951
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Kaushik AK, Sreekumar A. Genomic Aberrations Drive Clonal Evolution of Neuroendocrine Tumors. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:242-244. [PMID: 27037211 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Molecular features of castration-resistant neuroendocrine prostate cancer (CRPC-NE) are not well characterized. A recent study that investigated genomic aberrations of CRPC-NE tumors suggests their clonal evolution from CRPC adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, the existence of a distinct DNA methylation profile in CRPC-NE implicates a critical role for epigenetic modification in the development of CRPC-NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Kumar Kaushik
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Arun Sreekumar
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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952
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Wang J, Zou JX, Xue X, Cai D, Zhang Y, Duan Z, Xiang Q, Yang JC, Louie MC, Borowsky AD, Gao AC, Evans CP, Lam KS, Xu J, Kung HJ, Evans RM, Xu Y, Chen HW. ROR-γ drives androgen receptor expression and represents a therapeutic target in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Nat Med 2016; 22:488-96. [PMID: 27019329 PMCID: PMC5030109 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is overexpressed and hyperactivated in human castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, the determinants of AR overexpression in CRPC are poorly defined. Here we show that retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γ (ROR-γ) is overexpressed and amplified in metastatic CRPC tumors, and that ROR-γ drives AR expression in the tumors. ROR-γ recruits nuclear receptor coactivator 1 and 3 (NCOA1 and NCOA3, also known as SRC-1 and SRC-3) to an AR-ROR response element (RORE) to stimulate AR gene transcription. ROR-γ antagonists suppress the expression of both AR and its variant AR-V7 in prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines and tumors. ROR-γ antagonists also markedly diminish genome-wide AR binding, H3K27ac abundance and expression of the AR target gene network. Finally, ROR-γ antagonists suppressed tumor growth in multiple AR-expressing, but not AR-negative, xenograft PCa models, and they effectively sensitized CRPC tumors to enzalutamide, without overt toxicity, in mice. Taken together, these results establish ROR-γ as a key player in CRPC by acting upstream of AR and as a potential therapeutic target for advanced PCa.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Benzamides
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Databases, Factual
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Mice
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Nitriles
- Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Phenylthiohydantoin/analogs & derivatives
- Phenylthiohydantoin/pharmacology
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Propanols/pharmacology
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Response Elements
- Tumor Stem Cell Assay
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - June X Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Xiaoqian Xue
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Demin Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Qiuping Xiang
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Joy C Yang
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Maggie C Louie
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, California, USA
| | - Alexander D Borowsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Allen C Gao
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Christopher P Evans
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Kit S Lam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Jianzhen Xu
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Wu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System-Mather, Mather, California, USA
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953
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Brien GL, Valerio DG, Armstrong SA. Exploiting the Epigenome to Control Cancer-Promoting Gene-Expression Programs. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:464-476. [PMID: 27070701 PMCID: PMC4889129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The epigenome is a key determinant of transcriptional output. Perturbations within the epigenome are thought to be a key feature of many, perhaps all cancers, and it is now clear that epigenetic changes are instrumental in cancer development. The inherent reversibility of these changes makes them attractive targets for therapeutic manipulation, and a number of small molecules targeting chromatin-based mechanisms are currently in clinical trials. In this perspective we discuss how understanding the cancer epigenome is providing insights into disease pathogenesis and informing drug development. We also highlight additional opportunities to further unlock the therapeutic potential within the cancer epigenome.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Chromatin/drug effects
- Chromatin/genetics
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- DNA Methylation/drug effects
- DNA, Neoplasm/drug effects
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Epigenesis, Genetic/drug effects
- Epigenesis, Genetic/genetics
- Epigenomics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Histone Code/drug effects
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Therapies, Investigational
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard L Brien
- The Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daria G Valerio
- The Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- The Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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954
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Van Etten JL, Dehm SM. Clonal origin and spread of metastatic prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:R207-17. [PMID: 27000662 PMCID: PMC4895916 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic disease is responsible for the majority of prostate cancer deaths. The standard treatment for metastatic disease is surgical or chemical castration in the form of androgen deprivation therapy. Despite initial success and disease regression, resistance to therapy ultimately develops and the disease transitions to castration-resistant prostate cancer, which is uniformly fatal. Thus, developing an understanding of genetic evolution in metastasis and in response to therapy has been a focus of recent studies. Large-scale sequencing studies have provided an expansive catalog of the mutation events that occur in the prostate cancer genome at various stages of disease progression. Small-scale studies have interrogated the genomic composition of multiple metastatic sites within individual patients or have tracked clonal evolution longitudinally in tissues, circulating tumor cells, or circulating tumor DNA. Collectively, these efforts have provided a new conceptual framework for understanding the origin of prostate cancer, as well as the origin and evolution of metastatic disease. In this review, we highlight these recent insights into the spatiotemporal landscape of genetic evolution of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott M Dehm
- Masonic Cancer CenterUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Department of UrologyUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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955
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Kumar S, Chaudhary AK, Kumar R, O'Malley J, Dubrovska A, Wang X, Yadav N, Goodrich DW, Chandra D. Combination therapy induces unfolded protein response and cytoskeletal rearrangement leading to mitochondrial apoptosis in prostate cancer. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:949-65. [PMID: 27106131 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of therapeutic resistance is responsible for most prostate cancer (PCa) related mortality. Resistance has been attributed to an acquired or selected cancer stem cell phenotype. Here we report the histone deacetylase inhibitor apicidin (APC) or ER stressor thapsigargin (TG) potentiate paclitaxel (TXL)-induced apoptosis in PCa cells and limit accumulation of cancer stem cells. TXL-induced responses were modulated in the presence of TG with increased accumulation of cells at G1-phase, rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, and changes in cytokine release. Cytoskeletal rearrangement was associated with modulation of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial unfolded protein response leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and release of proapoptotic proteins from mitochondria. TXL in combination with APC or TG enhanced caspase activation. Importantly, TXL in combination with TG induced caspase activation and apoptosis in X-ray resistant LNCaP cells. Increased release of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) was observed while phosphorylated β-catenin level was suppressed with TXL combination treatments. This was accompanied by a decrease in the CD44(+)CD133(+) cancer stem cell-like population, suggesting treatment affects cancer stem cell properties. Taken together, combination treatment with TXL and either APC or TG induces efficient apoptosis in both proliferating and cancer stem cells, suggesting this therapeutic combination may overcome drug resistance and recurrence in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Ajay K Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Jordan O'Malley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Anna Dubrovska
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Fetscherstrasse, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xinjiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Neelu Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - David W Goodrich
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Dhyan Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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956
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Stein
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Thomas L Jang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
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957
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Beltran H, Prandi D, Mosquera JM, Benelli M, Puca L, Cyrta J, Marotz C, Giannopoulou E, Chakravarthi BV, Varambally S, Tomlins SA, Nanus DM, Tagawa ST, Van Allen EM, Elemento O, Sboner A, Garraway LA, Rubin MA, Demichelis F. Divergent clonal evolution of castration-resistant neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Nat Med 2016; 22:298-305. [PMID: 26855148 PMCID: PMC4777652 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1102] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An increasingly recognized resistance mechanism to androgen receptor (AR)-directed therapy in prostate cancer involves epithelial plasticity, in which tumor cells demonstrate low to absent AR expression and often have neuroendocrine features. The etiology and molecular basis for this 'alternative' treatment-resistant cell state remain incompletely understood. Here, by analyzing whole-exome sequencing data of metastatic biopsies from patients, we observed substantial genomic overlap between castration-resistant tumors that were histologically characterized as prostate adenocarcinomas (CRPC-Adeno) and neuroendocrine prostate cancer (CRPC-NE); analysis of biopsy samples from the same individuals over time points to a model most consistent with divergent clonal evolution. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis revealed marked epigenetic differences between CRPC-NE tumors and CRPC-Adeno, and also designated samples of CRPC-Adeno with clinical features of AR independence as CRPC-NE, suggesting that epigenetic modifiers may play a role in the induction and/or maintenance of this treatment-resistant state. This study supports the emergence of an alternative, 'AR-indifferent' cell state through divergent clonal evolution as a mechanism of treatment resistance in advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himisha Beltran
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY
| | - Davide Prandi
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento. Trento, Italy
| | - Juan Miguel Mosquera
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY
| | - Matteo Benelli
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento. Trento, Italy
| | - Loredana Puca
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY
| | - Joanna Cyrta
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY
| | - Clarisse Marotz
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY
| | | | | | | | | | - David M. Nanus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY
| | - Scott T. Tagawa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY
| | - Eliezer M. Van Allen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics. Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY
| | - Andrea Sboner
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY
| | - Levi A. Garraway
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA
| | - Mark A. Rubin
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY
| | - Francesca Demichelis
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento. Trento, Italy
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine. New York, NY
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958
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Bergström SH, Rudolfsson SH, Bergh A. Rat Prostate Tumor Cells Progress in the Bone Microenvironment to a Highly Aggressive Phenotype. Neoplasia 2016; 18:152-61. [PMID: 26992916 PMCID: PMC4796808 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer generally metastasizes to bone, and most patients have tumor cells in their bone marrow already at diagnosis. Tumor cells at the metastatic site may therefore progress in parallel with those in the primary tumor. Androgen deprivation therapy is often the first-line treatment for clinically detectable prostate cancer bone metastases. Although the treatment is effective, most metastases progress to a castration-resistant and lethal state. To examine metastatic progression in the bone microenvironment, we implanted androgen-sensitive, androgen receptor-positive, and relatively slow-growing Dunning G (G) rat prostate tumor cells into the tibial bone marrow of fully immune-competent Copenhagen rats. We show that tumor establishment in the bone marrow was reduced compared with the prostate, and whereas androgen deprivation did not affect tumor establishment or growth in the bone, this was markedly reduced in the prostate. Moreover, we found that, with time, G tumor cells in the bone microenvironment progress to a more aggressive phenotype with increased growth rate, reduced androgen sensitivity, and increased metastatic capacity. Tumor cells in the bone marrow encounter lower androgen levels and a higher degree of hypoxia than at the primary site, which may cause high selective pressures and eventually contribute to the development of a new and highly aggressive tumor cell phenotype. It is therefore important to specifically study progression in bone metastases. This tumor model could be used to increase our understanding of how tumor cells adapt in the bone microenvironment and may subsequently improve therapy strategies for prostate metastases in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stina H Rudolfsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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