1151
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Abstract
The circulating FGFs are a new group of proteins believed to function as classic hormones. With emphasis on human metabolism, we critically review current data, and propose that--although a number of questions remain--circulating FGF23 is pivotal in the control of phosphate and vitamin D metabolism, and may have additional systemic effects, particularly in chronic kidney disease; that FGF19 signaling is important for the regulation of bile acid metabolism, whereas its physiological role in promoting glucose and lipid metabolism is less well understood; and that the physiological role of circulating FGF21 in metabolic homeostasis warrants further investigation.
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1152
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The roles of receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands in the wound repair process. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:963-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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1153
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Pang G, Xie J, Chen Q, Hu Z. How functional foods play critical roles in human health. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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1154
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Yildirimer L, Thanh NT, Seifalian AM. Skin regeneration scaffolds: a multimodal bottom-up approach. Trends Biotechnol 2012; 30:638-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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1155
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Cicione C, Degirolamo C, Moschetta A. Emerging role of fibroblast growth factors 15/19 and 21 as metabolic integrators in the liver. Hepatology 2012; 56:2404-11. [PMID: 22753116 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) 15/19 and 21 belong to the FGF endocrine subfamily. They present the intriguing characteristic to be transcribed and secreted in certain tissues and to act as hormones. The insulin-mimetic properties of FGF21 and the regulatory role of FGF15/19 in bile acid and glucose homeostasis endorse these hormones as druggable targets in metabolic disorders. Here, we present details on discoveries, identification, transcriptional regulation, and mechanism of actions of FGF15/19 and FGF21 with a critical perspective view on their putative role as metabolic integrators in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cicione
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Translational Pharmacology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (CH), Italy
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1156
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Abstract
Bone tissue has an exceptional quality to regenerate to native tissue in response to injury. However, the fracture repair process requires mechanical stability or a viable biological microenvironment or both to ensure successful healing to native tissue. An improved understanding of the molecular and cellular events that occur during bone repair and remodeling has led to the development of biologic agents that can augment the biological microenvironment and enhance bone repair. Orthobiologics, including stem cells, osteoinductive growth factors, osteoconductive matrices, and anabolic agents, are available clinically for accelerating fracture repair and treatment of compromised bone repair situations like delayed unions and nonunions. Preclinical and clinical studies using biologic agents like recombinant bone morphogenetic proteins have demonstrated an efficacy similar or better than that of autologous bone graft in acute fracture healing. A lack of standardized outcome measures for comparison of biologic agents in clinical fracture repair trials, frequent off-label use, and a limited understanding of the biological activity of these agents at the bone repair site have limited their efficacy in clinical applications.
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1157
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Auciello G, Cunningham DL, Tatar T, Heath JK, Rappoport JZ. Regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling and trafficking by Src and Eps8. J Cell Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203811 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.116228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) mediate a wide spectrum of cellular responses that are crucial for development and wound healing. However, aberrant FGFR activity leads to cancer. Activated growth factor receptors undergo stimulated endocytosis, but can continue to signal along the endocytic pathway. Endocytic trafficking controls the duration and intensity of signalling, and growth factor receptor signalling can lead to modifications of trafficking pathways. We have developed live-cell imaging methods for studying FGFR dynamics to investigate mechanisms that coordinate the interplay between receptor trafficking and signal transduction. Activated FGFR enters the cell following recruitment to pre-formed clathrin-coated pits (CCPs). However, FGFR activation stimulates clathrin-mediated endocytosis; FGF treatment increases the number of CCPs, including those undergoing endocytosis, and this effect is mediated by Src and its phosphorylation target Eps8. Eps8 interacts with the clathrin-mediated endocytosis machinery and depletion of Eps8 inhibits FGFR trafficking and immediate Erk signalling. Once internalized, FGFR passes through peripheral early endosomes en route to recycling and degredative compartments, through an Src- and Eps8-dependent mechanism. Thus Eps8 functions as a key coordinator in the interplay between FGFR signalling and trafficking. This work provides the first detailed mechanistic analysis of growth factor receptor clustering at the cell surface through signal transduction and endocytic trafficking. As we have characterised the Src target Eps8 as a key regulator of FGFR signalling and trafficking, and identified the early endocytic system as the site of Eps8-mediated effects, this work provides novel mechanistic insight into the reciprocal regulation of growth factor receptor signalling and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Auciello
- CRUK Growth Factor Group, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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1158
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Du X, Wang QR, Chan E, Merchant M, Liu J, French D, Ashkenazi A, Qing J. FGFR3 stimulates stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 activity to promote bladder tumor growth. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5843-55. [PMID: 23019225 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) belongs to a family of receptor tyrosine kinases that control cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Aberrant activation of FGFR3 via overexpression or mutation is a frequent feature of bladder cancer; however, its molecular and cellular consequences and functional relevance to carcinogenesis are not well understood. Through transcriptional profiling of bladder carcinoma cells subjected to short hairpin RNA knockdown of FGFR3, we identified a gene-signature linking FGFR3 signaling with de novo sterol and lipid biosynthesis and metabolism. We found that FGFR3 signaling promotes the cleavage and activation of the master transcriptional regulator of lipogenesis, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1(SREBP1/SREBF1), in a PI3K-mTORC1-dependent fashion. In turn, SREBP1 regulates the expression of key lipogenic enzymes, including stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1/SCD). SCD1 is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids and is crucial for lipid homeostasis. In human bladder cancer cell lines expressing constitutively active FGFR3, knockdown of SCD1 by siRNA markedly attenuated cell-cycle progression, reduced proliferation, and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, inducible knockdown of SCD1 in a bladder cancer xenograft model substantially inhibited tumor progression. Pharmacologic inhibition of SCD1 blocked fatty acid desaturation and also exerted antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. Together, these findings reveal a previously unrecognized role of FGFR3 in regulating lipid metabolism to maintain tumor growth and survival, and also identify SCD1 as a potential therapeutic target for FGFR3-driven bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangnan Du
- Molecular Oncology, Cancer Signaling and Translational Oncology, Bioinformatics, and Pathology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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1159
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1160
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Xia X, Babcock JP, Blaber SI, Harper KM, Blaber M. Pharmacokinetic properties of 2nd-generation fibroblast growth factor-1 mutants for therapeutic application. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48210. [PMID: 23133616 PMCID: PMC3486806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) is an angiogenic factor with therapeutic potential for the treatment of ischemic disease. FGF-1 has low intrinsic thermostability and is characteristically formulated with heparin as a stabilizing agent. Heparin, however, adds a number of undesirable properties that negatively impact safety and cost. Mutations that increase the thermostability of FGF-1 may obviate the need for heparin in formulation and may prove to be useful “2nd-generation” forms for therapeutic use. We report a pharmacokinetic (PK) study in rabbits of human FGF-1 in the presence and absence of heparin, as well as three mutant forms having differential effects upon thermostability, buried reactive thiols, and heparin affinity. The results support the hypothesis that heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) in the vasculature of liver, kidney and spleen serves as the principle peripheral compartment in the distribution kinetics. The addition of heparin to FGF-1 is shown to increase endocrine-like properties of distribution. Mutant forms of FGF-1 that enhance thermostability or eliminate buried reactive thiols demonstrate a shorter distribution half-life, a longer elimination half-life, and a longer mean residence time (MRT) in comparison to wild-type FGF-1. The results show how such mutations can produce useful 2nd-generation forms with tailored PK profiles for specific therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Joseph P. Babcock
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sachiko I. Blaber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Harper
- Biomedical Research Laboratory Animal Resources, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael Blaber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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1161
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Mitten EK, Jing D, Suzuki Y. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are required for wound closure and healing during larval leg regeneration in the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 42:854-864. [PMID: 22940602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative abilities are found ubiquitously among many metazoan taxa. To compare mechanisms underlying the initial stages of limb regeneration between insects and vertebrates, the roles of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling were investigated in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of MMP2 expression delayed wound healing and subsequent leg regeneration. Additionally, pairwise knockdown of MMP1/2 and MMP2/3, but not MMP1/3, resulted in inhibition of wound closure. Wound healing on the dorsal epidermis after injury was also delayed when MMPs were silenced. Our findings show that functionally redundant MMPs play key roles during limb regeneration and wound healing in Tribolium. This MMP-mediated wound healing is necessary for the subsequent formation of a blastema. In contrast, silencing of FGF receptor did not interfere with the initial stages of leg regeneration despite the alterations in tanning of the cuticle. Thus, insects and vertebrates appear to employ similar developmental processes for the initial stages of wound closure during limb regeneration, while the role of FGF in limb regeneration appears to be unique to vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie K Mitten
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St., Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
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1162
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Zhang HY, Zhang X, Wang ZG, Shi HX, Wu FZ, Lin BB, Xu XL, Wang XJ, Fu XB, Li ZY, Shen CJ, Li XK, Xiao J. Exogenous basic fibroblast growth factor inhibits ER stress-induced apoptosis and improves recovery from spinal cord injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 19:20-9. [PMID: 23082997 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis as well as the protective action of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) both in vivo and in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS ER stress-induced apoptosis was involved in the injuries of spinal cord injury (SCI) model rat. bFGF administration improved the recovery and increased the survival of neurons in spinal cord lesions in model rat. The protective effect of bFGF is related to the inhibition of CHOP, GRP78 and caspase-12, which are ER stress-induced apoptosis response proteins. bFGF administration also increased the survival of neurons and the expression of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43), which is related to neural regeneration. The protective effect of bFGF is related to the activation of downstream signals, PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β and ERK1/2, especially in the ER stress cell model. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to illustrate that the role of bFGF in SCI recovery is related to the inhibition of ER stress-induced cell death via the activation of downstream signals. Our work also suggested a new trend for bFGF drug development in central neural system injuries, which are involved in chronic ER stress-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical College, China
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1163
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HULEJOVÁ H, ANDRÉS CEREZO L, KUKLOVÁ M, PECHA O, VONDRÁČEK T, PAVELKA K, VENCOVSKÝ J, HALUZÍK M, ŠENOLT L. Novel Adipokine Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Is Increased in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Physiol Res 2012; 61:489-94. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) has been recently characterized as a new adipokine. The aim of this study was to assess FGF-21 levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) and to study the relationship between FGF-21, disease activity and metabolic status. The levels of FGF-21 in serum and synovial fluid samples from 38 patients with RA and 42 control individuals with OA were determined by ELISA. Patients were assessed for disease activity using the disease activity score (DAS28), a serum glucose and lipid profile. Age, sex and BMI-adjusted FGF-21 levels in the serum (p=0.024) and synovial fluid (p=0.010) samples were significantly higher in patients with RA when compared with OA. The levels of FGF-21 in the serum significantly correlated with the levels in the synovial fluid. Serum and synovial fluid FGF-21 levels adjusted for confounders correlated positively with C-reactive protein. The levels of FGF-21 were positively correlated with BMI in patients with RA; however, the levels were not associated with disease activity or lipid profiles. Furthermore, serum FGF-21 levels were significantly higher in seropositive compared with seronegative RA patients. This work shows that patients with seropositive RA have increased levels of FGF-21. The results suggest that FGF-21 is related to BMI but not disease activity or lipid profiles in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - L. ŠENOLT
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Rheumatology, Institute of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague
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1164
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Singh S, Singh M, Mak IWY, Turcotte R, Ghert M. Investigation of FGFR2-IIIC signaling via FGF-2 ligand for advancing GCT stromal cell differentiation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46769. [PMID: 23071632 PMCID: PMC3469652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Giant cell tumor of bone (GCT) is an aggressive bone tumor consisting of multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells and proliferating osteoblast-like stromal cells. The signaling mechanism involved in GCT stromal cell osteoblastic differentiation is not fully understood. Previous work in our lab reported that GCT stromal cells express high levels of TWIST1, a master transcription factor in skeletal development, which in turn down-regulates Runx2 expression and prevents terminal osteoblastic differentiation in these cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the upstream regulation of TWIST1 in GCT cells. Using GCT stromal cells obtained from patient specimens, we demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-2 signaling plays an essential role in bone development and promotes differentiation of immature osteoblastic cells. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 stimulates FGFR-2 expression, resulting in decreased TWIST1 expression and increased Runx2, alkaline phosphastase (ALP) and osteopontin (OPN) expression. Inhibition of FGFR-2 through siRNA decreased the expression of ALP, Runx2 and OPN in GCT stromal cells. Our study also confirmed that FGF-2 ligand activates downstream ERK1/2 signaling and pharmacological inhibition of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway suppresses FGF-2 stimulated osteogenic differentiation in these cells. Our results indicate a significant role of FGFR-2 signaling in osteoblastic differentiation in GCT stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Singh
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohini Singh
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Robert Turcotte
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michelle Ghert
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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1165
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Koizumi K, Takano K, Kaneyasu A, Watanabe-Takano H, Tokuda E, Abe T, Watanabe N, Takenawa T, Endo T. RhoD activated by fibroblast growth factor induces cytoneme-like cellular protrusions through mDia3C. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:4647-61. [PMID: 23034183 PMCID: PMC3510025 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-04-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase RhoD, activated by fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling, forms actin-based, cytoneme-like, thin and long cellular protrusions through activating mDia3C. These protrusions transmit FGF receptors toward the cell body. They are likely to be responsible for intercellular communication between FGF-producing cells and target cells. The small GTPase RhoD regulates actin cytoskeleton to collapse actin stress fibers and focal adhesions, resulting in suppression of cell migration and cytokinesis. It also induces alignment of early endosomes along actin filaments and reduces their motility. We show here that a constitutively activated RhoD generated two types of actin-containing thin peripheral cellular protrusions distinct from Cdc42-induced filopodia. One was longer, almost straight, immotile, and sensitive to fixation, whereas the other was shorter, undulating, motile, and resistant to fixation. Moreover, cells expressing wild-type RhoD extended protrusions toward fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2/4/8–coated beads. Stimulation of wild-type RhoD-expressing cells with these FGFs also caused formation of cellular protrusions. Nodules moved through the RhoD-induced longer protrusions, mainly toward the cell body. Exogenously expressed FGF receptor was associated with these moving nodules containing endosome-like vesicles. These results suggest that the protrusions are responsible for intercellular communication mediated by FGF and its receptor. Accordingly, the protrusions are morphologically and functionally equivalent to cytonemes. RhoD was activated by FGF2/4/8. Knockdown of RhoD interfered with FGF-induced protrusion formation. Activated RhoD specifically bound to mDia3C and facilitated actin polymerization together with mDia3C. mDia3C was localized to the tips or stems of the protrusions. In addition, constitutively activated mDia3C formed protrusions without RhoD or FGF stimulation. Knockdown of mDia3 obstructed RhoD-induced protrusion formation. These results imply that RhoD activated by FGF signaling forms cytoneme-like protrusions through activation of mDia3C, which induces actin filament formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Koizumi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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1166
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Miyata M, Hata T, Yamakawa H, Kagawa T, Yoshinari K, Yamazoe Y. Involvement of multiple elements in FXR-mediated transcriptional activation of FGF19. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 132:41-7. [PMID: 22561792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal endocrine hormone human fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is involved in the regulation of not only hepatic bile acid metabolism but also carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In the present study, bile acid/farnesoid X receptor (FXR) responsiveness in the FGF19 promoter region was investigated by a reporter assay using the human colon carcinoma cell line LS174T. The assay revealed the presence of bile acid/FXR-responsive elements in the 5'-flanking region up to 8.8 kb of FGF19. Deletion analysis indicated that regions from -1866 to -1833, from -1427 to -1353, and from -75 to +262 were involved in FXR responsiveness. Four, four, and two consecutive half-sites of nuclear receptors were observed in the three regions, respectively. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay revealed FXR/retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) heterodimer binding in these three regions. EMSA and reporter assays using mutated constructs indicated that the nuclear receptor IR1, ER2, and DR8 motifs in the 5'-flanking region were involved in FXR responsiveness of FGF19. Lithocholic acid (LCA) (10 μM), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) (10 μM), or GW4064 (0.1 μM) treatment increased reporter activity in a construct including the three motifs under FXR-expressing conditions whereas LCA and not CDCA or GW4064 treatment increased the reporter activity under pregnane X receptor (PXR)-expressing conditions. These results suggest that FGF19 is transcriptionally activated through multiple FXR-responsive elements in the promoter region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Miyata
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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1167
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Jung EJ, Jung EJ, Min SY, Kim MA, Kim WH. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene amplification status and its clinicopathologic significance in gastric carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2012; 43:1559-66. [PMID: 22440694 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 is a member of receptor tyrosine kinase family, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene amplification or missense mutation has been observed in various human cancers, including gastric carcinoma. Recent studies have shown that anti-fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 agents inhibit tumor progression in various human cancers, such as endometrial carcinoma and gastric carcinoma, which remains one of the most frequent causes of cancer-related death worldwide. We considered that knowledge of the status of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene amplification in gastric carcinoma might aid in targeted cancer therapy. In this study, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 amplification status was evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization in 313 surgically resected gastric carcinoma tissues, and the results were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. In addition, potential associations between clinicopathologic parameters and the presence of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 amplification were investigated, and survival analysis was performed. Of the 313 cases, 14 (4.5%) showed fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 amplification was found to be associated with a higher pT stage (P = .023), higher pN stage (P = .038), and distant metastasis (P = .009) and to be significantly associated with lower cancer-specific survival by univariate analysis (P = .012). Gastric carcinoma with fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 amplification was found to be associated with advanced disease and a poor prognosis. We believe that the determination of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 amplification status could allow the identification of a subset of cancers sensitive to targeted fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 inhibitor-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Jung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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1168
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Basile A, Moschetta M, Ditonno P, Ria R, Marech I, De Luisi A, Berardi S, Frassanito MA, Angelucci E, Derudas D, Specchia G, Curci P, Pavone V, Rossini B, Ribatti D, Bottazzi B, Mantovani A, Presta M, Dammacco F, Vacca A. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) inhibits plasma cell/stromal cell cross-talk in the bone marrow of multiple myeloma patients. J Pathol 2012; 229:87-98. [PMID: 22847671 DOI: 10.1002/path.4081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a soluble pattern recognition receptor that binds with high affinity and selectivity to fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2), thus inhibiting its pro-angiogenic activity. Here we investigated the effects of PTX3 on monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and multiple myeloma (MM) patient-derived bone marrow (BM) plasma cells (PCs), endothelial cells (ECs), and fibroblasts (FBs), and assessed whether PTX3 can modulate the cross-talk between PCs and those microenvironment cells. PTX3 and FGF2 expression was evaluated by ELISA. Functional studies, including cell viability, wound healing, chemotaxis, and Matrigel(®) assays, were performed on MGUS and MM ECs and FBs upon the PTX3 treatment. Through western blot PTX3-induced modulation in FGF2/FGF receptor signalling pathways was evaluated in MGUS and MM ECs and FBs through western blot. Co-cultures between MM ECs/FBs and human PC lines were used to evaluate possible PTX3 indirect effects on MM PCs. Adhesion molecules were studied by flow cytometry. PTX3 provides a direct time- and dose-dependent apoptotic effect on MM ECs and FBs, but not on either MM primary PCs or human PC lines. PTX3 inhibits migration of MM ECs and FBs in a dose-dependent manner, and impacts in vitro and in vivo FGF2-mediated MM angiogenesis. Co-cultures of PCs and ECs/FBs show that PTX3 treatment indirectly impairs PC viability and adhesion. We conclude that PTX3 is an anti-angiogenic factor in MM and behaves as a cytotoxic molecule on MM cells by inhibiting the cross-talk between PCs and ECs/FBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Basile
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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1169
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Meyer M, Müller AK, Yang J, Moik D, Ponzio G, Ornitz DM, Grose R, Werner S. FGF receptors 1 and 2 are key regulators of keratinocyte migration in vitro and in wounded skin. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:5690-701. [PMID: 22992463 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.108167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient wound repair is essential for the maintenance of the integrity of the skin. The repair process is controlled by a variety of growth factors and cytokines, and their abnormal expression or activity can cause healing disorders. Here, we show that wound repair is severely delayed in mice lacking fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) 1 and 2 in keratinocytes. As the underlying mechanism, we identified impaired wound contraction and a delay in re-epithelialization that resulted from impaired keratinocyte migration at the wound edge. Scratch wounding and transwell assays demonstrated that FGFR1/2-deficient keratinocytes had a reduced migration velocity and impaired directional persistence owing to inefficient formation and turnover of focal adhesions. Underlying this defect, we identified a significant reduction in the expression of major focal adhesion components in the absence of FGFR signaling, resulting in a general migratory deficiency. These results identify FGFs as key regulators of keratinocyte migration in wounded skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meyer
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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1170
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ZHANG JUNFENG, SHI QINDONG, CHEN XINLIN, YANG PENGBO, QI CUNFANG, ZHANG JIANSHUI, LU HAIXIA, LIU JIANXIN, JIAO QIAN, ZHAO LINGYU, ZHAO BINGQIAO, ZHENG PING, LIU YONG. Hypoxia-regulated neurotrophin-3 expression by multicopy hypoxia response elements reduces apoptosis in PC12 cells. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:1173-9. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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1171
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Cuevas P, Sueiro A, Navío P, Giménez-Gallego G. Dramatic response to inhaled dobesilate in a patient with lung squamous cell cancer. BMJ Case Rep 2012; 2012:bcr-2012-006622. [PMID: 22952275 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2012-006622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of local application, by inhalation, of dobesilate, an inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor signalling, in a patient with squamous cell lung carcinoma is reported. To our knowledge, these are the first published data on the efficacy of dobesilate in the treatment of this disease. The antimitotic, antiangiogenic, proapoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities of dobesilate can be important factors to consider, in explaining the efficacy of the treatment. Dobesilate administration can be a therapeutic option in patients with lung cancer having poor performance status or severe complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cuevas
- Departamento de Investigación, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain.
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1172
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HtrA1 is a novel antagonist controlling fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling via cleavage of FGF8. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:4482-92. [PMID: 22949504 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00872-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that HtrA1 (high-temperature requirement A1) is involved in modulating crucial cellular processes and implicated in life-threatening diseases, such as cancer and neuropathological disorders; however, the exact functions of this protease in vivo remain unknown. Here, we show that loss of HtrA1 function increases fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) mRNA levels and triggers activation of FGF signaling, resulting in dorsalization in zebrafish embryos. Notably, HtrA1 directly cleaves FGF8 in the extracellular region, and this cleavage results in decreased activation of FGF signaling, which is essential for many physiological processes. Therefore, HtrA1 is indispensable for dorsoventral patterning in early zebrafish embryogenesis and serves as a key upstream regulator of FGF signaling through the control of FGF levels. Furthermore, this study offers insight into new strategies to control human diseases associated with HtrA1 and FGF signaling.
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1173
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Inhibition of basal FGF receptor signaling by dimeric Grb2. Cell 2012; 149:1514-24. [PMID: 22726438 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase activity is known to occur in the absence of extracellular stimuli. Importantly, this "background" level of receptor phosphorylation is insufficient to effect a downstream response, suggesting that strict controls are present and prohibit full activation. Here a mechanism is described in which control of FGFR2 activation is provided by the adaptor protein Grb2. Dimeric Grb2 binds to the C termini of two FGFR2 molecules. This heterotetramer is capable of a low-level receptor transphosphorylation, but C-terminal phosphorylation and recruitment of signaling proteins are sterically hindered. Upon stimulation, FGFR2 phosphorylates tyrosine residues on Grb2, promoting dissociation from the receptor and allowing full activation of downstream signaling. These observations establish a role for Grb2 as an active regulator of RTK signaling.
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1174
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Iglesias P, Selgas R, Romero S, Díez JJ. Biological role, clinical significance, and therapeutic possibilities of the recently discovered metabolic hormone fibroblastic growth factor 21. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 167:301-9. [PMID: 22740503 DOI: 10.1530/eje-12-0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a 181 amino acid circulating protein, is a member of the FGF superfamily, with relevant metabolic actions. It acts through the interaction with specific FGF receptors and a cofactor called β-Klotho, whose expression is predominantly detected in metabolically active organs. FGF21 stimulates glucose uptake in adipocytes via the induction of glucose transporter-1. This action is additive and independent of insulin. β-Cell function and survival are preserved, and glucagon secretion is reduced by this protein, thus decreasing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity. Lipid profile has been shown to be improved by FGF21 in several animal models. FGF21 increases energy expenditure in rodents and induces weight loss in diabetic nonhuman primates. It also exerts favorable effects on hepatic steatosis and reduces tissue lipid content in rodents. Adaptive metabolic responses to fasting, including stimulation of ketogenesis and fatty acid oxidation, seem to be partially mediated by FGF21. In humans, serum FGF21 concentrations have been found elevated in insulin-resistant states, such as impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. FGF21 levels are correlated with hepatic insulin resistance index, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and blood glucose after an oral glucose tolerance test. A relationship between FGF21 levels and long-term diabetic complications, such as nephropathy and carotid atheromatosis, has been reported. FGF21 levels decreased in diabetic patients after starting therapy with insulin or oral agents. Increased FGF21 serum levels have also been found to be associated with obesity. In children, it is correlated with BMI and leptin levels, whereas in adults, FGF21 levels are mainly related to several components of the metabolic syndrome. Serum FGF21 levels have been found to be elevated in patients with ischemic heart disease. In patients with renal disease, FGF21 levels exhibited a progressive increase as renal function deteriorates. Circulating FGF21 levels seem to be related to insulin resistance and inflammation in dialysis patients. In summary, FGF21 is a recently identified hormone with antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, and thermogenic properties. Direct or indirect potentiation of its effects might be a potential therapeutic target in insulin-resistant states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Iglesias
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. de colmenar, Km 9,100, 28034 Madrid, Spain.
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1175
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Nutritional supplementation with L-arginine prevents pelvic radiation-induced changes in morphology, density, and regulating factors of blood vessels in the wall of rat bladder. World J Urol 2012; 31:653-8. [PMID: 22932761 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-012-0938-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether L-arginine has protective effects against radiation-induced alterations in the morphology and regulatory factors of vesical blood vessels in rats. METHODS Male rats aged 3-4 months were divided into groups of 10 animals each: (a) controls, consisting of non-treated animals; (b) radiated-only rats; and (c) radiated rats receiving L-arginine supplementation. Radiation was in one session of 10 Gy and was aimed at the pelvic-abdominal region. L-arginine was administered once a day (0.65 g/kg body weight), starting 7 days before radiation and continuing until killing on the 16th day after radiation. The density, relative area, and wall thickness of blood vessels were measured in the vesical lamina propria using histological methods, and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factors (FGF) in the bladder wall was assessed by RT-PCR. RESULTS Compared with controls, radiation alone decreased the density and relative area of blood vessels by 32 % (p < 0.01) and 25 % (p < 0.05), respectively, and reduced the arterial wall thickness by 42 % (p < 0.004). VEGF and FGF mRNA levels after radiation were diminished by 67 % (p < 0.002) and 56 % (p < 0.04), respectively. The radiated animals supplemented with L-arginine were not significantly different from controls. CONCLUSIONS Pelvic radiation leads to significant vesical modifications, as in the morphology of blood vessels and in VEGF and FGF expression. All these changes, however, were prevented by L-arginine treatment. These results emphasize, therefore, the potential use of this amino acid as a radioprotective drug.
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1176
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Bose S, Roy M, Bandyopadhyay A. Recent advances in bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Trends Biotechnol 2012; 30:546-54. [PMID: 22939815 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1194] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bone disorders are of significant concern due to increase in the median age of our population. Traditionally, bone grafts have been used to restore damaged bone. Synthetic biomaterials are now being used as bone graft substitutes. These biomaterials were initially selected for structural restoration based on their biomechanical properties. Later scaffolds were engineered to be bioactive or bioresorbable to enhance tissue growth. Now scaffolds are designed to induce bone formation and vascularization. These scaffolds are often porous, made of biodegradable materials that harbor different growth factors, drugs, genes, or stem cells. In this review, we highlight recent advances in bone scaffolds and discuss aspects that still need to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Bose
- W.M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Lab, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2920, USA.
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1177
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Murakami M, Sakurai T. Role of fibroblast growth factor signaling in vascular formation and maintenance: orchestrating signaling networks as an integrated system. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 4:615-29. [PMID: 22930472 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The vascular system has begun to be perceived as a dynamic organ actively controlling a wide variety of physiological processes. The structural and functional integrity of blood vessels, regulated by signaling activities finely modulating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, is crucial for vessel physiology, as well as basic functionality of the tissue. Throughout the process of new vessel formation, while blood vessels are actively reorganized and remodeled with migration and proliferation of vascular cells, maintenance of vascular barrier function is essentially important. These conflicting properties, i.e., dynamic cellular mobilization and maintenance of barrier integrity, are simultaneously achieved through the interaction of highly organized signaling networks governing coordinated cell-cell interplay. Recent evidence suggests that the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) system plays a regulatory role in several physiological conditions in the vascular system. In this article, we will attempt to summarize current knowledge in order to understand the mechanism of this coordination and evaluate the pivotal role of FGF signaling in integrating a diverse range of signaling events in vascular growth and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Murakami
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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1178
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Feng L, Zhang HH, Wang W, Zheng J, Chen DB. Compartmentalizing proximal FGFR1 signaling in ovine placental artery endothelial cell caveolae. Biol Reprod 2012; 87:40. [PMID: 22674390 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.100750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Caveolae orchestrate the dominant placental angiogenic growth factor fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) signaling primarily via FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) in placental artery endothelial cells; however, how the proximal FGF2/FGFR1 signaling is organized in the caveolae is obscure. We have shown in the present study that the FGFR substrate 2alpha (FRS2alpha) is physically associated with FGFR1, and both are targeted to the caveolae via interaction with caveolin-1 in ovine fetoplacental artery endothelial cells. Treatment with FGF2 rapidly stimulated time- and concentration-dependent FRS2alpha tyrosine phosphorylation and recruited the cytosolic growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2)-GRB2-associated binding protein 1 (GAB1) complex to the caveolae, where they formed a ternary complex with FRS2alpha. Disruption of caveolae by cholesterol depletion with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin inhibited FGF2-induced FRS2alpha tyrosine phosphorylation, and it blocked the FGF2-induced recruitment of GRB2 and GAB1 to the caveolae and formation of the FRS2alpha-GRB2-GAB1 complex in the caveolae, as well as activation of the PI3K/AKT1 and MAPK1/2 pathways. Thus, these findings have demonstrated that the proximal fibroblast growth factor (FGF2/FGFR1) signaling is compartmentalized in the placental endothelial caveolae via the FGFR substrate 2α that mediates formation of a FRS2α-GRB2-GAB1 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Feng
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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1179
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Goetz R, Ohnishi M, Kir S, Kurosu H, Wang L, Pastor J, Ma J, Gai W, Kuro-o M, Razzaque MS, Mohammadi M. Conversion of a paracrine fibroblast growth factor into an endocrine fibroblast growth factor. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29134-46. [PMID: 22733815 PMCID: PMC3436551 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.342980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
FGFs 19, 21, and 23 are hormones that regulate in a Klotho co-receptor-dependent fashion major metabolic processes such as glucose and lipid metabolism (FGF21) and phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis (FGF23). The role of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan in the formation of the cell surface signaling complex of endocrine FGFs has remained unclear. Here we show that heparan sulfate is not a component of the signal transduction unit of FGF19 and FGF23. In support of our model, we convert a paracrine FGF into an endocrine ligand by diminishing heparan sulfate-binding affinity of the paracrine FGF and substituting its C-terminal tail for that of an endocrine FGF containing the Klotho co-receptor-binding site to home the ligand into the target tissue. In addition to serving as a proof of concept, the ligand conversion provides a novel strategy for engineering endocrine FGF-like molecules for the treatment of metabolic disorders, including global epidemics such as type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Goetz
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Mutsuko Ohnishi
- the Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Serkan Kir
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, and
| | - Hiroshi Kurosu
- the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Lei Wang
- the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Johanne Pastor
- the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Jinghong Ma
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Weiming Gai
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Makoto Kuro-o
- the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Mohammed S. Razzaque
- the Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
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1180
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Lou G, Zhang Q, Xiao F, Xiang Q, Su Z, Zhang L, Yang P, Yang Y, Zheng Q, Huang Y. Intranasal administration of TAT-haFGF(₁₄₋₁₅₄) attenuates disease progression in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2012; 223:225-37. [PMID: 22885230 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human acidic fibroblast growth factor (haFGF), a neurotrophin-like growth factor in the brain, plays important roles in the development, differentiation and regeneration of brain neurons, which makes it potential to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, haFGF(14-154) and TAT-haFGF(14-154) (haFGF(14-154) fused with the cell-penetrating peptide transactivator of transcription protein transduction domain (TAT-PTD)) were intranasally administrated for 5 weeks to investigate the effects on senescence-accelerated mouse prone-8 (SAMP8) mice (a mouse model of AD). Results showed that TAT-PTD could increase the concentration of haFGF in the brain significantly, and TAT-haFGF(14-154) was more effective than haFGF(14-154) in the same dosage (300 μg/kg). Importantly, TAT-haFGF(14-154) improved the learning and memory abilities of SAMP8 mice in the behavioral test, and promoted the function of cholinergic system by measuring the relevant biomarkers (acetylcholine (ACh) level, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activities). TAT-haFGF(14-154) also significantly reduced β-amyloid protein(1-42) (Aβ(1-42)) deposits as well as the levels of Aβ soluble forms in the mice brains and prevented the neurons from apoptosis. Besides, the oxidative stress impairment in the brain and serum was also ameliorated. The results suggest that TAT-haFGF(14-154) could attenuate the disease progression of SAMP8 AD mice, and the mechanism is related to the regulation of neurons microenvironment including neurotransmitters, Aβ pathology and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lou
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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1181
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Tenhagen M, van Diest PJ, Ivanova IA, van der Wall E, van der Groep P. Fibroblast growth factor receptors in breast cancer: expression, downstream effects, and possible drug targets. Endocr Relat Cancer 2012; 19:R115-29. [PMID: 22508544 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer treatments are increasingly focusing on the molecular mechanisms underlying the oncogenic processes present in tumors of individual patients. Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are among the many molecules that are involved in oncogenesis and are currently under investigation for their potential as drug targets in breast cancer patients. These receptor tyrosine kinases play a role in several processes including proliferation, angiogenesis, and migration. Alterations in these basal processes can contribute to the development and progression of tumors. Among breast cancer patients, several subgroups have been shown to harbor genetic aberrations in FGFRs, including amplifications of FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR4 and mutations in FGFR2 and FGFR4. Here, we review in vitro and in vivo models that have partly elucidated the molecular implications of these different genetic aberrations, the resulting tumor characteristics, and the potential of FGFRs as therapeutic targets for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tenhagen
- Department of Pathology Division of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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1182
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A Decade of FGF Receptor Research in Bladder Cancer: Past, Present, and Future Challenges. Adv Urol 2012; 2012:429213. [PMID: 22899908 PMCID: PMC3415141 DOI: 10.1155/2012/429213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) orchestrate a variety of cellular functions by binding to their transmembrane tyrosine-kinase receptors (FGFRs) and activating downstream signalling pathways, including RAS/MAPK, PLCγ1, PI3K, and STATs. In the last ten years, it has become clear that FGF signalling is altered in a high proportion of bladder tumours. Activating mutations and/or overexpression of FGFR3 are common in urothelial tumours with low malignant potential and low-stage and -grade urothelial carcinomas (UCs) and are associated with a lower risk of progression and better survival in some subgroups. FGFR1 is not mutated in UC, but overexpression is frequent in all grades and stages and recent data indicate a role in urothelial epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that FGFR inhibition has cytotoxic and/or cytostatic effects in FGFR-dependent bladder cancer cells and FGFR-targeted agents are currently being investigated in clinical studies for the treatment of UC. Urine-based tests detecting common FGFR3 mutations are also under development for surveillance of low-grade and -stage tumours and for general population screening. Overall, FGFRs hold promise as therapeutic targets, diagnostic and prognostic markers, and screening tools for early detection and clinical management of UC.
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1183
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Tsai CY, Finley JC, Ali SS, Patel HH, Howell SB. Copper influx transporter 1 is required for FGF, PDGF and EGF-induced MAPK signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1007-13. [PMID: 22842628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Copper transporter 1 (CTR1) is the major copper (Cu) influx transporter in mammalian cells. We report here that CTR1 is required for the activation of signaling to the MAPK pathway by the ligands of three major receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) including FGF, PDGF and EGF. Induction of Erk1/2 phosphorylation was compared in isogenic wild type CTR1(+/+) and CTR1(-/-) cells. Whereas all three ligands increased pErk1/2 in the CTR1(+/+) cells, they failed to do this in CTR1(-/-) cells. While FGF did not enhance the phosphorylation of AKT in the CTR1(+/+) cells, both PDGF and EGF increased pAKT in the CTR1(+/+) but not CTR1(-/-) cells. The deficit in Erk1/2 phosphorylation in the CTR1(-/-) cells was rescued by adding Cu to the medium, and it was induced in CTR1(+/+) cells by treatment with a Cu chelator. Intracellular Cu availability was reduced in the CTR1(-/-) cells as reflected by increased expression of the Cu chaperone CCS. The failure of RTK-induced signaling to both Erk1/2 and AKT suggested the presence of a Cu-dependent step upstream of Ras. The Cu-dependent enzyme SOD1 is responsible for generating the hydrogen peroxide in response to RTK activation that serves to inhibit phosphatases that normally limit RTK signaling. SOD1 activity was reduced by a factor of 17-fold in the CTR1(-/-) cells, and addition of hydrogen peroxide restored signaling. We conclude that Cu acquired from CTR1 is required for signaling in pathways regulated by RTKs that play major roles in development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yu Tsai
- The Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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1184
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Patel NS, Reisig KV, Clyne AM. A computational model of fibroblast growth factor-2 binding to endothelial cells under fluid flow. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 41:154-71. [PMID: 22825797 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) is an angiogenic growth factor that binds to cell surface receptors (FGFR) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), as well as HSPG in the basement membrane. FGF2 plays a critical role in angiogenesis, yet clinical FGF2 trials demonstrated limited success perhaps due to inadequate understanding of FGF2 binding in physiological conditions. We developed a computational model of FGF2 binding to isolated (HSPG or FGFR) or combined (HSPG and FGFR) binding sites under physiological fluid flow and predicted the effects of FGF2 concentration, binding site density, fluid flow rate, and delivery mode (continuous vs. bolus) on FGF2 complex formation. The isolated binding site models showed increased binding with FGF2 and binding site density. However, in the triad model, increasing FGF2 concentration decreased triads (FGF2-HSPG-FGFR) and increased FGF2-HSPG complexes. Fluid flow decreased time to equilibrium and dissociation in isolated binding site models, yet flow effect in the triad model depended on binding site density. Similarly, FGF2 capture and complex stability in bolus delivery depended on bolus size, flow rate, association and dissociation rate constants, as well as binding site density. This model shows the integrated effects of FGF2 binding stoichiometry, fluid flow, and delivery mode, and enhances our understanding of FGF2 complex formation under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha S Patel
- Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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1185
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Tsai SM, Liu DW, Wang WP. Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signaling pathway regulates liver homeostasis in zebrafish. Transgenic Res 2012; 22:301-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-012-9636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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1186
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Zhang J, Shi Q, Yang P, Xu X, Chen X, Qi C, Zhang J, Lu H, Zhao B, Zheng P, Zhang P, Liu Y. Neuroprotection of neurotrophin-3 against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury is regulated by hypoxia-responsive element in rats. Neuroscience 2012; 222:1-9. [PMID: 22820262 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous delivery of the neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) gene may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. To investigate the neuroprotective effects of NT-3 expression controlled by 5HRE after focal cerebral ischemia, we constructed a recombinant retrovirus vector (RV) with five copies of hypoxia-responsive elements (5HRE or 5H) and NT-3 and delivered it to the rat brain. Three groups of rats received RV-5H-NT3, RV-5H-EGFP or saline injection. Three days after gene transfer, the rats underwent 90min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), followed by 1-28days of reperfusion. Three days after tMCAO, brain NT-3 expression was significantly increased in the RV-5H-NT3-transduced animals compared with the RV-5H-EGFP or saline group, and brain infarct volume was smaller in the RV-5H-NT3-transduced group than the RV-5H-EGFP or saline group. The percentage of TUNEL-positive cells was reduced in RV-5H-NT3-transduced brains compared with the RV-5H-EGFP or saline group 3 and 7days after tMCAO. Furthermore, the neurological status of RV-5H-NT3-transduced rats was better than that of RV-5H-EGFP- or saline-transduced animals from 1day to 4weeks after tMCAO. Our results demonstrated that 5HRE could modulate NT-3 expression in the ischemic brain environment and that the up-regulated NT-3 could effectively improve neurological status following tMCAO due to decreased initial damage. To avoid unexpected side effects, 5HRE-controlled gene expression might be a useful tool for gene therapy of ischemic disorders in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Environment and Genes Related to Diseases Key Laboratory of Education Ministry, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
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1187
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A PPARγ-FGF1 axis is required for adaptive adipose remodelling and metabolic homeostasis. Nature 2012; 485:391-4. [PMID: 22522926 PMCID: PMC3358516 DOI: 10.1038/nature10998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although feast and famine cycles illustrate that remodelling of adipose tissue in response to fluctuations in nutrient availability is essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we identify fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) as a critical transducer in this process in mice, and link its regulation to the nuclear receptor PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ), which is the adipocyte master regulator and the target of the thiazolidinedione class of insulin sensitizing drugs. FGF1 is the prototype of the 22-member FGF family of proteins and has been implicated in a range of physiological processes, including development, wound healing and cardiovascular changes. Surprisingly, FGF1 knockout mice display no significant phenotype under standard laboratory conditions. We show that FGF1 is highly induced in adipose tissue in response to a high-fat diet and that mice lacking FGF1 develop an aggressive diabetic phenotype coupled to aberrant adipose expansion when challenged with a high-fat diet. Further analysis of adipose depots in FGF1-deficient mice revealed multiple histopathologies in the vasculature network, an accentuated inflammatory response, aberrant adipocyte size distribution and ectopic expression of pancreatic lipases. On withdrawal of the high-fat diet, this inflamed adipose tissue fails to properly resolve, resulting in extensive fat necrosis. In terms of mechanisms, we show that adipose induction of FGF1 in the fed state is regulated by PPARγ acting through an evolutionarily conserved promoter proximal PPAR response element within the FGF1 gene. The discovery of a phenotype for the FGF1 knockout mouse establishes the PPARγ–FGF1 axis as critical for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and insulin sensitization.
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1188
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Chen G, Gulbranson DR, Yu P, Hou Z, Thomson JA. Thermal stability of fibroblast growth factor protein is a determinant factor in regulating self-renewal, differentiation, and reprogramming in human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells 2012; 30:623-30. [PMID: 22213113 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)/Nodal, and Insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathways are sufficient to maintain human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells in a proliferative, undifferentiated state. Here, we show that only a few FGF family members (FGF2, FGF4, FGF6, and FGF9) are able to sustain strong extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and NANOG expression levels in human ESCs. Surprisingly, FGF1, which is reported to target the same set of receptors as FGF2, fails to sustain ERK phosphorylation and NANOG expression under standard culture conditions. We find that the failure of FGF1 to sustain ES is due to thermal instability of the wild-type protein, not receptor specificity, and that a mutated thermal-stable FGF1 sustains human ESCs and supports both differentiation and reprogramming protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guokai Chen
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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1189
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Fujioka-Kobayashi M, Ota MS, Shimoda A, Nakahama KI, Akiyoshi K, Miyamoto Y, Iseki S. Cholesteryl group- and acryloyl group-bearing pullulan nanogel to deliver BMP2 and FGF18 for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2012; 33:7613-20. [PMID: 22800537 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To create a drug delivery system that allows the controlled release of proteins, such as growth factors, over a long-term period, cholesteryl group- and acryloyl group-bearing pullulan (CHPOA) nanogels were aggregated to form fast-degradable hydrogels (CHPOA/hydrogels) by cross-linking with thiol-bearing polyethylene glycol. The gold standard of clinical bone reconstruction therapy with a physiologically active material is treatment with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2); however, this approach has limitations, such as inflammation, poor cost-efficiency, and varying interindividual susceptibility. In this study, two distinct growth factors, BMP2 and recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18), were applied to a critical-size skull bone defect for bone repair by the CHPOA/hydrogel system. The CHPOA-FGF18/hydrogel displayed identical results to the control CHPOA-PBS/hydrogel, and the CHPOA-BMP2/hydrogel treatment imperfectly induced bone repair. By contrast, the CHPOA-FGF18 + BMP2/hydrogel treatment strongly enhanced and stabilized the BMP2-dependent bone repair, inducing osteoprogenitor cell infiltration inside and around the hydrogel. This report indicates that the CHPOA/hydrogel system can successfully deliver two different proteins to the bone defect to induce effective bone repair. The combination of the CHPOA/hydrogel system with the growth factors FGF18 and BMP2 might be a step towards efficient bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Fujioka-Kobayashi
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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1190
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Rankin SA, Gallas AL, Neto A, Gómez-Skarmeta JL, Zorn AM. Suppression of Bmp4 signaling by the zinc-finger repressors Osr1 and Osr2 is required for Wnt/β-catenin-mediated lung specification in Xenopus. Development 2012; 139:3010-20. [PMID: 22791896 DOI: 10.1242/dev.078220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic development of the respiratory system is regulated by a series of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions that are only partially understood. Mesenchymal FGF and Wnt2/Wnt2b signaling are implicated in specification of mammalian pulmonary progenitors from the ventral foregut endoderm, but their epistatic relationship and downstream targets are largely unknown. In addition, how wnt2 and wnt2b are regulated in the developing foregut mesenchyme is unknown. We show that the Odd-skipped-related (Osr) zinc-finger transcriptional repressors Osr1 and Osr2 are redundantly required for Xenopus lung specification in a molecular pathway linking foregut pattering by FGFs to Wnt-mediated lung specification and RA-regulated lung bud growth. FGF and RA signals are required for robust osr1 and osr2 expression in the foregut endoderm and surrounding lateral plate mesoderm (lpm) prior to respiratory specification. Depletion of both Osr1 and Osr2 (Osr1/Osr2) results in agenesis of the lungs, trachea and esophagus. The foregut lpm of Osr1/Osr2-depleted embryos fails to express wnt2, wnt2b and raldh2, and consequently Nkx2.1(+) progenitors are not specified. Our data suggest that Osr1/Osr2 normally repress bmp4 expression in the lpm, and that BMP signaling negatively regulates the wnt2b domain. These results significantly advance our understanding of early lung development and may impact strategies to differentiate respiratory tissue from stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Rankin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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1191
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is a postprandial hormone released from the small intestine. FGF19 improves glucose tolerance when overexpressed in mice with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of the biology of FGF19 and its role in glucose homeostasis, with emphasis on publications from 2010 to 2012. RECENT FINDINGS Protein engineering was used to generate FGF19 protein variants that allowed the separation of its mitogenic and metabolic functions. Its cognate receptor in the liver (FGFR4) mediated the effects of FGF19 on proliferation and bile salt synthesis, while this receptor was dispensable for its effects on glucose homeostasis. New metabolic activities of FGF19 were uncovered. FGF19 signaling was shown to stimulate glycogen and protein synthesis, and inhibit gluconeogenesis. FGF19 employed signaling routes distinct from those used by insulin to regulate these pathways. Mice with genetic disruption of Fgf15 (the mouse FGF19 ortholog) were glucose intolerant but had normal insulin levels and normal insulin sensitivity. Reduced hepatic glycogen stores and elevated hepatic gluconeogenesis were observed in the knock-out mice under the conditions in which insulin signaling was active. SUMMARY FGF19 signaling regulates glucose homeostasis in mice. The (patho)physiological role of FGF19 in glucose homeostasis in humans remains to be determined. Its novel insulin-mimetic actions, combined with the elimination of its mitogenic activity by protein engineering, make FGF19 an attractive candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank G Schaap
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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1192
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Sun K, Scherer PE. The PPARγ-FGF1 axis: an unexpected mediator of adipose tissue homeostasis. Cell Res 2012; 22:1416-8. [PMID: 22710798 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2012.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue remodeling is a dynamic process during nutritional fluctuation that plays critical roles in metabolic homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. The process is highly regulated by many factors, including adipokines and cytokines that are locally released within fat pads. In a recent study published in Nature, Jonker and colleagues identified FGF1 as an important mediator that is selectively induced in fat cells by high-fat diet feeding and established the PPARγ-FGF1 axis as a critical pathway that regulates adipose tissue remodeling and ultimately systemic metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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1193
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Jain VK, Turner NC. Challenges and opportunities in the targeting of fibroblast growth factor receptors in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:208. [PMID: 22731805 PMCID: PMC3446326 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor pathway is a common event in many cancer types. Here we review the role of fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling in breast cancer, from SNPs in FGFR2 that influence breast cancer risk and SNPs in FGFR4 that associate with breast cancer prognosis, and potential therapeutic targets such as receptor amplification and aberrant autocrine and paracrine ligand expression. We discuss the multiple therapeutic strategies in preclinical and clinical development and the current and future challenges to successfully targeting this pathway in cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/therapy
- Female
- Gene Amplification
- Humans
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Prognosis
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/genetics
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram K Jain
- GI Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Nicholas C Turner
- Breast Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
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1194
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Mohan SK, Rani SG, Chiu IM, Yu C. WITHDRAWN: Interaction of FGF1 with a novel anti-angiogenic drug SSR128129E. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012:S0003-9861(12)00231-7. [PMID: 22683470 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepuru K Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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1195
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Knafo S, Esteban JA. Common pathways for growth and for plasticity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2012; 22:405-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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1196
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Lee HJ, Ormandy CJ. Elf5, hormones and cell fate. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:292-8. [PMID: 22464677 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent elucidation of the stem and progenitor cell hierarchies that operate during normal tissue and organ development has provided a foundation for the development of new insights into the disease process. These hierarchies are established by genetic mechanisms, which specify and determine cell fate and act as cell-clade gatekeepers, upon which all multicellular organisms depend for viability. Perturbation of this gatekeeper function characterizes developmentally based diseases, such as cancer. Here, the emerging gatekeeper and master regulatory roles of the ETS transcription factor Elf5 in several diverse developmental scenarios is reviewed, and how this function intersects with hormonal and growth factor mediated regulation of these processes is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Lee
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
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1197
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Basu-Roy U, Basilico C, Mansukhani A. Perspectives on cancer stem cells in osteosarcoma. Cancer Lett 2012; 338:158-67. [PMID: 22659734 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is an aggressive pediatric tumor of growing bones that, despite surgery and chemotherapy, is prone to relapse. These mesenchymal tumors are derived from progenitor cells in the osteoblast lineage that have accumulated mutations to escape cell cycle checkpoints leading to excessive proliferation and defects in their ability to differentiate appropriately into mature bone-forming osteoblasts. Like other malignant tumors, osteosarcoma is often heterogeneous, consisting of phenotypically distinct cells with features of different stages of differentiation. The cancer stem cell hypothesis posits that tumors are maintained by stem cells and it is the incomplete eradication of a refractory population of tumor-initiating stem cells that accounts for drug resistance and tumor relapse. In this review we present our current knowledge about the biology of osteosarcoma stem cells from mouse and human tumors, highlighting new insights and unresolved issues in the identification of this elusive population. We focus on factors and pathways that are implicated in maintaining such cells, and differences from paradigms of epithelial cancers. Targeting of the cancer stem cells in osteosarcoma is a promising avenue to explore to develop new therapies for this devastating childhood cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upal Basu-Roy
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
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1198
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Kalinina J, Dutta K, Ilghari D, Beenken A, Goetz R, Eliseenkova AV, Cowburn D, Mohammadi M. The alternatively spliced acid box region plays a key role in FGF receptor autoinhibition. Structure 2012; 20:77-88. [PMID: 22244757 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling can lead to human malignancies necessitating multiple layers of self-regulatory control mechanisms. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) autoinhibition mediated by the alternatively spliced immunoglobulin (Ig) domain 1 (D1) and the acid box (AB)-containing linker between D1 and Ig domain 2 (D2) serves as the first line of defense to minimize inadvertent FGF signaling. In this report, nuclear magnetic resonance and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy are used to demonstrate that the AB subregion of FGFR electrostatically engages the heparan sulfate (HS)-binding site on the D2 domain in cis to directly suppress HS-binding affinity of FGFR. Furthermore, the cis electrostatic interaction sterically autoinhibits ligand-binding affinity of FGFR because of the close proximity of HS-binding and primary ligand-binding sites on the D2 domain. These data, together with the strong amino acid sequence conservation of the AB subregion among FGFR orthologs, highlight the universal role of the AB subregion in FGFR autoinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliya Kalinina
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 550, First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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1199
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Pagano K, Torella R, Foglieni C, Bugatti A, Tomaselli S, Zetta L, Presta M, Rusnati M, Taraboletti G, Colombo G, Ragona L. Direct and allosteric inhibition of the FGF2/HSPGs/FGFR1 ternary complex formation by an antiangiogenic, thrombospondin-1-mimic small molecule. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36990. [PMID: 22606323 PMCID: PMC3351436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are recognized targets for the development of therapies against angiogenesis-driven diseases, including cancer. The formation of a ternary complex with the transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors (FGFRs), and heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) is required for FGF2 pro-angiogenic activity. Here by using a combination of techniques including Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Molecular Dynamics, Surface Plasmon Resonance and cell-based binding assays we clarify the molecular mechanism of inhibition of an angiostatic small molecule, sm27, mimicking the endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis, thrombospondin-1. NMR and MD data demonstrate that sm27 engages the heparin-binding site of FGF2 and induces long-range dynamics perturbations along FGF2/FGFR1 interface regions. The functional consequence of the inhibitor binding is an impaired FGF2 interaction with both its receptors, as demonstrated by SPR and cell-based binding assays. We propose that sm27 antiangiogenic activity is based on a twofold-direct and allosteric-mechanism, inhibiting FGF2 binding to both its receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuscia Pagano
- Laboratorio NMR, Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | - Rubben Torella
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Foglieni
- Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Antonella Bugatti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simona Tomaselli
- Laboratorio NMR, Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Zetta
- Laboratorio NMR, Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Presta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Rusnati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulia Taraboletti
- Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Colombo
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail: (LR); (GC)
| | - Laura Ragona
- Laboratorio NMR, Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail: (LR); (GC)
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1200
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Stubbs JR, Egwuonwu S. Is fibroblast growth factor 23 a harbinger of mortality in CKD? Pediatr Nephrol 2012; 27:697-703. [PMID: 21390563 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-011-1810-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a novel hormone produced by bone with known functions to regulate urinary phosphate excretion, as well as vitamin D and PTH production. The discovery of this hormone roughly a decade ago has revolutionized the traditional theories regarding the mechanisms responsible for the mineral metabolism abnormalities that are commonly observed in patients with chronic kidney disease. Circulating FGF23 levels begin to rise in the early stages of kidney injury and become markedly elevated as kidney disease progresses. Recent reports have emerged which link these elevations in circulating FGF23 to multiple adverse outcomes. Most notably, a strong association between increments in FGF23 and cardiovascular pathology has been suggested in patients with both normal and abnormal renal function. Despite a growing body of evidence to suggest FGF23 as a contributor to morbidity and mortality in CKD, a cause-effect relationship for this association has not been established. This review highlights our current understanding of the regulation and function of FGF23 and examines the existing literature linking FGF23 with adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Stubbs
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Mail Stop 3002, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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