1001
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Growth Inhibitory Impact of Peganum harmala L. on Two Breast Cancer Cell Lines. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.5812/ijb.18562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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1002
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Christgen M, Geffers R, Kreipe H, Lehmann U. IPH-926 lobular breast cancer cells are triple-negative but their microarray profile uncovers a luminal subtype. Cancer Sci 2014; 104:1726-30. [PMID: 24344720 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human primary breast cancers and breast cancer cell lines are classified by microarray-defined molecular subtypes, which reflect differentiation characteristics. Estrogen receptor (ER) expression is indicative of the luminal molecular subtype. We have previously established IPH-926, the first well-characterized cell line from infiltrating lobular breast cancer. IPH-926 displays an ER/PR/ErbB2 triple-negative immunophenotype, which is due to a loss of ER expression in its in vivo clonal ancestry. Loss of ER might indicate a fundamental change of cellular differentiation and it is unclear whether a luminal subtype is preserved beyond ER conversion. Using Affymetrix microarray analysis, seven different classifier gene lists (PAM305, DISC256, TN1288, PAM50, UNC1300, LAB704, INT500) and a background population of 50 common mammary carcinoma cell lines, we have now determined the molecular subtype of IPH-926. Strikingly, the IPH-926 expression profile is highly consistent with a luminal subtype. It is nearest to luminal/ER-positive breast cancer cell lines and far apart from basal breast cancer cell lines. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR confirmed enhanced expression of luminal marker genes (AGR2, CLU, CA12, EMP2, CLDN3) and low or absent expression of basal marker genes (KRT5, CD44, CAV1, VIM). Moreover, IPH-926 lacked androgen receptor (AR) expression, a transcription factor previously associated with luminal-like gene expression in a subset of triple-negative or molecular apocrine breast cancers. In conclusion, IPH-926 is triple-negative but belongs to the luminal subtype. Luminal differentiation characteristics can be preserved beyond ER conversion and might not require a compensatory expression of AR.
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1003
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Chesor M, Roytrakul S, Graidist P, Kanokwiroon K. Proteomics analysis of siRNA-mediated silencing of Wilms' tumor 1 in the MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cell line. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:1754-60. [PMID: 24503937 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) gene encodes a zinc finger which appears to be a transcriptional activator or repressor for many genes involved in cell differentiation, growth and apoptosis. In order to determine the relationship between WT1 and related proteins, WT1 was silenced with small interfering RNA (siRNA) and the protein expression pattern was analyzed by proteomics analysis including one-dimensional gel electrophoresis (1-DE) and LC-MS/MS mass spectrometry. The results revealed that 14 proteins were expressed in WT1-silenced cells (siRNA(WT1)) and 12 proteins were expressed in the WT1-expressing cells (siRNA(neg)), respectively. These proteins may be classified by their functions in apoptosis, cell signaling, protein folding, gene expression, redox-regulation, transport, structural and unknown functions. Mitogaligin, an apoptosis-related molecule, was identified when WT1 was silenced while the proteins related to the signaling pathway were detected in both siRNA(neg) and siRNA(WT1) but the type of proteins were different. For example, the IBtK protein and the SH2 domain-containing protein were present in siRNA(WT1) conditions, while the platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRA) and Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (Rho-GEF 1) were expressed in siRNA(neg). Of these, Rho-GEF was selected for validation by western blot analysis and demonstrated to be present only in the presence of WT1. In conclusion, WT1 is related to mitogaligin via EGFR and behaves as an anti-apoptotic molecule. Moreover, WT1 may be associated with PDGFRA and Rho-GEF 1 that activates proliferation in MDA-MB-468 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musleeha Chesor
- Programme of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Potchanapond Graidist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Kanyanatt Kanokwiroon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
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1004
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Perdichizzi S, Mascolo MG, Silingardi P, Morandi E, Rotondo F, Guerrini A, Prete L, Vaccari M, Colacci A. Cancer-related genes transcriptionally induced by the fungicide penconazole. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:125-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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1005
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Sokolenko AP, Bulanova DR, Iyevleva AG, Aleksakhina SN, Preobrazhenskaya EV, Ivantsov AO, Kuligina ES, Mitiushkina NV, Suspitsin EN, Yanus GA, Zaitseva OA, Yatsuk OS, Togo AV, Kota P, Dixon JM, Larionov AA, Kuznetsov SG, Imyanitov EN. High prevalence of GPRC5A germline mutations in BRCA1-mutant breast cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2014; 134:2352-8. [PMID: 24470238 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In a search for new breast cancer (BC) predisposing genes, we performed a whole exome sequencing analysis using six patient samples of familial BC and identified a germline inactivating mutation c.183delG [p. Arg61fs] in an orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPRC5A. An extended case-control study revealed a tenfold enrichment for this mutation in BC patients carrying the 5382insC allele of BRCA1, the major founder mutation in the Russian population, compared to wild-type BRCA1 BC cases [6/117 (5.1%) vs. 8/1578 (0.5%), p = 0.0002]. In mammary tumors (n = 60), the mRNA expression of GPRC5A significantly correlated with that of BRCA1 (p = 0.00018). In addition, the amount of GPRC5A transcript was significantly lower in BC obtained from BRCA1 mutation carriers (n = 17) compared to noncarriers (n = 93) (p = 0.026). Accordingly, a siRNA-mediated knockdown of either BRCA1 or GPRC5A in the MDA-MB-231 human BC cell line reduced expression of GPRC5A or BRCA1, respectively. Knockdown of GPRC5A also attenuated radiation-induced BRCA1- and RAD51-containing nuclear DNA repair foci. Taken together, these data suggest that GPRC5A is a modifier of BC risk in BRCA1 mutation carriers and reveals a functional interaction of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Sokolenko
- Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St.-Petersburg, Russia; Department of Medical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg, Russia
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1006
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Adams DL, Zhu P, Makarova OV, Martin SS, Charpentier M, Chumsri S, Li S, Amstutz P, Tang CM. The systematic study of circulating tumor cell isolation using lithographic microfilters. RSC Adv 2014; 9:4334-4342. [PMID: 25614802 DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46839a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) disseminated into peripheral blood from a primary, or metastatic, tumor can be used for early detection, diagnosis and monitoring of solid malignancies. CTC isolation by size exclusion techniques have long interested researchers as a simple broad based approach, which is methodologically diverse for use in both genomic and protein detection platforms. Though a variety of these microfiltration systems are employed academically and commercially, the limited ability to easily alter microfilter designs has hindered the optimization for CTC capture. To overcome this problem, we studied a unique photo-definable material with a scalable and mass producible photolithographic fabrication method. We use this fabrication method to systematically study and optimize the parameters necessary for CTC isolation using a microfiltration approach, followed by a comparison to a "standard" filtration membrane. We demonstrate that properly designed microfilters can capture MCF-7 cancer cells at rate of 98 ± 2% if they consist of uniform patterned distributions, ≥160 000 pores, and 7 μm pore diameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Adams
- Creatv MicroTech, Inc., 9900 Belward Campus Drive, Suite 330, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Peixuan Zhu
- Creatv MicroTech, Inc., 9900 Belward Campus Drive, Suite 330, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Olga V Makarova
- Creatv MicroTech, Inc., 2242 W. Harrison Street, Suite 109B, Chicago, IL 60612-3515, USA
| | - Stuart S Martin
- University of Maryland Baltimore, Greenebaum Cancer Center, 655 W. Baltimore St Suite BRB 10-029, Baltimore, MD 21136, USA
| | - Monica Charpentier
- University of Maryland Baltimore, Greenebaum Cancer Center, 655 W. Baltimore St Suite BRB 10-029, Baltimore, MD 21136, USA
| | - Saranya Chumsri
- University of Maryland Baltimore, Greenebaum Cancer Center, 655 W. Baltimore St Suite BRB 10-029, Baltimore, MD 21136, USA
| | - Shuhong Li
- Creatv MicroTech, Inc., 9900 Belward Campus Drive, Suite 330, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Platte Amstutz
- Creatv MicroTech, Inc., 11609 Lake Potomac Drive, Potomac, MD 20854, USA
| | - Cha-Mei Tang
- Creatv MicroTech, Inc., 11609 Lake Potomac Drive, Potomac, MD 20854, USA
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1007
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Guilbert C, Annis MG, Dong Z, Siegel PM, Miller WH, Mann KK. Arsenic trioxide overcomes rapamycin-induced feedback activation of AKT and ERK signaling to enhance the anti-tumor effects in breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85995. [PMID: 24392034 PMCID: PMC3877392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTORi) have clinical activity; however, the benefits of mTOR inhibition by rapamycin and rapamycin-derivatives (rapalogs) may be limited by a feedback mechanism that results in AKT activation. Increased AKT activity resulting from mTOR inhibition can be a result of increased signaling via the mTOR complex, TORC2. Previously, we published that arsenic trioxide (ATO) inhibits AKT activity and in some cases, decreases AKT protein expression. Therefore, we propose that combining ATO and rapamycin may circumvent the AKT feedback loop and increase the anti-tumor effects. Using a panel of breast cancer cell lines, we find that ATO, at clinically-achievable doses, can enhance the inhibitory activity of the mTORi temsirolimus. In all cell lines, temsirolimus treatment resulted in AKT activation, which was decreased by concomitant ATO treatment only in those cell lines where ATO enhanced growth inhibition. Treatment with rapalog also results in activated ERK signaling, which is decreased with ATO co-treatment in all cell lines tested. We next tested the toxicity and efficacy of rapamycin plus ATO combination therapy in a MDA-MB-468 breast cancer xenograft model. The drug combination was well-tolerated, and rapamycin did not increase ATO-induced liver enzyme levels. In addition, combination of these drugs was significantly more effective at inhibiting tumor growth compared to individual drug treatments, which corresponded with diminished phospho-Akt and phospho-ERK levels when compared with rapamycin-treated tumors. Therefore, we propose that combining ATO and mTORi may overcome the feedback loop by decreasing activation of the MAPK and AKT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Guilbert
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Matthew G. Annis
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Dong
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Peter M. Siegel
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Wilson H. Miller
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Koren K. Mann
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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1008
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Liu W, Xu J, Wu S, Liu Y, Yu X, Chen J, Tang X, Wang Z, Zhu X, Li X. Selective anti-proliferation of HER2-positive breast cancer cells by anthocyanins identified by high-throughput screening. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81586. [PMID: 24312561 PMCID: PMC3849376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpressed Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) drives the biology of 20% breast cancer and is a prediction of a poor prognosis for patients. HER2-targeted therapies significantly improve outcomes for HER2-positive patients. Traditional Chinese herbs/medicines have been used to treat breast cancer patients including HER2-positive patients in Asia for decades. Although the traditional medicines demonstrate efficacy in clinics for HER2-positive patients, the mechanism is largely unknown. In this article, we screened a 10,000 natural product library in 6 different cell lines representing breast cancer, and assessed the ability of each drug to cause cytotoxicity through a high-throughput screening approach. We have identified eight natural compounds that selectively inhibit the proliferation of HER2-positive cells. Two of the hit compounds, peonidin-3-glucoside and cyaniding-3-glucoside, are both extracts from black rice. They inhibit the phospho-HER2 and phospho-AKT and were confirmed to induce HER2-psotive breast cancer cells apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Peonidin-3-glucoside and cyaniding-3-glucoside treatments significantly reduced the tumor size and volume in vivo compared to the control group. There is no significant difference of antitumorgenic effects between peonidin-3-glucoside and cyaniding-3-glucoside treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Liu
- Department of Scientific Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jinmei Xu
- Department of Scientific Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shaoping Wu
- Department of Scientific Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yilun Liu
- Department of Scientific Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Department of Public Health, The Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Xindu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xi Tang
- Department of Scientific Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Scientific Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhu
- Department of Medical Image, First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xin Li
- Administrative Office of Chengdu Medical College, The Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- * E-mail:
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1009
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Hsu NC, Nien PY, Yokoyama KK, Chu PY, Hou MF. High chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 expression correlates with poor outcome in patients with breast cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 441:514-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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1010
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Eccles SA, Aboagye EO, Ali S, Anderson AS, Armes J, Berditchevski F, Blaydes JP, Brennan K, Brown NJ, Bryant HE, Bundred NJ, Burchell JM, Campbell AM, Carroll JS, Clarke RB, Coles CE, Cook GJR, Cox A, Curtin NJ, Dekker LV, dos Santos Silva I, Duffy SW, Easton DF, Eccles DM, Edwards DR, Edwards J, Evans DG, Fenlon DF, Flanagan JM, Foster C, Gallagher WM, Garcia-Closas M, Gee JMW, Gescher AJ, Goh V, Groves AM, Harvey AJ, Harvie M, Hennessy BT, Hiscox S, Holen I, Howell SJ, Howell A, Hubbard G, Hulbert-Williams N, Hunter MS, Jasani B, Jones LJ, Key TJ, Kirwan CC, Kong A, Kunkler IH, Langdon SP, Leach MO, Mann DJ, Marshall JF, Martin LA, Martin SG, Macdougall JE, Miles DW, Miller WR, Morris JR, Moss SM, Mullan P, Natrajan R, O’Connor JPB, O’Connor R, Palmieri C, Pharoah PDP, Rakha EA, Reed E, Robinson SP, Sahai E, Saxton JM, Schmid P, Smalley MJ, Speirs V, Stein R, Stingl J, Streuli CH, Tutt ANJ, Velikova G, Walker RA, Watson CJ, Williams KJ, Young LS, Thompson AM. Critical research gaps and translational priorities for the successful prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R92. [PMID: 24286369 PMCID: PMC3907091 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer remains a significant scientific, clinical and societal challenge. This gap analysis has reviewed and critically assessed enduring issues and new challenges emerging from recent research, and proposes strategies for translating solutions into practice. METHODS More than 100 internationally recognised specialist breast cancer scientists, clinicians and healthcare professionals collaborated to address nine thematic areas: genetics, epigenetics and epidemiology; molecular pathology and cell biology; hormonal influences and endocrine therapy; imaging, detection and screening; current/novel therapies and biomarkers; drug resistance; metastasis, angiogenesis, circulating tumour cells, cancer 'stem' cells; risk and prevention; living with and managing breast cancer and its treatment. The groups developed summary papers through an iterative process which, following further appraisal from experts and patients, were melded into this summary account. RESULTS The 10 major gaps identified were: (1) understanding the functions and contextual interactions of genetic and epigenetic changes in normal breast development and during malignant transformation; (2) how to implement sustainable lifestyle changes (diet, exercise and weight) and chemopreventive strategies; (3) the need for tailored screening approaches including clinically actionable tests; (4) enhancing knowledge of molecular drivers behind breast cancer subtypes, progression and metastasis; (5) understanding the molecular mechanisms of tumour heterogeneity, dormancy, de novo or acquired resistance and how to target key nodes in these dynamic processes; (6) developing validated markers for chemosensitivity and radiosensitivity; (7) understanding the optimal duration, sequencing and rational combinations of treatment for improved personalised therapy; (8) validating multimodality imaging biomarkers for minimally invasive diagnosis and monitoring of responses in primary and metastatic disease; (9) developing interventions and support to improve the survivorship experience; (10) a continuing need for clinical material for translational research derived from normal breast, blood, primary, relapsed, metastatic and drug-resistant cancers with expert bioinformatics support to maximise its utility. The proposed infrastructural enablers include enhanced resources to support clinically relevant in vitro and in vivo tumour models; improved access to appropriate, fully annotated clinical samples; extended biomarker discovery, validation and standardisation; and facilitated cross-discipline working. CONCLUSIONS With resources to conduct further high-quality targeted research focusing on the gaps identified, increased knowledge translating into improved clinical care should be achievable within five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne A Eccles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | - Eric O Aboagye
- Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Simak Ali
- Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Jo Armes
- Kings College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | | | - Jeremy P Blaydes
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Keith Brennan
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Nicola J Brown
- University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Helen E Bryant
- University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Nigel J Bundred
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | | | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Robert B Clarke
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Charlotte E Coles
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Gary JR Cook
- Kings College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Angela Cox
- University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Nicola J Curtin
- Newcastle University, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | | | | | - Stephen W Duffy
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Diana M Eccles
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Dylan R Edwards
- University of East Anglia, Earlham Road, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Joanne Edwards
- University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - D Gareth Evans
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Deborah F Fenlon
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | - Claire Foster
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | | | - Julia M W Gee
- University of Cardiff, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Andy J Gescher
- University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 4RH, UK
| | - Vicky Goh
- Kings College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Ashley M Groves
- University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Michelle Harvie
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Bryan T Hennessy
- Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, 123, St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Ingunn Holen
- University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Sacha J Howell
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Anthony Howell
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | | | | | - Bharat Jasani
- University of Cardiff, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Louise J Jones
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Timothy J Key
- University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Cliona C Kirwan
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Anthony Kong
- University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Ian H Kunkler
- University of Edinburgh, South Bridge, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Simon P Langdon
- University of Edinburgh, South Bridge, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Martin O Leach
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | - David J Mann
- Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - John F Marshall
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Lesley Ann Martin
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | - Stewart G Martin
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Sue M Moss
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Paul Mullan
- Queen’s University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Rachel Natrajan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | | | | | - Carlo Palmieri
- The University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 7ZX, UK
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Princess Alice Hospice, West End Lane, Esher KT10 8NA, UK
| | - Simon P Robinson
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5MG, UK
| | - Erik Sahai
- London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - John M Saxton
- University of East Anglia, Earlham Road, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Peter Schmid
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9PX, UK
| | | | | | - Robert Stein
- University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - John Stingl
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Christine J Watson
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute/University of Cambridge, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Kaye J Williams
- University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Leonie S Young
- Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, 123, St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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1011
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Dettmer K, Vogl FC, Ritter AP, Zhu W, Nürnberger N, Kreutz M, Oefner PJ, Gronwald W, Gottfried E. Distinct metabolic differences between various human cancer and primary cells. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2836-47. [PMID: 23857076 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen resurging interest in cancer cell metabolism and the role of secreted cancer metabolites in modulating the tumor stroma. Using a combination of nontargeted and targeted LC and GC-MS methods, the exometabolomes of three leukemia, two melanoma, three renal cell carcinoma, two colorectal adenocarcinoma, four hepatocellular carcinoma, three breast cancer, two bladder carcinoma, and one glioblastoma cell line, as well as five primary cultures of human melanocytes, hepatocytes, monocytes, CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes, that had been all cultivated under identical conditions, were investigated. Unsupervised affinity propagation clustering of the metabolic footprints yielded five distinct clusters that grouped the investigated cell cultures mainly according to the tissue of origin. A common expected feature of all neoplastic cells was high lactate production. Extracellular arginine and nicotinamide were major discriminants between normal and neoplastic hepatocytes. Further, significant differences in the assimilation of di- and tripeptides were observed. This finding appears to underscore the importance of peptides for meeting the increased bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands of many cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Dettmer
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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1012
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Cheng G, Zielonka J, McAllister DM, Mackinnon AC, Joseph J, Dwinell MB, Kalyanaraman B. Mitochondria-targeted vitamin E analogs inhibit breast cancer cell energy metabolism and promote cell death. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:285. [PMID: 23764021 PMCID: PMC3686663 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research has revealed that targeting mitochondrial bioenergetic metabolism is a promising chemotherapeutic strategy. Key to successful implementation of this chemotherapeutic strategy is the use of new and improved mitochondria-targeted cationic agents that selectively inhibit energy metabolism in breast cancer cells, while exerting little or no long-term cytotoxic effect in normal cells. METHODS In this study, we investigated the cytotoxicity and alterations in bioenergetic metabolism induced by mitochondria-targeted vitamin E analog (Mito-chromanol, Mito-ChM) and its acetylated ester analog (Mito-ChMAc). Assays of cell death, colony formation, mitochondrial bioenergetic function, intracellular ATP levels, intracellular and tissue concentrations of tested compounds, and in vivo tumor growth were performed. RESULTS Both Mito-ChM and Mito-ChMAc selectively depleted intracellular ATP and caused prolonged inhibition of ATP-linked oxygen consumption rate in breast cancer cells, but not in non-cancerous cells. These effects were significantly augmented by inhibition of glycolysis. Mito-ChM and Mito-ChMAc exhibited anti-proliferative effects and cytotoxicity in several breast cancer cells with different genetic background. Furthermore, Mito-ChM selectively accumulated in tumor tissue and inhibited tumor growth in a xenograft model of human breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that mitochondria-targeted small molecular weight chromanols exhibit selective anti-proliferative effects and cytotoxicity in multiple breast cancer cells, and that esterification of the hydroxyl group in mito-chromanols is not a critical requirement for its anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Cheng
- Free Radical Research Center and Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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1013
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Baniwal SK, Chimge NO, Jordan VC, Tripathy D, Frenkel B. Prolactin-induced protein (PIP) regulates proliferation of luminal A type breast cancer cells in an estrogen-independent manner. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62361. [PMID: 23755096 PMCID: PMC3670933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin-induced Protein (PIP), an aspartyl protease unessential for normal mammalian cell function, is required for the proliferation and invasion of some breast cancer (BCa) cell types. Because PIP expression is particularly high in the Luminal A BCa subtype, we investigated the roles of PIP in the related T47D BCa cell line. Nucleic acid and antibody arrays were employed to screen effects of PIP silencing on global gene expression and activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), respectively. Expression of PIP-stimulated genes, as defined in the T47D cell culture model, was well correlated with the expression of PIP itself across a cohort of 557 mRNA profiles of diverse BCa tumors, and bioinformatics analysis revealed cJUN and cMYC as major nodes in the PIP-dependent gene network. Among 71 RTKs tested, PIP silencing resulted in decreased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), ephrin B3 (EphB3), FYN, and hemopoietic cell kinase (HCK). Ablation of PIP also abrogated serum-induced activation of the downstream serine/threonine kinases AKT, ERK1/2, and JNK1. Consistent with these results, PIP-depleted cells exhibited defects in adhesion to fibronectin, cytoskeletal stress fiber assembly and protein secretion. In addition, PIP silencing abrogated the mitogenic response of T47D BCa cells to estradiol (E2). The dependence of BCa cell proliferation was unrelated, however, to estrogen signaling because: 1) PIP silencing did not affect the transcriptional response of estrogen target genes to hormone treatment, and 2) PIP was required for the proliferation of tamoxifen-resistant BCa cells. Pharmacological inhibition of PIP may therefore serve the bases for both augmentation of existing therapies for hormone-dependent tumors and the development of novel therapeutic approaches for hormone-resistant BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev K Baniwal
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
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1014
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Prabhakaran P, Hassiotou F, Blancafort P, Filgueira L. Cisplatin induces differentiation of breast cancer cells. Front Oncol 2013; 3:134. [PMID: 23761858 PMCID: PMC3669802 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast tumors are heterogeneous including cells with stem cell properties and more differentiated cells. This heterogeneity is reflected into the molecular breast cancer subtypes. Breast cancer stem cells are resistant to chemotherapy, thus recent efforts are focusing on identifying treatments that shift them toward a more differentiated phenotype, making them more susceptible to chemotherapy. We examined whether the drug cisplatin induces differentiation in breast cancer cell lines that represent different breast cancer subtypes. We used three cell lines representing triple-negative breast cancers, BT-549 and MDA-MB-231 (claudin-low), and MDA-MB-468 (basal-like), along with estrogen and progesterone receptor positive MCF-7 cells (luminal). Cisplatin was applied at 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 μM, and cell viability and proliferation were measured using MTS and BrdU assays, respectively. The effect of cisplatin on the cellular hierarchy was examined by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR. Cisplatin treatment of 10 and 20 μM reduced cell viability by 36–51% and proliferation capacity by 36–67%. Treatment with cisplatin resulted in 12–67% down-regulation of stem cell markers (CD49f, SSEA4) and 10–130% up-regulation of differentiation markers (CK18, SMA, β-tubulin). At the mRNA level, CD49f was down-regulated whilst β-tubulin was up-regulated in the claudin-low cell lines. SSEA4 protein expression decreased upon cisplatin treatment, but SSEA4 mRNA expression increased indicating a differential regulation of cisplatin at the post-transcriptional level. It is concluded that cisplatin reduces breast cancer cell survival and induces differentiation of stem/progenitor cell subpopulations within breast cancer cell lines. These effects indicate the potential of this drug to target specific chemotherapy-resistant cells within a tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praseetha Prabhakaran
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia , Crawley, Perth, WA , Australia ; Faculty of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Skudai, Johor , Malaysia
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1015
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Wu K, Li Z, Cai S, Tian L, Chen K, Wang J, Hu J, Sun Y, Li X, Ertel A, Pestell RG. EYA1 phosphatase function is essential to drive breast cancer cell proliferation through cyclin D1. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4488-99. [PMID: 23636126 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila Eyes Absent Homologue 1 (EYA1) is a component of the retinal determination gene network and serves as an H2AX phosphatase. The cyclin D1 gene encodes the regulatory subunits of a holoenzyme that phosphorylates and inactivates the pRb protein. Herein, comparison with normal breast showed that EYA1 is overexpressed with cyclin D1 in luminal B breast cancer subtype. EYA1 enhanced breast tumor growth in mice in vivo, requiring the phosphatase domain. EYA1 enhanced cellular proliferation, inhibited apoptosis, and induced contact-independent growth and cyclin D1 abundance. The induction of cellular proliferation and cyclin D1 abundance, but not apoptosis, was dependent upon the EYA1 phosphatase domain. The EYA1-mediated transcriptional induction of cyclin D1 occurred via the AP-1-binding site at -953 and required the EYA1 phosphatase function. The AP-1 mutation did not affect SIX1-dependent activation of cyclin D1. EYA1 was recruited in the context of local chromatin to the cyclin D1 AP-1 site. The EYA1 phosphatase function determined the recruitment of CBP, RNA polymerase II, and acetylation of H3K9 at the cyclin D1 gene AP-1 site regulatory region in the context of local chromatin. The EYA1 phosphatase regulates cell-cycle control via transcriptional complex formation at the cyclin D1 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongming Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA19107, USA
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1016
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Salyer SA, Olberding JR, Distler AA, Lederer ED, Clark BJ, Delamere NA, Khundmiri SJ. Vacuolar ATPase driven potassium transport in highly metastatic breast cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1734-43. [PMID: 23639630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in women and thus has received a great deal of attention by researchers. Recent studies suggested decreased occurrence of cancer in patients treated with cardiac glycosides (CGs) for heart conditions. Because CGs induce their cellular effects via the Na(+), K(+) ATPase (Na-K), we treated four breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, T47D, MDA-MB453, and MDA-MB231) and a non-cancerous breast ductal epithelial cell line (MCF-10A) with ouabain, a well-characterized CG, and measured cell proliferation by measuring bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. Ouabain (1μM) decreased cell proliferation in all cell lines studied except MDA-MB453 cells. Western blot of Na-K α and β subunits showed α1, α3, and β1 expression in all cell lines except MDA-MB453 cells where Na-K protein and mRNA were absent. Potassium uptake, measured as rubidium ((86)Rb) flux, and intracellular potassium were both significantly higher in MDA-MB453 cells compared to MCF-10A cells. RT-qPCR suggested a 7 fold increase in voltage-gated potassium channel (KCNQ2) expression in MDA-MB453 cells compared to MCF-10A cells. Inhibition of KCNQ2 prevented cell growth and (86)Rb uptake in MDA-MB453 cells but not in MCF-10A cells. All cancer cells had significantly higher vacuolar H-ATPase (V-ATPase) activity than MCF-10A cells. Inhibition of V-ATPase decreased (86)Rb uptake and intracellular potassium in MDA-MB453 cells but not in MCF-10A cells. The findings point to the absence of Na-K, high hERG and KCNQ2 expression, elevated V-ATPase activity and sensitivity to V-ATPase inhibitors in MDA-MB453. We conclude that cancer cells exhibit fundamentally different metabolic pathways for maintenance of intracellular ion homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Salyer
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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1017
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McNamara KM, Yoda T, Miki Y, Chanplakorn N, Wongwaisayawan S, Incharoen P, Kongdan Y, Wang L, Takagi K, Mayu T, Nakamura Y, Suzuki T, Nemoto N, Miyashita M, Tamaki K, Ishida T, Ohuchi N, Sasano H. Androgenic pathway in triple negative invasive ductal tumors: its correlation with tumor cell proliferation. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:639-46. [PMID: 23373898 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is defined by estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negativity. Patients with TNBC frequently undergo an aggressive clinical course due to the unavailability of specific targeted therapies. Androgen receptor (AR) was reported to be expressed in up to 60% of TNBC cases but there have been controversies as to the roles of androgen signaling through AR in TNBC. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the status of AR in combination with androgen synthesizing enzymes (5α-reductase type 1 (5αR1) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 (17βHSD5)] in order to further understand androgenic actions in TNBC. Androgen receptor, 5αR1, and 17βHSD5 were immunolocalized in a cohort of 203 TNBC patients from Thailand and Japan. We then correlated the findings with clinicopathological characteristics (age, stage, tumor diameter, lymph node invasion, metastatic spread, Ki-67 labeling index, disease-free survival, and overall survival) of the patients. Univariate analysis revealed that AR+/enzyme+ cases were associated with a significantly lower Ki-67 labeling index than AR-/enzyme- samples. Multivariate analysis indicated the presence of significant positive correlations between AR and enzyme status in tumor cells, and between tumor diameter, lymph node invasion, and distant metastasis. Significant negative correlations were also detected between Ki-67 labeling index and AR status (P = 0.04) or 5αR1 (P < 0.001). Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that Ki-67 labeling index and stage were the only factors predicting disease-free and overall survival of the patients, although univariate Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed AR/5αR1 negativity suggested a more adverse clinical course up to 80 months after surgery. These results suggest that the presence of androgen synthesizing pathways in addition to AR expression in tumor cells could confer a better clinical outcome through suppression of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely M McNamara
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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1018
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DeRose YS, Gligorich KM, Wang G, Georgelas A, Bowman P, Courdy SJ, Welm AL, Welm BE. Patient-derived models of human breast cancer: protocols for in vitro and in vivo applications in tumor biology and translational medicine. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2013; Chapter 14:Unit14.23. [PMID: 23456611 PMCID: PMC3630511 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph1423s60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Research models that replicate the diverse genetic and molecular landscape of breast cancer are critical for developing the next-generation therapeutic entities that can target specific cancer subtypes. Patient-derived tumorgrafts, generated by transplanting primary human tumor samples into immune-compromised mice, are a valuable method to model the clinical diversity of breast cancer in mice, and are a potential resource in personalized medicine. Primary tumorgrafts also enable in vivo testing of therapeutics and make possible the use of patient cancer tissue for in vitro screens. Described in this unit are a variety of protocols including tissue collection, biospecimen tracking, tissue processing, transplantation, and three-dimensional culturing of xenografted tissue, which enable use of bona fide uncultured human tissue in designing and validating cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko S. DeRose
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Keith M. Gligorich
- Department of Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Guoying Wang
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Ann Georgelas
- Tissue Resource and Applications Core Shared Resource Facility, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Paulette Bowman
- Tissue Resource and Applications Core Shared Resource Facility, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Samir J. Courdy
- Research Informatics, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Alana L. Welm
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Bryan E. Welm
- Department of Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
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1019
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McNamara KM, Yoda T, Takagi K, Miki Y, Suzuki T, Sasano H. Androgen receptor in triple negative breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 133:66-76. [PMID: 22982153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The clinical management of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is challenging due to the relatively aggressive biological behaviour and paucity of specific targeted therapy. A subset of TNBC patients has been reported to express androgen receptor (AR) in carcinoma cells and the manipulation of androgen signalling or AR targeted therapies have been proposed. However, the biological significance of AR in TNBC has remained relatively unknown. Therefore, this review aims to summarise the reported studies assessing the rates of AR positivity in TNBC patients and androgenic effects in TNBC cell lines. The rates of AR positivity among TNBC cases varied depending on the study population (0-53% of all TNBC patients). This difference among the reported studies may be largely due to the methodological differences of analysing AR. While the majority of cell line studies suggest that androgen increase proliferation and preliminary clinical studies suggest that AR antagonists improve the prognosis of AR positive TNBC patients, cell line transfection experiments and survival analyses of histological samples suggest that the presence of AR in tumour is either benign or predicts better survival. Therefore further translational investigations regarding the mechanisms of androgen action in TNBC are required to explain this discrepancy between clinical and basic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M McNamara
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Tohoku University School of Graduate Medicine, Japan.
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1020
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Effect of Berry Extracts and Bioactive Compounds on Fulvestrant (ICI 182,780) Sensitive and Resistant Cell Lines. Int J Breast Cancer 2012; 2012:147828. [PMID: 23346406 PMCID: PMC3549366 DOI: 10.1155/2012/147828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fulvestrant (ICI 182,780; ICI) is approved for the treatment of advanced metastatic breast cancer that is unresponsive to other endocrine therapies. Berries are frequently consumed for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer potential. In this study, we tested the efficacy of two berry extracts (Jamun-EJAE and red raspberry-RRE) and their bioactive compounds (Delphinidin-Del and Ellagic acid-EA) to inhibit cell proliferation with or without a sublethal dose of ICI in various breast cancer cell lines. ICI-sensitive (LCC1, ZR75-1, and BT474) and -resistant (LCC9, ZR75-1R) cells were subjected to treatment with berry extracts alone (0.1–100 μg/mL) or with a sub-lethal dose of ICI (<IC50 dose; 1 nM for sensitive; 1 μM for resistant cells). Extracts and Del enhanced the effect of ICI in sensitive ZR75-1 and BT474 cells primarily in an additive fashion (measured by relative index (RI)~1). In ZR75-1R cells, both EJAE and RRE synergistically enhanced the effects of ICI (15–50%; P < 0.05; RI > 1). EA, in doses tested, did not have any significant effects on any of the cell lines. Finally, we found that the extracts were more effective at lower, physiologically relevant concentrations than at higher experimental doses.
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1021
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Ho KS, Poon PC, Owen SC, Shoichet MS. Blood vessel hyperpermeability and pathophysiology in human tumour xenograft models of breast cancer: a comparison of ectopic and orthotopic tumours. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:579. [PMID: 23217114 PMCID: PMC3539979 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human tumour xenografts in immune compromised mice are widely used as cancer models because they are easy to reproduce and simple to use in a variety of pre-clinical assessments. Developments in nanomedicine have led to the use of tumour xenografts in testing nanoscale delivery devices, such as nanoparticles and polymer-drug conjugates, for targeting and efficacy via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. For these results to be meaningful, the hyperpermeable vasculature and reduced lymphatic drainage associated with tumour pathophysiology must be replicated in the model. In pre-clinical breast cancer xenograft models, cells are commonly introduced via injection either orthotopically (mammary fat pad, MFP) or ectopically (subcutaneous, SC), and the organ environment experienced by the tumour cells has been shown to influence their behaviour. METHODS To evaluate xenograft models of breast cancer in the context of EPR, both orthotopic MFP and ectopic SC injections of MDA-MB-231-H2N cells were given to NOD scid gamma (NSG) mice. Animals with matched tumours in two size categories were tested by injection of a high molecular weight dextran as a model nanocarrier. Tumours were collected and sectioned to assess dextran accumulation compared to liver tissue as a positive control. To understand the cellular basis of these observations, tumour sections were also immunostained for endothelial cells, basement membranes, pericytes, and lymphatic vessels. RESULTS SC tumours required longer development times to become size matched to MFP tumours, and also presented wide size variability and ulcerated skin lesions 6 weeks after cell injection. The 3 week MFP tumour model demonstrated greater dextran accumulation than the size matched 5 week SC tumour model (for P < 0.10). Immunostaining revealed greater vascular density and thinner basement membranes in the MFP tumour model 3 weeks after cell injection. Both the MFP and SC tumours showed evidence of insufficient lymphatic drainage, as many fluid-filled and collagen IV-lined spaces were observed, which likely contain excess interstitial fluid. CONCLUSIONS Dextran accumulation and immunostaining results suggest that small MFP tumours best replicate the vascular permeability required to observe the EPR effect in vivo. A more predictable growth profile and the absence of ulcerated skin lesions further point to the MFP model as a strong choice for long term treatment studies that initiate after a target tumour size has been reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn S Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada
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1022
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Buchwald M, Pietschmann K, Brand P, Günther A, Mahajan NP, Heinzel T, Krämer OH. SIAH ubiquitin ligases target the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase ACK1 for ubiquitinylation and proteasomal degradation. Oncogene 2012. [PMID: 23208506 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Activated Cdc42-associated kinase 1 (ACK1) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase linked to cellular transformation. The aberrant regulation of ACK1 promotes tumor progression and metastasis. Therefore, ACK1 is regarded as a valid target in cancer therapy. Seven in absentia homolog (SIAH) ubiquitin ligases facilitate substrate ubiquitinylation that targets proteins to the proteasomal degradation pathway. Here we report that ACK1 and SIAH1 from Homo sapiens interact in a yeast two-hybrid screen. Protein-protein interaction studies and protein degradation analyses using deletion and point mutants of ACK1 verify that SIAH1 and the related SIAH2 interact with ACK1. The association between SIAHs and ACK1 depends on the integrity of a highly conserved SIAH-binding motif located in the far C-terminus of ACK1. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the interaction of ACK1 with SIAH1 and the induction of proteasomal degradation of ACK1 by SIAH1 are independent of ACK1's kinase activity. Chemical inhibitors blocking proteasomal activity corroborate that SIAH1 and SIAH2 destabilize the ACK1 protein by inducing its proteasomal turnover. This mechanism apparently differs from the lysosomal pathway targeting ACK1 after stimulation with the epidermal growth factor. Our data also show that ACK1, but not ACK1 mutants lacking the SIAH binding motif, has a discernable negative effect on SIAH levels. Additionally, knockdown approaches targeting the SIAH2 mRNA uncover specifically that the induction of SIAH2 expression, by hormonally-induced estrogen receptor (ER) activation, decreases the levels of ACK1 in luminal human breast cancer cells. Collectively, our data provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms modulating ACK1 and they position SIAH ubiquitin ligases as negative regulators of ACK1 in transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Buchwald
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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1023
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Zhao J, Zhang J, Yu M, Xie Y, Huang Y, Wolff DW, Abel PW, Tu Y. Mitochondrial dynamics regulates migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2012; 32:4814-24. [PMID: 23128392 PMCID: PMC3911914 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic and undergo constant fusion and fission that are essential for maintaining physiological functions of cells. Although dysfunction of mitochondria has been implicated in tumorigenesis, little is known about the roles of mitochondrial dynamics in metastasis, the major cause of cancer death. In the present study, we found a marked upregulation of mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) expression in human invasive breast carcinoma and metastases to lymph nodes. Compared to non-metastatic breast cancer cells, mitochondria also were more fragmented in metastatic breast cancer cells that express higher levels of total and active Drp1 and less mitochondrial fusion protein 1 (Mfn1). Silencing Drp1 or overexpression of Mfn1 resulted in mitochondria elongation or clusters, respectively, and significantly suppressed metastatic abilities of breast cancer cells. In contrast, silencing Mfn proteins led to mitochondrial fragmentation and enhanced metastatic abilities of breast cancer cells. Interestingly, these manipulations of mitochondrial dynamics altered the subcellular distribution of mitochondria in breast cancer cells. For example, silencing Drp1 or overexpression of Mfn1 inhibited lamellipodia formation, a key step for cancer metastasis, and suppressed chemoattractant-induced recruitment of mitochondria to lamellipodial regions. Conversely, silencing Mfn proteins resulted in more cell spreading and lamellipodia formation, causing accumulation of more mitochondria in lamollipodia regions. More importantly, treatment with a mitochondrial uncoupling agent or ATP synthesis inhibitor reduced lamellipodia formation and decreased breast cancer cell migration and invasion, suggesting a functional importance of mitochondria in breast cancer metastasis. Together, our findings show a new role and mechanism for regulation of cancer cell migration and invasion by mitochondrial dynamics. Thus targeting dysregulated Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission may provide a novel strategy for suppressing breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhao
- 1] National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China [2] Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
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1024
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Epigenetic Regulation of Cancer Stem Cell Genes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:257-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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1025
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VI-14, a novel flavonoid derivative, inhibits migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 261:217-26. [PMID: 22538171 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It has been well characterized that flavonoids possess pronounced anticancer potentials including anti-angiogenesis, anti-metastasis, and pro-apoptosis. Herein, we report, for the first time, that VI-14, a novel flavonoid derivative, possesses anti-cancer properties. The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-migration and anti-invasion activities of VI-14 in breast cancer cells. Our data indicate that VI-14 inhibits adhesion, migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435 human breast cancer cells. MDA-MB-231 cells treated with VI-14 display reduced activities and expressions of ECM degradation-associated proteins including matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and 9 (MMP-9) at both the protein and mRNA levels. Meanwhile, VI-14 treatment induces an up-regulated expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) and 2 (TIMP-2) in MDA-MB-231 cells. Western blotting results show that phosphorylation levels of critical components of the MAPK signaling pathway, including ERK, JNK and P38, are dramatically decreased in VI-14-treated MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, treatment of VI-14 significantly decreases the nuclear levels and the binding ability of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1). Taken together, our data suggest that VI-14 treatment suppresses migration and motility of breast cancer cells, and VI-14 may be a potential compound for cancer therapy.
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