and Wada test were calculated. RESULTS In healthy controls, the frontal language area was activated by the sentence and synonym task in 100% and in 73% by the rhyme task. The temporal language area was activated in 100% by the sentence-, in 64% by the synonym, and in 55% by the rhyme task. In the patients group, interrater agreement was .90 for activations in the inferior frontal and .97 in the superior temporal gyrus. Correlation between the WADA test and fMRI was .86 for the sentence, and .89 for the synonym task. CONCLUSIONS The sentence task provides robust activations in putative essential language areas and can be used for visual analysis of predefined areas to facilitate interpretation of clinical fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klemens Gutbrod
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Switzerland
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959
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von Kriegstein K. A Multisensory Perspective on Human Auditory Communication. Front Neurosci 2011. [DOI: 10.1201/b11092-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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960
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961
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Abstract
Contemporary models of the neural system that supports reading propose that activity in a ventral occipitotemporal area (vOT) drives activity in higher-order language areas, for example, those in the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) and anterior superior temporal sulcus (aSTS). We used fMRI with dynamic causal modeling (DCM) to investigate evidence for other routes from visual cortex to the left temporal lobe language areas. First we identified activations in posterior inferior occipital (iO) and vOT areas that were more activated for silent reading than listening to words and sentences; and in pSTS and aSTS areas that were commonly activated for reading relative to false-fonts and listening to words relative to reversed words. Second, in three different DCM analyses, we tested whether visual processing of words modulates activity from the following: (1) iO→vOT, iO→pSTS, both, or neither; (2) vOT→pSTS, iO→pSTS, both or neither; and (3) pSTS→aSTS, vOT→aSTS, both, or neither. We found that reading words increased connectivity (1) from iO to both pSTS and vOT; (2) to pSTS from both iO and vOT; and (3) to aSTS from both vOT and pSTS. These results highlight three potential processing streams in the occipitotemporal cortex: iO→pSTS→aSTS; iO→vOT→aSTS; and iO→vOT→pSTS→aSTS. We discuss these results in terms of cognitive models of reading and propose that efficient reading relies on the integrity of all these pathways.
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962
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Vistoli D, Passerieux C, Houze B, Hardy-Baylé MC, Brunet-Gouet E. Neural basis of semantic priming in schizophrenia during a lexical decision task: a magneto-encephalography study. Schizophr Res 2011; 130:114-22. [PMID: 21684123 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Numerous behavioral and electrophysiological studies have provided evidence of abnormal semantic processing in schizophrenia. However, the neural basis of these deficits is poorly understood. We investigated magnetic cortical responses elicited by a word-pair lexical decision task in 20 patients with schizophrenia and 12 healthy control subjects. The task involved presentation of a prime word (200 ms), followed by a blank (250 ms), and then a target stimulus (1200 ms); the subject had to decide whether the target was a real word or not. During this task, bilateral temporal and left prefrontal activations were observed in both groups. However, in contrast to controls, patients with schizophrenia did not show increased activation in the left temporal and anterior cingulate cortices between 200 and 450 ms in response to semantic incongruity. These results suggested that schizophrenia was associated with a functional disturbance in some semantic regions that gave rise to the N400 component. Moreover, a significant modulation in the right temporal cortex was observed in patients, but not in controls. This suggested the existence of alternative processes in patients because both groups showed similar behavioral priming. Finally, we elucidated some functional abnormalities in the semantic network during prime word processing in patients, indicated by prolonged activation compared to healthy controls. Thus, in addition to context integration impairment, abnormal activations during the prime word provided new evidence of context processing deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Vistoli
- EA 4047, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, Service de Psychiatrie Adulte, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Fondation FondaMental, 177 route de Versailles, 78150 Le Chesnay, France.
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963
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Yordanova YN, Moritz-Gasser S, Duffau H. Awake surgery for WHO Grade II gliomas within “noneloquent” areas in the left dominant hemisphere: toward a “supratotal” resection. J Neurosurg 2011; 115:232-9. [PMID: 21548750 DOI: 10.3171/2011.3.jns101333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
It has been demonstrated that an extensive resection (total or subtotal) may significantly increase the overall survival in patients with WHO Grade II gliomas (low-grade gliomas [LGGs]). Yet, recent data have shown that conventional MR imaging underestimates the spatial extent of LGG, since tumor cells were found up to 20 mm around MR imaging abnormalities. Thus, it was hypothesized that an extended resection with a margin beyond MR imaging–defined abnormalities—a “supratotal” resection—might improve the outcome of LGG. However, because of the frequent location of LGG within “eloquent” brain areas, it is often difficult to achieve such a supratotal resection. This could nevertheless be possible when LGGs involve “noneloquent” areas, even in the left dominant hemisphere. The authors report on their use of awake electrical mapping to tailor the resection according to functional boundaries, that is, to pursue the resection beyond MR imaging–defined abnormalities, until corticosubcortical eloquent structures are encountered. Their aim was to apply this reliable surgical technique to LGGs located not within eloquent areas but distant from eloquent areas, to take a margin around the LGG visible on MR imaging while preserving brain function.
Methods
Fifteen right-handed patients with a total of 17 tumors underwent resection of WHO Grade II gliomas involving nonfunctional areas within the left dominant hemisphere. In all patients, seizures were the initial manifestation of the tumors. Awake surgery with intraoperative electrostimulation was performed in all cases. The resection was continued until the surgeon reached cortical and subcortical areas crucial for brain function, especially language, as defined by the intrasurgical electrical mapping. The extent of resection was evaluated on postoperative FLAIR-weighted MR images.
Results
Despite transient neurological worsening in 60% of cases, all patients recovered and returned to a normal life. Seizure control was obtained in all patients with a decrease of antiepileptic drug therapy. Postoperative MR imaging showed that total resection was achieved in all 17 tumors and supratotal resection in 15. The average volume of the postoperative cavity (36.8 cm3) was significantly larger than the mean preoperative tumor volume (26.6 cm3) (p = 0.009). Neuropathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of WHO Grade II glioma in all cases. The mean duration of postoperative follow-up was 35.7 months (range 6–135 months). Only 4 of 15 patients experienced recurrence (without anaplastic transformation); the average time to recurrence in these cases was 38 months; radiotherapy was performed 6 years after the relapse in 1 case; no other patients received any adjuvant treatment. This series was compared with a control group of 29 patients who had “only” complete resection: anaplastic transformation was observed in 7 cases in the control group but not in any case in the series of patients who underwent supracomplete resection (p = 0.037). Furthermore, adjuvant treatment was administered in 10 patients in the control group compared with 1 patient who underwent supracomplete resection (p = 0.043).
Conclusions
These findings support the usefulness of awake surgery with intraoperative functional (language) mapping with the attempt to perform supratotal resection of LGGs involving noneloquent areas in the left hemisphere. Indeed, the extent of resection was significantly increased in all cases but 2, with no additional permanent deficit and with control of seizures in all patients. The goal of supracomplete resection is currently to delay the anaplastic transformation, even if it does not (yet) enable a cure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvie Moritz-Gasser
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, CHU Montpellier
- 2Team “Plasticity of Central Nervous System, Stem Cells and Glial Tumors,” INSERM U1051, Institut of Neurosciences of Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Hugues Duffau
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, CHU Montpellier
- 2Team “Plasticity of Central Nervous System, Stem Cells and Glial Tumors,” INSERM U1051, Institut of Neurosciences of Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
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964
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Lai G, Schneider HD, Schwarzenberger JC, Hirsch J. Speech Stimulation during Functional MR Imaging as a Potential Indicator of Autism. Radiology 2011; 260:521-30. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.11101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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965
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Bach S, Richardson U, Brandeis D, Martin E, Brem S. WITHDRAWN: Print-specific multimodal brain activation in kindergarten improves prediction of reading skills in second grade. Neuroimage 2011:S1053-8119(11)00784-1. [PMID: 21802519 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bach
- Agora Center, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, Agora, 40014 Finland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Neumünsterallee 9, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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966
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Simmonds AJ, Wise RJS, Leech R. Two tongues, one brain: imaging bilingual speech production. Front Psychol 2011; 2:166. [PMID: 21811481 PMCID: PMC3139956 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review considers speaking in a second language from the perspective of motor-sensory control. Previous studies relating brain function to the prior acquisition of two or more languages (neurobilingualism) have investigated the differential demands made on linguistic representations and processes, and the role of domain-general cognitive control systems when speakers switch between languages. In contrast to the detailed discussions on these higher functions, typically articulation is considered only as an underspecified stage of simple motor output. The present review considers speaking in a second language in terms of the accompanying foreign accent, which places demands on the integration of motor and sensory discharges not encountered when articulating in the most fluent language. We consider why there has been so little emphasis on this aspect of bilingualism to date, before turning to the motor and sensory complexities involved in learning to speak a second language as an adult. This must involve retuning the neural circuits involved in the motor control of articulation, to enable rapid unfamiliar sequences of movements to be performed with the goal of approximating, as closely as possible, the speech of a native speaker. Accompanying changes in motor networks is experience-dependent plasticity in auditory and somatosensory cortices to integrate auditory memories of the target sounds, copies of feedforward commands from premotor and primary motor cortex and post-articulatory auditory and somatosensory feedback. Finally, we consider the implications of taking a motor-sensory perspective on speaking a second language, both pedagogical regarding non-native learners and clinical regarding speakers with neurological conditions such as dysarthria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Simmonds
- Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London UK
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967
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Weiller C, Bormann T, Saur D, Musso M, Rijntjes M. How the ventral pathway got lost: and what its recovery might mean. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2011; 118:29-39. [PMID: 21429571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Textbooks dealing with the anatomical representation of language in the human brain display two language-related zones, Broca's area and Wernicke's area, connected by a single dorsal fiber tract, the arcuate fascicle. This classical model is incomplete. Modern imaging techniques have identified a second long association tract between the temporal and prefrontal language zones, taking a ventral course along the extreme capsule. This newly identified ventral tract connects brain regions needed for language comprehension, while the well-known arcuate fascicle is used for "sensorimotor mapping" during speech production. More than 130 years ago, Carl Wernicke already described a ventral connection for language, almost identical to the present results, but during scientific debate in the following decades either its function or its existence were rejected. This article tells the story of how this knowledge was lost and how the ventral connection, and in consequence the dual system, fits into current hypotheses and how language relates to other systems.
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968
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Rossi S, Jürgenson IB, Hanulíková A, Telkemeyer S, Wartenburger I, Obrig H. Implicit Processing of Phonotactic Cues: Evidence from Electrophysiological and Vascular Responses. J Cogn Neurosci 2011; 23:1752-64. [PMID: 20666594 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2010.21547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Spoken word recognition is achieved via competition between activated lexical candidates that match the incoming speech input. The competition is modulated by prelexical cues that are important for segmenting the auditory speech stream into linguistic units. One such prelexical cue that listeners rely on in spoken word recognition is phonotactics. Phonotactics defines possible combinations of phonemes within syllables or words in a given language. The present study aimed at investigating both temporal and topographical aspects of the neuronal correlates of phonotactic processing by simultaneously applying ERPs and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Pseudowords, either phonotactically legal or illegal with respect to the participants' native language, were acoustically presented to passively listening adult native German speakers. ERPs showed a larger N400 effect for phonotactically legal compared to illegal pseudowords, suggesting stronger lexical activation mechanisms in phonotactically legal material. fNIRS revealed a left hemispheric network including fronto-temporal regions with greater response to phonotactically legal pseudowords than to illegal pseudowords. This confirms earlier hypotheses on a left hemispheric dominance of phonotactic processing most likely due to the fact that phonotactics is related to phonological processing and represents a segmental feature of language comprehension. These segmental linguistic properties of a stimulus are predominantly processed in the left hemisphere. Thus, our study provides first insights into temporal and topographical characteristics of phonotactic processing mechanisms in a passive listening task. Differential brain responses between known and unknown phonotactic rules thus supply evidence for an implicit use of phonotactic cues to guide lexical activation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Rossi
- 1Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- 2Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Silke Telkemeyer
- 1Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- 4Humboldt-University Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Hellmuth Obrig
- 1Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- 2Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- 6University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
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969
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Neurophysiological preconditions of syntax acquisition. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2011; 76:204-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-011-0357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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970
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Maldonado IL, Moritz-Gasser S, de Champfleur NM, Bertram L, Moulinié G, Duffau H. Surgery for gliomas involving the left inferior parietal lobule: new insights into the functional anatomy provided by stimulation mapping in awake patients. J Neurosurg 2011; 115:770-9. [PMID: 21699481 DOI: 10.3171/2011.5.jns112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Surgery in the left dominant inferior parietal lobule (IPL) is challenging because of a high density of somatosensory and language structures, both in the cortex and white matter. In the present study, on the basis of the results provided by direct cerebral stimulation in awake patients, the authors revisit the anatomofunctional aspects of surgery within the left IPL. METHODS Fourteen consecutive patients underwent awake craniotomy for a glioma involving the left IPL. Intraoperative motor, sensory, and language mapping was performed before and during the tumor removal, at both the cortical and subcortical levels, to optimize the extent of resection, which was determined based on functional boundaries. Anatomofunctional correlations were performed by combining the results of intraoperative mapping and those provided by pre- and postoperative MR imaging. RESULTS At the cortical level, the primary somatosensory area (retrocentral gyrus) limited the resection anteriorly in all cases, at least partially. Less frequently, speech arrest or articulatory problems were observed within the parietal operculum (4 cases). The lateral limit was determined by language sites that were variably distributed. Anomia was the most frequent response (9 cases) at the posterior third of the superior (and/or middle) temporal gyrus. Posteriorly, less reproducible reorganized language sites were seldom observed in the posterior portion of the angular gyrus (2 cases). At the subcortical level, in addition to somatosensory responses due to stimulation of the thalamocortical pathways, articulatory disturbances were induced by stimulation of white matter in the anterior and lateral part of the surgical cavity (11 cases). This tract anatomically corresponds to the horizontal portion of the lateral segment of the superior longitudinal fascicle (SLF III). Deeper and superiorly, phonemic paraphasia was the main language disturbance (12 cases), elicited by stimulation of the posterosuperior portion of the arcuate fascicle. All these eloquent structures were surgically preserved. Despite slight cognitive disorders (working memory, writing, or calculation) in 6 cases, no patient retained a severe or a moderate postoperative deficit (except one with right hemianopia [mean follow-up 41.8 months]). Resection was total or near total in 9 patients and partial in 3 cases. CONCLUSIONS To the authors' knowledge, this is the first series dedicated to the surgery of gliomas involving the left IPL. Interestingly, a certain degree of interindividual variability was observed in the distribution of the cortical maps, especially for language. Therefore, it is suggested that no rigid pattern of resection can be considered within the left IPL, and that surgery in this region should be performed in awake patients to adapt the tumor removal to individual functional limits. Nonetheless, several landmarks have been regularly identified, especially at the subcortical levels (SLF III and arcuate fascicle); a better knowledge of these functional tracts could be helpful to optimize functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Lima Maldonado
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
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971
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Vogel AC, Miezin FM, Petersen SE, Schlaggar BL. The putative visual word form area is functionally connected to the dorsal attention network. Cereb Cortex 2011; 22:537-49. [PMID: 21690259 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The putative visual word form area (pVWFA) is the most consistently activated region in single word reading studies (i.e., Vigneau et al. 2006), yet its function remains a matter of debate. The pVWFA may be predominantly used in reading or it could be a more general visual processor used in reading but also in other visual tasks. Here, resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fcMRI) is used to characterize the functional relationships of the pVWFA to help adjudicate between these possibilities. rs-fcMRI defines relationships based on correlations in slow fluctuations of blood oxygen level-dependent activity occurring at rest. In this study, rs-fcMRI correlations show little relationship between the pVWFA and reading-related regions but a strong relationship between the pVWFA and dorsal attention regions thought to be related to spatial and feature attention. The rs-fcMRI correlations between the pVWFA and regions of the dorsal attention network increase with age and reading skill, while the correlations between the pVWFA and reading-related regions do not. These results argue the pVWFA is not used predominantly in reading but is a more general visual processor used in other visual tasks, as well as reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alecia C Vogel
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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972
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Wong FCK, Chandrasekaran B, Garibaldi K, Wong PCM. White matter anisotropy in the ventral language pathway predicts sound-to-word learning success. J Neurosci 2011; 31:8780-5. [PMID: 21677162 PMCID: PMC3142920 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0999-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the dual stream model of auditory language processing, the dorsal stream is responsible for mapping sound to articulation and the ventral stream plays the role of mapping sound to meaning. Most researchers agree that the arcuate fasciculus (AF) is the neuroanatomical correlate of the dorsal steam; however, less is known about what constitutes the ventral one. Nevertheless, two hypotheses exist: one suggests that the segment of the AF that terminates in middle temporal gyrus corresponds to the ventral stream, and the other suggests that it is the extreme capsule that underlies this sound-to-meaning pathway. The goal of this study was to evaluate these two competing hypotheses. We trained participants with a sound-to-word learning paradigm in which they learned to use a foreign phonetic contrast for signaling word meaning. Using diffusion tensor imaging, a brain-imaging tool to investigate white matter connectivity in humans, we found that fractional anisotropy in the left parietal-temporal region positively correlated with the performance in sound-to-word learning. In addition, fiber tracking revealed a ventral pathway, composed of the extreme capsule and the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, that mediated auditory comprehension. Our findings provide converging evidence supporting the importance of the ventral steam, an extreme capsule system, in the frontal-temporal language network. Implications for current models of speech processing are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis C. K. Wong
- The Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders and
| | | | - Kyla Garibaldi
- The Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders and
| | - Patrick C. M. Wong
- The Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders and
- Hugh Knowles Center for Clinical and Basic Science in Hearing and Its Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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973
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Acosta-Cabronero J, Patterson K, Fryer TD, Hodges JR, Pengas G, Williams GB, Nestor PJ. Atrophy, hypometabolism and white matter abnormalities in semantic dementia tell a coherent story. Brain 2011; 134:2025-35. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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974
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Vidorreta JG, Garcia R, Moritz-Gasser S, Duffau H. Double dissociation between syntactic gender and picture naming processing: a brain stimulation mapping study. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 32:331-40. [PMID: 21319264 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural foundations of syntactic gender processing remain poorly understood. We used electrostimulation mapping in nine right-handed awake patients during surgery for a glioma within the left hemisphere, to study whether the cortico-subcortical structures involved in naming versus syntactic gender processing are common or distinct. In French, the article determines the grammatical gender. Thus, the patient was asked to perform a picture naming task and to give the appropriate article for each picture, with and without stimulation. Cortical stimulation elicited reproducible syntactic gender disturbances in six patients, in the inferior frontal gyrus (three cases), and in the posterior middle temporal gyrus (three cases). Interestingly, no naming disorders were generated during stimulation of the syntactic sites, while cortical areas inducing naming disturbances never elicited grammatical gender errors when stimulated. Moreover, at the subcortical level, stimulation of the white matter lateral to the caudate nucleus induced gender errors in three patients, with no naming disorders. Using cortico-subcortical electrical mapping in awake patients, we demonstrate for the first time (1) a double dissociation between syntactic gender and naming processing, supporting independent network model rather than serial theory, (2) the involvement of the left inferior frontal gyrus, especially the pars triangularis, and the posterior left middle temporal gyrus in grammatical gender processing, (3) the existence of white matter pathways, likely a sub-part of the left superior longitudinal fasciculus, underlying a large-scale distributed cortico-subcortical circuit which might selectively sub-serve syntactic gender processing, even if interconnected with parallel sub-networks involved in naming (semantic and phonological) processing.
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975
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Rothmayr C, Sodian B, Hajak G, Döhnel K, Meinhardt J, Sommer M. Common and distinct neural networks for false-belief reasoning and inhibitory control. Neuroimage 2011; 56:1705-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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976
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The relationship between cortical sulcal variability and cognitive performance in the elderly. Neuroimage 2011; 56:865-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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977
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De Benedictis A, Duffau H. Brain Hodotopy: From Esoteric Concept to Practical Surgical Applications. Neurosurgery 2011; 68:1709-23; discussion 1723. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e3182124690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractBACKGROUND:The traditional neurosurgical approach to cerebral lesions is based on the classic view of a rigid brain organization in fixed “eloquent” areas. However, this method is brought into discussion by the conceptual and methodological advances in neurosciences that provide a more dynamic representation of the anatomo-functional distribution of the human central nervous system (CNS).OBJECTIVE AND METHODS:We review the relevant literature concerning the main features of the modern CNS representation and their implications in neurosurgical practice.RESULTS:The CNS is an integrated, wide, plastic network made up of cortical functional epicenters, “topic organization,” connected by both short-local and large-scale white matter fibers, ie, “hodological organization.” According to this model, called hodotopic, brain function results from parallel streams of information dynamically modulated within an interactive, multimodal, and widely distributed circuit. The application of this framework, which can be studied by combining preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative mapping techniques, enables the neurosurgeon exploration of the individual anatomo-functional architecture, including neurocognitive and emotional aspects. Thus, it is possible to adapt the surgical approach specifically to each patient and to each lesion according to the individual organization. Several experiences demonstrate the possibility of removing regions traditionally considered inoperable without inducing permanent deficits and the potential use of these areas as a safe passage to deeper territories.CONCLUSION:We advocate the more systematic integration of a hodotopical view of the CNS to improve the surgical indications and planning for brain lesions, with the goal of optimizing both the extent of resection and functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hugues Duffau
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institute of Neuroscience of Montpellier, INSERM U1051, Plasticity of Central Nervous System, Human Stem Cells and Glial Tumors, Hôpital Saint Eloi, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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978
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Obleser J, Meyer L, Friederici AD. Dynamic assignment of neural resources in auditory comprehension of complex sentences. Neuroimage 2011; 56:2310-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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979
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Bahlmann J, Mueller JL, Makuuchi M, Friederici AD. Perisylvian Functional Connectivity during Processing of Sentential Negation. Front Psychol 2011; 2:104. [PMID: 21687464 PMCID: PMC3108559 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Every language has the means to reverse the truth value of a sentence by using specific linguistic markers of negation. In the present study we investigated the neural processing costs afforded by the construction of meaning in German sentences containing negation in different clause types. We studied negations within and across clause boundaries as well as single and double negations. Participants read German sentences comprising of affirmations, single negations in the main or in the subordinate clause, or double negations. As a result, we found a network including the left inferior frontal gyrus (pars triangularis, BA 45), and the left inferior parietal gyrus (BA 40) to be activated whenever negations in the main clause had to be processed. Additionally, we found increased functional coupling between the left pars triangularis (BA 45), left pars opercularis (BA 44), left SMA (BA 6), and left superior temporal gyrus (BA 42) during the processing of main clause negations. The study shows that in order to process negations that require semantic integration across clause boundaries left BA 45 interplays with other areas that have been related to language processing and/or the processing of cognitive demands and logical/conditional reasoning. Thus, the results indicate that the left perisylvian language network synchronizes in order to resolve negations, in particular, whenever requirements on meaning integration are enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Bahlmann
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
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980
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Suchan J, Karnath HO. Spatial orienting by left hemisphere language areas: a relict from the past? Brain 2011; 134:3059-70. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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981
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Ethofer T, Bretscher J, Gschwind M, Kreifelts B, Wildgruber D, Vuilleumier P. Emotional Voice Areas: Anatomic Location, Functional Properties, and Structural Connections Revealed by Combined fMRI/DTI. Cereb Cortex 2011; 22:191-200. [PMID: 21625012 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ethofer
- Department of General Psychiatry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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982
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Price GR, Ansari D. Symbol processing in the left angular gyrus: evidence from passive perception of digits. Neuroimage 2011; 57:1205-11. [PMID: 21620978 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabic digits are one of the most ubiquitous symbol sets in the world. While there have been many investigations into the neural processing of the semantic information digits represent (e.g. through numerical comparison tasks), little is known about the neural mechanisms which support the processing of digits as visual symbols. To characterise the component neurocognitive mechanisms which underlie numerical cognition, it is essential to understand the processing of digits as a visual category, independent of numerical magnitude processing. The 'Triple Code Model' (Dehaene, 1992; Dehaene and Cohen, 1995) posits an asemantic visual code for processing Arabic digits in the ventral visual stream, yet there is currently little empirical evidence in support of this code. This outstanding question was addressed in the current functional Magnetic Resonance (fMRI) study by contrasting brain responses during the passive viewing of digits versus letters and novel symbols at short (50 ms) and long (500 ms) presentation times. The results of this study reveal increased activation for familiar symbols (digits and letters) relative to unfamiliar symbols (scrambled digits and letters) at long presentation durations in the left dorsal Angular gyrus (dAG). Furthermore, increased activation for Arabic digits was observed in the left ventral Angular gyrus (vAG) in comparison to letters, scrambled digits and scrambled letters at long presentation durations, but no digit specific activation in any region at short presentation durations. These results suggest an absence of a digit specific 'Visual Number Form Area' (VNFA) in the ventral visual cortex, and provide evidence for the role of the left ventral AG during the processing of digits in the absence of any explicit processing demands. We conclude that Arabic digit processing depends specifically on the left AG rather than a ventral visual stream VNFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R Price
- Numerical Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7.
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983
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Besson M, Chobert J, Marie C. Transfer of Training between Music and Speech: Common Processing, Attention, and Memory. Front Psychol 2011; 2:94. [PMID: 21738519 PMCID: PMC3125524 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
After a brief historical perspective of the relationship between language and music, we review our work on transfer of training from music to speech that aimed at testing the general hypothesis that musicians should be more sensitive than non-musicians to speech sounds. In light of recent results in the literature, we argue that when long-term experience in one domain influences acoustic processing in the other domain, results can be interpreted as common acoustic processing. But when long-term experience in one domain influences the building-up of abstract and specific percepts in another domain, results are taken as evidence for transfer of training effects. Moreover, we also discuss the influence of attention and working memory on transfer effects and we highlight the usefulness of the event-related potentials method to disentangle the different processes that unfold in the course of music and speech perception. Finally, we give an overview of an on-going longitudinal project with children aimed at testing transfer effects from music to different levels and aspects of speech processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Besson
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives de la Méditerranée, CNRS, Université de la Méditerranée Marseille, France
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984
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Sex-dependent modulation of activity in the neural networks engaged during emotional speech comprehension. Brain Res 2011; 1390:108-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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985
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Maïza O, Mazoyer B, Hervé PY, Razafimandimby A, Dollfus S, Tzourio-Mazoyer N. Reproducibility of fMRI activations during a story listening task in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2011; 128:98-101. [PMID: 21349690 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A prerequisite to longitudinal fMRI studies in schizophrenia is the knowledge on fMRI signal reliability in schizophrenia patients. We assessed the reproducibility of activations elicited by two fMRI sessions, which were 21 months apart, of a story listening paradigm in 10 schizophrenia patients and 10 healthy subjects. In both groups, we observed a high degree of spatial overlap of activation maps as well as a good reproducibility of signal variations assessed on a voxel-wise basis in temporal areas underlying early stages of language processing. Task performance, assessed through a comprehension questionnaire, had no impact on the activation reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Maïza
- Centre d'Imagerie-Neurosciences et Applications aux Pathologies, UMR 6232 CNRS, CEA, Universités de Caen & Paris Descartes, Caen, France
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986
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Smiley JF, Rosoklija G, Mancevski B, Pergolizzi D, Figarsky K, Bleiwas C, Duma A, Mann JJ, Javitt DC, Dwork AJ. Hemispheric comparisons of neuron density in the planum temporale of schizophrenia and nonpsychiatric brains. Psychiatry Res 2011; 192:1-11. [PMID: 21377842 PMCID: PMC3071586 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Postmortem and in vivo studies of schizophrenia frequently reveal reduced cortical volume, but the underlying cellular abnormalities are incompletely defined. One influential hypothesis, especially investigated in Brodmann's area 9 of prefrontal cortex, is that the number of neurons is normal, and the volume change is caused by reduction of the surrounding neuropil. However, studies have differed on whether the cortex has the increased neuron density that is predicted by this hypothesis. In a recent study of bilateral planum temporale (PT), we reported smaller volume and width of the outer cortex (layers I-III), especially in the left hemisphere, among subjects with schizophrenia. In the present study, we measured neuron density and size in the same PT samples, and also in prefrontal area 9 of the same brains. In the PT, separate stereological measurements were made in layers II, IIIc, and VI, whereas area 9 was sampled in layer IIIb-c. In both cortical regions, there was no significant effect of schizophrenia on neuronal density or size. There was, nevertheless, a trend-level right>left hemispheric asymmetry of neuron density in the PT, which may partially explain the previously reported left>right asymmetry of cortical width. In schizophrenia, our findings suggest that closer packing of neurons may not always explain reduced cortical volume, and subtly decreased neuron number may be a contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Smiley
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
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987
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Abstract
AbstractAlthough the anatomy of the parietal lobe has been under-investigated in schizophrenia, some magnetic resonance imaging studies have shown decreased volumes, suggesting its possible implication for the pathophysiology of the disease.
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988
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Tyler LK, Marslen-Wilson WD, Randall B, Wright P, Devereux BJ, Zhuang J, Papoutsi M, Stamatakis EA. Left inferior frontal cortex and syntax: function, structure and behaviour in patients with left hemisphere damage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 134:415-31. [PMID: 21278407 PMCID: PMC3030769 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
For the past 150 years, neurobiological models of language have debated the role of key brain regions in language function. One consistently debated set of issues concern the role of the left inferior frontal gyrus in syntactic processing. Here we combine measures of functional activity, grey matter integrity and performance in patients with left hemisphere damage and healthy participants to ask whether the left inferior frontal gyrus is essential for syntactic processing. In a functional neuroimaging study, participants listened to spoken sentences that either contained a syntactically ambiguous or matched unambiguous phrase. Behavioural data on three tests of syntactic processing were subsequently collected. In controls, syntactic processing co-activated left hemisphere Brodmann areas 45/47 and posterior middle temporal gyrus. Activity in a left parietal cluster was sensitive to working memory demands in both patients and controls. Exploiting the variability in lesion location and performance in the patients, voxel-based correlational analyses showed that tissue integrity and neural activity-primarily in left Brodmann area 45 and posterior middle temporal gyrus-were correlated with preserved syntactic performance, but unlike the controls, patients were insensitive to syntactic preferences, reflecting their syntactic deficit. These results argue for the essential contribution of the left inferior frontal gyrus in syntactic analysis and highlight the functional relationship between left Brodmann area 45 and the left posterior middle temporal gyrus, suggesting that when this relationship breaks down, through damage to either region or to the connections between them, syntactic processing is impaired. On this view, the left inferior frontal gyrus may not itself be specialized for syntactic processing, but plays an essential role in the neural network that carries out syntactic computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine K Tyler
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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989
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Villain N, Landeau B, Groussard M, Mevel K, Fouquet M, Dayan J, Eustache F, Desgranges B, Chételat G. A simple way to improve anatomical mapping of functional brain imaging. J Neuroimaging 2011; 20:324-33. [PMID: 20331499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6569.2010.00470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Advances in functional neuroimaging studies have led to the need for improved anatomical precision to face with more and more specific challenges. Nevertheless, functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (fMRI) suffers from geometrical distortions, which limit the matching between functional and anatomical data necessary to interpret fMRI results. The "FieldMap" method is the most widely used technique to correct for geometrical distortions but in some cases cannot be applied or provides unsatisfactory results. The objective of this study is thus to provide a very simple alternative method for distortion correction and to demonstrate its efficiency. METHODS This correction relies on the nonlinear registration of echo-planar imaging (EPI) acquisitions onto their corresponding undistorted non-EPI T2 Star volume, and was tested on two independent groups of subjects undertaking the same paradigm but scanned with distinct EPI sequences. RESULTS This procedure was found to considerably decrease the mismatch between functional and anatomical data in both groups, as revealed through several quantitative and qualitative measures on both EPI volumes and activation maps. CONCLUSION This study describes a simple, rapid, and easily implementable method to significantly improve neuroanatomical accuracy of fMRI results localization, which may be relevant for future neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Villain
- Inserm-EPHE-Université de Caen/Basse-Normandie, Unité U923, GIP Cyceron, CHU Côte de Nacre, Caen, France
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990
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Kang X, Herron TJ, Woods DL. Regional variation, hemispheric asymmetries and gender differences in pericortical white matter. Neuroimage 2011; 56:2011-23. [PMID: 21397700 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain white matter tissue composition can be quantified using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and Magnetization Transfer Imaging (MTI). Fractional Anisotropy (FA), derived from DTI, indexes the integrity, density and organization of axons. Magnetization Transfer Ratio (MTR), derived from MTI, indexes to the presence of cell membranes and myelin. The combined use of FA and MTR provides a more complete picture of white matter structure than either imaging modality in isolation. Here we describe the regional distribution of FA and MTR measurements of pericortical white matter in 56 young, healthy right-handed subjects. Significant regional and lobar differences are seen for both measures along with a significant gender difference in FA. Highly consistent hemispheric asymmetries in FA and MTR were observed, suggesting that the greater fiber coherence and increased myelination of fibers in left hemisphere perisylvian regions may provide a structural basis for left-hemisphere language dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Kang
- Human Cognitive Neurophysiology Lab, VA Research Service, VA-NCHCS, 150 Muir Road, Martinez, CA 94553, USA.
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991
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Neuroanatomical correlates of intellectual ability across the life span. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2011; 1:305-12. [PMID: 22436512 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Attempts to correlate measures of intellectual ability with localized anatomical imaging features of the brain have yielded variable findings distributed across frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. To better define the gray and white matter correlates of intellectual ability and the effects of sex and age, we analyzed the brains of 105 healthy individuals, ages 7-57 years, who had a Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) of 70 or higher. We examined associations of FSIQ with cortical thickness and with white matter volume throughout the cerebrum. Thinning of left ventromedial and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortices correlated significantly with FSIQ. Sex modified correlations of cortical thickness with FSIQ in the left inferior frontal, left cingulate, and right dorsomedial prefrontal cortices. Correlations of local white matter volumes with FSIQ varied by age, with adults showing inverse correlations of white matter volume with FSIQ in a large territory of right frontal white matter likely corresponding to fiber tracts of the superior corona radiata and superior longitudinal fasciculus. These findings corroborate the role of frontal and parietal association cortices and long association white matter fibers in higher intelligence and suggest ways in which the neuroanatomical correlates of higher intelligence may vary by sex and age.
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992
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Maldonado IL, Moritz-Gasser S, Duffau H. Does the left superior longitudinal fascicle subserve language semantics? A brain electrostimulation study. Brain Struct Funct 2011; 216:263-74. [PMID: 21538022 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-011-0309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography studies indicate that the supramarginal gyrus (SMG) represents a relay between frontal and temporal language sites. Some authors postulate that pathways connecting SMG to the posterior temporal lobe, i.e., the posterior part of the superior longitudinal fascicle (SLF) subserve semantic aspects of language. However, DTI provides only anatomic but not functional data. Therefore, it is impossible to conclude. Interestingly, intra-operative electrical mapping of cortical and subcortical language structures during tumor surgery is recognized as a reliable technique in functional neuroanatomy research. We mapped the underlying white matter of the SMG, especially the SLF, in 11 patients who underwent awake surgery for a glioma involving the left inferior parietal lobule. Using direct electrostimulation, we investigated the exact role of the SLF in language. Our findings indicate that the white matter under the inferior parietal lobule is highly involved in the dorsal phonological system. First, the SMG, connected to the ventral premotor cortex by horizontal fibers of the SLF, subserves articulatory processing, as demonstrated by dysarthria elicited by stimulation. Second, long arcuate fibers, found deeper in the white matter, subserve phonological processing, as supported by phonemic paraphasia induced by electrostimulation. Third, the most important result is that no semantic disturbances were elicited by stimulating the SLF, including its posterior part. Furthermore, no semantic disorders occurred postoperatively. Subcortical brain mapping by direct electrical stimulation does not provide arguments for a possible role of the left SLF in language semantic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Lima Maldonado
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, CHU Montpellier, 80 Av Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France
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993
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Maldonado IL, Moritz-Gasser S, Duffau H. Does the left superior longitudinal fascicle subserve language semantics? A brain electrostimulation study. Brain Struct Funct 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-011-0309-x (2011)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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994
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Hocking J, McMahon KL, de Zubicaray GI. Cortical organization of environmental sounds by attribute. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 32:688-98. [PMID: 21391255 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Semantic knowledge is supported by a widely distributed neuronal network, with differential patterns of activation depending upon experimental stimulus or task demands. Despite a wide body of knowledge on semantic object processing from the visual modality, the response of this semantic network to environmental sounds remains relatively unknown. Here, we used fMRI to investigate how access to different conceptual attributes from environmental sound input modulates this semantic network. Using a range of living and manmade sounds, we scanned participants whilst they carried out an object attribute verification task. Specifically, we tested visual perceptual, encyclopedic, and categorical attributes about living and manmade objects relative to a high-level auditory perceptual baseline to investigate the differential patterns of response to these contrasting types of object-related attributes, whilst keeping stimulus input constant across conditions. Within the bilateral distributed network engaged for processing environmental sounds across all conditions, we report here a highly significant dissociation within the left hemisphere between the processing of visual perceptual and encyclopedic attributes of objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hocking
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Advanced Imaging, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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995
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Hirotani M, Makuuchi M, Rüschemeyer SA, Friederici AD. Who was the agent? The neural correlates of reanalysis processes during sentence comprehension. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 32:1775-87. [PMID: 21391256 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sentence comprehension is a complex process. Besides identifying the meaning of each word and processing the syntactic structure of a sentence, it requires the computation of thematic information, that is, information about who did what to whom. The present fMRI study investigated the neural basis for thematic reanalysis (reanalysis of the thematic roles initially assigned to noun phrases in a sentence) and its interplay with syntactic reanalysis (reanalysis of the underlying syntactic structure originally constructed for a sentence). Thematic reanalysis recruited a network consisting of Broca's area, that is, the left pars triangularis (LPT), and the left posterior superior temporal gyrus, whereas only LPT showed greater sensitivity to syntactic reanalysis. These data provide direct evidence for a functional neuroanatomical basis for two linguistically motivated reanalysis processes during sentence comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Hirotani
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neuropsychology, Leipzig, Germany.
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996
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Pravatà E, Sestieri C, Mantini D, Briganti C, Colicchio G, Marra C, Colosimo C, Tartaro A, Romani GL, Caulo M. Functional connectivity MR imaging of the language network in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011; 32:532-40. [PMID: 21163879 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a2311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Subtle linguistic dysfunction and reorganization of the language network were described in patients with epilepsy, suggesting the occurrence of plasticity changes. We used resting state FC-MRI to investigate the effects induced by chronic epilepsy on the connectivity of the language-related brain regions and correlated it with language performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS FC-MRI was evaluated in 22 right-handed patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (11 with LE and 11 with RE) and in 12 healthy volunteers. Neuropsychological assessment of verbal IQ was performed. Patients and controls underwent BOLD fMRI with a verb-generation task, and language function was lateralized by an LI. Intrinsic activity fluctuations for FC analysis were extracted from data collected during the task. Six seeding cortical regions for speech in both hemispheres were selected to obtain a measure of the connectivity pattern among the language networks. RESULTS Patients with LE presented atypical language lateralization and an overall reduced connectivity of the language network with respect to controls. In patients with both LE and RE, the mean FC was significantly reduced within the left (dominant) hemisphere and between the 2 hemispheres. In patients with LE, there was a positive correlation between verbal IQ scores and the left intrahemispheric FC. CONCLUSIONS In patients with intractable epilepsy, FC-MRI revealed an overall reduction and reorganization of the connectivity pattern within the language network. FC was reduced in the left hemisphere regardless of the epileptogenic focus side and was positively correlated with linguistic performance only in patients with LE.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pravatà
- Department of Radiology, Catholic University of Rome, Italy
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997
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Houdé O, Rossi S, Lubin A, Joliot M. Mapping numerical processing, reading, and executive functions in the developing brain: an fMRI meta-analysis of 52 studies including 842 children. Dev Sci 2011; 13:876-85. [PMID: 20977558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tracing the connections from brain functions to children's cognitive development and education is a major goal of modern neuroscience. We performed the first meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data obtained over the past decade (1999-2008) on more than 800 children and adolescents in three core systems of cognitive development and school learning: numerical abilities, reading, and executive functions (i.e. cognitive control). We ran Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) meta-analyses to obtain regions of reliable activity across all the studies. The results indicate that, unlike results usually reported for adults, children primarily engage the frontal cortex when solving numerical tasks. With age, there may be a shift from reliance on the frontal cortex to reliance on the parietal cortex. In contrast, the frontal, temporo-parietal and occipito-temporal regions at work during reading in children are very similar to those reported in adults. The executive frontal regions are also consistent with the imaging literature on cognitive control in adults, but the developmental comparison between children and adolescents demonstrates a key role of the anterior insular cortex (AIC) with an additional right AIC involvement in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Houdé
- CI-NAPS, UMR 6232, CNRS, CEA, Caen and Paris Descartes Universities, Caen, France.
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998
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Bloemen OJN, Deeley Q, Sundram F, Daly EM, Barker GJ, Jones DK, van Amelsvoort TAMJ, Schmitz N, Robertson D, Murphy KC, Murphy DGM. White matter integrity in Asperger syndrome: a preliminary diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging study in adults. Autism Res 2011; 3:203-13. [PMID: 20625995 DOI: 10.1002/aur.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD), including Asperger syndrome and autism, is a highly genetic neurodevelopmental disorder. There is a consensus that ASD has a biological basis, and it has been proposed that it is a "connectivity" disorder. Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DT-MRI) allows measurement of the microstructural integrity of white matter (a proxy measure of "connectivity"). However, nobody has investigated the microstructural integrity of whole brain white matter in people with Asperger syndrome. METHODS We measured the fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD) and radial diffusivity (RD) of white matter, using DT-MRI, in 13 adults with Asperger syndrome and 13 controls. The groups did not differ significantly in overall intelligence and age. FA, MD and RD were assessed using whole brain voxel-based techniques. RESULTS Adults with Asperger syndrome had a significantly lower FA than controls in 13 clusters. These were largely bilateral and included white matter in the internal capsule, frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes, cingulum and corpus callosum. CONCLUSIONS Adults with Asperger syndrome have widespread significant differences from controls in white matter microstructural integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswald J N Bloemen
- Section of Brain Maturation, Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
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999
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Yang J, Shu H. Embodied representation of tool-use action verbs and hand action verbs: evidence from a tone judgment task. Neurosci Lett 2011; 493:112-5. [PMID: 21335059 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have found that language comprehension involves sensory-motor system. However, the relationship between word form and embodied semantic representation still lacks evidence. The current fMRI study used Chinese tool-use action verbs, hand action verbs and a Mandarin lexical tone task to explore the issue. In the tone task, all verbs showed strong effects in hand motor areas. However, the contrasts between the hand action verbs and the tool-use action verbs yielded differences mainly in tone processing areas, and the hand action verbs had stronger effects. The ROI analyses indicated consistent result pattern with the contrast analyses. In short, these results revealed that word processing involves basic sensory-motor information automatically, whereas the fine grained information which distinguishes among different semantics can be hindered by the processing of word form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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1000
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Turken AU, Dronkers NF. The neural architecture of the language comprehension network: converging evidence from lesion and connectivity analyses. Front Syst Neurosci 2011; 5:1. [PMID: 21347218 PMCID: PMC3039157 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
While traditional models of language comprehension have focused on the left posterior temporal cortex as the neurological basis for language comprehension, lesion and functional imaging studies indicate the involvement of an extensive network of cortical regions. However, the full extent of this network and the white matter pathways that contribute to it remain to be characterized. In an earlier voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping analysis of data from aphasic patients (Dronkers et al., 2004), several brain regions in the left hemisphere were found to be critical for language comprehension: the left posterior middle temporal gyrus, the anterior part of Brodmann's area 22 in the superior temporal gyrus (anterior STG/BA22), the posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) extending into Brodmann's area 39 (STS/BA39), the orbital part of the inferior frontal gyrus (BA47), and the middle frontal gyrus (BA46). Here, we investigated the white matter pathways associated with these regions using diffusion tensor imaging from healthy subjects. We also used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data to assess the functional connectivity profiles of these regions. Fiber tractography and functional connectivity analyses indicated that the left MTG, anterior STG/BA22, STS/BA39, and BA47 are part of a richly interconnected network that extends to additional frontal, parietal, and temporal regions in the two hemispheres. The inferior occipito-frontal fasciculus, the arcuate fasciculus, and the middle and inferior longitudinal fasciculi, as well as transcallosal projections via the tapetum were found to be the most prominent white matter pathways bridging the regions important for language comprehension. The left MTG showed a particularly extensive structural and functional connectivity pattern which is consistent with the severity of the impairments associated with MTG lesions and which suggests a central role for this region in language comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- And U. Turken
- Department of Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Center for Aphasia and Related DisordersMartinez, CA, USA
| | - Nina F. Dronkers
- Department of Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Center for Aphasia and Related DisordersMartinez, CA, USA
- Neurology Department, University of California DavisDavis, CA, USA
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