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Perez-Lasierra JL, Casajús JA, Casasnovas JA, Arbones-Mainar JM, Lobo A, Lobo E, Moreno-Franco B, Gonzalez-Agüero A. Can Physical Activity Reduce the Risk of Cognitive Decline in Apolipoprotein e4 Carriers? A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7238. [PMID: 34299687 PMCID: PMC8303365 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) reduces the risk of cognitive decline (CD) in the general population. However, little is known about whether the presence of the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele (APOE e4) could modify this beneficial effect. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze and synthetize the scientific evidence related to PA levels and CD risk in cognitively healthy APOE e4 carriers. Four electronic databases were analyzed. Only original articles with longitudinal study design were selected to analyze the relationship between PA and CD in APOE e4 carriers. Five studies were included in the systematic review. All studies except one stated that PA is a protective factor against CD in APOE e4 carriers. Moreover, partial support was found for the hypothesis that a greater amount and intensity of PA are more beneficial in CD prevention. The results support the idea that PA is a protective factor against CD in APOE e4 carriers. Nevertheless, it would be necessary to carry out further studies that would allow these findings to be contrasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Perez-Lasierra
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.L.P.-L.); (J.A.C.)
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Casajús
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.L.P.-L.); (J.A.C.)
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBEROBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José Antonio Casasnovas
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.A.C.); (A.L.); (E.L.); (B.M.-F.)
- CIBERCV Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Arbones-Mainar
- CIBEROBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.A.C.); (A.L.); (E.L.); (B.M.-F.)
- Adipocyte and Fat Biology Laboratory (AdipoFat), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Lobo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.A.C.); (A.L.); (E.L.); (B.M.-F.)
- CIBERSAM Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Lobo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.A.C.); (A.L.); (E.L.); (B.M.-F.)
- CIBERSAM Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Pediatrics, Radiology and Public Health, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Belén Moreno-Franco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.A.C.); (A.L.); (E.L.); (B.M.-F.)
- CIBERCV Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Pediatrics, Radiology and Public Health, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gonzalez-Agüero
- Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.L.P.-L.); (J.A.C.)
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBEROBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
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102
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Lin PC, Lay YL, Chiu HL, Chen IH, Peters K. Effectiveness of a musical fitness programme for older adults with cognitive impairment in long-term care facilities: A quasi-experimental study. J Clin Nurs 2021; 31:995-1004. [PMID: 34227165 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.15956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effectiveness of a musical fitness programme (MFP) intervention in improving neuropsychiatric symptoms, depression, upper-limb muscle strength and cognition of older adults with cognitive impairment in long-term care (LTC) facilities. BACKGROUND Because of population ageing, the number of older adults with cognitive impairment has been increasing. The effectiveness of medications in treating cognitive impairment is limited; therefore, the global trend has been for non-pharmacological treatments. However, intervention studies of MFPs on older LTC residents with cognitive impairment are scant. DESIGN This study adopted a quasi-experimental design in accordance with the Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Nonrandomized Designs (TREND) checklist. In total, 84 older adults with cognitive impairment were recruited from seven LTC facilities. The MFP was implemented from July-November 2019. METHODS The intervention group received the MFP, which was 50 min per session, twice a week for 12 weeks, whereas the comparison group received usual care. Neuropsychiatric inventory nursing home version, the Cornell scale for depression in dementia Chinese version, 30-s arm curl test and Mini-Mental State Examination were the outcome measures. Data were analysed using Chi-square test, t test and repeated measure analysis of variance. RESULTS After the intervention, the scores of neuropsychiatric inventory and the Cornell depression exhibited significant differences over time between two groups (F = 3.6, p = .029; F = 5.96, p = .003, respectively). Nevertheless, 30-s arm curl test and Mini-Mental State Examination demonstrated non-significant between-group differences. CONCLUSION The MFP can effectively reduce neuropsychiatric symptoms and depression in older adults with cognitive impairment in LTC facilities. To ensure a more robust evidence base, more research is warranted. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE The MFP is a non-pharmacological treatment that can be implemented to promote psychological well-being among older adults with cognitive impairment in LTC facilities, and to indirectly reduce nursing staff burden. To assist nursing staff in providing this intervention, on-the-job training is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pi-Chu Lin
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Lay
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital-Yuanshan Branch, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Ling Chiu
- School of Gerontology Health Management, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Hui Chen
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kath Peters
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Penrith South, NSW, Australia
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103
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Soldan A, Pettigrew C, Zhu Y, Wang MC, Bilgel M, Hou X, Lu H, Miller MI, Albert M. Association of Lifestyle Activities with Functional Brain Connectivity and Relationship to Cognitive Decline among Older Adults. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:5637-5651. [PMID: 34184058 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines the relationship of engagement in different lifestyle activities to connectivity in large-scale functional brain networks, and whether network connectivity modifies cognitive decline, independent of brain amyloid levels. Participants (N = 153, mean age = 69 years, including N = 126 with amyloid imaging) were cognitively normal when they completed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, a lifestyle activity questionnaire, and cognitive testing. They were followed with annual cognitive tests up to 5 years (mean = 3.3 years). Linear regressions showed positive relationships between cognitive activity engagement and connectivity within the dorsal attention network, and between physical activity levels and connectivity within the default-mode, limbic, and frontoparietal control networks, and global within-network connectivity. Additionally, higher cognitive and physical activity levels were independently associated with higher network modularity, a measure of functional network specialization. These associations were largely independent of APOE4 genotype, amyloid burden, global brain atrophy, vascular risk, and level of cognitive reserve. Moreover, higher connectivity in the dorsal attention, default-mode, and limbic networks, and greater global connectivity and modularity were associated with reduced cognitive decline, independent of APOE4 genotype and amyloid burden. These findings suggest that changes in functional brain connectivity may be one mechanism by which lifestyle activity engagement reduces cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Soldan
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Corinne Pettigrew
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yuxin Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mei-Cheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Murat Bilgel
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Xirui Hou
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Hanzhang Lu
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Michael I Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Marilyn Albert
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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104
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Legrand R, Nuemi G, Poulain M, Manckoundia P. Description of Lifestyle, Including Social Life, Diet and Physical Activity, of People ≥90 years Living in Ikaria, a Longevity Blue Zone. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126602. [PMID: 34205297 PMCID: PMC8296328 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional observational study was conducted to describe the lifestyle of people ≥90 years, living in Evdilos or Raches, two municipalities of the Greek island of Ikaria, classified a longevity blue zone. The 71 participants were interviewed and underwent the Mediterranean Islands study food frequency questionnaire (MEDIS-FFQ) and the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ). The frequency of social contacts was daily for 77.9% of participants, weekly for 16.1%, and monthly for 5.9%. Most participants (90.0%) believed in God, and 81.4% took part in religious events. A total of 62.0% attended Panigiria festivals. Access to primary health care was considered difficult in the past for 66.2% of participants, while 22.1% felt that it remained difficult at the time of the survey. The level of adherence to the Mediterranean diet was 62.7% (61.6% in women and 64.0% in men). Physical activity levels were moderate or high for 71.8% of participants (59.5% of women and 85.3% of men). In conclusion, the participants had a very high level of family solidarity, social interaction and physical activity. The results concerning the Mediterranean diet are less convincing. It would be interesting to study the impact of these factors on the longevity of the oldest old aged people living in Ikaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Legrand
- “Pôle Personnes Âgées”, Hospital of Champmaillot, University Hospital, 21079 Dijon, France;
| | - Gilles Nuemi
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, François Mitterrand Hospital, University Hospital, 21079 Dijon, France;
| | - Michel Poulain
- Institute for the Analysis of Change in Historical and Contemporary Societies (IACCHOS), Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;
- Estonian Institute for Population Studies, Tallinn University, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Patrick Manckoundia
- “Pôle Personnes Âgées”, Hospital of Champmaillot, University Hospital, 21079 Dijon, France;
- INSERM U-1093, Cognition, Action and Sensorimotor Plasticity, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-3-80-29-39-70; Fax: +33-3-80-29-36-21
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105
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Associations between vitamin E, oxidative stress markers, total homocysteine levels, and physical activity or cognitive capacity in older adults. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12867. [PMID: 34145349 PMCID: PMC8213688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the associations between vitamin E, oxidative stress markers, total homocysteine levels, and physical activity or cognitive capacity in older adults. One hundred and six older adults (62 men, 44 women) within the age range of 56-81 years participated. The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment were used to assess physical activity and cognitive function, respectively. Vitamin E (e.g., α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol), oxidative stress markers (e.g., total antioxidant capacity and nitric oxide), and total homocysteine were estimated. There were significant associations between physical activity (high versus moderate versus poor) and all biomarkers (all p = 0.000, and p = 0.010 for γ-tocopherol). While total homocysteine and total antioxidant capacity were significantly associated with cognitive capacity (p = 0.000), vitamin E levels (e.g., α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol) and nitric oxide (p = 0.354, 0.103 and 0.060, respectively) were not related to cognitive capacity in older adults. This study concludes that physical activity was associated with Vitamin E, oxidative stress markers, total homocysteine, and cognitive capacity in older adults. Although cognitive capacity was associated with total homocysteine and total antioxidant capacity, it was unrelated to vitamin E levels and nitric oxide in older adults.
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106
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Jeong MK, Park KW, Ryu JK, Kim GM, Jung HH, Park H. Multi-Component Intervention Program on Habitual Physical Activity Parameters and Cognitive Function in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126240. [PMID: 34207701 PMCID: PMC8296099 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Age-related dementia refers to a state in which someone experiences multiple cognitive function impairment due to degenerative brain disease, and which causes difficulties in their daily life or social life. Dementia is the most common and serious obstacle in later life. Early intervention in the case of patients who are in the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) stage among the high-risk group can maintain and improve their cognitive function. The purpose of the current trial is aimed at investigating the association between a multi-component (exercise with cognitive) intervention program and habitual physical activity parameters on cognitive functions in MCI patients. Neuropsychological cognitive and depression assessments were performed by neuropsychologists according to normalized methods, including the Korean mini-mental State examination (K-MMSE) and modified Alzheimer's disease assessment scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) and cognitive assessment tool (attention, processing speed), and the Korean version of the geriatric depression scale (SGDS-K), both at baseline and at a 12 weeks follow-up. The 12-week multi-component intervention improved cognitive function and habitual physical activity parameters in patients with MCI relative to controls. A multi-component intervention program for patients with MCI is considered to be an effective method of dementia prevention by improving global (ADAS-Cog) and frontal (trail-making test, digit symbol substitution test) cognition and habitual physical activity parameters such as moderate to vigorous physical activity and step count. In addition, it is important to encourage habitual physical activities to ensure that exercise intervention strategies are carried out at the duration and intensity required for improving physical and cognitive wellbeing and obtaining health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ki Jeong
- College of Arts and Sports, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (M.-K.J.); (H.-H.J.)
| | - Kyung-Won Park
- Busan Metropolitan Dementia Center, Busan 49201, Korea;
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Je-Kwang Ryu
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea;
| | - Gwon-Min Kim
- Health Convergence Medicine Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Korea;
| | - Hyun-Hun Jung
- College of Arts and Sports, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (M.-K.J.); (H.-H.J.)
| | - Hyuntae Park
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea;
- Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-200-7517
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107
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Dupré C, Helmer C, Bongue B, Dartigues JF, Roche F, Berr C, Carrière I. Associations between physical activity types and multi-domain cognitive decline in older adults from the Three-city cohort. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252500. [PMID: 34061901 PMCID: PMC8168837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies suggest that physical activity improves cognitive functions and reduces cognitive decline, whereas others did not find any evidence of a neuroprotective effect. Furthermore, few cohort studies have analyzed the different physical activity types and particularly household activities. Our objective was to assess the association of two physical activity types with the decline in different cognitive domains in a large prospective cohort of community-dwelling older adults from the Three-city study. Physical activity (domestic/transportation activities and leisure/sport activities) was assessed with the Voorrips questionnaire, specific for older adults. Baseline sociodemographic and health history variables as well as cognitive performance data at baseline and during the 8-year follow-up (Mini-Mental State Examination, Benton Visual Retention Test, Trail Making Tests A and B, Isaac's Set Test and Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test) were also available. Associations between physical activity scores and cognitive decline in different domains were tested using minimally- and multi-adjusted linear mixed models. The analysis included 1697 participants without dementia at baseline and with at least one follow-up visit. At baseline, participants with higher sub-scores for the two physical activity types had better cognitive performances. Interaction with time showed that decline in some cognitive scores (Trail Making Test B and Isaac's Set Test) was significantly less pronounced in participants with higher household/transportation activity sub-scores. No significant effect over time was found for leisure/sport activities. This study shows that during an 8-year follow-up, executive functions and verbal fluency were better preserved in older adults who performed household/transportation activities at moderate to high level. Participation in domestic activities and using adapted transport means could allow older adults to maintain specific cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Dupré
- CETAF, Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratoire SNA-EPIS, University Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Catherine Helmer
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bienvenu Bongue
- CETAF, Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratoire SNA-EPIS, University Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Frédéric Roche
- Laboratoire SNA-EPIS, University Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Claudine Berr
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Inserm, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Carrière
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Inserm, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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108
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Rationale and methods to characterize the acute exercise response in aging and Alzheimer's Disease: the AEROBIC pilot study. Contemp Clin Trials 2021; 107:106457. [PMID: 34051350 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2021.106457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that exercise benefits the brain, but the mechanisms for this benefit are unclear. The chronic benefits of exercise are likely a product of discreet, acute responses in exercise-related blood biomarkers and brain metabolism. This acute exercise response has not been compared in aging and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). It is known that acute exercise elicits a powerful peripheral response in young individuals, and exercise-related biomarkers such as glucose and lactate readily penetrate the brain. How this changes with aging and neurodegenerative disease is less clear. It is critical to characterize and understand the acute effects of exercise, including different exercise intensities, in terms of the peripheral metabolic response and relationship with brain metabolism. This will help determine potential mechanisms for brain benefits of exercise and better inform the design of future clinical trials. The primary goal of the AEROBIC study is to characterize the acute exercise response of brain glucose metabolism and exercise-related blood biomarkers. We will measure how cerebral metabolism is affected by an acute bout of moderate and higher intensity exercise and characterize the extent to which this differs between cognitively healthy older adults and individuals with AD. Related to this primary goal, we will quantify the peripheral biomarker response to moderate and higher intensity exercise and how this relates to brain metabolic change in both groups.
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109
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Noh W, Kim KY. Review of Ecological Approach Factors Affecting Physical Activity among Older People. West J Nurs Res 2021; 44:799-808. [PMID: 34032167 DOI: 10.1177/01939459211017530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review aimed to investigate factors affecting physical activity among older people at the individual, social, and environmental levels based on an ecological approach. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Korean databases to identify all relevant studies that examined physical activity of older people using an ecological approach. Individual factors included socio-demographic characteristics, physical function components, and subjective health perceptions. Social factors included intimate relationships and social support. Environmental factors included physical living conditions, movement-related components, and policies and programs that affect the environment. This review analyzed the factors affecting physical activity of older people in three levels based on the ecological approach. This result provides a basis for managing, preventing, and promoting physical activity in older people based on an ecological approach and highlights the importance of environmental factors for improving physical activity among older people when applying foundational data for health prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjung Noh
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ka Young Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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110
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Fabiani M, Rypma B, Gratton G. Aging and cerebrovascular health: Structural, functional, cognitive, and methodological implications. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13842. [PMID: 34021598 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Fabiani
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Bart Rypma
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Gabriele Gratton
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
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111
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Viviano NA, Galik E, Resnick B. Racial differences in physical activity in nursing home residents with cognitive impairment. Appl Nurs Res 2021; 60:151445. [PMID: 34247786 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2021.151445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nursing home (NH) residents with moderate-to-severe cognitive impairment experience mostly sedentary lifestyles. AIM Previous research has examined racial differences in physical activity (PA) levels in community-dwelling older adults but not in NH residents with cognitive impairment, and the current study aimed to examine these differences. METHODS This was a secondary data analysis of baseline data from the Function and Behavior Focused Care Intervention (FBFC) study. The sample included 247 cognitively impaired residents from 12 NHs who wore an ActiGraph to measure PA. RESULTS The residents' mean age was 82.6 (SD = 10.1) and had an average MMSE score of 7.8 (SD = 5.0). The sample (N = 247) was 41% African American and 59% White. African American and White residents engaged in only 50.6 and 46.2 min of light- and 1.5 and 1.1 min of moderate-level PA, respectively. Based on a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), there was not a statistically significant difference between African American and White residents on combined dependent PA measures [F (8, 237) = 1.067, p = .387, Wilks' Λ = 0.962]. There was a trend that direct care providers subjectively reported that White residents engaged in more PA than their African American counterparts [F(8, 237) = 2.741, p = .09]. CONCLUSIONS These findings are not consistent with prior research. However, these findings indicate severely low levels of PA in NH residents, regardless of racial group. Future research should prioritize PA interventions that make accommodations for all NH residents, and especially consider their underlying physical comorbidities and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Viviano
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Gerontology, 660 W. Redwood Street, Howard Hall 222, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America.
| | - Elizabeth Galik
- University of Maryland School of Nursing, 655 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21210, United States of America
| | - Barbara Resnick
- University of Maryland School of Nursing, 655 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21210, United States of America
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112
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Duggan MR, Parikh V. Microglia and modifiable life factors: Potential contributions to cognitive resilience in aging. Behav Brain Res 2021; 405:113207. [PMID: 33640394 PMCID: PMC8005490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Given the increasing prevalence of age-related cognitive decline, it is relevant to consider the factors and mechanisms that might facilitate an individual's resiliency to such deficits. Growing evidence suggests a preeminent role of microglia, the prime mediator of innate immunity within the central nervous system. Human and animal investigations suggest aberrant microglial functioning and neuroinflammation are not only characteristic of the aged brain, but also might contribute to age-related dementia and Alzheimer's Disease. Conversely, accumulating data suggest that modifiable lifestyle factors (MLFs), such as healthy diet, exercise and cognitive engagement, can reliably afford cognitive benefits by potentially suppressing inflammation in the aging brain. The present review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the role for microglia in maintaining brain homeostasis and cognitive functioning in aging. Moreover, we propose an integrated, mechanistic model that postulates an individual's resiliency to cognitive decline afforded by MLFs might be mediated by the mitigation of aberrant microglia activation in aging, and subsequent suppression of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Duggan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States
| | - Vinay Parikh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States.
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113
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Clinical determinants of low handgrip strength and its decline in the oldest old: the Leiden 85-plus Study. Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33:1307-1313. [PMID: 32607865 PMCID: PMC8081703 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01639-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Age-related decline in muscle strength, dynapenia, is linked to serious adverse health outcomes. Evidence on the determinants of muscle strength decline in the oldest old is lacking. Aims To identify clinical variables associated with handgrip strength and its change over a 4-year period in an oldest old cohort. Methods We included 555 participants from the Leiden 85-plus Study, a prospective population-based study of 85-year-old inhabitants of Leiden, the Netherlands. Handgrip strength was assessed at age 85 and 89 years. Anthropometry, mental status, functional performance, and biochemical variables were obtained at baselines. Significant univariates were included into multivariable regression models to extract the final predictive variables. Results Handgrip strength for men and women at age 85 years was 30.6 kg (SD 8.2) and 18.7 kg (SD, 5.5), respectively. In the cross-sectional analysis, body height and weight were positively associated with handgrip strength in both genders. Higher functional performance was associated with stronger handgrip strength in women. Mean absolute handgrip strength decline over 4 years was greater for men than women (− 6.1 kg (SD, 5.2) vs. − 3.4 kg (SD, 4.1), p < 0.001). Men with better baseline cognitive functioning had smaller decline in handgrip strength. Conclusions This study further strengthens evidence linking functional and cognitive performances to muscle strength in the oldest old. Future research is needed to ascertain causality and determine if these markers represent potential targets for intervention.
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114
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Hakim AM. A Proposed Hypothesis on Dementia: Inflammation, Small Vessel Disease, and Hypoperfusion Is the Sequence That Links All Harmful Lifestyles to Cognitive Impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:679837. [PMID: 33994998 PMCID: PMC8116506 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.679837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing consensus that certain lifestyles can contribute to cognitive impairment and dementia, but the physiological steps that link a harmful lifestyle to its negative impact are not always evident. It is also unclear whether all lifestyles that contribute to dementia do so through the same intermediary steps. This article will focus on three lifestyles known to be risk factors for dementia, namely obesity, sedentary behavior, and insufficient sleep, and offer a unifying hypothesis proposing that lifestyles that negatively impact cognition do so through the same sequence of events: inflammation, small vessel disease, decline in cerebral perfusion, and brain atrophy. The hypothesis will then be tested in a recently identified risk factor for dementia, namely hearing deficit. If further studies confirm this sequence of events leading to dementia, a significant change in our approach to this debilitating and costly condition may be necessary, possible, and beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine M. Hakim
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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115
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The Association between Physical Activity and CAMDEX-DS Changes Prior to the Onset of Alzheimer's Disease in Down Syndrome. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10091882. [PMID: 33925348 PMCID: PMC8123639 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with Down syndrome are at ultra-high risk of developing Alzheimer's dementia. At present, there are no preventative or curative treatments. Evidence from sporadic Alzheimer's disease literature suggests that lifestyle factors including physical activity may help maintain cognitive and functional skills and reduce dementia risk. Our study aimed to explore the association between regular exercise undertaken by participants with Down syndrome and changes in dementia-related domains of cognition and function. This was to consider whether physical activity may be a protective measure to delay cognitive decline and dementia in Down syndrome. METHODS Demographic, lifestyle, and health information was collected at baseline and at a two year follow up from 214 adults with Down syndrome without dementia, who also underwent assessment using the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of Older People with Down Syndrome and Others with Intellectual Disabilities (CAMDEX-DS) and genetic analysis. Logistic regression models were used to examine the potential associations between decline in CAMDEX-DS domains and exercise whilst controlling for key variables. RESULTS At baseline, engaging in moderate intensity exercise was associated with a 47% reduced risk of everyday skills decline and engaging in high intensity exercise was associated with a 62% reduced risk of decline in personality and behaviour. At follow-up, high levels of exercise were associated with an 87% reduced risk of decline in personality and behaviour. Moderate intensity exercise at baseline was associated with a 62% reduction in risk of decline during the follow-up period in memory and orientation. DISCUSSION Based on our data it appears that regular moderate and high intensity exercise could reduce the risk of clinically detectable decline in a Down syndrome population with possible long-term benefits. People with Down syndrome may engage in less physical activity than their peers, and barriers remain which can prevent people with Down syndrome engaging in exercise. Our work highlights how important it is that people with Down syndrome are supported to be physically active, and to promote exercise as part of a healthy ageing plan. Clinical trials in this area would be justified to determine if engaging in exercise can lead to realistic improvements in maintaining functioning and delaying dementia onset in Down syndrome and to help develop guidance in this area.
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116
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Menezes P, Rocha RP. Promotion of active ageing through interactive artificial agents in a smart environment. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04567-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Societies in the most developed countries have witnessed a significant ageing of the population in recent decades, which increases the demand for healthcare services and caregivers. The development of technologies to help the elderly, so that they can remain active and independent for a longer time, helps to mitigate the sustainability problem posed in care services. This article follows this new trend, proposing a multi-agent system composed of a smart camera network, centralised planning agent, a virtual coach, and robotic exercise buddy, designed to promote regular physical activity habits among the elderly. The proposed system not only persuades the users to perform exercise routines, but also guides and accompanies them during exercises in order to provide effective training and engagement to the user. The different agents are combined in the system to exploit their complementary features in the quest for an effective and engaging training system. Three variants of the system, involving either a partial set of those agents or the full proposed system, were evaluated and compared through a pilot study conducted with 12 elderly users. The results demonstrate that all variants are able to guide the user in an exercise routine, but the most complete system that includes a robotic exercise buddy was the best scored by the participants.
Article Highlights
Proposal of a multi-agent system to help elderly adopting regular physical activity habits.
A virtual coach and a robotic exercise buddy provide both guidance and companionship during the exercise.
A pilot study conducted with 12 elderly users demonstrated an effective and engaging training system.
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117
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Knight SP, Laird E, Williamson W, O'Connor J, Newman L, Carey D, De Looze C, Fagan AJ, Chappell MA, Meaney JF, Kenny RA. Obesity is associated with reduced cerebral blood flow - modified by physical activity. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 105:35-47. [PMID: 34022537 PMCID: PMC8600128 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the associations of body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference (WC), and physical activity (PA) with gray matter cerebral blood flow (CBFGM) in older adults. Cross-sectional data was used from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (n = 495, age 69.0 ±7.4 years, 52.1% female). Whole-brain CBFGM was quantified using arterial spin labeling MRI. Results from multivariable regression analysis revealed that an increase in BMI of 0.43 kg/m2, WHR of 0.01, or WC of 1.3 cm were associated with the same reduction in CBFGM as 1 year of advancing age. Participants overweight by BMI or with high WHR/WC reporting low/moderate PA had up to 3 ml/100g/min lower CBFGM (p ≤ .011); there was no significant reduction for those reporting high PA. Since PA could potentially moderate obesity/CBF associations, this may be a cost-effective and relatively easy way to help mitigate the negative impact of obesity in an older population, such as cerebral hypoperfusion, which is an early mechanism in vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvin P Knight
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Eamon Laird
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wilby Williamson
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; The Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John O'Connor
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Louise Newman
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel Carey
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Celine De Looze
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew J Fagan
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael A Chappell
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James F Meaney
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; The National Centre for Advanced Medical Imaging (CAMI), St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rose Anne Kenny
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; The Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Mercer's Institute for Successful Ageing (MISA), St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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118
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Liu X, Ruan Y, Huang L, Guo Y, Sun S, Chen H, Gao J, Shi Y, Xiao Q. Cognitive leisure activity and all-cause mortality in older adults: a 4-year community-based cohort. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:236. [PMID: 33836660 PMCID: PMC8033664 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive leisure activity, such as reading, playing mahjong or cards and computer use, is common among older adults in China. Previous studies suggest a negative correlation between cognitive leisure activity and cognitive impairment. However, the relationship between cognitive leisure activity and all-cause mortality has rarely been reported. OBJECTIVES This study aims to explore the relationships between cognitive leisure activity and all-cause mortality in a community-based older people cohort in China. METHODS The current study sample comprised 4003 community residents aged ≥60 y who were enrolled in June 2015, and were followed up every year from 2015 to 2018. Reading, playing mahjong or cards and computer use were measured by questionnaires and summed into a cognitive leisure activity index (CLAI) score. Time-Dependent Cox Regression Model and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were used to examine the association of cognitive leisure activity with all-cause mortality. RESULTS During the 4-year follow-up of 4003 participants, 208 (5.2%) deaths were registered. Of all participants, 66.8, 26.7, 6.1 and 0.35% reported CLAI scores of 0, 1, 2 and 3, respectively. A strong association was noted between the CLA score and all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 0.72, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.54-0.97, P = 0.028). Stratified analysis suggested that a higher CLAI score was significantly associated with a decreased risk of all-cause mortality mainly among those who were male, aged ≥80 y, cognitively impaired, and not diagnosed with cancer (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Cognitive leisure activity was positively associated with reduced risk of death from all cause among the older people in major city of China, which helped promote a comprehensive understanding of health characteristics at advanced ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ye Ruan
- Shanghai municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 west Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, China.,National Clinical Research Center for aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Limei Huang
- Songjiang Center of Disease Prevention and Control, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yanfei Guo
- Songjiang Center of Disease Prevention and Control, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Shuangyuan Sun
- Songjiang Center of Disease Prevention and Control, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Junling Gao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Shanghai municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 west Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200336, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Qianyi Xiao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Murayama MA, Arimitsu N, Shimizu J, Fujiwara N, Takai K, Ikeda Y, Okada Y, Hirotsu C, Takada E, Suzuki T, Suzuki N. Female dominance of both spatial cognitive dysfunction and neuropsychiatric symptoms in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Anim 2021; 70:398-405. [PMID: 33840703 PMCID: PMC8390308 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.21-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a prevalent neurological disorder affecting memory function in elderly persons. Indeed, AD exhibits abnormality in cognitive
behaviors and higher susceptibility to neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS). Various factors including aging, sex difference and NPS severity, are implicated during
in development of AD. In this study, we evaluated behavioral abnormalities of AD model, PDAPP transgenic mice at young age using the Morris Water Maze test,
which was established to assess hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. We found that female AD model mice exhibited spatial learning dysfunction and highly
susceptible to NPS such as anxiety and depression, whereas spatial reference memory function was comparable in female PDAPP Tg mice to female wild type (WT)
mice. Spatial learning function was comparable in male AD model mice to male WT mice. Multiple regression analysis showed that spatial learning dysfunction was
associated with NPS severity such as anxiety and depression. Furthermore, the analysis showed that spatial reference memory function was associated with status
of depression, but not anxiety. Thus, these results suggest female dominance of spatial learning dysfunction in the AD model mice accompanying increased NPS
severity. The understandings of AD model may be useful for the development of therapeutic agents and methods in human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori A Murayama
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan.,Present address: Department of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Nagisa Arimitsu
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Jun Shimizu
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Naruyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Kenji Takai
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yoko Okada
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Chieko Hirotsu
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Erika Takada
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Tomoko Suzuki
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Noboru Suzuki
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
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120
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Murayama MA, Arimitsu N, Shimizu J, Fujiwara N, Takai K, Okada Y, Hirotsu C, Takada E, Suzuki T, Suzuki N. Dementia model mice exhibited improvements of neuropsychiatric symptoms as well as cognitive dysfunction with neural cell transplantation. Exp Anim 2021; 70:387-397. [PMID: 33828024 PMCID: PMC8390309 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.21-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Elderly patients with dementia suffer from cognitive dysfunctions and neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) such as anxiety and depression. Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
is a form of age-related dementia, and loss of cholinergic neurons is intimately associated with development of AD symptoms. We and others have reported that
neural cell transplantation ameliorated cognitive dysfunction in AD model mice. It remains largely unclear whether neural cell transplantation ameliorates the
NPS of AD. It would be interesting to determine whether NPS correlates with cognitive dysfunctions before and after neural cell transplantation in AD model
mice. Based on the revalidation of our previous data from a Morris water maze test, we found that neural cell transplantation improved anxiety and depression
significantly and marginally affected locomotion activity in AD mice. A correlation analysis revealed that the spatial learning function of AD mice was
correlated with their NPS scores both before and after cell transplantation in a similar manner. In contrast, in the mice subjected to cell transplantation,
spatial reference memory function was not correlated with NPS scores. These results suggested the neural cell transplantation in the AD model mice significantly
improved NPS to the same degree as cognitive dysfunctions, possibly via distinct mechanisms, such as the cholinergic and GABAergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori A Murayama
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan.,Present address: Department of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Nagisa Arimitsu
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Jun Shimizu
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Naruyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Kenji Takai
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Yoko Okada
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Chieko Hirotsu
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Erika Takada
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Tomoko Suzuki
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | - Noboru Suzuki
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University of School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
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Gorenko JA, Smith AP, Hundza SR, Halliday DWR, DeCarlo CA, Sheets DJ, Stawski RS, MacDonald SWS. A socially-engaged lifestyle moderates the association between gait velocity and cognitive impairment. Aging Ment Health 2021; 25:632-640. [PMID: 31920094 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2019.1711361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Cognitive status has been linked to impaired gait velocity, and diminished social and physical engagement. To date, the potential moderating influence of lifestyle engagement on gait-cognitive status associations has not been systematically explored. The present investigation examines whether a socially- or physically-engaged lifestyle moderates the association between diminished gait velocity and likelihood of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (a-MCI) classification.Methods: Participants (aged 65+, Mage=73 years) were classified as either healthy controls (n = 30) or a-MCI (n = 24), using neuropsychological test scores and clinical judgement. Gait velocity was indexed using a GAITRite computerized walkway, engaged lifestyle (social and physical subdomains) were measured using a well-validated self-report measure, the revised Activity Lifestyle Questionnaire.Results: Logistic regression, evaluating likelihood of a-MCI classification, yielded a significant interaction between a socially-engaged lifestyle and gait velocity (b=.01, SE=.003, p=.015). Follow-up simple effects were derived for two levels (+/-1SD) of social engagement; for individuals 1 SD below the mean, the association between gait velocity and increased likelihood of a-MCI classification was exacerbated (probability of a-MCI classification for those with slower gait velocity was 60% higher for individuals 1 SD below vs 1 SD above the mean of social engagement). Physically-engaged lifestyle did not significantly moderate the gait-cognitive status association.Conclusions: The significant moderating influence of social engagement has several implications, including the likelihood that distinct mechanisms underlie the relationships of social engagement and gait velocity to cognitive function, the value of social variables for well-being, and the potential utility of socially-based interventions that may prevent/delay a-MCI onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Gorenko
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Andre P Smith
- Department of Sociology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.,Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Sandra R Hundza
- Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.,School of Exercise Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Drew W R Halliday
- Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | | | - Debra J Sheets
- School of Nursing, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Robert S Stawski
- School of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Stuart W S MacDonald
- Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
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122
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Amanollahi M, Amanollahi S, Anjomshoa A, Dolatshahi M. Mitigating the negative impacts of aging on cognitive function; modifiable factors associated with increasing cognitive reserve. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:3109-3124. [PMID: 33715252 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that social, physical, and cognitively challenging activities during lifetime, could mitigate the negative effects of aging on cognitive function. This effect is explained by the increased cognitive reserve (CR) resulting from such factors; in fact, such activities, by altering structural and functional properties of the human brain, equip one with more effective compensatory mechanisms to resist brain damage before the presentation of severe clinical symptoms. Therefore, applying appropriate modifications in one's lifestyle and activities may be effective in lowering the risk of developing dementia and cognitive dysfunction in old age, especially in brain areas that are susceptible to aging. In this paper, we are going to review relevant studies discussing the association between important modifiable factors, known as CR proxies (i.e., educational attainment, occupational complexity, physical activity, social engagement, bilingualism, leisure activities, and Mediterranean diet), and different domains of cognitive function, which are affected either in the process of healthy aging or neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobina Amanollahi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Amanollahi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Anjomshoa
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Dolatshahi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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123
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Gonnelli F, Giovanelli N, Floreani M, Bravo G, Parpinel M, D'Amuri A, Brombo G, Dalla Nora E, PiŠot R, ŠimuniČ B, PiŠot S, Biolo G, DI Girolamo FG, Situlin R, Passaro A, Lazzer S. Physical capacities and leisure activities are related with cognitive functions in older adults. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:131-138. [PMID: 33728840 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.11599-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between physical activity habits, physical performance and cognitive capacity in older adults' population of Italy and Slovenia. METHODS Anthropometric characteristics and body composition bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) were evaluated in 892 older adults (60-80 y). Aerobic capacity was measured using the 2km walking test and handgrip and flexibility tests were performed. Physical activity habits and cognitive functions were evaluated by the Global-Physical-Activity-Questionnaires (GPAQ) and by Montreal-Cognitive-Assessment (MoCA) questionnaires, respectively. RESULTS GPAQ scores were associated with lower BMI (r=-0.096; p=0.005), lower percentage of fat-mass (r=-0.138; p=0.001), better results in the 2km-walk test (r=-0.175; p=0.001) and a higher percentage of fat-free mass (r=0.138; p=0.001). We also evaluated that, a higher MoCA score correlates with age (r=-0.208; p=0.001), 2km-walk test (r=-0.166; p=0.001), waist-hip ratio (r=-0.200; p=0.001), resting heart-rate (r=-0.087; p=0.025) and heart-rate at the end of 2km-walk test (r=0.189; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS Older adults with a higher level of daily physical activity showed reduction in fat mass and BMI, and higher aerobic fitness; these characteristics have a protection effect on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Gonnelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy - .,School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy -
| | - Nicola Giovanelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Mirco Floreani
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giulia Bravo
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Maria Parpinel
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea D'Amuri
- Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gloria Brombo
- Medical Department, University Hospital of Ferrara Arcispedale Sant'Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Edoardo Dalla Nora
- Medical Department, University Hospital of Ferrara Arcispedale Sant'Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rado PiŠot
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Center of Koper, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan ŠimuniČ
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Center of Koper, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Saša PiŠot
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Center of Koper, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Gianni Biolo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health Sciences, Clinica Medica AOUTS, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Filippo G DI Girolamo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health Sciences, Clinica Medica AOUTS, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberta Situlin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health Sciences, Clinica Medica AOUTS, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Angelina Passaro
- Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Lazzer
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Diop A, Lefebvre G, Duchaine CS, Laurin D, Talbot D. The impact of adjusting for pure predictors of exposure, mediator, and outcome on the variance of natural direct and indirect effect estimators. Stat Med 2021; 40:2339-2354. [PMID: 33650232 PMCID: PMC8048855 DOI: 10.1002/sim.8906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established that adjusting for pure predictors of the outcome, in addition to confounders, allows unbiased estimation of the total exposure effect on an outcome with generally reduced standard errors (SEs). However, no analogous results have been derived for mediation analysis. Considering the simplest linear regression setting and the ordinary least square estimator, we obtained theoretical results showing that adjusting for pure predictors of the outcome, in addition to confounders, allows unbiased estimation of the natural indirect effect (NIE) and the natural direct effect (NDE) on the difference scale with reduced SEs. Adjusting for pure predictors of the mediator increases the SE of the NDE's estimator, but may increase or decrease the variance of the NIE's estimator. Adjusting for pure predictors of the exposure increases the variance of estimators of the NIE and NDE. Simulation studies were used to confirm and extend these results to the case where the mediator or the outcome is binary. Additional simulations were conducted to explore scenarios featuring an exposure-mediator interaction as well as the relative risk and odds ratio scales for the case of binary mediator and outcome. Both a regression approach and an inverse probability weighting approach were considered in the simulation study. A real-data illustration employing data from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging is provided. This analysis is concerned with the mediating effect of vitamin D in the effect of physical activity on dementia and its results are overall consistent with the theoretical and empirical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awa Diop
- Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Axe santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Lefebvre
- Département de Mathématiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Caroline S Duchaine
- Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Axe santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche sur Les Soins et Les Services de Première Ligne de l'Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Danielle Laurin
- Axe santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche sur Les Soins et Les Services de Première Ligne de l'Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis Talbot
- Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Axe santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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125
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Katayama O, Lee S, Bae S, Makino K, Shinkai Y, Chiba I, Harada K, Shimada H. Lifestyle changes and outcomes of older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A 4-year longitudinal study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2021; 94:104376. [PMID: 33588157 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2021.104376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Longitudinal studies have shown that mild cognitive impairment (MCI) reverts to normal cognition (NC). However, we could not find any reports on the examination of changes in lifestyle activity patterns in older adults diagnosed with MCI and their outcomes, in a longitudinal study. We determined the changes in lifestyle activity patterns among older adults with MCI. METHODS The participants in this study were 769 community-dwelling older adults aged ≥65 years with MCI at baseline. Four years later, participants were categorized into reverters, maintainers, and converters who reverted from MCI to NC, maintained MCI, and had global cognitive impairment or Alzheimer disease, respectively. We used latent class analysis to classify changes in instrumental activities of daily living, and in cognitive, social, and productive activities of the participants. Subsequently, a multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed with reversion status and class membership as the dependent and independent variables, respectively. RESULTS The reversion rate of 769 participants was 33.3%. The reverters maintained multidomain lifestyle activities, converters discontinued multidomain lifestyle activities or were inactive, and maintainers maintained productive activities. According to the logistic regression analysis, the activity patterns of those who continued to engage in multidomain lifestyle activities and start activities, were more likely to help in reverting from MCI to NC (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Community-dwelling older adults with MCI who continued their multidomain lifestyle activities were more likely to revert to NC. Even if it does not revert to NC, continuing productive activities is important to maintaining MCI without converting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Katayama
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu-City, Aichi 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Sangyoon Lee
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu-City, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Seongryu Bae
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu-City, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Keitaro Makino
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu-City, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Yohei Shinkai
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu-City, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Ippei Chiba
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu-City, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Kenji Harada
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu-City, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimada
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu-City, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
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Bagheri S, Saboury AA. What role do metals play in Alzheimer's disease? JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-021-02181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Niki K, Yahara M, Inagaki M, Takahashi N, Watanabe A, Okuda T, Ueda M, Iwai D, Sato K, Ito T. Immersive Virtual Reality Reminiscence Reduces Anxiety in the Oldest-Old Without Causing Serious Side Effects: A Single-Center, Pilot, and Randomized Crossover Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:598161. [PMID: 33536887 PMCID: PMC7849024 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.598161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Dementia is one the major problems of aging societies, and, novel and effective non-drug therapies are required as interventions in the oldest-old to prevent cognitive decline. Objective: This study aims to examine the efficacy and safety of reminiscence using immersive virtual reality (iVR reminiscence) focusing on anxiety that often appears with cognitive decline. The secondary objective is to reveal the preference for VR image types for reminiscence: live-action (LA) or computer graphics (CG). Methods: This was a pilot, open-label, and randomized crossover study which was conducted on January 2020 at a single nursing home. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups (A or B) in equal numbers, and they alternately viewed two types of VR images (LA and CG) themed on the mid- to late Showa era (A.D. 1955–1980) in Japan. In group A, the CG images were viewed first, and then the LA images were viewed (CG→ LA). In group B, the images were viewed in the opposite order (LA→ CG). Before VR viewing, subjects responded to Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) Japanese version and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Japanese version. After viewing the first and second VR, subjects responded to STAI and the numerical rating scale (NRS) for satisfaction and side effects (nausea, dizziness, headache, and tiredness). Results: Ten subjects participated in this study. The values of analyses are presented in the mean (SD). The age was 87.1 years (4.2), and the MMSE was 28.5 (1.8). The total STAI score before VR viewing was 36.1 (7.2), but it significantly decreased to 26.8 (4.9) after the first VR viewing (P = 0.0010), and further decreased to 23.4 (2.8) after the second VR viewing (P < 0.001). The NRS score for satisfaction tended to be higher after viewing LA in group A (CG→ LA) (CG vs. LA; 7.0 (2.3) vs. 8.6 (1.5), P = 0.0993), while in group B (LA→ CG), the score after CG was slightly lower than that after LA. There were no serious side effects. Conclusions: This study suggests that iVR reminiscence can reduce anxiety in the oldest-old without causing serious side effects. Furthermore, the impacts might be better with LA images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Niki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Research and Education, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pharmacy, Ashiya Municipal Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Megumi Yahara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Research and Education, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michiya Inagaki
- Department of Systems Innovation, Osaka University Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nana Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Research and Education, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Department of Systems Innovation, Osaka University Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okuda
- Social Welfare Corporation Misasagikai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mikiko Ueda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Research and Education, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Iwai
- Department of Systems Innovation, Osaka University Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Sato
- Department of Systems Innovation, Osaka University Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshinori Ito
- Osaka Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Osaka, Japan
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Real-Time Assessment of Causal Attribution Shift and Stay Between Two Successive Tests of Movement Aids. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2021; 55:541-565. [PMID: 33423142 PMCID: PMC8257525 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-020-09592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of welfare assistive devices for frail elderly people has attracted significant attention for its effort to improve the quality of life and reduce the burden on caregivers. However, it is challenging to conduct multiple user tests because of the significant burden on the elderly; thus, we need efficient ways to extract insight through different approaches. In this study, we aim to elucidate real-time transitions in users’ emotions and achievement motivation while using such a device. We synthesize an utterance analysis method based on attribution theory, in which all users’ utterances are attributed to four categories (ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck) that follow the developed coding rules. Knowing the transitions in causal attribution allows us to extract salient experiences for users, especially by extracting shifts from them and analyzing why the shift occurred and what exactly was happening before and after the shift. If only salient user experiences can be referenced from the aggregate data, useful information can be extracted in a short time to improve system characteristics and the environment. We discussed the validity and reliability of the proposed method by conducting a user test of an electric-assisted four-wheeled cycle for frail elderly people in Kakegawa city in Shizuoka, Japan. We also succeeded in marking the points that need attention, which is about 33% of the total amount of utterance data (1626 utterances), and thus confirmed the potential of the proposed method. Future research should examine how the developed methodology can help designers improve assistive device development, as well as how it can contribute to other fields such as education and social assistance.
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129
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Preventing dementia? Interventional approaches in mild cognitive impairment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 122:143-164. [PMID: 33440197 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is defined as an intermediate state between normal cognitive aging and dementia. It describes a status of the subjective impression of cognitive decline and objectively detectible memory impairment beyond normal age-related changes. Activities of daily living are not affected. As the population ages, there is a growing need for early, proactive programs that can delay the consequences of dementia and improve the well-being of people with MCI and their caregivers. Various forms and approaches of intervention for older people with MCI have been suggested to delay cognitive decline. Pharmacological as well as non-pharmacological approaches (cognitive, physiological, nutritional supplementation, electric stimulation, psychosocial therapeutic) and multicomponent interventions have been proposed. Interventional approaches in MCI from 2009 to April 2019 concerning the cognitive performance are presented in this review.
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Zytnick D, Kumar GS, Folta SC, Reid KF, Tybor D, Chomitz VR. Wearable Activity Monitor Use Is Associated With the Aerobic Physical Activity Guidelines and Walking Among Older Adults. Am J Health Promot 2021; 35:679-687. [PMID: 33406889 DOI: 10.1177/0890117120985834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine wearable activity monitor (WAM) use and its association with meeting the 2008 aerobic Physical Activity Guidelines (PAG) and walking among older adults. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING FallStyles 2015 national consumer panel survey. SAMPLE 1,317 U.S. adults aged ≥ 60 years. MEASURES Self-reported WAM use, meeting aerobic PAG, and walking. Covariates included age, sex, race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, annual household income, and geographic region of the country. ANALYSIS Chi-square tests to examine associations between WAM use and respondent demographic characteristics. Logistic regressions to explore associations between WAM use and meeting aerobic PAG and walking adjusted for demographics (e.g., education, income). RESULTS Among older adults, 8.0% were current WAM users and 11.3% were past WAM users. Current WAM use was most prevalent among those aged 65-74 (16.6%), females (9.4%), college graduates (13.8%), and those with incomes $75,000-$99,999 (14.8%). Current WAM users were more likely than never WAM users to report meeting aerobic PAG (OR: 3.98; 95% CI: 2.07, 7.66) and walking (OR: 3.90; 95% CI: 1.57, 9.69). Past and never WAM use were not associated with meeting aerobic PAG or walking. CONCLUSION We found current WAM use is associated with meeting the aerobic PAG and walking among older adults. Further longitudinal research is needed to understand whether WAM could promote increased PA among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena Zytnick
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, 1810Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gayathri S Kumar
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 1242Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sara C Folta
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, 1810Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kieran F Reid
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at 1810Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Tybor
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, 1810Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Virginia R Chomitz
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, 1810Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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131
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Salisbury D, Plocher T, Yu F. Efficacy of simultaneous aerobic exercise and cognitive training in subjective cognitive decline: study protocol for randomized controlled trial of the Exergames Study. Trials 2021; 22:14. [PMID: 33407727 PMCID: PMC7788690 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04950-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is an early manifestation of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and offers a therapeutic window where interventions have strong potential to prevent or delay the progression of AD. Aerobic exercise and cognitive training represent two promising interventions for AD prevention, but their synergistic effect has yet to be assessed in persons with SCD. METHODS/DESIGN The purpose of this single-blinded, 3-parallel group randomized controlled trial is to test the synergistic efficacy of an exergame intervention (simultaneous moderate-intensity aerobic cycling and cognitive training) on cognition and aerobic fitness in community-dwelling older adults with SCD. The Exergames Study will randomize 96 participants on a 2:1:1 allocation ratio to 3-month exergame, cycling only, or attention control (stretching). Primary outcomes include global cognition and aerobic fitness, which will be assessed at baseline and after 3 months. The specific aims of the Exergames Study are to (1) determine the efficacy of the exergame in older adults with SCD and (2) assess the distraction effect of exergame on aerobic fitness. Data will be analyzed using ANOVA following intention-to-treat. DISCUSSION This study will test the synergistic effects of exergame on cognition and aerobic fitness. It has the potential to advance prevention research for AD by providing effect-size estimates for future trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04311736 . Registered on 17 March 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereck Salisbury
- University of Minnesota School of Nursing, 5-160 WDH 1331, 308 Harvard St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | | | - Fang Yu
- University of Minnesota School of Nursing, 5-160 WDH 1331, 308 Harvard St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
- Arizona State University, Health North Suite 301, 550 North 3rd Street, Mail Code 3020, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
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132
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Zhu G, Zhu Q, Zhang W, Hui C, Li Y, Yang M, Pang S, Li Y, Xue G, Chen H. Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 is regulated through heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K in lead exposure models. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2021; 39:1-16. [PMID: 33576715 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2020.1854596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity plays an important role in learning and memory in the developing hippocampus. However, the precise molecular mechanism in lead exposure models remains to be studied. UCP2, an inner mitochondrial anion carrier, regulates synaptic plasticity through uncoupling neurons. And hnRNP K, an RNA binding protein, plays a role in modulating the expression of transcripts coding synaptic plasticity. We aim to investigate whether lead exposure affects UCP2 and hnRNP K expression levels. The Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to different lead acetate concentrations (0 g/l, 0.5 g/l, 2.0 g/l) during gestational and lactational periods. PC12 cells were also exposed to different lead acetate concentrations (0 μM, 1 μM and 100 μM). We found that the expression levels of UCP2 and hnRNP K had significant declines in the lead exposure rat hippocampus and PC12 cells. Furthermore, the up-regulation of hnRNP K expression level could reverse the expression level of UCP2 in lead exposure models. In conclusion, these results suggest that lead exposure can reduce the expression level of UCP2 which is mediated by decreasing the expression level of hnRNP K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaochun Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Chen Hui
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Yuwen Li
- Queen Mary College, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Meiyuan Yang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Shimin Pang
- Second Clinical College, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Yaobing Li
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Guoyong Xue
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
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133
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Television Viewing and Cognitive Dysfunction of Korean Older Adults. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8:healthcare8040547. [PMID: 33321807 PMCID: PMC7763643 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8040547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the association between television (TV) viewing and cognitive dysfunction in elderly Koreans. Among participants of the 2014 National Survey of Older Koreans, 9644 were considered in this study. To better identify the association between two factors, propensity score (PS) matching with exact method was used. Finally, 168 viewers and non-viewers each were selected based on estimated PS on key variables and eliminating double matches. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed when controlling for possible covariates. Viewers were more likely to have cognitive dysfunction than non-viewers, with significant differences in most covariates. After correcting confounding effects of these covariates with PS matching, TV viewing was found to be a significant risk factor of cognitive dysfunction, along with absence of diagnosed hypertension and non-participation in physical leisure activities. TV viewing might be associated with increased risk of cognitive dysfunction in later life. Appropriate education and strategies to minimize TV viewing among older adults should be established to contribute to attenuating cognitive aging. More interventional studies can help older adults, caregivers, and healthcare professionals explore the cognitively beneficial alternatives to TV use considering the impact of socioeconomic factors of selecting TV viewing as a preferred leisure activity.
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134
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Lenzen S, Gannon B, Rose C. A dynamic microeconomic analysis of the impact of physical activity on cognition among older people. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2020; 39:100933. [PMID: 33166873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This microeconomic study explores the dynamic relationship between physical activity and cognition, using longitudinal data from 6 waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) between 2004 and 2017. Physical activity has drawn significant attention as a potentially successful action for protecting brain health and cognition in the aging population, but the empirical evidence in observational studies is inconclusive to date. We add to the literature by estimating the effect of physical activity on cognition, tackling many sources of bias, which have previously not been addressed consistently. The challenge in estimating the effect of physical activity on cognition is the dynamics of cognition and the endogeneity of physical activity caused by unobserved heterogeneity, reverse causality and measurement error. To address this endogeneity and at the same time control for lagged cognition, we propose a system - generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator, using lagged levels and differences of the endogenous explanatory variables as instruments, while transforming out the fixed effects. We find that being moderately & vigorously physically active at least once a week increases memory status by 0.282 and 0.552 standard deviations for men and women respectively. We find different effects for varying physical activity intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Lenzen
- School of Economics, The University of Queensland, Faculty of Business, Economics and Law, QLD, St Lucia 4072, Australia; Centre for the Business and Economics of Health, The University of Queensland, Faculty of Business, Economics and Law, QLD, St Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Brenda Gannon
- School of Economics, The University of Queensland, Faculty of Business, Economics and Law, QLD, St Lucia 4072, Australia; Centre for the Business and Economics of Health, The University of Queensland, Faculty of Business, Economics and Law, QLD, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Christiern Rose
- School of Economics, The University of Queensland, Faculty of Business, Economics and Law, QLD, St Lucia 4072, Australia
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135
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Jackson MJ. On the mechanisms underlying attenuated redox responses to exercise in older individuals: A hypothesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 161:326-338. [PMID: 33099002 PMCID: PMC7754707 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Responding appropriately to exercise is essential to maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and function at all ages and particularly during aging. Here, a hypothesis is presented that a key component of the inability of skeletal muscle to respond effectively to exercise in aging is a denervation-induced failure of muscle redox signalling. This novel hypothesis proposes that an initial increase in oxidation in muscle mitochondria leads to a paradoxical increase in the reductive state of specific cysteines of signalling proteins in the muscle cytosol that suppresses their ability to respond to normal oxidising redox signals during exercise. The following are presented for consideration:Transient loss of integrity of peripheral motor neurons occurs repeatedly throughout life and is normally rapidly repaired by reinnervation, but this repair process becomes less efficient with aging. Each transient loss of neuromuscular integrity leads to a rapid, large increase in mitochondrial peroxide production in the denervated muscle fibers and in neighbouring muscle fibers. This peroxide may initially act to stimulate axonal sprouting and regeneration, but also stimulates retrograde mitonuclear communication to increase expression of a range of cytoprotective proteins in an attempt to protect the fiber and neighbouring tissues against oxidative damage. The increased peroxide within mitochondria does not lead to an increased cytosolic peroxide, but the increases in adaptive cytoprotective proteins include some located to the muscle cytosol which modify the local cytosol redox environment to induce a more reductive state in key cysteines of specific signalling proteins. Key adaptations of skeletal muscle to exercise involve transient peroxiredoxin oxidation as effectors of redox signalling in the cytosol. This requires sensitive oxidation of key cysteine residues. In aging, the chronic change to a more reductive cytosolic environment prevents the transient oxidation of peroxiredoxin 2 and hence prevents essential adaptations to exercise, thus contributing to loss of muscle mass and function. Experimental approaches suitable for testing the hypothesis are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm J Jackson
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research Into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
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136
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The Relationship between Physical Exercise and Cognitive Function in Korean Middle Aged and Elderly Adults without Dementia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17238821. [PMID: 33260999 PMCID: PMC7730763 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the association between physical exercise and cognitive function in Koreans aged 45 years or above without dementia. Data from the 2006 to 2018 Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) were used. The general characteristics of the study population were investigated using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The association between total exercise time per week and cognitive function, measured based on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, was investigated using the generalized estimating equation (GEE) model. Subgroup analysis was conducted based on age, educational level, and marital status. A total of 8888 participants were investigated, of which 5173 (58.2%) individuals did not exercise regularly. Among participants who did exercise, 676 (7.6%) individuals were categorized into the Q1, 1157 (13.0%) into the Q2, 908 (10.2%) into the Q3, and 974 (11.0%) into the Q4 group. The mean MMSE score was 26.81 ± 3.17. Compared to the ‘no’ exercise group, better MMSE scores were found in the Q1 (β: 0.3523, p ≤ 0.0001), the Q2 (β: 0.2011, p ≤ 0.0001), the Q3 (β: 0.4075, p ≤ 0.0001), and the Q4 groups (β: 0.3144, p ≤ 0.0001) after adjustment. The magnitude of this association was stronger in participants aged 65 years or above and in single or separated individuals. The findings of this study confirm a positive association between physical exercise and MMSE scores in the middle aged and elderly.
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137
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Satoh M, Ogawa JI, Tokita T, Matsumoto Y, Nakao K, Tabei KI, Kato N, Tomimoto H. The Effects of a 5-Year Physical Exercise Intervention with Music in Community- Dwelling Normal Elderly People: The Mihama-Kiho Follow-Up Project. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:1493-1507. [PMID: 33185595 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported the enhanced effects of physical exercise when combined with music (ExM) on cognitive function in community-dwelling normal elderly people compared to exercise alone. Following that study, participants voluntarily continued the ExM classes for 5 years. OBJECTIVE To identify the effects of a 5-year ExM intervention on cognitive function in normal elderly people. METHODS Fifty-four subjects continued the ExM classes once a week for 5 years (ExM group). Thirty-three subjects retired from the ExM class during the 5 years (Retired group). Twenty-one subjects never participated in any intervention over the 5 years (No-exercise group). Cognitive function and ADLs were assessed using neuropsychological batteries and the functional independence measure (FIM), respectively. The voxel-based specific regional analysis system for Alzheimer's disease (VSRAD) was used to investigate medial temporal lobe atrophy. RESULTS Analyses of the raw scores after the 5-year intervention showed significant differences between the ExM and No-exercise groups in their MMSE scores, Raven's colored progressive matrices (RCPM) time, logical memory (LM)-I, as well as the total and physical exercise sub-scores of the FIM. Analysis of subjects aged 70- 79 years at the beginning of this project showed significantly quicker performance on the RCPM in the ExM compared to No-exercise groups. The correlation coefficients between the total number of ExM sessions attended and the degree of changes in physical, neuropsychological, and VSRAD scores were significant for RCPM performance time and LM-I scores. CONCLUSION Long-term ExM intervention reinforces multifaceted cognitive function in normal elderly people, and is especially beneficial for psychomotor speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Satoh
- Department of Dementia Prevention and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | | | - Tomoko Tokita
- Department of Health and Welfare, Mihama Town Hall, Mihama, Mie, Japan
| | | | - Koji Nakao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kinan Hospital, Mihama, Mie, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Tabei
- Department of Dementia Prevention and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kato
- Department of Dementia Prevention and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tomimoto
- Department of Dementia Prevention and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
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138
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Bergelt M, Fung Yuan V, O’Brien R, Middleton LE, Martins dos Santos W. Moderate aerobic exercise, but not anticipation of exercise, improves cognitive control. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242270. [PMID: 33186396 PMCID: PMC7665798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests a single bout of exercise can improve cognitive control. However, many studies only include assessments after exercise. It is unclear whether exercise changes as a result, or in anticipation, of exercise. OBJECTIVE To examine changes in cognitive control due to moderate aerobic exercise, and anticipation of such exercise. METHODS Thirty-one young healthy adults (mean age 22 years; 55% women) completed three conditions (randomized order): 1) exercise (participants anticipated and completed exercise); 2) anticipation (participants anticipated exercise but completed rest); and 3) rest (participants anticipated and completed rest). Cognitive control was assessed with a modified Flanker task at three timepoints: (1) early (20 min pre-intervention, pre-reveal in anticipation session); (2) pre-intervention (after reveal); and (3) post-intervention. An accuracy-weighted response time (RTLISAS) was the primary outcome, analyzed with a linear mixed effects modeling approach. RESULTS There was an interaction between condition and time (p = 0.003) and between session and time (p = 0.015). RTLISAS was better post-exercise than post-rest and post-deception, but was similar across conditions at other timepoints. RTLISAS improved across time in session 1 and session 2, but did not improve over time in session 3. There were also main effects of condition (p = 0.024), session (p = 0.005), time (p<0.001), and congruency (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Cognitive control improved after moderate aerobic exercise, but not in anticipation of exercise. Improvements on a Flanker task were also observed across sessions and time, indicative of a learning effect that should be considered in study design and analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Fung Yuan
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Richard O’Brien
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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139
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Han B, Chen H, Yao Y, Liu X, Nie C, Min J, Zeng Y, Lutz MW. Genetic and non-genetic factors associated with the phenotype of exceptional longevity & normal cognition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19140. [PMID: 33154391 PMCID: PMC7645680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we split 2156 individuals from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) data into two groups, establishing a phenotype of exceptional longevity & normal cognition versus cognitive impairment. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify significant genetic variants and biological pathways that are associated with cognitive impairment and used these results to construct polygenic risk scores. We elucidated the important and robust factors, both genetic and non-genetic, in predicting the phenotype, using several machine learning models. The GWAS identified 28 significant SNPs at p-value [Formula: see text] significance level and we pinpointed four genes, ESR1, PHB, RYR3, GRIK2, that are associated with the phenotype though immunological systems, brain function, metabolic pathways, inflammation and diet in the CLHLS cohort. Using both genetic and non-genetic factors, four machine learning models have close prediction results for the phenotype measured in Area Under the Curve: random forest (0.782), XGBoost (0.781), support vector machine with linear kernel (0.780), and [Formula: see text] penalized logistic regression (0.780). The top four important and congruent features in predicting the phenotype identified by these four models are: polygenic risk score, sex, age, and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Han
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Huashuai Chen
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Medical School of Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Business School of Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies, National School of Development, Raissun Institute for Advanced Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao Nie
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junxia Min
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Medical School of Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies, National School of Development, Raissun Institute for Advanced Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Michael W Lutz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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140
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Physical Activity Amount and Cognitive Impairment in Korean Elderly Population. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110804. [PMID: 33142716 PMCID: PMC7693022 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between physical activity amount and cognitive function in elderly Koreans has received little attention. This study therefore aimed to understand the independent and common link between cognitive function and physical activity levels among elderly Korean adults. This study recruited a total of 2746 elderly adults (1348 males and 1398 females). All participants were assessed for cognitive functioning using the Korean Dementia Screening Questionnaire Cognition (KDSQ-C). The computerized Korean version short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) used in this study was entirely based on the long, self-administered, usual week-long IPAQ found in the IPAQ manual of operation. In the unadjusted model, elderly adults who met the recommended level of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity were more likely to have a sufficient level of cognitive function. Hemoglobin, creatinine, cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), LDL-C, and HDL-C differed significantly between groups. A negative correlation was found between KDSQ-C score and the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) amount per week. Physical activity amount is associated with cognition function in Korean elderly adults. Increasing physical activity may improve hemoglobin and creatinine and be involved in improving serum lipid profiles in elderly adults. Thus, physical activity has been suggesting as a useful tool to reduce the risk of cognitive function associated with aging.
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141
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Reas ET, Laughlin GA, Bergstrom J, Kritz-Silverstein D, McEvoy LK. Physical Activity and Trajectories of Cognitive Change in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Rancho Bernardo Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 71:109-118. [PMID: 31356211 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although physical activity has been associated with better cognitive function and reduced dementia risk, its association with cognitive decline in normal aging remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE To determine whether physical activity in youth and older age are associated with age-related cognitive change. METHODS Over a period of 27 years, 2,027 community-dwelling adults (mean age 73.5; 60% women) of the Rancho Bernardo Study of Healthy Aging completed up to seven cognitive assessments, including tests of global cognitive function, executive function, verbal fluency, and episodic memory. At each visit, participants reported concurrent physical activity. At baseline (1988- 1992), participants additionally reported physical activity as a teenager and at age 30. For each age period, participants were classified as regularly active (3+ times/week) or inactive. RESULTS Associations between concurrent physical activity and better cognitive function were stronger with advancing age on all tests, even after accounting for education, health, and lifestyle factors, as well as survival differences (ps < 0.05). Baseline physical activity did not predict rates of cognitive decline (ps > 0.40). Individuals who were physically active at age 30 and older age maintained the highest global cognitive function with advancing age (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Regular physical activity is associated with better cognitive function with advancing age. Physical activity in young adulthood may contribute to cognitive reserve, which together with physical activity in later years, may act to preserve cognitive function with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie T Reas
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gail A Laughlin
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jaclyn Bergstrom
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Donna Kritz-Silverstein
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Linda K McEvoy
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Abstract
Multimorbidity is a global health challenge. Here, we define multimorbidity, describe ways multimorbidity is measured, discuss the prevalence of multimorbidity and how it differs across different populations, examine mechanisms of disease and disability, and discuss the effects of multimorbidity on outcomes such as survival and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhuja Kadambi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Drive, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Maya Abdallah
- Department of Medicine, Baystate Health, Springfield, MA 01199, USA
| | - Kah Poh Loh
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Drive, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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143
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Analysis of the Relationship Between Cognitive Decline and Physical Function in Older Adults Who Participated in Health Measurement Events Using Classification and Regression Tree (CART). TOPICS IN GERIATRIC REHABILITATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1097/tgr.0000000000000286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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144
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Shimada H, Doi T, Tsutsumimoto K, Lee S, Bae S, Arai H. Behavioral Factors Related to the Incidence of Frailty in Older Adults. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9103074. [PMID: 32987726 PMCID: PMC7598641 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Frailty is a widely prevalent geriatric condition whereby individuals experience age-related functional declines. This study aimed to identify behavioral factors related to the incidence of frailty in older adults. Participants were 2631 older adults (average age: 71) without physical frailty at a baseline assessment in 2011-2012 who took part in a second-wave assessment in 2015-2016. Physical frailty was defined as having limitations in at least three of the following domains: weight loss, low physical activity, exhaustion, slow walking speed, and muscle weakness. Participants completed a 16-item questionnaire examining cognitive, social, and productive activity as well as instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) as varying dimensions of lifestyle activity. During the follow-up period, 172 participants (6.5%) converted from nonfrail to frail. Logistic regression showed that the odds ratios (ORs) for conversion were significantly lower in the participants who had high IADL scores (OR: 0.78; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.64-0.96), cognitive activity (OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.62-0.89), social activity (OR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.43-0.63), and total activity (OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.75-0.87). There was no significant association between frailty and productive activity. Health care providers should recommend an active lifestyle to prevent frailty in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Shimada
- Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi Prefecture 474-8511, Japan; (T.D.); (K.T.); (S.L.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-562-44-5651
| | - Takehiko Doi
- Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi Prefecture 474-8511, Japan; (T.D.); (K.T.); (S.L.); (S.B.)
| | - Kota Tsutsumimoto
- Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi Prefecture 474-8511, Japan; (T.D.); (K.T.); (S.L.); (S.B.)
| | - Sangyoon Lee
- Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi Prefecture 474-8511, Japan; (T.D.); (K.T.); (S.L.); (S.B.)
| | - Seongryu Bae
- Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi Prefecture 474-8511, Japan; (T.D.); (K.T.); (S.L.); (S.B.)
| | - Hidenori Arai
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi Prefecture 474-8511, Japan;
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Sanders CL, Rattinger GB, Deberard MS, Hammond AG, Wengreen H, Kauwe JSK, Buhusi M, Tschanz JT. Interaction Between Physical Activity and Genes Related to Neurotrophin Signaling in Late-Life Cognitive Performance: The Cache County Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:1633-1642. [PMID: 31504225 PMCID: PMC7494026 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Research indicates that lifestyle and genetic factors influence the course of cognitive impairment in aging, but their interactions have not been well-examined. This study examined the relationship between physical activity and genotypes related to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in predicting cognitive performance in a sample of older adults with up to 12 years of follow-up. Physical activity levels (sedentary, light, and moderate/vigorous) were determined for the sample of 3,591 participants (57% female) without dementia. The genotypes examined included BDNF gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs6265 and rs56164415) and receptor gene SNPs (NTRK2 rs2289656 and NGFR rs2072446). Cognition was assessed triennially using the Modified Mini-Mental State Exam. Unadjusted linear mixed models indicated that sedentary (β = -5.05) and light (β = -2.41) groups performed worse than moderate-vigorous (p < .001). Addition of interaction effects showed significant differences in rate of decline between activity levels, particularly among males (p = .006). A three-way interaction with sex, NGFR SNP rs2072446, and physical activity suggested that the C/C allele was associated with better cognitive performance among males engaging in light activity only (p = .004). Physical activity and sex, but not BDNF-related SNPs, predicted rate of cognitive decline in older adults, while NGFR rs2072446 may modify main effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gail B Rattinger
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, New York
| | | | | | - Heidi Wengreen
- Dietetics and Food Sciences Department, Utah State University, Logan
| | - John S K Kauwe
- Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Mona Buhusi
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan
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146
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Osuka Y, Kojima N, Sasai H, Ohara Y, Watanabe Y, Hirano H, Kim H. Exercise Types and the Risk of Developing Cognitive Decline in Older Women: A Prospective Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:1733-1742. [PMID: 32894245 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Participation in exercise may be useful for dementia prevention; however, the specific exercise types which may best to reduce the risk of developing cognitive decline have remained unidentified in the literature. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationships of specific exercise types with the risk of developing cognitive decline in older women. METHODS This 1- to 2-year population-based cohort study included 687 community-dwelling older Japanese women without disability, neurological disease, dementia, or cognitive impairment assessed as <24 points on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) at the baseline survey. Developing cognitive decline was defined as a decrease of ≥3 points in the participant's MMSE score during the follow-up. We classified individuals into participation (≥3 months) and non-participation (<3 months) groups for 17 different exercise types. Log-binominal regression analyses were applied to compare risk ratios and confidence intervals of developing cognitive decline between the two groups. RESULTS Thirty-nine participants (5.7%) developed cognitive decline during the follow-up period. After adjusting for confounders (age, MMSE score, depressive symptoms, body mass index, heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, low educational level, and the follow-up period in the baseline survey), those who participated in calisthenics demonstrated a significantly lower risk of developing cognitive decline than those who did not participate in calisthenics. No significant relationships between other exercise types and the risk of developing cognitive decline were found. CONCLUSION Participation in calisthenics significantly reduced the risk of cognitive decline in community-dwelling older Japanese women, indicating that calisthenics may be a useful type of exercise for promoting dementia prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Osuka
- Research Team for Promoting Independence and Mental Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Narumi Kojima
- Research Team for Promoting Independence and Mental Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sasai
- Research Team for Promoting Independence and Mental Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohara
- Research Team for Promoting Independence and Mental Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Watanabe
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Hirano
- Research Team for Promoting Independence and Mental Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hunkyung Kim
- Research Team for Promoting Independence and Mental Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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147
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De la Rosa A, Olaso-Gonzalez G, Arc-Chagnaud C, Millan F, Salvador-Pascual A, García-Lucerga C, Blasco-Lafarga C, Garcia-Dominguez E, Carretero A, Correas AG, Viña J, Gomez-Cabrera MC. Physical exercise in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:394-404. [PMID: 32780691 PMCID: PMC7498620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Dementia is one of the greatest global challenges for health and social care in the 21st century. Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, is by no means an inevitable consequence of growing old. Several lifestyle factors may increase, or reduce, an individual's risk of developing AD. Much has been written over the ages about the benefits of exercise and physical activity. Among the risk factors associated with AD is a low level of physical activity. The relationship between physical and mental health was established several years ago. In this review, we discuss the role of exercise (aerobic and resistance) training as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment and prevention of AD. Older adults who exercise are more likely to maintain cognition. We address the main protective mechanism on brain function modulated by physical exercise by examining both human and animal studies. We will pay especial attention to the potential role of exercise in the modulation of amyloid β turnover, inflammation, synthesis and release of neurotrophins, and improvements in cerebral blood flow. Promoting changes in lifestyle in presymptomatic and predementia disease stages may have the potential for delaying one-third of dementias worldwide. Multimodal interventions that include the adoption of an active lifestyle should be recommended for older populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian De la Rosa
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Gloria Olaso-Gonzalez
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Coralie Arc-Chagnaud
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain; INRA, UMR866 Muscle dynamics and metabolism, University of Montpellier, F-34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Fernando Millan
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Andrea Salvador-Pascual
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | | | | | - Esther Garcia-Dominguez
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Aitor Carretero
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Angela G Correas
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Jose Viña
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain.
| | - Mari Carmen Gomez-Cabrera
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain.
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148
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Kim Y. Risk and Protective Factors for the Onset of Cognitive Impairment in Korea: A 10-Year Longitudinal Panel Study. Psychiatry Investig 2020; 17:769-776. [PMID: 32750763 PMCID: PMC7449832 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2020.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the associations between multiple modifiable risk/protective factors and the onset of cognitive impairment, using nationally representative panel data spanning 10 years. METHODS A total of 7,568 respondents who were cognitively normal at baseline were included and followed up for 10 years using data from the 2006-2016 Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing. The data were converted into 28,113 person-year observations, and a life table approach and a series of event history models were used to estimate the transition rates to cognitive impairment over time and to examine the influence of time-varying factors on the onset of cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment was measured using the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Exam. RESULTS About half of the respondents without cognitive impairment at baseline had experienced cognitive impairment by the end of the last interview, and women were more likely than men to experience cognitive impairment during the observation period. Vascular risk factors, hearing loss, socioeconomic status, regular exercise, participation in social activities, and frequent contact with close friends were significantly associated with the onset of cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION This investigation of modifiable factors for cognitive impairment using population-based data may lead to the identification of preventive strategies that people could integrate into their lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Kim
- Department of Sociology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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149
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Baranowski BJ, Marko DM, Fenech RK, Yang AJT, MacPherson REK. Healthy brain, healthy life: a review of diet and exercise interventions to promote brain health and reduce Alzheimer's disease risk. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:1055-1065. [PMID: 32717151 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
With the world's population aging at a rapid rate, the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has significantly increased. These statistics are alarming given recent evidence that a third of dementia cases may be preventable. The role of lifestyle factors, such as diet and exercise, can directly alter the risk of disease development. However, an understanding of the effectiveness of dietary patterns and exercise strategies to reduce AD risk or improve brain function is not fully understood. The aim of this review is to discuss the effects of diet and exercise on AD risk. Key components of the Western and Mediterranean diets are discussed in relation to AD progression, as well as how physical activity promotes brain health. Components of the Western diet (saturated fatty acids and simple carbohydrates) are detrimental to the brain, impair cognition, and increase AD pathologies. While components of the Mediterranean diet (polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, and antioxidants) are considered to be neuroprotective. Exercise can significantly reduce the risk of AD; however, specific exercise recommendations for older adults are limited and optimal intensity, duration, and type remains unknown. This review highlights important modifiable risk factors for AD and points out potential avenues for future research. Novelty Diet and exercise are modifiable factors that can improve brain health and reduce the risk of AD. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, and antioxidants are neuroprotective. Exercise reduces neuroinflammation, improves brain insulin sensitivity, and increases brain derived neurotrophic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Baranowski
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Daniel M Marko
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Rachel K Fenech
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Alex J T Yang
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Rebecca E K MacPherson
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.,Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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150
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Morris JK, Zhang G, Dougherty RJ, Mahnken JD, John CS, Lose SR, Cook DB, Burns JM, Vidoni ED, Okonkwo O. Collective effects of age, sex, genotype, and cognitive status on fitness outcomes. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 12:e12058. [PMID: 32695870 PMCID: PMC7364859 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) broadly exhibit lower cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) compared to cognitively healthy older adults. Other factors, such as increasing age and female sex, are also known to track with lower CRF levels. However, it is unclear how these factors together with AD diagnosis and genetic risk (apolipoprotein e4 ; APOE4) collectively affect CRF. METHODS Our primary objective was to characterize the collective relationship of age, sex, APOE4 carrier status , and cognitive status (nondemented or AD) with two commonly reported CRF outcomes, VO2 max and oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES). To interrogate the unique and combined effect of age, sex, APOE4, and cognitive status on CRF, we pooled multiple datasets and tested several statistical models allowing all possible interactions. RESULTS AD diagnosis was consistently associated with lower maximal CRF, which declined with increasing age. APOE4 was also associated with lower maximal CRF (VO2max), but only in male subjects. Submaximal CRF (OUES) was lower in APOE4 carriers of both sexes, although this difference converged in male subjects with advancing age. DISCUSSION This multi-cohort analysis (n = 304) suggests that APOE4 carrier status and sex are important considerations for studies that evaluate maximal and submaximal CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill K. Morris
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterFairwayKansasUSA
| | - Guanlin Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Data ScienceUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
| | - Ryan J Dougherty
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Jonathan D. Mahnken
- Department of Biostatistics and Data ScienceUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterFairwayKansasUSA
| | - Casey S. John
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterFairwayKansasUSA
| | - Sarah R. Lose
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Dane B. Cook
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Jeffrey M. Burns
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterFairwayKansasUSA
| | - Eric D. Vidoni
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterFairwayKansasUSA
| | - Ozioma Okonkwo
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
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