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Moler FW, Silverstein FS, Holubkov R, Slomine BS, Christensen JR, Nadkarni VM, Meert KL, Browning B, Pemberton VL, Page K, Gildea MR, Scholefield BR, Shankaran S, Hutchison JS, Berger JT, Ofori-Amanfo G, Newth CJL, Topjian A, Bennett KS, Koch JD, Pham N, Chanani NK, Pineda JA, Harrison R, Dalton HJ, Alten J, Schleien CL, Goodman DM, Zimmerman JJ, Bhalala US, Schwarz AJ, Porter MB, Shah S, Fink EL, McQuillen P, Wu T, Skellett S, Thomas NJ, Nowak JE, Baines PB, Pappachan J, Mathur M, Lloyd E, van der Jagt EW, Dobyns EL, Meyer MT, Sanders RC, Clark AE, Dean JM. Therapeutic Hypothermia after In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Children. N Engl J Med 2017; 376:318-329. [PMID: 28118559 PMCID: PMC5310766 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1610493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted temperature management is recommended for comatose adults and children after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; however, data on temperature management after in-hospital cardiac arrest are limited. METHODS In a trial conducted at 37 children's hospitals, we compared two temperature interventions in children who had had in-hospital cardiac arrest. Within 6 hours after the return of circulation, comatose children older than 48 hours and younger than 18 years of age were randomly assigned to therapeutic hypothermia (target temperature, 33.0°C) or therapeutic normothermia (target temperature, 36.8°C). The primary efficacy outcome, survival at 12 months after cardiac arrest with a score of 70 or higher on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, second edition (VABS-II, on which scores range from 20 to 160, with higher scores indicating better function), was evaluated among patients who had had a VABS-II score of at least 70 before the cardiac arrest. RESULTS The trial was terminated because of futility after 329 patients had undergone randomization. Among the 257 patients who had a VABS-II score of at least 70 before cardiac arrest and who could be evaluated, the rate of the primary efficacy outcome did not differ significantly between the hypothermia group and the normothermia group (36% [48 of 133 patients] and 39% [48 of 124 patients], respectively; relative risk, 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67 to 1.27; P=0.63). Among 317 patients who could be evaluated for change in neurobehavioral function, the change in VABS-II score from baseline to 12 months did not differ significantly between the groups (P=0.70). Among 327 patients who could be evaluated for 1-year survival, the rate of 1-year survival did not differ significantly between the hypothermia group and the normothermia group (49% [81 of 166 patients] and 46% [74 of 161 patients], respectively; relative risk, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.85 to 1.34; P=0.56). The incidences of blood-product use, infection, and serious adverse events, as well as 28-day mortality, did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS Among comatose children who survived in-hospital cardiac arrest, therapeutic hypothermia, as compared with therapeutic normothermia, did not confer a significant benefit in survival with a favorable functional outcome at 1 year. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; THAPCA-IH ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00880087 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Moler
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Faye S Silverstein
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Richard Holubkov
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Beth S Slomine
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - James R Christensen
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Vinay M Nadkarni
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Kathleen L Meert
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Brittan Browning
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Victoria L Pemberton
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Kent Page
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Marianne R Gildea
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Barnaby R Scholefield
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Seetha Shankaran
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Jamie S Hutchison
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - John T Berger
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - George Ofori-Amanfo
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Christopher J L Newth
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Alexis Topjian
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Kimberly S Bennett
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Joshua D Koch
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Nga Pham
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Nikhil K Chanani
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Jose A Pineda
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Rick Harrison
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Heidi J Dalton
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Jeffrey Alten
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Charles L Schleien
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Denise M Goodman
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Jerry J Zimmerman
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Utpal S Bhalala
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Adam J Schwarz
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Melissa B Porter
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Samir Shah
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Ericka L Fink
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Patrick McQuillen
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Theodore Wu
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Sophie Skellett
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Neal J Thomas
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Jeffrey E Nowak
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Paul B Baines
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - John Pappachan
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Mudit Mathur
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Eric Lloyd
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Elise W van der Jagt
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Emily L Dobyns
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Michael T Meyer
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Ronald C Sanders
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - Amy E Clark
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
| | - J Michael Dean
- From the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.M., F.S.S.), and Wayne State University, Detroit (K.L.M., S. Shankaran) - both in Michigan; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R. Holubkov, B.B., K.P., M.R.G., K.S.B., A.E.C., J.M.D.); Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University (B.S.S., J.R.C.) and Johns Hopkins Children's Center (U.S.B.), Baltimore, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda (V.L.P.) - both in Maryland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (V.M.N., A.T.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh (E.L.F.), and Penn State Children's Hospital, Hershey (N.J.T.) - all in Pennsylvania; Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham (B.R.S.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London (S. Skellett), Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (P.B.B.), and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (J.P.) - all in the United Kingdom; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (J.S.H.); Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (J.T.B.); Duke Children's Hospital, Durham, NC (G.O.-A.); Children's Hospital Los Angeles (C.J.L.N.) and Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA (R. Harrison), Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (A.J.S.), University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco (P.M.), and Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda (M.M.) - all in California; Children's Medical Center Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.D.K.); University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio (T.W.); Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (N.P., N.K.C.); Washington University, St. Louis (J.A.P.); Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (H.J.D.); the Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham (J.A.); Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (C.L.S.), and Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (E.W.J.) - both in New York; Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (D.M.G.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (J.J.Z.); Kosair Children's Hospital, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.B.P.); University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S. Shah); Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis (J.E.N.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (E.L.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.L.D.); Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.T.M.); and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (R.C.S.)
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