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Huang J, Wu D, He JH, Wang JY, Li X, Wang ZY, Wang Y, Liu HY. Associations between genomic aberrations, increased nuchal translucency, and pregnancy outcomes: a comprehensive analysis of 2,272 singleton pregnancies in women under 35. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1376319. [PMID: 38633307 PMCID: PMC11021699 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1376319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Regarding increased nuchal translucency (NT), the cutoff values used are heterogeneous in clinical practice, this study aims to assess the efficacy of prenatal detection for chromosomal abnormalities and pregnancy outcomes in fetuses with varying NT thicknesses, in order to provide data that supports informed prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling for such cases. Methods We included 2,272 pregnant women under 35 with singleton pregnancies who underwent invasive prenatal diagnosis between 2014 and 2022. The cohort comprised 2,010 fetuses with increased NT (≥2.5 mm) and 262 fetuses with normal NT but exhibiting a single soft marker. Prenatal diagnoses were supported by chromosomal microarray (CMA) and copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq) analyses. Results The detection rates of numerical chromosomal abnormalities were 15.4% (309/2,010) and 17.3% (297/1,717) in the NT ≥2.5 and ≥ 3.0 groups, respectively. Pathogenic/likely pathogenic CNV incidence increased with NT thickness (χ2 = 8.60, p < 0.05), peaking at 8.7% (22/254) in the NT 4.5-5.4 mm group. Structural defects were found in 18.4% of fetuses with NT values between 2.5 mm and 2.9 mm. Chromosomal abnormality rates in the isolated increased NT groups of 2.5-2.9 mm and 3.0-3.4 mm were 6.7% (16/239) and 10.0% (47/470), respectively, with no statistical significance (χ2 = 2.14, p > 0.05). Fetuses with NT thickness between 2.5 and 2.9 mm combined with the presence of soft markers or non-lethal structural abnormalities exhibited a significantly higher chromosomal abnormality risk (19.0%) compared to fetuses with isolated increased NT ranging from 3.5 to 4.4 mm (13.0%). Pregnancy termination rates increased with NT thickness (χ2 = 435.18, p < 0.0001), ranging from 12.0% (30/249) in the NT 2.5-2.9 mm group to 87.0% (141/162) in the NT ≥ 6.5 mm group. Conclusion CMA or CNV-seq exhibited good performance in identifying genomic aberrations in pregnancies with increased NT thickness. NT ranging from 2.5 mm to 2.9 mm elevated the risk of fetal chromosomal abnormalities, particularly when combined with other soft markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Huang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jia-Huan He
- Department of Medical Genetics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zheng-Yuan Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hong-Yan Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Rezayee F, Eisfeldt J, Skaftason A, Öfverholm I, Sayyab S, Syvänen AC, Maqbool K, Lilljebjörn H, Johansson B, Olsson-Arvidsson L, Pietras CO, Staffas A, Palmqvist L, Fioretos T, Cavelier L, Fogelstrand L, Nordlund J, Wirta V, Rosenquist R, Barbany G. Feasibility to use whole-genome sequencing as a sole diagnostic method to detect genomic aberrations in pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1217712. [PMID: 37664045 PMCID: PMC10470829 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1217712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The suitability of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) as the sole method to detect clinically relevant genomic aberrations in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was investigated with the aim of replacing current diagnostic methods. Methods For this purpose, we assessed the analytical performance of 150 bp paired-end WGS (90x leukemia/30x germline). A set of 88 retrospective B-cell ALL samples were selected to represent established ALL subgroups as well as ALL lacking stratifying markers by standard-of-care (SoC), so-called B-other ALL. Results Both the analysis of paired leukemia/germline (L/N)(n=64) as well as leukemia-only (L-only)(n=88) detected all types of aberrations mandatory in the current ALLTogether trial protocol, i.e., aneuploidies, structural variants, and focal copy-number aberrations. Moreover, comparison to SoC revealed 100% concordance and that all patients had been assigned to the correct genetic subgroup using both approaches. Notably, WGS could allocate 35 out of 39 B-other ALL samples to one of the emerging genetic subgroups considered in the most recent classifications of ALL. We further investigated the impact of high (90x; n=58) vs low (30x; n=30) coverage on the diagnostic yield and observed an equally perfect concordance with SoC; low coverage detected all relevant lesions. Discussion The filtration of the WGS findings with a short list of genes recurrently rearranged in ALL was instrumental to extract the clinically relevant information efficiently. Nonetheless, the detection of DUX4 rearrangements required an additional customized analysis, due to multiple copies of this gene embedded in the highly repetitive D4Z4 region. We conclude that the diagnostic performance of WGS as the standalone method was remarkable and allowed detection of all clinically relevant genomic events in the diagnostic setting of B-cell ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemah Rezayee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Eisfeldt
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aron Skaftason
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingegerd Öfverholm
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shumaila Sayyab
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann Christine Syvänen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Khurram Maqbool
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Lilljebjörn
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bertil Johansson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Pathology, and Molecular Diagnostics, Office for Medical Services, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Linda Olsson-Arvidsson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Pathology, and Molecular Diagnostics, Office for Medical Services, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Staffas
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Palmqvist
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thoas Fioretos
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Pathology, and Molecular Diagnostics, Office for Medical Services, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Genomics Lund, Science for Life Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lucia Cavelier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Fogelstrand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jessica Nordlund
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Valtteri Wirta
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Genomic Medicine Center Karolinska, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard Rosenquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Genomic Medicine Center Karolinska, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gisela Barbany
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Bong IPN, Esa E. Molecular genetic aberrations in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma. ASIAN BIOMED 2023; 17:152-162. [PMID: 37860676 PMCID: PMC10584387 DOI: 10.2478/abm-2023-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common form of blood cancer characterized by clonal expansion of malignant plasma cells within the bone marrow. MM is a complex, progressive, and highly heterogeneous malignancy, which occurs via a multistep transformation process involving primary and secondary oncogenic events. Recent advances in molecular techniques have further expanded our understanding of the mutational landscape, clonal composition, and dynamic evolution patterns of MM. The first part of this review describes the key oncogenic events involved in the initiation and progression of MM, together with their prognostic impact. The latter part highlights the most prominent findings concerning genomic aberrations promoted by gene expression profiling (GEP) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) in MM. This review provides a concise understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of the MM genome and the importance of adopting emerging molecular technology in future clinical management of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivyna Pau Ni Bong
- Hematology Unit, Cancer Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
| | - Ezalia Esa
- Hematology Unit, Cancer Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
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Herrera-Juárez M, Serrano-Gómez C, Bote-de-Cabo H, Paz-Ares L. Targeted therapy for lung cancer: Beyond EGFR and ALK. Cancer 2023; 129:1803-1820. [PMID: 37073562 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Precision oncology comprises the set of strategies that aim to design the best cancer treatment based on tumor biology. A recognized subset of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harbor actionable genomic aberrations that can benefit from targeted therapy. In lung cancer, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements are well characterized oncogenic drivers for which the therapeutic use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors has demonstrated improved outcomes compared with chemotherapy. Other druggable targets are also well characterized, and effective inhibitors have been developed and commercialized, leading to a paradigm shift in NSCLC treatment. Here, the authors provide a review of the oncogenic role of the most relevant molecular alterations in NSCLC and emerging treatments in this setting beyond EGFR-driven and ALK-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Herrera-Juárez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Helena Bote-de-Cabo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Paz-Ares
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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Ruhela V, Jena L, Kaur G, Gupta R, Gupta A. BDL-SP: A Bio-inspired DL model for the identification of altered Signaling Pathways in Multiple Myeloma using WES data. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:1155-1187. [PMID: 37168334 PMCID: PMC10164815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of the genomic features responsible for the progression of Multiple Myeloma (MM) cancer from its precancerous stage MGUS can improve the understanding of the disease pathogenesis and, in devising suitable preventive and treatment measures. We have designed an innovative AI-based model, namely, the Bio-inspired Deep Learning architecture for the identification of altered Signaling Pathways (BDL-SP) to discover pivotal genomic biomarkers that can potentially distinguish MM from MGUS. The proposed BDL-SP model comprehends gene-gene interactions using the PPI network and analyzes genomic features using a deep learning (DL) architecture to identify significantly altered genes and signaling pathways in MM and MGUS. For this, whole exome sequencing data of 1174 MM and 61 MGUS patients were analyzed. In the quantitative benchmarking with the other popular machine learning models, BDL-SP performed almost similar to the two other best performing predictive ML models of Random Forest and CatBoost. However, an extensive post-hoc explainability analysis, capturing the application specific nuances, clearly established the significance of the BDL-SP model. This analysis revealed that BDL-SP identified a maximum number of previously reported oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and actionable genes of high relevance in MM as the top significantly altered genes. Further, the post-hoc analysis revealed a significant contribution of the total number of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and genomic features associated with synonymous SNVs in disease stage classification. Finally, the pathway enrichment analysis of the top significantly altered genes showed that many cancer pathways are selectively and significantly dysregulated in MM compared to its precursor stage of MGUS, while a few that lost their significance with disease progression from MGUS to MM were actually related to the other disease types. These observations may pave the way for appropriate therapeutic interventions to halt the progression to overt MM in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Ruhela
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-D)New Delhi, India
- SBI Lab, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Centre of Excellence in Healthcare, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-D)New Delhi, India
| | - Lingaraja Jena
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Dr. B.R.A. IRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)New Delhi, India
| | - Gurvinder Kaur
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Dr. B.R.A. IRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)New Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Gupta
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Dr. B.R.A. IRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)New Delhi, India
| | - Anubha Gupta
- SBI Lab, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Centre of Excellence in Healthcare, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-D)New Delhi, India
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Mollstedt J, Mansouri L, Rosenquist R. Precision diagnostics in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Past, present and future. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1146486. [PMID: 37035166 PMCID: PMC10080996 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1146486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic diagnostics of hematological malignancies has evolved dramatically over the years, from chromosomal banding analysis to next-generation sequencing, with a corresponding increased capacity to detect clinically relevant prognostic and predictive biomarkers. In diagnostics of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), we currently apply fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-based analysis to detect recurrent chromosomal aberrations (del(11q), del(13q), del(17p) and trisomy 12) as well as targeted sequencing (IGHV and TP53 mutational status) for risk-stratifying purposes. These analyses are performed before start of any line of treatment and assist in clinical decision-making including selection of targeted therapy (BTK and BCL2 inhibitors). Here, we present the current view on the genomic landscape of CLL, including an update on recent advances with potential for clinical translation. We discuss different state-of-the-art technologies that are applied to enable precision diagnostics in CLL and highlight important genomic markers with current prognostic and/or predictive impact as well as those of prospective clinical relevance. In the coming years, it will be important to develop more comprehensive genomic analyses that can capture all types of relevant genetic aberrations, but also to develop highly sensitive assays to detect minor mutations that affect therapy response or confer resistance to targeted therapies. Finally, we will bring up the potential of new technologies and multi-omics analysis to further subclassify the disease and facilitate implementation of precision medicine approaches in this still incurable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Mollstedt
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Larry Mansouri
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard Rosenquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Richard Rosenquist,
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Guardamagna I, Lonati L, Savio M, Stivala LA, Ottolenghi A, Baiocco G. An Integrated Analysis of the Response of Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Caco-2 Cells to X-Ray Exposure. Front Oncol 2021; 11:688919. [PMID: 34150657 PMCID: PMC8209426 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.688919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is among the three top cancer types for incidence and the second in terms of mortality, usually managed with surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In particular, radiotherapeutic concepts are crucial for the management of advanced rectal cancer, but patients’ survival remains poor, despite advances in treatment modalities. The use of well-characterized in vitro cell culture systems offers an important preclinical strategy to study mechanisms at the basis of cell response to therapeutic agents, including ionizing radiation, possibly leading to a better understanding of the in vivo response to the treatment. In this context, we present an integrated analysis of results obtained in an extensive measurement campaign of radiation effects on Caco-2 cells, derived from human colorectal adenocarcinoma. Cells were exposed to X-rays with doses up to 10 Gy from a radiotherapy accelerator. We measured a variety of endpoints at different post-irradiation times: clonogenic survival after ~ 2 weeks; cell cycle distribution, cell death, frequency of micronucleated cells and atypical mitoses, activation of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and of different proteins involved in DNA damage response and cell cycle regulation at earlier time points, up to 48 h post-exposure. Combined techniques of flow cytometry, immunofluorescence microscopy, gelatin zymography and western blotting were used. For selected endpoints, we also addressed the impact of the irradiation protocol, comparing results obtained when cells are plated before irradiation or first-irradiated and then re-plated. Caco-2 resistance to radiation, previously assessed up to 72 h post exposure in terms of cell viability, does not translate into a high clonogenic survival. Survival is not affected by the irradiation protocol, while endpoints measured on a shorter time frame are. Radiation mainly induces a G2-phase arrest, confirmed by associated molecular markers. The activation of death pathways is dose- and time-dependent, and correlates with a dose-dependent inhibition of MMPs. Genomic aberrations are also found to be dose-dependent. The phosphorylated forms of several proteins involved in cell cycle regulation increase following exposure; the key regulator FoxM1 appears to be downregulated, also leading to inhibition of MMP-2. A unified molecular model of the chain of events initiated by radiation is proposed to interpret all experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Guardamagna
- Laboratory of Radiation Biophysics and Radiobiology, Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Lonati
- Laboratory of Radiation Biophysics and Radiobiology, Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Monica Savio
- Immunology and General Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lucia A Stivala
- Immunology and General Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Ottolenghi
- Laboratory of Radiation Biophysics and Radiobiology, Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Baiocco
- Laboratory of Radiation Biophysics and Radiobiology, Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Abstract
Introduction: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a diverse group of fatal malignancies arising from the biliary tract. Surgical resection with negative margin offers the only potentially curative option. The majority of patients present at locally advanced or metastatic stages, when surgical resection is not feasible, highlighting the significance of systemic therapy. Given the limited effectiveness of traditional chemotherapy regimens in CCA, many investigators have focused on developing novel molecular therapies targeting key aberrant signaling pathways.Areas covered: We present the main genomic aberrations known to play a key role in cholangiocarcinogenesis and discuss promising targeted therapies in clinical development.In October of 2020, a review of the English literature was performed utilizing PubMed and Web of Science databases for the keywords of 'cholangiocarcinoma', 'biliary tract cancer', and 'targeted therapy'.Expert opinion: Unfortunately, despite encouraging results in preclinical studies, the outcome of clinical trials with established targeted therapies like anti-EGFR medications have been discouraging. Currently, agents targeting FGFR2 fusion and IDH1/2 mutations hold great promise for improving the management of CCA. Future studies focused on enhancing our understanding of key aberrant signaling pathways of cholangiocarcinogenesis and the design of homogeneous and biomarker-driven cohorts are key elements of establishing precision medicine in CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir A Rahnemai-Azar
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Arrowhead Regional Cancer Center, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA, USA
| | - Timothy M Pawlik
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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Moriyama H, Daino K, Ishikawa A, Imaoka T, Nishimura M, Nishimura Y, Takabatake M, Morioka T, Inoue K, Fukushi M, Shimada Y, Kakinuma S. Exome of Radiation-induced Rat Mammary Carcinoma Shows Copy-number Losses and Mutations in Human-relevant Cancer Genes. Anticancer Res 2021; 41:55-70. [PMID: 33419799 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.14751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Our understanding of cancer risk from neutron exposure is limited. We aimed to reveal the characteristics of mammary carcinomas induced by neutrons. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mammary carcinomas obtained from female Sprague-Dawley rats irradiated at 7 weeks of age with 0.97 Gy neutrons or 4 Gy γ-rays and from non-irradiated rats were classified into luminal and non-luminal subtypes by immunohistochemistry. Their mutational landscapes were determined by whole-exome sequencing. RESULTS Neutrons significantly raised the incidence of luminal mammary carcinomas over the non-luminal subtype. Somatic mutations were identified in cancer genes involved in several signalling pathways, including Keap1/Nrf2, Pi3k/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin. Focal copy-number losses involving cancer genes were observed mainly in carcinomas from the irradiated rats. CONCLUSION Neutrons increase the incidence of luminal mammary carcinomas, probably through gene mutations similar to those found in human breast cancers, and focal copy-number losses including cancer genes that are characteristics of radiation-induced mammary carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Moriyama
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan.,Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.,Present address: Konica Minolta, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Daino
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan;
| | - Atsuko Ishikawa
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Imaoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan.,Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nishimura
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nishimura
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan.,Present address: Institute for Environmental Sciences, Aomori, Japan
| | - Masaru Takabatake
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan.,Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.,Present address: Georgetown University, Washington, DC, U.S.A
| | - Takamitsu Morioka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Inoue
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fukushi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Shimada
- Present address: Institute for Environmental Sciences, Aomori, Japan.,Executive Director, QST, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan.,Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
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Sessa M, Cavazzini F, Cavallari M, Rigolin GM, Cuneo A. A Tangle of Genomic Aberrations Drives Multiple Myeloma and Correlates with Clinical Aggressiveness of the Disease: A Comprehensive Review from a Biological Perspective to Clinical Trial Results. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1453. [PMID: 33287156 PMCID: PMC7761770 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a genetically heterogeneous disease, in which the process of tumorigenesis begins and progresses through the appearance and accumulation of a tangle of genomic aberrations. Several are the mechanisms of DNA damage in MM, varying from single nucleotide substitutions to complex genomic events. The timing of appearance of aberrations is well studied due to the natural history of the disease, that usually progress from pre-malignant to malignant phase. Different kinds of aberrations carry different prognostic significance and have been associated with drug resistance in some studies. Certain genetic events are well known to be associated with prognosis and are incorporated in risk evaluation in MM at diagnosis in the revised International Scoring System (R-ISS). The significance of some other aberrations needs to be further explained. Since now, few phase 3 randomized trials included analysis on patient's outcomes according to genetic risk, and further studies are needed to obtain useful data to stratify the choice of initial and subsequent treatment in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Sessa
- Hematology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Arcispedale S.Anna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Cavazzini
- Hematology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Arcispedale S.Anna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cavallari
- Hematology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Arcispedale S.Anna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gian Matteo Rigolin
- Hematology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Arcispedale S.Anna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonio Cuneo
- Hematology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Arcispedale S.Anna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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11
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Ninkovic S, Quach H. Shaping the Treatment Paradigm Based on the Current Understanding of the Pathobiology of Multiple Myeloma: An Overview. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3488. [PMID: 33238653 PMCID: PMC7700434 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is an incurable malignancy which despite progressive improvements in overall survival over the last decade remains characterised by recurrent relapse with progressively shorter duration of response and treatment-free intervals with each subsequent treatment. Efforts to unravel the complex and heterogeneous genomic alterations, the marked dysregulation of the immune system and the multifarious interplay between malignant plasma cells and those of the tumour microenvironment have not only led to improved understanding of myelomagenesis and disease progression but have facilitated the rapid development of novel therapeutics including immunotherapies and small molecules bringing us a step closer to therapies that no doubt will extend survival. Novel therapeutic combinations both in the upfront and relapsed setting as well as novel methods to assess response and guide management are rapidly transforming the management of myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavisa Ninkovic
- Department of Haematology, St. Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Hang Quach
- Department of Haematology, St. Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
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12
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Chen Z, Edwards A, Hicks C, Zhang K. Inferring Personalized and Race-Specific Causal Effects of Genomic Aberrations on Gleason Scores: A Deep Latent Variable Model. Front Oncol 2020; 10:272. [PMID: 32231997 PMCID: PMC7082760 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has examined socioeconomic factors influencing prostate cancer (PCa) disparities. However, to what extent molecular and genetic mechanisms may also contribute to these inequalities still remains elusive. Although various in vitro, in vivo, and population studies have originated to address this issue, they are often very costly and time-consuming by nature. In this work, we attempt to explore this problem by a preliminary study, where a joint deep latent variable model (DLVM) is proposed to in silico quantify the personalized and race-specific effects that a genomic aberration may exert on the Gleason Score (GS) of each individual PCa patient. The core of the proposed model is a deep variational autoencoder (VAE) framework, which follows the causal structure of inference with proxies. Extensive experimental results on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) 270 European-American (EA) and 43 African-American (AA) PCa patients demonstrate that ERG fusions, somatic mutations in SPOP and ATM, and copy number alterations (CNAs) in ERG are the statistically significant genomic factors across all low-, intermediate-, and high-grade PCa that may explain the disparities between these two groups. Moreover, compared to a state-of-the-art deep inference method, our proposed method achieves much higher precision in causal effect inference in terms of the impact of a studied genomic aberration on GS. Further validation on an independent set and the assessment of the genomic-risk scores along with corresponding confidence intervals not only validate our results but also provide valuable insight to the observed racial disparity between these two groups regarding PCa metastasis. The pinpointed significant genomic factors may shed light on the molecular mechanism of cancer disparities in PCa and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chen
- Department of Computer Science, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Andrea Edwards
- Department of Computer Science, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Chindo Hicks
- Department of Genetics, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Bioinformatics Core of Xavier RCMI Center for Cancer Research, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, United States
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13
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Urso C. Certain and uncertain malignant potential in melanocytic skin neoplasms. J Cutan Pathol 2019; 46:711-712. [PMID: 31206767 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Urso
- Dermatopathology Study Center of Florence, Florence, Italy
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14
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Shrestha R, Wen YT, Ding DC, Tsai RK. Aberrant hiPSCs-Derived from Human Keratinocytes Differentiates into 3D Retinal Organoids that Acquire Mature Photoreceptors. Cells. 2019;8. [PMID: 30634512 PMCID: PMC6356277 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived three-dimensional retinal organoids are a new platform for studying the organoidogenesis. However, recurrent genomic aberration, acquired during generation of hiPSCs, limit its biomedical application and/or aberrant hiPSCs has not been evaluated for generation of differentiated derivatives, such as organoids and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In this study, we efficiently differentiated mosaic hiPSCs into retinal organoids containing mature photoreceptors. The feeder-free hiPSCs were generated from the human epidermal keratinocytes that were rapid in process with improved efficiency over several passages and maintained pluripotency. But, hiPSCs were cytogenetically mosaic with normal and abnormal karyotypes, while copy number variation analysis revealed the loss of chromosome 8q. Despite this abnormality, the stepwise differentiation of hiPSCs to form retinal organoids was autonomous and led to neuronal lamination. Furthermore, the use of a Notch inhibitor, DAPT, at an early timepoint from days 29⁻42 of culture improved the specification of the retinal neuron and the use of retinoic acid at days 70⁻120 led to the maturation of photoreceptors. hiPSC-derived retinal organoids acquired all subtypes of photoreceptors, such as RHODOPSIN, B-OPSIN and R/G-OPSIN. Additionally, the advanced maturation of photoreceptors was observed, revealing the development of specific sensory cilia and the formation of the outer-segment disc. This report is the first to show that hiPSCs with abnormal chromosomal content are permissive to the generation of three-dimensional retinal organoids.
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Fabrizio FP, Trombetta D, Rossi A, Sparaneo A, Castellana S, Muscarella LA. Gene code CD274/PD-L1: from molecular basis toward cancer immunotherapy. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2018; 10:1758835918815598. [PMID: 30574211 PMCID: PMC6299305 DOI: 10.1177/1758835918815598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The programmed death 1 receptor (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) are key molecules of immune checkpoint mechanisms in cancer and actually represent one of the main targets of immunotherapy. The predictive and prognostic values of PD-L1 expression alone in cancer patients is currently under debate due to the methodological assessment of PD-L1 expression and its temporal variations. Better detailed studies about the molecular basis of immunotherapy biomarkers are necessary. Here we summarize the current knowledge of PD-L1 gene modifications at genetic and epigenetic levels in different tumors, thus highlighting their reported correlation with cellular processes and potential impact on patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Pio Fabrizio
- Laboratory of Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- Laboratory of Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Angelo Sparaneo
- Laboratory of Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Stefano Castellana
- Bioinformatic Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Lucia Anna Muscarella
- Laboratory of Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
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16
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Abstract
Smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) is an asymptomatic plasma cell proliferative disorder associated with risk of progression to symptomatic multiple myeloma (MM) or amyloidosis. In comparison to monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), SMM has a much higher risk of progression to MM. Thanks to advances in our understanding of the risk factors, the subset of patients with ultra-high risk of progression to MM (80%-90% at 2 years) has been identified. The revision of the diagnostic criteria resulted in changes in the management of this cohort of patients. In contrast to the management guidelines for MGUS patients, SMM patients need to be studied more intensively in order to identify biomarkers necessary for accurate risk stratification. In this review, we focus on the risk of progression from SMM to MM, as well as the influence of early treatment on overall survival, time to progression and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Blum
- Department of Hematology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, UK,
| | - Despina Bazou
- Department of Hematology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, UK,
| | - Peter O'Gorman
- Department of Hematology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, UK,
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17
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Foertsch F, Szambowska A, Weise A, Zielinski A, Schlott B, Kraft F, Mrasek K, Borgmann K, Pospiech H, Grosse F, Melle C. S100A11 plays a role in homologous recombination and genome maintenance by influencing the persistence of RAD51 in DNA repair foci. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2766-79. [PMID: 27590262 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1220457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination (HR) is an essential process in maintenance of chromosomal stability. A key player of HR is the strand exchange factor RAD51 whose assembly at sites of DNA damage is tightly regulated. We detected an endogenous complex of RAD51 with the calcium-binding protein S100A11, which is localized at sites of DNA repair in HaCaT cells as well as in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) synchronized in S phase. In biochemical assays, we revealed that S100A11 enhanced the RAD51 strand exchange activity. When cells expressing a S100A11 mutant lacking the ability to bind Ca(2+), a prolonged persistence of RAD51 in repair sites and nuclear γH2AX foci was observed suggesting an incomplete DNA repair. The same phenotype became apparent when S100A11 was depleted by RNA interference. Furthermore, down-regulation of S100A11 resulted in both reduced sister chromatid exchange confirming the restriction of the recombination capacity of the cells, and in an increase of chromosomal aberrations reflecting the functional requirement of S100A11 for the maintenance of genomic stability. Our data indicate that S100A11 is involved in homologous recombination by regulating the appearance of RAD51 in DSB repair sites. This function requires the calcium-binding activity of S100A11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Foertsch
- a Biomolecular Photonics Group , Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
| | - Anna Szambowska
- b Research Group Biochemistry, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute , Jena , Germany
| | - Anja Weise
- c Institute of Human Genetics , Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
| | - Alexandra Zielinski
- d Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Bernhard Schlott
- b Research Group Biochemistry, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute , Jena , Germany
| | - Florian Kraft
- c Institute of Human Genetics , Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
| | - Kristin Mrasek
- c Institute of Human Genetics , Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
| | - Kerstin Borgmann
- d Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Helmut Pospiech
- b Research Group Biochemistry, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute , Jena , Germany.,e Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine , University of Oulu , Finland
| | - Frank Grosse
- b Research Group Biochemistry, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute , Jena , Germany
| | - Christian Melle
- a Biomolecular Photonics Group , Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
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18
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Abstract
Molecular features of castration-resistant neuroendocrine prostate cancer (CRPC-NE) are not well characterized. A recent study that investigated genomic aberrations of CRPC-NE tumors suggests their clonal evolution from CRPC adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, the existence of a distinct DNA methylation profile in CRPC-NE implicates a critical role for epigenetic modification in the development of CRPC-NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Kumar Kaushik
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Arun Sreekumar
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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19
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Wheler JJ, Atkins JT, Janku F, Moulder SL, Yelensky R, Stephens PJ, Kurzrock R. Multiple gene aberrations and breast cancer: lessons from super-responders. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:442. [PMID: 26021831 PMCID: PMC4446801 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of multiple molecular aberrations in patients with breast cancer may correlate with worse outcomes. CASE PRESENTATIONS We performed in-depth molecular analysis of patients with estrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative, hormone therapy-refractory breast cancer, who achieved partial or complete responses when treated with anastrozole and everolimus. Tumors were analyzed using a targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) assay in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments laboratory. Genomic libraries were captured for 3,230 exons in 182 cancer-related genes plus 37 introns from 14 genes often rearranged in cancer and sequenced to high coverage. Patients received anastrozole (1 g PO daily) and everolimus (5 or 10 mg PO daily). Thirty-two patients with breast cancer were treated on study and 5 (16 %) achieved a partial or complete response. Primary breast tissue was available for NGS testing in three of the responders (partial response with progression free survival of 11 and 14 months, respectively; complete response with progression free survival of 9+ months). The following molecular aberrations were observed: PTEN loss by immunohistochemistry, CCDN1 and FGFR1 amplifications, and PRKDC re-arrangement (NGS) (patient #1); PIK3CA and PIK3R1 mutations, and CCDN1, FGFR1, MYC amplifications (patient #2); TP53 mutation, CCNE1, IRS2 and MCL1 amplifications (patient #3). Some (but not all) of these aberrations converge on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, perhaps accounting for response. CONCLUSIONS Patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer can achieve significant responses on a combination of anastrozole and everolimus, even in the presence of multiple molecular aberrations. Further study of next generation sequencing-profiled tumors for convergence and resistance pathways is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Wheler
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Boulevard, Box 0455, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Johnique T Atkins
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Boulevard, Box 0455, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Filip Janku
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Boulevard, Box 0455, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Stacy L Moulder
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | | | | | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California at San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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20
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Abstract
In recent years, next-generation sequencing has unraveled the molecular landscape in chronic lymphocytic leukemia with the discovery of a number of recurrently mutated genes. Mutations in several of these genes, such as NOTCH1, SF3B1 and BIRC3, are linked to a more aggressive disease with early disease progression, short time-to-first-treatment and even chemorefractoriness. Although in its infancy, we have also begun to understand the complex dynamics of subclonal diversity and its impact on disease outcome. From pioneering studies, we know that certain genetic events are found in the majority of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and are considered as 'clonal driver mutations' (e.g., +12, 13q-), whereas others, present only in a fraction of the tumor, are deemed to be 'subclonal driver mutations' for example, TP53 and SF3B1. Over the coming years, we need to gain a deeper insight into the dynamics of this subclonal architecture to understand how, at an individual level, chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients should be followed, which will be particularly relevant as novel targeted therapies begin to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley-Ann Sutton
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751-85, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Shulzhenko N, Lyng H, Sanson GF, Morgun A. Ménage à trois: an evolutionary interplay between human papillomavirus, a tumor, and a woman. Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:345-53. [PMID: 24674660 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women with human papillomavirus (HPV) being a key etiologic factor of this devastating disease. In this article, we describe modern advances in the genomics and transcriptomics of cervical cancer that led to uncovering the key gene drivers. We also introduce, herein, a model of cervical carcinogenesis that explains how the interplay between virus, tumor, and woman results in the selection of clones that simultaneously harbor genomic amplifications for genes that drive cell cycle, antiviral response, and inhibit cell differentiation. The new model may help researchers understand the controversies in antiviral therapy and immunogenetics of this cancer and may provide a basis for future research directions in early diagnostics and personalization of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Shulzhenko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Heidi Lyng
- Department of Radiation Biology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerdine F Sanson
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Andrey Morgun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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22
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Fried I, Artl M, Cota C, Müller H, Bartolo E, Boi S, Chiarelli C, Vale E, Schmuth M, Wiesner T, Speicher MR, Cerroni L. Clinicopathologic and molecular features in cutaneous extranodal natural killer-/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, with aggressive and indolent course. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70:716-723. [PMID: 24433873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extranodal natural killer-/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTCL-NT) is a highly aggressive lymphoma and prognosis is usually poor. The genetic background of primary cutaneous cases is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the clinicopathologic features of cutaneous ENKTCL-NT, and the prognostic significance of genomic copy number alterations. METHODS Eight cases of cutaneous ENKTCL-NT (5 primary, 2 secondary, 1 no staging performed), including 2 patients with an unusually prolonged course of 5 and 23 years, were investigated using array comparative genomic hybridization. RESULTS All patients presented with typical clinicopathologic features. Epstein-Barr virus was found in neoplastic cells in all specimens. Copy number alterations were detected in all 8 cases with losses on 6q (37.5% of cases) and 7p (37.5% of cases), and gains on 7q (37.5% of cases) being the most frequent. Complexity of array comparative genomic hybridization profile did not correlate with the course of the disease. However, an increase of copy number alterations was detected in sequential biopsy specimens of 1 long-term survivor. LIMITATIONS This was a small case series retrospective study. CONCLUSION Clinicopathologic features of cutaneous ENKTCL-NT are distinctive. Lower number of copy number alterations cannot be used as predictor for prolonged survival in cutaneous ENKTCL-NT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Fried
- Research Unit Dermatopathology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Artl
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Carlo Cota
- Dermatopathology Unit, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Hansgeorg Müller
- Department of Dermatology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elvira Bartolo
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal
| | - Sebastiana Boi
- Department of Pathology, Santa Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Esmeralda Vale
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Hospital da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Wiesner
- Research Unit Dermatopathology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Lorenzo Cerroni
- Research Unit Dermatopathology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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23
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Abstract
Over the past two decades, hematologic malignancies have been extensively evaluated due to the introduction of powerful technologies, such as conventional karyotyping, FISH analysis, gene and microRNA expression profiling, array comparative genomic hybridization and SNP arrays, and next-generation sequencing (including whole-exome sequencing and RNA-seq). These analyses have allowed for the refinement of the mechanisms underlying the leukemic transformation in several oncohematologic disorders and, more importantly, they have permitted the definition of novel prognostic algorithms aimed at stratifying patients at the onset of disease and, consequently, treating them in the most appropriate manner. Furthermore, the identification of specific molecular markers is opening the door to targeted and personalized medicine. The most important findings on novel acquisitions in the context of acute lymphoblastic leukemia of both B and T lineage and de novo acute myeloid leukemia are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Chiaretti
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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