1201
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Berneman A, Montout L, Goyard S, Chamond N, Cosson A, d’Archivio S, Gouault N, Uriac P, Blondel A, Minoprio P. Combined approaches for drug design points the way to novel proline racemase inhibitor candidates to fight Chagas' disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60955. [PMID: 23613764 PMCID: PMC3628851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas' disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan transmitted to humans by blood-feeding insects, blood transfusion or congenitally. Previous research led us to discover a parasite proline racemase (TcPRAC) and to establish its validity as a target for the design of new chemotherapies against the disease, including its chronic form. A known inhibitor of proline racemases, 2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid (PYC), is water-insoluble. We synthesized soluble pyrazole derivatives, but they proved weak or inactive TcPRAC inhibitors. TcPRAC catalytic site is too small and constrained when bound to PYC to allow efficient search for new inhibitors by virtual screening. Forty-nine intermediate conformations between the opened enzyme structure and the closed liganded one were built by calculating a transition path with a method we developed. A wider range of chemical compounds could dock in the partially opened intermediate active site models in silico. Four models were selected for known substrates and weak inhibitors could dock in them and were used to screen chemical libraries. Two identified soluble compounds, (E)-4-oxopent-2-enoic acid (OxoPA) and its derivative (E)-5-bromo-4-oxopent-2-enoic acid (Br-OxoPA), are irreversible competitive inhibitors that presented stronger activity than PYC on TcPRAC. We show here that increasing doses of OxoPA and Br-OxoPA hamper T. cruzi intracellular differentiation and fate in mammalian host cells. Our data confirm that through to their binding mode, these molecules are interesting and promising as lead compounds for the development of chemotherapies against diseases where active proline racemases play essential roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armand Berneman
- Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Lory Montout
- Unité de Bioinformatique Structurale, CNRS-UMR 3528, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Goyard
- Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Chamond
- Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alain Cosson
- Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Simon d’Archivio
- Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Gouault
- Equipe Produits Naturels, Synthèses et Chimie Médicinale, UMR 6226 Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Uriac
- Equipe Produits Naturels, Synthèses et Chimie Médicinale, UMR 6226 Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Arnaud Blondel
- Unité de Bioinformatique Structurale, CNRS-UMR 3528, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Paola Minoprio
- Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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1202
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Arico-Muendel CC, Blanchette H, Benjamin DR, Caiazzo TM, Centrella PA, DeLorey J, Doyle EG, Johnson SR, Labenski MT, Morgan BA, O’Donovan G, Sarjeant AA, Skinner S, Thompson CD, Griffin ST, Westlin W, White KF. Orally active fumagillin analogues: transformations of a reactive warhead in the gastric environment. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:381-6. [PMID: 24900682 DOI: 10.1021/ml3003633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Semisynthetic analogues of fumagillin, 1, inhibit methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP2) and have entered the clinic for the treatment of cancer. An optimized fumagillin analogue, 3 (PPI-2458), was found to be orally active, despite containing a spiroepoxide function that formed a covalent linkage to the target protein. In aqueous acid, 3 underwent ring-opening addition of water and HCl, leading to four products, 4-7, which were characterized in detail. The chlorohydrin, but not the diol, products inhibited MetAP2 under weakly basic conditions, suggesting reversion to epoxide as a step in the mechanism. In agreement, chlorohydrin 6 was shown to revert rapidly to 3 in rat plasma. In an ex vivo assay, rats treated with purified acid degradants demonstrated inhibition of MetAP2 that correlated with the biochemical activity of the compounds. Taken together, the results indicate that degradation of the parent compound was compensated by the formation of active equivalents leading to a pharmacologically useful level of MetAP2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C. Arico-Muendel
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Heather Blanchette
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dennis R. Benjamin
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Teresa M. Caiazzo
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Paolo A. Centrella
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jennifer DeLorey
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Elisabeth G. Doyle
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Steven R. Johnson
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew T. Labenski
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Barry A. Morgan
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Gary O’Donovan
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amy A. Sarjeant
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Steven Skinner
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charles D. Thompson
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sarah T. Griffin
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - William Westlin
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kerry F. White
- Praecis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States,
and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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1203
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Dana D, Davalos AR, De S, Rathod P, Gamage RK, Huestis J, Afzal N, Zavlanov Y, Paroly SS, Rotenberg SA, Subramaniam G, Mark KJ, Chang EJ, Kumar S. Development of cell-active non-peptidyl inhibitors of cysteine cathepsins. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2975-87. [PMID: 23623677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are an important class of enzymes that coordinate a variety of important cellular processes, and are implicated in various types of human diseases. However, small molecule inhibitors that are cell-permeable and non-peptidyl in nature are scarcely available. Herein the synthesis and development of sulfonyloxiranes as covalent inhibitors of cysteine cathepsins are reported. From a library of compounds, compound 5 is identified as a selective inhibitor of cysteine cathepsins. Live cell imaging and immunocytochemistry of metastatic human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells document the efficacy of compound 5 in inhibiting cysteine cathepsin activity in living cells. A cell-motility assay demonstrates that compound 5 is effective in mitigating the cell-migratory potential of highly metastatic breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Dana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College and the Graduate Center of The City University of New York, Queens, NY 11367-1597, USA
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1204
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Cornett EM, Gerasimova YV, Kolpashchikov DM. Two-component covalent inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1988-91. [PMID: 23411398 PMCID: PMC3602336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors that covalently damage proteins or nucleic acids offer great potency, but are difficult to rationally design and suffer from poor specificity. Here we outline a general concept for constructing covalent inhibitors, called the two-component covalent inhibitor (TCCI). The approach takes advantage of two ligand analogs equipped with pre-reactive groups. Binding of the analogs to the adjacent sites of a target biopolymer brings the pre-reactive groups in close proximity and causes their interaction followed by covalent damage of the target. In the present study we used light-activated pre-reactive groups to inactivate a DNA polymerase. It was found that the efficiency of a traditional single-component inhibitor was greatly reduced in the presence of a non-target protein, while the TCCI was not significantly affected. Our findings suggest that TCCI approach has advantages in inactivation of biopolymers in complex multi-component systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M. Cornett
- Chemistry Department, University of Central Florida
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida
| | | | - Dmitry M. Kolpashchikov
- Chemistry Department, University of Central Florida
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida
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1205
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Prakash J, Kodanko JJ. Metal-based methods for protein inactivation. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:197-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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1206
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Direct targeting of β-catenin: Inhibition of protein-protein interactions for the inactivation of Wnt signaling. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4020-6. [PMID: 23566764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The activation of developmental signaling pathways such as Notch, Hedgehog and Wnt has implications in the onset and progression of numerous types of cancer. Consequently, targeting of such pathways is considered an attractive therapeutic approach. Inhibition of the Wnt signaling cascade proves to be complicated, in part, due to the lack of druggable pathway components. The central hub in Wnt signaling is the protein β-catenin, which is involved in numerous protein-protein interactions. In general, the inhibition of protein-protein interactions is challenging in particular with binding interfaces lacking pronounced hydrophobic pockets. Herein, we give an overview of β-catenin-protein interactions, and we review active agents that were reported to inhibit canonical Wnt signaling via direct targeting of β-catenin.
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1207
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Davis BJ, Erlanson DA. Learning from our mistakes: the 'unknown knowns' in fragment screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2844-52. [PMID: 23562240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the past 15 years, fragment-based lead discovery (FBLD) has been adopted widely throughout academia and industry. The approach entails discovering very small molecular fragments and growing, merging, or linking them to produce drug leads. Because the affinities of the initial fragments are often low, detection methods are pushed to their limits, leading to a variety of artifacts, false positives, and false negatives that too often go unrecognized. This Digest discusses some of these problems and offers suggestions to avoid them. Although the primary focus is on FBLD, many of the lessons also apply to more established approaches such as high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Davis
- Vernalis Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, UK.
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1208
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Zhu Y, Zhou J, Jiao B. Deuterated clopidogrel analogues as a new generation of antiplatelet agents. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:349-52. [PMID: 24900671 DOI: 10.1021/ml300460t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Clopidogrel (CPG) is an antithrombotic prodrug that needs hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes for its bioactivation. The clinical effects of CPG have been associated with high intersubject variability and a certain level of resistance. Recently, comprehensive biotransformation studies of CPG support that the observed clinical uncertainty stems from the low bioactivation efficiency, which is attributed to extensive attritional metabolism (e.g., hydrolysis of the methyl ester functionality and oxidation of the piperidine moiety). With the goal of potentiating the desired thiophene 2-oxidation through minimal structural modification, we have adopted the strategy of targeted metabolism shift and have designed and synthesized deuterated piperidine analogues of CPG. In vitro studies showed that the prodrug activation percentages have been significantly increased for the deuterated analogues as a result of stability enhancement of the piperidine moiety. In a pharmacological study with a rat model, oral administration of the deuterated analogues also demonstrated higher inhibitory activity than that of CPG against adenosine diphosphate (ADP) induced platelet aggregation. These deuterated analogues represent a new generation of antiplatelet agents with the potential to overcome the major clinical drawbacks of CPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoqiu Zhu
- MetabQuest Research Laboratory, 202 Chengfu Road, Beijing 100871, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Jiang Zhou
- Analytical
Instrumentation Center,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Bo Jiao
- Department of Pharmacology,
School
of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan,
Shandong 250012, People’s Republic of China
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1209
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Bancos I, Bida JP, Tian D, Bundrick M, John K, Holte MN, Her YF, Evans D, Saenz DT, Poeschla EM, Hook D, Georg G, Maher LJ. High-throughput screening for growth inhibitors using a yeast model of familial paraganglioma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56827. [PMID: 23451094 PMCID: PMC3579935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical tumor suppressor genes block neoplasia by regulating cell growth and death. A remarkable puzzle is therefore presented by familial paraganglioma (PGL), a neuroendocrine cancer where the tumor suppressor genes encode subunits of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), an enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle of central metabolism. Loss of SDH initiates PGL through mechanisms that remain unclear. Could this metabolic defect provide a novel opportunity for chemotherapy of PGL? We report the results of high throughput screening to identify compounds differentially toxic to SDH mutant cells using a powerful S. cerevisiae (yeast) model of PGL. Screening more than 200,000 compounds identifies 12 compounds that are differentially toxic to SDH-mutant yeast. Interestingly, two of the agents, dequalinium and tetraethylthiuram disulfide (disulfiram), are anti-malarials with the latter reported to be a glycolysis inhibitor. We show that four of the additional hits are potent inhibitors of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase. Because alcohol dehydrogenase regenerates NAD(+) in glycolytic cells that lack TCA cycle function, this result raises the possibility that lactate dehydrogenase, which plays the equivalent role in human cells, might be a target of interest for PGL therapy. We confirm that human cells deficient in SDH are differentially sensitive to a lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Bancos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - John Paul Bida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Defeng Tian
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota–Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mary Bundrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kristen John
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota–Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Molly Nelson Holte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yeng F. Her
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Debra Evans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Dyana T. Saenz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Eric M. Poeschla
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Derek Hook
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota–Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gunda Georg
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota–Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - L. James Maher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
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1210
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Abstract
Cysteine residues on proteins play key roles in catalysis and regulation. These functional cysteines serve as active sites for nucleophilic and redox catalysis, sites of allosteric regulation, and metal-binding ligands on proteins from diverse classes including proteases, kinases, metabolic enzymes, and transcription factors. In this review, we focus on a few select examples that serve to highlight the multiple functions performed by cysteines, with an emphasis on cysteine-mediated protein activities implicated in cancer. The enhanced reactivity of functional cysteines renders them susceptible to modification by electrophilic species. Toward this end, we discuss recent advancements and future prospects for utilizing cysteine-reactive small molecules as drugs and imaging agents for the treatment and diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Pace
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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1211
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Rosenker CJ, Krenske EH, Houk KN, Wipf P. Influence of base and structure in the reversible covalent conjugate addition of thiol to polycyclic enone scaffolds. Org Lett 2013; 15:1076-9. [PMID: 23405884 DOI: 10.1021/ol400094k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The energetics of thiol addition and elimination reactions to bicyclic enones derived from an indole core structure were explored using (1)H NMR and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The agreement between experiment and theory is excellent, and the combined results reveal that even minor changes in the conformation of the enone, substituents on the scaffold, and the use of different bases have a signficant influence on product distribution. A potential application of these principles is in the rational design of new reversible covalent enzyme inhibitors.
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1212
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Schröder J, Klinger A, Oellien F, Marhöfer RJ, Duszenko M, Selzer PM. Docking-based virtual screening of covalently binding ligands: an orthogonal lead discovery approach. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1478-90. [PMID: 23350811 DOI: 10.1021/jm3013932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In pharmaceutical industry, lead discovery strategies and screening collections have been predominantly tailored to discover compounds that modulate target proteins through noncovalent interactions. Conversely, covalent linkage formation is an important mechanism for a quantity of successful drugs in the market, which are discovered in most cases by hindsight instead of systematical design. In this article, the implementation of a docking-based virtual screening workflow for the retrieval of covalent binders is presented considering human cathepsin K as a test case. By use of the docking conditions that led to the best enrichment of known actives, 44 candidate compounds with unknown activity on cathepsin K were finally selected for experimental evaluation. The most potent inhibitor, 4-(N-phenylanilino)-6-pyrrolidin-1-yl-1,3,5-triazine-2-carbonitrile (CP243522), showed a K(i) of 21 nM and was confirmed to have a covalent reversible mechanism of inhibition. The presented approach will have great potential in cases where covalent inhibition is the desired drug discovery strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Schröder
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Zur Propstei, D-55270 Schwabenheim, Germany
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1213
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Carpenter RL, Lo HW. Dacomitinib, an emerging HER-targeted therapy for non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2013. [PMID: 23205292 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2012.10.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Carpenter
- Department of Surgery, Divisions of Surgical Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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1214
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Nacht M, Qiao L, Sheets MP, St Martin T, Labenski M, Mazdiyasni H, Karp R, Zhu Z, Chaturvedi P, Bhavsar D, Niu D, Westlin W, Petter RC, Medikonda AP, Singh J. Discovery of a potent and isoform-selective targeted covalent inhibitor of the lipid kinase PI3Kα. J Med Chem 2013; 56:712-21. [PMID: 23360348 DOI: 10.1021/jm3008745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PI3Kα has been identified as an oncogene in human tumors. By use of rational drug design, a targeted covalent inhibitor 3 (CNX-1351) was created that potently and specifically inhibits PI3Kα. We demonstrate, using mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography, that the selective inhibitor covalently modifies PI3Kα on cysteine 862 (C862), an amino acid unique to the α isoform, and that PI3Kβ, -γ, and -δ are not covalently modified. 3 is able to potently (EC(50) < 100 nM) and specifically inhibit signaling in PI3Kα-dependent cancer cell lines, and this leads to a potent antiproliferative effect (GI(50) < 100 nM). A covalent probe, 8 (CNX-1220), which selectively bonds to PI3Kα, was used to investigate the duration of occupancy of 3 with PI3Kα in vivo. This is the first report of a PI3Kα-selective inhibitor, and these data demonstrate the biological impact of selectively targeting PI3Kα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Nacht
- Celgene Avilomics Research, 45 Wiggins Avenue, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, USA.
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1215
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Gersch M, Gut F, Korotkov VS, Lehmann J, Böttcher T, Rusch M, Hedberg C, Waldmann H, Klebe G, Sieber SA. The mechanism of caseinolytic protease (ClpP) inhibition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:3009-14. [PMID: 23361916 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Gersch
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Technische Universität München, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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1216
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Gersch M, Gut F, Korotkov VS, Lehmann J, Böttcher T, Rusch M, Hedberg C, Waldmann H, Klebe G, Sieber SA. Der Inhibitionsmechanismus der caseinolytischen Protease (ClpP). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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1217
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Differding E. Highlights from ASMC'13 – Advances in Synthetic and Medicinal Chemistry – May 5–8 2013, Moscow, Russia. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md90017g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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1218
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Tomasio SM, Harding HP, Ron D, Cross BCS, Bond PJ. Selective inhibition of the unfolded protein response: targeting catalytic sites for Schiff base modification. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:2408-16. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70234k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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1219
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Naven RT, Kantesaria S, Nadanaciva S, Schroeter T, Leach KL. High throughput glutathione and Nrf2 assays to assess chemical and biological reactivity of cysteine-reactive compounds. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tx50027f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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1220
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Liu CX, Zhou HC, Yin QQ, Wu YL, Chen GQ. Targeting peroxiredoxins against leukemia. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:170-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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1221
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Abstract
This minireview focuses on recent developments in the application of molecular dynamics to drug design. Recent applications of endpoint free-energy computational methods such as molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) and generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) and linear response methods are described. Recent progress in steered molecular dynamics applied to drug design is reviewed.
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1222
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Abuhammad A, Fullam E, Lowe ED, Staunton D, Kawamura A, Westwood IM, Bhakta S, Garner AC, Wilson DL, Seden PT, Davies SG, Russell AJ, Garman EF, Sim E. Piperidinols that show anti-tubercular activity as inhibitors of arylamine N-acetyltransferase: an essential enzyme for mycobacterial survival inside macrophages. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52790. [PMID: 23285185 PMCID: PMC3532304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent M. tuberculosis infection presents one of the major obstacles in the global eradication of tuberculosis (TB). Cholesterol plays a critical role in the persistence of M. tuberculosis within the macrophage during latent infection. Catabolism of cholesterol contributes to the pool of propionyl-CoA, a precursor that is incorporated into cell-wall lipids. Arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) is encoded within a gene cluster that is involved in the cholesterol sterol-ring degradation and is essential for intracellular survival. The ability of the NAT from M. tuberculosis (TBNAT) to utilise propionyl-CoA links it to the cholesterol-catabolism pathway. Deleting the nat gene or inhibiting the NAT enzyme prevents intracellular survival and results in depletion of cell-wall lipids. TBNAT has been investigated as a potential target for TB therapies. From a previous high-throughput screen, 3-benzoyl-4-phenyl-1-methylpiperidinol was identified as a selective inhibitor of prokaryotic NAT that exhibited antimycobacterial activity. The compound resulted in time-dependent irreversible inhibition of the NAT activity when tested against NAT from M. marinum (MMNAT). To further evaluate the antimycobacterial activity and the NAT inhibition of this compound, four piperidinol analogues were tested. All five compounds exert potent antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis with MIC values of 2.3-16.9 µM. Treatment of the MMNAT enzyme with this set of inhibitors resulted in an irreversible time-dependent inhibition of NAT activity. Here we investigate the mechanism of NAT inhibition by studying protein-ligand interactions using mass spectrometry in combination with enzyme analysis and structure determination. We propose a covalent mechanism of NAT inhibition that involves the formation of a reactive intermediate and selective cysteine residue modification. These piperidinols present a unique class of antimycobacterial compounds that have a novel mode of action different from known anti-tubercular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej Abuhammad
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Fullam
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Edward D. Lowe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Staunton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Akane Kawamura
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac M. Westwood
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - David L. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter T. Seden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen G. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Angela J. Russell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elspeth F. Garman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing Kingston University, Kingston, United Kingdom
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1223
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Monks TJ, Lau SS. Reactive intermediates: molecular and MS-based approaches to assess the functional significance of chemical-protein adducts. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 41:315-21. [PMID: 23222993 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312467399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biologically reactive intermediates formed as endogenous products of various metabolic processes are considered important factors in a variety of human diseases, including Parkinson's disease and other neurological disorders, diabetes and complications thereof, and other inflammatory-associated diseases. Chemical-induced toxicities are also frequently mediated via the bioactivation of relatively stable organic molecules to reactive electrophilic metabolites. Indeed, chemical-induced toxicities have long been known to be associated with the ability of electrophilic metabolites to react with a variety of targets within the cell, including their covalent adduction to nucleophilic residues in proteins, and nucleotides within DNA. Although we possess considerable knowledge of the various biochemical mechanisms by which chemicals undergo metabolic bioactivation, we understand far less about the processes that couple bioactivation to toxicity. Identifying specific sites within a protein, which are targets for adduction, can provide the initial information necessary to determine whether such adventitious posttranslational modifications significantly alter either protein structure and/or function. To address this problem, we have developed mass spectrometry (MS)-based approaches to identify specific amino acid targets of electrophile adduction (electrophile-binding motifs), coupled with molecular modeling of such adducts, to determine the potential structural and functional consequences. Where appropriate, functional assays are subsequently conducted to assess protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence J Monks
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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1224
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Truong TH, Carroll KS. Redox regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling through cysteine oxidation. Biochemistry 2012. [PMID: 23186290 DOI: 10.1021/bi301441e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exemplifies the family of receptor tyrosine kinases that mediate numerous cellular processes, including growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Moreover, gene amplification and EGFR mutations have been identified in a number of human malignancies, making this receptor an important target for the development of anticancer drugs. In addition to ligand-dependent activation and concomitant tyrosine phosphorylation, EGFR stimulation results in the localized generation of H(2)O(2) by NADPH-dependent oxidases. In turn, H(2)O(2) functions as a secondary messenger to regulate intracellular signaling cascades, largely through the modification of specific cysteine residues within redox-sensitive protein targets, including Cys797 in the EGFR active site. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie redox regulation of EGFR signaling and how these discoveries may form the basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies for targeting this and other H(2)O(2)-modulated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu H Truong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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1225
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Gushwa NN, Kang S, Chen J, Taunton J. Selective targeting of distinct active site nucleophiles by irreversible SRC-family kinase inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 2012. [PMID: 23190395 DOI: 10.1021/ja310659j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Src-family tyrosine kinases play pivotal roles in human physiology and disease, and several drugs that target members of this family are in clinical use. None of these drugs appear to discriminate among closely related kinases. However, assessing their selectivity toward endogenous kinases in living cells remains a significant challenge. Here, we report the design of two Src-directed chemical probes, each consisting of a nucleoside scaffold with a 5'-electrophile. A 5'-fluorosulfonylbenzoate (1) reacts with the conserved catalytic lysine (Lys295) and shows little discrimination among related kinases. By contrast, a 5'-vinylsulfonate (2) reacts with a poorly conserved, proximal cysteine (Cys277) found in three Src-family and six unrelated kinases. Both 1 and 2 bear an alkyne tag and efficiently label their respective endogenous kinase targets in intact cells. Using 1 as a competitive probe, we determined the extent to which ponatinib, a clinical Bcr-Abl inhibitor, targets Src-family kinases. Remarkably, while ponatinib had little effect on endogenous Fyn or Src, it potently blocked the critical T-cell kinase, Lck. Probes 1 and 2 thus enable competitive profiling versus distinct kinase subsets in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan N Gushwa
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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1226
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López-Tarruella S, Jerez Y, Márquez-Rodas I, Martín M. Neratinib (HKI-272) in the treatment of breast cancer. Future Oncol 2012; 8:671-81. [PMID: 22764764 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neratinib is an orally available, small, irreversible, pan-HER kinase inhibitor. HER-2-positive breast cancer is a breast cancer subtype with an increasing body of knowledge regarding potential targeted drug combinations that are significantly improving outcomes through a biologically tailored therapy approach; neratinib emerges as a promising tool in this context. This article reviews the molecular and clinical development of neratinib, an example of a covalent drug, from preclinical models to Phase III clinical trials, focusing on breast cancer treatment. The potential combinations of neratinib with chemotherapy in the metastatic, adjuvant and even neoadjuvant settings are appraised. These results and future perspectives will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara López-Tarruella
- Medical Oncology Service, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, Calle Dr Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
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1227
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Mitigating Toxicity Risks with Affinity Labeling Drug Candidates. REACTIVE DRUG METABOLITES 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527655748.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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1228
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Zapf CW, Gerstenberger BS, Xing L, Limburg DC, Anderson DR, Caspers N, Han S, Aulabaugh A, Kurumbail R, Shakya S, Li X, Spaulding V, Czerwinski RM, Seth N, Medley QG. Covalent Inhibitors of Interleukin-2 Inducible T Cell Kinase (Itk) with Nanomolar Potency in a Whole-Blood Assay. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10047-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301190s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph W. Zapf
- BioTherapeutics Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02140, United States
| | - Brian S. Gerstenberger
- BioTherapeutics
Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Li Xing
- BioTherapeutics Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02140, United States
| | - David C. Limburg
- BioTherapeutics
Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David R. Anderson
- BioTherapeutics
Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nicole Caspers
- Structure Biology and Biophysics, Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern Point
Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Seungil Han
- Structure Biology and Biophysics, Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern Point
Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ann Aulabaugh
- Structure Biology and Biophysics, Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern Point
Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ravi Kurumbail
- Structure Biology and Biophysics, Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern Point
Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Subarna Shakya
- Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Pfizer Research, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Xin Li
- Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Pfizer Research, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Vikki Spaulding
- Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Pfizer Research, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Robert M. Czerwinski
- Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Pfizer Research, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Nilufer Seth
- Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Pfizer Research, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Quintus G. Medley
- Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Pfizer Research, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02140, United States
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1229
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Cardoso R, Love R, Nilsson CL, Bergqvist S, Nowlin D, Yan J, Liu KKC, Zhu J, Chen P, Deng YL, Dyson HJ, Greig MJ, Brooun A. Identification of Cys255 in HIF-1α as a novel site for development of covalent inhibitors of HIF-1α/ARNT PasB domain protein-protein interaction. Protein Sci 2012; 21:1885-96. [PMID: 23033253 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The heterodimer HIF-1α (hypoxia inducible factor)/HIF-β (also known as ARNT-aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator) is a key mediator of cellular response to hypoxia. The interaction between these monomer units can be modified by the action of small molecules in the binding interface between their C-terminal heterodimerization (PasB) domains. Taking advantage of the presence of several cysteine residues located in the allosteric cavity of HIF-1α PasB domain, we applied a cysteine-based reactomics "hotspot identification" strategy to locate regions of HIF-1α PasB domain critical for its interaction with ARNT. COMPOUND 5 was identified using a mass spectrometry-based primary screening strategy and was shown to react specifically with Cys255 of the HIF-1α PasB domain. Biophysical characterization of the interaction between PasB domains of HIF-1α and ARNT revealed that covalent binding of COMPOUND 5 to Cys255 reduced binding affinity between HIF-1α and ARNT PasB domains approximately 10-fold. Detailed NMR structural analysis of HIF-1α-PasB-COMPOUND 5 conjugate showed significant local conformation changes in the HIF-1α associated with key residues involved in the HIF-1α/ARNT PasB domain interaction as revealed by the crystal structure of the HIF-1α/ARNT PasB heterodimer. Our screening strategy could be applied to other targets to identify pockets surrounding reactive cysteines suitable for development of small molecule modulators of protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Cardoso
- Oncology Chemistry, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA
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1230
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Targeting the microenvironment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is changing the therapeutic landscape. Curr Opin Oncol 2012; 24:643-9. [PMID: 22960555 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0b013e3283589950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite ongoing efforts to decipher the cancer genome, discoveries of new targetable genetic lesions within cancer cells are rare. Therefore, alternative approaches are needed. Signals from the microenvironment are increasingly recognized as drivers of disease progression in hematologic and solid cancers. Consequently, there is growing interest in targeting the tumor-microenvironment cross-talk. This review highlights recent therapeutic advances in targeting the microenvironment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). RECENT FINDINGS CLL is the poster child for microenvironment-dependent malignancies, because the clonal CLL B cells are highly dependent on external signals for maintenance and expansion. These pathways recapitulate those responsible for normal B-cell expansion in germinal centers. The most prominent, conserved mechanism is B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, which promotes CLL cell survival and expansion in lymphatic tissue areas designated proliferation centers. BCR signaling now can be targeted by new targeted kinase inhibitors. SUMMARY Small molecule inhibitors of BCR signaling kinases, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) inhibitor ibrutinib and the phosphoinositide 3'-kinase delta (PI3Kδ) inhibitor GS-1101, are currently transforming the landscape of CLL therapy. This development exemplifies that the microenvironment has become a lively successful area of translational research.
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1231
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Wang Z, Yang J, Kirk C, Fang Y, Alsina M, Badros A, Papadopoulos K, Wong A, Woo T, Bomba D, Li J, Infante JR. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, and Drug-Drug Interaction of Carfilzomib. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 41:230-7. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.047662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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1232
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García-Domínguez P, Weiss M, Lepore I, Álvarez R, Altucci L, Gronemeyer H, de Lera ÁR. A DNA Methyltransferase Modulator Inspired by Peyssonenyne Natural Product Structures. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:2101-12. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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1233
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Ouyang X, Zhou S, Su CTT, Ge Z, Li R, Kwoh CK. CovalentDock: automated covalent docking with parameterized covalent linkage energy estimation and molecular geometry constraints. J Comput Chem 2012; 34:326-36. [PMID: 23034731 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Covalent linkage formation is a very important mechanism for many covalent drugs to work. However, partly due to the limitations of proper computational tools for covalent docking, most covalent drugs are not discovered systematically. In this article, we present a new covalent docking package, the CovalentDock, built on the top of the source code of Autodock. We developed an empirical model of free energy change estimation for covalent linkage formation, which is compatible with existing scoring functions used in docking, while handling the molecular geometry constrains of the covalent linkage with special atom types and directional grid maps. Integrated preparation scripts are also written for the automation of the whole covalent docking workflow. The result tested on existing crystal structures with covalent linkage shows that CovalentDock can reproduce the native covalent complexes with significant improved accuracy when compared with the default covalent docking method in Autodock. Experiments also suggest that CovalentDock is capable of covalent virtual screening with satisfactory enrichment performance. In addition, the investigation on the results also shows that the chirality and target selectivity along with the molecular geometry constrains are well preserved by CovalentDock, showing great capability of this method in the application for covalent drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchang Ouyang
- BioInformatics Research Centre, School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
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1234
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Nonoo RH, Armstrong A, Mann DJ. Kinetic Template-Guided Tethering of Fragments. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:2082-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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1235
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Long MJC, Gollapalli DR, Hedstrom L. Inhibitor mediated protein degradation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 19:629-37. [PMID: 22633414 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of drugs that cause the degradation of their target proteins has been largely serendipitous. Here we report that the tert-butyl carbamate-protected arginine (Boc(3)Arg) moiety provides a general strategy for the design of degradation-inducing inhibitors. The covalent inactivators ethacrynic acid and thiobenzofurazan cause the specific degradation of glutathione-S-transferase when linked to Boc(3)Arg. Similarly, the degradation of dihydrofolate reductase is induced when cells are treated with the noncovalent inhibitor trimethoprim linked to Boc(3)Arg. Degradation is rapid and robust, with 30%-80% of these abundant target proteins consumed within 1.3-5 hr. The proteasome is required for Boc(3)Arg-mediated degradation, but ATP is not necessary and the ubiquitin pathways do not appear to be involved. These results suggest that the Boc(3)Arg moiety may provide a general strategy to construct inhibitors that induce targeted protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J C Long
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
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1236
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Heuckmann JM, Rauh D, Thomas RK. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Signaling and Covalent EGFR Inhibition in Lung Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30:3417-20. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.43.1825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Rauh
- Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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1237
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Deng H, Wang C, Su M, Fang Y. Probing Biochemical Mechanisms of Action of Muscarinic M3 Receptor Antagonists with Label-Free Whole Cell Assays. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8232-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301495n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huayun Deng
- Biochemical Technologies, Science
and Technology Division, Corning Inc.,
Corning, New York 14831, United States
| | - Chaoming Wang
- Biochemical Technologies, Science
and Technology Division, Corning Inc.,
Corning, New York 14831, United States
- NanoScience Technology Center,
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816,
United States
| | - Ming Su
- NanoScience Technology Center,
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816,
United States
| | - Ye Fang
- Biochemical Technologies, Science
and Technology Division, Corning Inc.,
Corning, New York 14831, United States
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1238
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Discovery of an orally active small-molecule irreversible inhibitor of protein disulfide isomerase for ovarian cancer treatment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:16348-53. [PMID: 22988091 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1205226109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein, catalyzes disulfide bond breakage, formation, and rearrangement. The effect of PDI inhibition on ovarian cancer progression is not yet clear, and there is a need for potent, selective, and safe small-molecule inhibitors of PDI. Here, we report a class of propynoic acid carbamoyl methyl amides (PACMAs) that are active against a panel of human ovarian cancer cell lines. Using fluorescent derivatives, 2D gel electrophoresis, and MS, we established that PACMA 31, one of the most active analogs, acts as an irreversible small-molecule inhibitor of PDI, forming a covalent bond with the active site cysteines of PDI. We also showed that PDI activity is essential for the survival and proliferation of human ovarian cancer cells. In vivo, PACMA 31 showed tumor targeting ability and significantly suppressed ovarian tumor growth without causing toxicity to normal tissues. These irreversible small-molecule PDI inhibitors represent an important approach for the development of targeted anticancer agents for ovarian cancer therapy, and they can also serve as useful probes for investigating the biology of PDI-implicated pathways.
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1239
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Liby KT, Sporn MB. Synthetic oleanane triterpenoids: multifunctional drugs with a broad range of applications for prevention and treatment of chronic disease. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:972-1003. [PMID: 22966038 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.004846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the rationale for the use of synthetic oleanane triterpenoids (SOs) for prevention and treatment of disease, as well as extensive biological data on this topic resulting from both cell culture and in vivo studies. Emphasis is placed on understanding mechanisms of action. SOs are noncytotoxic drugs with an excellent safety profile. Several hundred SOs have now been synthesized and in vitro have been shown to: 1) suppress inflammation and oxidative stress and therefore be cytoprotective, especially at low nanomolar doses, 2) induce differentiation, and 3) block cell proliferation and induce apoptosis at higher micromolar doses. Animal data on the use of SOs in neurodegenerative diseases and in diseases of the eye, lung, cardiovascular system, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney, as well as in cancer and in metabolic and inflammatory/autoimmune disorders, are reviewed. The importance of the cytoprotective Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with CNC homology-associated protein 1/nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2/antioxidant response element (Keap1/Nrf2/ARE) pathway as a mechanism of action is explained, but interactions with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PARPγ), inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB kinase complex (IKK), janus tyrosine kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/ErbB2/neu, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and the thiol proteome are also described. In these interactions, Michael addition of SOs to reactive cysteine residues in specific molecular targets triggers biological activity. Ultimately, SOs are multifunctional drugs that regulate the activity of entire networks. Recent progress in the earliest clinical trials with 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) methyl ester (bardoxolone methyl) is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen T Liby
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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1240
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Covalent fusion inhibitors targeting HIV-1 gp41 deep pocket. Amino Acids 2012; 44:701-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1394-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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1241
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Solca F, Dahl G, Zoephel A, Bader G, Sanderson M, Klein C, Kraemer O, Himmelsbach F, Haaksma E, Adolf GR. Target binding properties and cellular activity of afatinib (BIBW 2992), an irreversible ErbB family blocker. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 343:342-50. [PMID: 22888144 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.197756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 649] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of the ErbB (proto-oncogene B of the avian erythroblastosis virus AEV-H strain) receptor network is well recognized as an oncogenic driver in epithelial cancers. Several targeted drugs have been developed, including antibodies and small-molecule kinase inhibitors, each of them characterized by distinct patterns of ErbB receptor interactions. Understanding the precise pharmacological properties of these compounds is important for optimal use in clinical practice. Afatinib [BIBW 2992; N-[4-[(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)amino]-7-[[(3S)-tetrahydro-3-furanyl]oxy]-6-quinazolinyl]-4-(dimethylamino)-2-butenamide] is an ATP-competitive anilinoquinazoline derivative harboring a reactive acrylamide group. It was designed to covalently bind and irreversibly block enzymatically active ErbB receptor family members. Here, we show by X-ray crystallography the covalent binding of afatinib to wild-type epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and by mass spectrometry the covalent interaction with EGFR, EGFRL858R/T790M, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and ErbB-4. Afatinib potently inhibits the enymatic activity of ErbB-4 (EC50=1 nM) and the proliferation of cancer cell lines driven by multiple ErbB receptor aberrations at concentrations below 100 nM. N-[4-[(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)amino]-7-[[(3S)-tetrahydro-3-furanyl]oxy]-6-quinazolinyl]-4-(dimethylamino)-2-butanamide (BI 37781), a close analog of afatinib lacking the acrylamide group and thus incapable of covalent bond formation, had similar potency on cells driven by EGFR or EGFRL858R, but less or no detectable activity on cells expressing EGFRL858R/T790M HER2 or ErbB-4. These results stress the importance of the acrylamide group and show that afatinib differs from approved ErbB targeting agents by irreversibly inhibiting the kinase activity of all ErbB family members. They provide a mechanistic rationale for the distinct pharmacological features of this compound and explain the clinical activity seen in some patients who are resistant to antibody or kinase inhibitor therapy because of secondary mutations or ErbB receptor "reprogramming."
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Solca
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG., Vienna, Austria.
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Stura EA, Le Roux L, Guitot K, Garcia S, Bregant S, Beau F, Vera L, Collet G, Ptchelkine D, Bakirci H, Dive V. Structural framework for covalent inhibition of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin A by targeting Cys165. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:33607-14. [PMID: 22869371 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.396697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) is one of the most potent toxins for humans and a major biothreat agent. Despite intense chemical efforts over the past 10 years to develop inhibitors of its catalytic domain (catBoNT/A), highly potent and selective inhibitors are still lacking. Recently, small inhibitors were reported to covalently modify catBoNT/A by targeting Cys(165), a residue located in the enzyme active site just above the catalytic zinc ion. However, no direct proof of Cys(165) modification was reported, and the poor accessibility of this residue in the x-ray structure of catBoNT/A raises concerns about this proposal. To clarify this issue, the functional role of Cys(165) was first assessed through a combination of site-directed mutagenesis and structural studies. These data suggested that Cys(165) is more involved in enzyme catalysis rather than in structural property. Then by peptide mass fingerprinting and x-ray crystallography, we demonstrated that a small compound containing a sulfonyl group acts as inhibitor of catBoNT/A through covalent modification of Cys(165). The crystal structure of this covalent complex offers a structural framework for developing more potent covalent inhibitors catBoNT/A. Other zinc metalloproteases can be founded in the protein database with a cysteine at a similar location, some expressed by major human pathogens; thus this work should find broader applications for developing covalent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico A Stura
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, iBiTec-S, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, CE-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
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Burcham PC, Raso A, Kaminskas LM. Chaperone heat shock protein 90 mobilization and hydralazine cytoprotection against acrolein-induced carbonyl stress. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:876-86. [PMID: 22869587 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.078956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic carbonyls such as acrolein participate in many degenerative diseases. Although the nucleophilic vasodilatory drug hydralazine readily traps such species under "test-tube" conditions, whether these reactions adequately explain its efficacy in animal models of carbonyl-mediated disease is uncertain. We have previously shown that hydralazine attacks carbonyl-adducted proteins in an "adduct-trapping" reaction that appears to take precedence over direct "carbonyl-sequestering" reactions, but how this reaction conferred cytoprotection was unclear. This study explored the possibility that by increasing the bulkiness of acrolein-adducted proteins, adduct-trapping might alter the redistribution of chaperones to damaged cytoskeletal proteins that are known targets for acrolein. Using A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells, the levels of chaperones heat shock protein (Hsp) 40, Hsp70, Hsp90, and Hsp110 were measured in intermediate filament extracts prepared after a 3-h exposure to acrolein. Exposure to acrolein alone modestly increased the levels of all four chaperones. Coexposure to hydralazine (10-100 μM) strongly suppressed cell ATP loss while producing strong adduct-trapping in intermediate filaments. Most strikingly, hydralazine selectively boosted the levels of cytoskeletal-associated Hsp90, including a high-mass species that was sensitive to the Hsp90 inhibitor 17-N-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin. Biochemical fractionation of acrolein- and hydralazine-treated cells revealed that hydralazine likely promoted Hsp90 migration from cytosol into other subcellular compartments. A role for Hsp90 mobilization in cytoprotection was confirmed by the finding that brief heat shock treatment suppressed acute acrolein toxicity in A549 cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that by increasing the steric bulk of carbonyl-adducted proteins, adduct-trapping drugs trigger the intracellular mobilization of the key molecular chaperone Hsp90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Burcham
- Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Anaesthesiology Unit, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.
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Clinical perspectives for irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1388-99. [PMID: 22885287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Irreversible inhibitors provide potent and selective inhibition of tyrosine kinase enzymes. Use of such inhibitors has proved promising in overcoming the tumor resistance encountered with reversible tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Irreversible inhibitors inactivate their protein target through covalent interaction with a nucleophilic cysteine residue within the nucleotide binding pocket of the kinase domain. Different irreversible tyrosin kinase inhibitors directed against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and fibroblast growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (FGFR) have been developed and some of them have been employed clinically as anticancer agents. This review focuses on recent preclinical and clinical progress with currently available irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The chemical structures of the candidates, structure-activity relationships, biological activities and results of current clinical investigations are described.
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Fang Y. Ligand-receptor interaction platforms and their applications for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:969-88. [PMID: 22860803 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.715631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study of drug-target interactions is essential for the understanding of biological processes and for the efforts to develop new therapeutic molecules. Increased ligand-binding assays have coincided with the advances in reagents, detection and instrumentation technologies, the expansion in therapeutic targets of interest, and the increasingly recognized importance of biochemical aspects of drug-target interactions in determining the clinical performance of drug molecules. Nowadays, ligand-binding assays can determine every aspect of many drug-target interactions. AREAS COVERED Given that ligand-target interactions are very diverse, the author has decided to focus on the binding of small molecules to protein targets. This article first reviews the key biochemical aspects of drug-target interactions, and then discusses the detection principles of various ligand-binding techniques in the context of their primary applications for drug discovery and development. EXPERT OPINION Equilibrium-binding affinity should not be used as a solo indicator for the in vivo pharmacology of drugs. The clinical relevance of drug-binding kinetics demands high throughput kinetics early in drug discovery. The dependence of ligand binding and function on the conformation of targets necessitates solution-based and whole cell-based ligand-binding assays. The increasing need to examine ligand binding at the proteome level, driven by the clinical importance of the polypharmacology of ligands, has started to make the structure-based in silico binding screen an indispensable technique for drug discovery and development. Integration of different ligand-binding assays is important to improve the efficiency of the drug discovery and development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Fang
- Biochemical Technologies, Science and Technology Division, Corning, Inc., Corning, NY 14831, USA.
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The scarlet letter of alkylation: a mini review of selective alkylating agents. Transl Oncol 2012; 5:226-9. [PMID: 22937173 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
If there were a stigma scale for chemotherapy, alkylating agents would be ranked at the top of the list. The chemical term alkylation is associated with nonselective toxicity, an association that dates back to the use of nitrogen mustards during World War I as chemical warfare agents. That this stigma persists and extends to compounds that, through selectivity, attempt to "tame" the indiscriminate destructive potential of alkylation is the subject of this review. Selective alkylation, as it is referred to herein, constitutes an extremely nascent and dynamic field in oncology. The pharmacodynamic response to this selective strategy depends on a delicate kinetic balance between specificity and the rate and extent of binding. Three representative compounds are presented: RRx-001, 3-bromopyruvate, and TH-302. The main impetus for the development of these compounds has been the avoidance of the serious complications of traditional alkylating agents; therefore, it is the thesis of this review that they should not experience stigma by association.
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Cenni B, Gutmann S, Gottar-Guillier M. BMX and its role in inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Int Rev Immunol 2012; 31:166-73. [PMID: 22449076 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.663838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow kinase on chromosome X (BMX) is a cytosolic tyrosine kinase and a member of the TEC kinase family. BMX is expressed in hematopoietic cells of the myeloid lineage where it participates in the immune response. It is also involved in the response to ischemia and pressure overload in the endocardium and the cardiac endothelium. Moreover, BMX is expressed in several types of cancers and very recently has been shown to mediate the survival and tumorigenicity of glioblastoma cancer stem cells. In the inflammatory response BMX regulates the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines induced by TNFα, IL-1β, and TLR agonists. It is required for the activation of the MAP kinase and NFκB pathways and acts at the level of the essential TAK1/TAB complex. Cellular regulation of the IL-8 promoter by BMX is dependent on membrane localization mediated by its pleckstrin homology domain, as well as on BMX kinase activity. BMX deficiency confers protection from arthritis in a mouse model known to be dependent on macrophages and IL-1β. Genetic replacement of BMX with a kinase-inactive allele surprisingly restored susceptibility to arthritis, suggesting that in vivo BMX kinase activity can be dispensable. This review summarizes recent advances in the knowledge of BMX biology and their relevance for translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cenni
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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SCHNUTE MARKE, HUANG ADRIAN, SAIAH EDDINE. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (Btk). ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735346-00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the Tec family of kinases. Btk is critical for B-cell development, differentiation and signalling through the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) as is evident by its genetic association to a human primary immunodeficiency disease known as X-linked Agammaglobulinemia (XLA). Btk is also present in specific cells of the myeloid lineage and contributes to the activation of the FcγR and FcεR signalling pathways in macrophages, neutrophils and mast cells. Because of its key role in these pathways, Btk is considered a promising target for therapeutic intervention in autoimmune and inflammatory disease. Numerous research groups are actively working to identify Btk inhibitors through the targeting of inactive kinase conformations or covalent active site inhibition. Both strategies have benefited from the rapid growth in structural biology insight for the target. Recently discovered potent and orally bioavailable Btk inhibitors have shown promising efficacy in several pre-clinical animal models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). These results, coupled with promising initial findings from the study of Btk inhibitors in human clinical trials for oncology, strongly suggest Btk intervention offers significant potential as a treatment strategy in inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARK E. SCHNUTE
- Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc. 200 Cambridge Park Drive Cambridge, MA 02140 USA
| | - ADRIAN HUANG
- Department of Chemistry Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA 02481 USA
| | - EDDINE SAIAH
- Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc. 200 Cambridge Park Drive Cambridge, MA 02140 USA
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De Cesco S, Deslandes S, Therrien E, Levan D, Cueto M, Schmidt R, Cantin LD, Mittermaier A, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Moitessier N. Virtual screening and computational optimization for the discovery of covalent prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitors with activity in human cells. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6306-15. [PMID: 22765237 DOI: 10.1021/jm3002839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our docking program, Fitted, implemented in our computational platform, Forecaster, has been modified to carry out automated virtual screening of covalent inhibitors. With this modified version of the program, virtual screening and further docking-based optimization of a selected hit led to the identification of potential covalent reversible inhibitors of prolyl oligopeptidase activity. After visual inspection, a virtual hit molecule together with four analogues were selected for synthesis and made in one-five chemical steps. Biological evaluations on recombinant POP and FAPα enzymes, cell extracts, and living cells demonstrated high potency and selectivity for POP over FAPα and DPPIV. Three compounds even exhibited high nanomolar inhibitory activities in intact living human cells and acceptable metabolic stability. This small set of molecules also demonstrated that covalent binding and/or geometrical constraints to the ligand/protein complex may lead to an increase in bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane De Cesco
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
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Lee CU, Grossmann TN. Reversible Covalent Inhibition of a Protein Target. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8699-700. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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