101
|
Richmond BG, Roach NT, Ostrofsky KR. Evolution of the Early Hominin Hand. DEVELOPMENTS IN PRIMATOLOGY: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3646-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
102
|
Prang TC. The subtalar joint complex of Australopithecus sediba. J Hum Evol 2016; 90:105-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
103
|
Hatala KG, Wunderlich RE, Dingwall HL, Richmond BG. Interpreting locomotor biomechanics from the morphology of human footprints. J Hum Evol 2016; 90:38-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
104
|
|
105
|
Nowak MG, Reichard UH. Locomotion and Posture in Ancestral Hominoids Prior to the Split of Hylobatids. DEVELOPMENTS IN PRIMATOLOGY: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-5614-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
106
|
|
107
|
Kivell TL. Evidence in hand: recent discoveries and the early evolution of human manual manipulation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20150105. [PMID: 26483538 PMCID: PMC4614723 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For several decades, it was largely assumed that stone tool use and production were abilities limited to the genus Homo. However, growing palaeontological and archaeological evidence, comparative extant primate studies, as well as results from methodological advancements in biomechanics and morphological analyses, have been gradually accumulating and now provide strong support for more advanced manual manipulative abilities and tool-related behaviours in pre-Homo hominins than has been traditionally recognized. Here, I review the fossil evidence related to early hominin dexterity, including the recent discoveries of relatively complete early hominin hand skeletons, and new methodologies that are providing a more holistic interpretation of hand function, and insight into how our early ancestors may have balanced the functional requirements of both arboreal locomotion and tool-related behaviours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Kivell
- Animal Postcranial Evolution (APE) Lab, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Marlowe Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, UK Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Gill CM, Bredella MA, DeSilva JM. Skeletal development of hallucal tarsometatarsal joint curvature and angulation in extant apes and modern humans. J Hum Evol 2015; 88:137-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
109
|
Kivell TL, Deane AS, Tocheri MW, Orr CM, Schmid P, Hawks J, Berger LR, Churchill SE. The hand of Homo naledi. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8431. [PMID: 26441219 PMCID: PMC4597335 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A nearly complete right hand of an adult hominin was recovered from the Rising Star cave system, South Africa. Based on associated hominin material, the bones of this hand are attributed to Homo naledi. This hand reveals a long, robust thumb and derived wrist morphology that is shared with Neandertals and modern humans, and considered adaptive for intensified manual manipulation. However, the finger bones are longer and more curved than in most australopiths, indicating frequent use of the hand during life for strong grasping during locomotor climbing and suspension. These markedly curved digits in combination with an otherwise human-like wrist and palm indicate a significant degree of climbing, despite the derived nature of many aspects of the hand and other regions of the postcranial skeleton in H. naledi. It is unclear to what extent early hominins were adapted to arboreal climbing. Here, the authors show that the nearly complete hand of H. naledi from South Africa has markedly curved digits and otherwise human-like wrist and palm, which indicates the retention of a significant degree of climbing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Kivell
- Animal Postcranial Evolution Lab, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Marlowe Building, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany.,Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa
| | - Andrew S Deane
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, MN 224 UK Medical Centre, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0098, USA
| | - Matthew W Tocheri
- Department of Anthropology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay Ontario, Canada P7K 1L8.,Human Origins Program, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20560, USA
| | - Caley M Orr
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Peter Schmid
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa.,Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zuerich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zuerich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - John Hawks
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa.,Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53593, USA
| | - Lee R Berger
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa
| | - Steven E Churchill
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Box 90383, Durham, North Carolina 27708-9976, USA
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Drapeau MSM. Metacarpal torsion in apes, humans, and early Australopithecus: implications for manipulatory abilities. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1311. [PMID: 26500820 PMCID: PMC4614803 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hands, when compared to that of apes, have a series of adaptations to facilitate manipulation. Numerous studies have shown that Australopithecus afarensis and Au. africanus display some of these adaptations, such as a longer thumb relative to the other fingers, asymmetric heads on the second and fifth metacarpals, and orientation of the second metacarpal joints with the trapezium and capitate away from the sagittal plane, while lacking others such as a very mobile fifth metacarpal, a styloid process on the third, and a flatter metacarpo-trapezium articulation, suggesting some adaptation to manipulation but more limited than in humans. This paper explores variation in metacarpal torsion, a trait said to enhance manipulation, in humans, apes, early australopithecines and specimens from Swartkrans. This study shows that humans are different from large apes in torsion of the third and fourth metacarpals. Humans are also characterized by wedge-shaped bases of the third and fourth metacarpals, making the metacarpal-base row very arched mediolaterally and placing the ulnar-most metacarpals in a position that facilitate opposition to the thumb in power or cradle grips. The third and fourth metacarpals of Au. afarensis are very human-like, suggesting that the medial palm was already well adapted for these kinds of grips in that taxon. Au. africanus present a less clear human-like morphology, suggesting, perhaps, that the medial palm was less suited to human-like manipulation in that taxa than in Au. afarensis. Overall, this study supports previous studies on Au. afarensis and Au. africanus that these taxa had derived hand morphology with some adaptation to human-like power and precision grips and support the hypothesis that dexterous hands largely predated Homo.
Collapse
|
111
|
Fernández PJ, Almécija S, Patel BA, Orr CM, Tocheri MW, Jungers WL. Functional aspects of metatarsal head shape in humans, apes, and Old World monkeys. J Hum Evol 2015; 86:136-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
112
|
Abstract
Humans are unique in many respects including being furless, striding bipeds that excel at walking and running long distances in hot conditions. This review summarizes what we do and do not know about the evolution of these characteristics, and how they are related. Although many details remain poorly known, the first hominins (species more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees) apparently diverged from the chimpanzee lineage because of selection for bipedal walking, probably because it improved their ability to forage efficiently. However, because bipedal hominins are necessarily slow runners, early hominins in open habitats likely benefited from improved abilities to dump heat in order to forage safely during times of peak heat when predators were unable to hunt them. Endurance running capabilities evolved later, probably as adaptations for scavenging and then hunting. If so, then there would have been strong selection for heat-loss mechanisms, especially sweating, to persistence hunt, in which hunters combine endurance running and tracking to drive their prey into hyperthermia. As modern humans dispersed into a wide range of habitats over the last few hundred thousand years, recent selection has helped populations cope better with a broader range of locomotor and thermoregulatory challenges, but all humans remain essentially adapted for long distance locomotion rather than speed, and to dump rather than retain heat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Lieberman
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Marchi D. Using the morphology of the hominoid distal fibula to interpret arboreality in Australopithecus afarensis. J Hum Evol 2015; 85:136-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
114
|
Meyer MR, Williams SA, Smith MP, Sawyer GJ. Lucy's back: Reassessment of fossils associated with the A.L. 288-1 vertebral column. J Hum Evol 2015; 85:174-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
115
|
Grabowski M, Roseman CC. Complex and changing patterns of natural selection explain the evolution of the human hip. J Hum Evol 2015; 85:94-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
116
|
Osborn ML, Homberger DG. The Human Shoulder Suspension Apparatus: A Causal Explanation for Bilateral Asymmetry and a Fresh Look at the Evolution of Human Bipedality. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:1572-88. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Osborn
- Department of Biological Sciences; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana
| | | |
Collapse
|
117
|
Body mass estimates of hominin fossils and the evolution of human body size. J Hum Evol 2015; 85:75-93. [PMID: 26094042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Body size directly influences an animal's place in the natural world, including its energy requirements, home range size, relative brain size, locomotion, diet, life history, and behavior. Thus, an understanding of the biology of extinct organisms, including species in our own lineage, requires accurate estimates of body size. Since the last major review of hominin body size based on postcranial morphology over 20 years ago, new fossils have been discovered, species attributions have been clarified, and methods improved. Here, we present the most comprehensive and thoroughly vetted set of individual fossil hominin body mass predictions to date, and estimation equations based on a large (n = 220) sample of modern humans of known body masses. We also present species averages based exclusively on fossils with reliable taxonomic attributions, estimates of species averages by sex, and a metric for levels of sexual dimorphism. Finally, we identify individual traits that appear to be the most reliable for mass estimation for each fossil species, for use when only one measurement is available for a fossil. Our results show that many early hominins were generally smaller-bodied than previously thought, an outcome likely due to larger estimates in previous studies resulting from the use of large-bodied modern human reference samples. Current evidence indicates that modern human-like large size first appeared by at least 3-3.5 Ma in some Australopithecus afarensis individuals. Our results challenge an evolutionary model arguing that body size increased from Australopithecus to early Homo. Instead, we show that there is no reliable evidence that the body size of non-erectus early Homo differed from that of australopiths, and confirm that Homo erectus evolved larger average body size than earlier hominins.
Collapse
|
118
|
Skinner MM, Stephens NB, Tsegai ZJ, Foote AC, Nguyen NH, Gross T, Pahr DH, Hublin JJ, Kivell TL. Human evolution. Response to Comment on "Human-like hand use in Australopithecus africanus". Science 2015; 348:1101. [PMID: 26045429 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa8931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Almécija and colleagues claim that we apply a simplified understanding of bone functional adaptation and that our results of human-like hand use in Australopithecus africanus are not novel. We argue that our results speak to actual behavior, rather than potential behaviors, and our functional interpretation is well supported by our methodological approach, comparative sample, and previous experimental data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Skinner
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK. Department of Anthropology, University College London London, WC1H 0BW, UK. Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa.
| | - Nicholas B Stephens
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zewdi J Tsegai
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexandra C Foote
- Department of Anthropology, University College London London, WC1H 0BW, UK
| | - N Huynh Nguyen
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Gross
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040 Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter H Pahr
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040 Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tracy L Kivell
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK. Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Eng CM, Arnold AS, Biewener AA, Lieberman DE. The human iliotibial band is specialized for elastic energy storage compared with the chimp fascia lata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:2382-93. [PMID: 26026035 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.117952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examines whether the human iliotibial band (ITB) is specialized for elastic energy storage relative to the chimpanzee fascia lata (FL). To quantify the energy storage potential of these structures, we created computer models of human and chimpanzee lower limbs based on detailed anatomical dissections. We characterized the geometry and force-length properties of the FL, tensor fascia lata (TFL) and gluteus maximus (GMax) in four chimpanzee cadavers based on measurements of muscle architecture and moment arms about the hip and knee. We used the chimp model to estimate the forces and corresponding strains in the chimp FL during bipedal walking, and compared these data with analogous estimates from a model of the human ITB, accounting for differences in body mass and lower extremity posture. We estimate that the human ITB stores 15- to 20-times more elastic energy per unit body mass and stride than the chimp FL during bipedal walking. Because chimps walk with persistent hip flexion, the TFL and portions of GMax that insert on the FL undergo smaller excursions (origin to insertion) than muscles that insert on the human ITB. Also, because a smaller fraction of GMax inserts on the chimp FL than on the human ITB, and thus its mass-normalized physiological cross-sectional area is about three times less in chimps, the chimp FL probably transmits smaller muscle forces. These data provide new evidence that the human ITB is anatomically derived compared with the chimp FL and potentially contributes to locomotor economy during bipedal locomotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Eng
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Allison S Arnold
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Andrew A Biewener
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Daniel E Lieberman
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Nalley TK, Lewton KL. From the ground up: Integrative research in primate locomotion. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 156:495-7. [PMID: 25707761 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Primate locomotor adaptation and evolution is a principal and thriving area of research by biological anthropologists. Research in this field generally targets hypotheses regarding locomotor kinetics and kinematics, form-function associations in both the soft and hard tissue components of the musculoskeletal system, and reconstructing locomotor behavior in fossil primates. A wide array of methodological approaches is used to address adaptive hypotheses in all of these realms. Recent advances in three-dimensional shape capture, musculoskeletal physiological measurements, and analytical processing technologies (e.g., laser and CT-scans, 3D motion analysis systems, finite element analysis) have facilitated the collection and analysis of larger and more complex locomotor datasets than previously possible. With these advances in technology, new methods of form-function analyses can be developed to produce a more thorough understanding of how form reflects an organism's mechanical requirements, how shape is influenced by external environmental factors, and how these investigations of living taxa can inform questions of primate paleobiology. The papers in this special section of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology present research that builds on that foundation, by combining new data on living primates and new methodologies and approaches to answer a range of questions on extant and extinct primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thierra K Nalley
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology and Anthropology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, 94118; Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901
| | | |
Collapse
|
121
|
Skinner MM, Stephens NB, Tsegai ZJ, Foote AC, Nguyen NH, Gross T, Pahr DH, Hublin JJ, Kivell TL. Human evolution. Human-like hand use in Australopithecus africanus. Science 2015; 347:395-9. [PMID: 25613885 DOI: 10.1126/science.1261735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The distinctly human ability for forceful precision and power "squeeze" gripping is linked to two key evolutionary transitions in hand use: a reduction in arboreal climbing and the manufacture and use of tools. However, it is unclear when these locomotory and manipulative transitions occurred. Here we show that Australopithecus africanus (~3 to 2 million years ago) and several Pleistocene hominins, traditionally considered not to have engaged in habitual tool manufacture, have a human-like trabecular bone pattern in the metacarpals consistent with forceful opposition of the thumb and fingers typically adopted during tool use. These results support archaeological evidence for stone tool use in australopiths and provide morphological evidence that Pliocene hominins achieved human-like hand postures much earlier and more frequently than previously considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Skinner
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK. Department of Anthropology, University College London, London WC1H 0BW, UK. Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig Germany. Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa.
| | - Nicholas B Stephens
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Zewdi J Tsegai
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Alexandra C Foote
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London WC1H 0BW, UK
| | - N Huynh Nguyen
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Thomas Gross
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040 Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter H Pahr
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040 Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Tracy L Kivell
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK. Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig Germany. Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Sparrey CJ, Bailey JF, Safaee M, Clark AJ, Lafage V, Schwab F, Smith JS, Ames CP. Etiology of lumbar lordosis and its pathophysiology: a review of the evolution of lumbar lordosis, and the mechanics and biology of lumbar degeneration. Neurosurg Focus 2015; 36:E1. [PMID: 24785474 DOI: 10.3171/2014.1.focus13551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this review is to discuss the mechanisms of postural degeneration, particularly the loss of lumbar lordosis commonly observed in the elderly in the context of evolution, mechanical, and biological studies of the human spine and to synthesize recent research findings to clinical management of postural malalignment. Lumbar lordosis is unique to the human spine and is necessary to facilitate our upright posture. However, decreased lumbar lordosis and increased thoracic kyphosis are hallmarks of an aging human spinal column. The unique upright posture and lordotic lumbar curvature of the human spine suggest that an understanding of the evolution of the human spinal column, and the unique anatomical features that support lumbar lordosis may provide insight into spine health and degeneration. Considering evolution of the skeleton in isolation from other scientific studies provides a limited picture for clinicians. The evolution and development of human lumbar lordosis highlight the interdependence of pelvic structure and lumbar lordosis. Studies of fossils of human lineage demonstrate a convergence on the degree of lumbar lordosis and the number of lumbar vertebrae in modern Homo sapiens. Evolution and spine mechanics research show that lumbar lordosis is dictated by pelvic incidence, spinal musculature, vertebral wedging, and disc health. The evolution, mechanics, and biology research all point to the importance of spinal posture and flexibility in supporting optimal health. However, surgical management of postural deformity has focused on restoring posture at the expense of flexibility. It is possible that the need for complex and costly spinal fixation can be eliminated by developing tools for early identification of patients at risk for postural deformities through patient history (genetics, mechanics, and environmental exposure) and tracking postural changes over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Sparrey
- Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Arias-Martorell J, Potau JM, Bello-Hellegouarch G, Pérez-Pérez A. Like father, like son: assessment of the morphological affinities of A.L. 288-1 (A. afarensis), Sts 7 (A. africanus) and Omo 119-73-2718 (Australopithecus sp.) through a three-dimensional shape analysis of the shoulder joint. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117408. [PMID: 25651542 PMCID: PMC4317181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The postcranial evidence for the Australopithecus genus indicates that australopiths were able bipeds; however, the morphology of the forelimbs and particularly that of the shoulder girdle suggests that they were partially adapted to an arboreal lifestyle. The nature of such arboreal adaptations is still unclear, as are the kind of arboreal behaviors in which australopiths might have engaged. In this study we analyzed the shape of the shoulder joint (proximal humerus and glenoid cavity of the scapula) of three australopith specimens: A.L. 288–1 (A. afarensis), Sts 7 (A. africanus) and Omo 119–73–2718 (Australopithecus sp.) with three-dimensional geometric morphometrics. The morphology of the specimens was compared with that of a wide array of living anthropoid taxa and some additional fossil hominins (the Homo erectus specimen KNM-WT 15000 and the H. neanderthalensis specimen Tabun 1). Our results indicate that A.L. 288–1 shows mosaic traits resembling H. sapiens and Pongo, whereas the Sts 7 shoulder is most similar to the arboreal apes and does not present affinities with H. sapiens. Omo 119–73–2718 exhibits morphological affinities with the more arboreal and partially suspensory New World monkey Lagothrix. The shoulder of the australopith specimens thus shows a combination of primitive and derived traits (humeral globularity, enhancement of internal and external rotation of the joint), related to use of the arm in overhead positions. The genus Homo specimens show overall affinities with H. sapiens at the shoulder, indicating full correspondence of these hominin shoulders with the modern human morphotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Josep Maria Potau
- Departament d’Obstetrícia, Ginecologia, Pediatria, Radiologia i Anatomia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
124
|
Rein TR, Harvati K, Harrison T. Inferring the use of forelimb suspensory locomotion by extinct primate species via shape exploration of the ulna. J Hum Evol 2015; 78:70-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
125
|
Examining Dance as an Intervention in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DANCE THERAPY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10465-014-9181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
126
|
|
127
|
Prang TC. Calcaneal robusticity in Plio-Pleistocene hominins: implications for locomotor diversity and phylogeny. J Hum Evol 2014; 80:135-46. [PMID: 25440133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A key pedal adaptation to bipedality is a relatively large, weight-bearing calcaneus. The earliest evidence for a human-like, robust calcaneus is at 3.2 Ma in Australopithecus afarensis (A.L. 333-8, A.L. 333-55, A.L. 333-37) from Hadar, Ethiopia. Australopithecus sediba at 1.98 Ma from Malapa, South Africa displays a unique combination of primitive australopith features and more derived Homo-like features, but surprisingly is characterized by a gracile, chimpanzee-like calcaneus. The differences in calcaneal morphology suggest that these taxa differed in the frequency of arboreality and in the manner of foot function during terrestrial bipedal locomotion. This study examines calcaneal morphology in extant hominids (i.e., great apes and humans; N = 95) and fossil hominins (N = 5) to better understand the evolutionary development of calcaneal robusticity in early hominins. In particular, this study focuses on two additional fossil hominin calcanei that have not figured prominently in previous discussions of calcaneal robusticity: StW 352 and Omo 33-74-896. A measure of calcaneal robusticity was quantified as the ratio of calcaneal tuber cross-sectional area to calcaneal tuber length, which significantly differs between humans and non-humans using a sequential Bonferroni alpha adjustment for multiple comparisons. Additional multivariate analyses using Mosimann shape variables show that StW 352 and Omo 33-74-896 are more similar to Au. sediba in calcaneal tuber morphology than to Au. afarensis, suggesting that the latter taxon is better adapted for terrestrial bipedalism than at least some later species of Australopithecus. This finding implies the possibility of several complex evolutionary scenarios involving either multiple reversals in postcranial morphology in Australopithecus or the independent acquisition of adaptations to terrestrial bipedalism in Au. afarensis and Homo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Prang
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
The interaction of neutral evolutionary processes with climatically-driven adaptive changes in the 3D shape of the human os coxae. J Hum Evol 2014; 73:64-74. [PMID: 24935167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Differences in the breadth of the pelvis among modern human populations and among extinct hominin species have often been interpreted in the light of thermoregulatory adaptation, whereby a larger pelvic girdle would help preserve body temperature in cold environments while a narrower pelvis would help dissipate heat in tropical climates. There is, however, a theoretical problem in interpreting a pattern of variation as evidence of selection without first accounting for the effects of neutral evolutionary processes (i.e., mutation, genetic drift and migration). Here, we analyse 3D configurations of 27 landmarks on the os coxae of 1494 modern human individuals representing 30 male and 23 female populations from five continents and a range of climatic conditions. We test for the effects of climate on the size and shape of the pelvic bone, while explicitly accounting for population history (i.e., geographically-mediated gene flow and genetic drift). We find that neutral processes account for a substantial proportion of shape variance in the human os coxae in both sexes. Beyond the neutral pattern due to population history, temperature is a significant predictor of shape and size variation in the os coxae, at least in males. The effect of climate on the shape of the pelvic bone, however, is comparatively limited, explaining only a small percentage of shape variation in males and females. In accordance with previous hypotheses, the size of the os coxae tends to increase with decreasing temperature, although the significance of the association is reduced when population history is taken into account. In conclusion, the shape and size of the human os coxae reflect both neutral evolutionary processes and climatically-driven adaptive changes. Neutral processes have a substantial effect on pelvic variation, suggesting such factors will need to be taken into account in future studies of human and fossil hominin coxal variation.
Collapse
|
129
|
Kraft TS, Venkataraman VV, Dominy NJ. A natural history of human tree climbing. J Hum Evol 2014; 71:105-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
130
|
Gilman SL. "Stand up straight": notes toward a history of posture. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMANITIES 2014; 35:57-83. [PMID: 24317755 DOI: 10.1007/s10912-013-9266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The essay presents a set of interlinked claims about posture in modern culture. Over the past two centuries it has come to define a wide range of assumptions in the West from what makes human beings human (from Lamarck to Darwin and beyond) to the efficacy of the body in warfare (from Dutch drill manuals in the 17th century to German military medical studies of soldiers in the 19th century). Dance and sport both are forms of posture training in terms of their own claims. Posture separates 'primitive' from 'advanced' peoples and the 'ill' from the 'healthy.' Indeed an entire medical sub-specialty developed in which gymnastics defined and recuperated the body. But all of these claims were also part of a Western attempt to use posture (and the means of altering it) as the litmus test for the healthy modern body of the perfect citizen. Focusing on the centrality of posture in two oddly linked moments of modern thought--modern Zionist thought and Nationalism in early 20th century China--in terms of bodily reform, we show how "posture" brings all of the earlier debates together to reform the body.
Collapse
|
131
|
Domínguez-Rodrigo M. Is the “Savanna Hypothesis” a Dead Concept for Explaining the Emergence of the Earliest Hominins? CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1086/674530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
132
|
Dunn RH, Tocheri MW, Orr CM, Jungers WL. Ecological divergence and talar morphology in gorillas. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 153:526-41. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H. Dunn
- Department of Anatomy; Des Moines University; Des Moines IA 50312
| | - Matthew W. Tocheri
- Human Origins Program, Department of Anthropology; National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC 20560
- Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology; The George Washington University; Washington DC 20052
| | - Caley M. Orr
- Department of Anatomy; Midwestern University; Downers Grove IL 60515
| | - William L. Jungers
- Department of Anatomical Sciences; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook NY 11794
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Schilling AM, Tofanelli S, Hublin JJ, Kivell TL. Trabecular bone structure in the primate wrist. J Morphol 2013; 275:572-85. [PMID: 24323904 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Trabecular (or cancellous) bone has been shown to respond to mechanical loading throughout ontogeny and thus can provide unique insight into skeletal function and locomotion in comparative studies of living and fossil mammalian morphology. Trabecular bone of the hand may be particularly functionally informative because the hand has more direct contact with the substrate compared with the remainder of the forelimb during locomotion in quadrupedal mammals. This study investigates the trabecular structure within the wrist across a sample of haplorhine primates that vary in locomotor behaviour (and thus hand use) and body size. High-resolution microtomographic scans were collected of the lunate, scaphoid, and capitate in 41 individuals and eight genera (Homo, Gorilla, Pan, Papio, Pongo, Symphalangus, Hylobates, and Ateles). We predicted that particular trabecular parameters would 1) vary across suspensory, quadrupedal, and bipedal primates based on differences in hand use and load, and 2) scale with carpal size following similar allometric patterns found previously in other skeletal elements across a larger sample of mammals and primates. Analyses of variance (trabecular parameters analysed separately) and principal component analyses (trabecular parameters analysed together) revealed no clear functional signal in the trabecular structure of any of the three wrist bones. Instead, there was a large degree of variation within suspensory and quadrupedal locomotor groups, as well as high intrageneric variation within some taxa, particularly Pongo and Gorilla. However, as predicted, Homo sapiens, which rarely use their hands for locomotion and weight support, were unique in showing lower relative bone volume (BV/TV) compared with all other taxa. Furthermore, parameters used to quantify trabecular structure within the wrist scale with size generally following similar allometric patterns found in trabeculae of other mammalian skeletal elements. We discuss the challenges associated with quantifying and interpreting trabecular bone within the wrist.
Collapse
|
134
|
Proctor DJ. Proximal metatarsal articular surface shape and the evolution of a rigid lateral foot in hominins. J Hum Evol 2013; 65:761-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
135
|
Tsegai ZJ, Kivell TL, Gross T, Nguyen NH, Pahr DH, Smaers JB, Skinner MM. Trabecular bone structure correlates with hand posture and use in hominoids. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78781. [PMID: 24244359 PMCID: PMC3828321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is capable of adapting during life in response to stress. Therefore, variation in locomotor and manipulative behaviours across extant hominoids may be reflected in differences in trabecular bone structure. The hand is a promising region for trabecular analysis, as it is the direct contact between the individual and the environment and joint positions at peak loading vary amongst extant hominoids. Building upon traditional volume of interest-based analyses, we apply a whole-epiphysis analytical approach using high-resolution microtomographic scans of the hominoid third metacarpal to investigate whether trabecular structure reflects differences in hand posture and loading in knuckle-walking (Gorilla, Pan), suspensory (Pongo, Hylobates and Symphalangus) and manipulative (Homo) taxa. Additionally, a comparative phylogenetic method was used to analyse rates of evolutionary changes in trabecular parameters. Results demonstrate that trabecular bone volume distribution and regions of greatest stiffness (i.e., Young's modulus) correspond with predicted loading of the hand in each behavioural category. In suspensory and manipulative taxa, regions of high bone volume and greatest stiffness are concentrated on the palmar or distopalmar regions of the metacarpal head, whereas knuckle-walking taxa show greater bone volume and stiffness throughout the head, and particularly in the dorsal region; patterns that correspond with the highest predicted joint reaction forces. Trabecular structure in knuckle-walking taxa is characterised by high bone volume fraction and a high degree of anisotropy in contrast to the suspensory brachiators. Humans, in which the hand is used primarily for manipulation, have a low bone volume fraction and a variable degree of anisotropy. Finally, when trabecular parameters are mapped onto a molecular-based phylogeny, we show that the rates of change in trabecular structure vary across the hominoid clade. Our results support a link between inferred behaviour and trabecular structure in extant hominoids that can be informative for reconstructing behaviour in fossil primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zewdi J. Tsegai
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tracy L. Kivell
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, The University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Gross
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - N. Huynh Nguyen
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dieter H. Pahr
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jeroen B. Smaers
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew M. Skinner
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Barak MM, Lieberman DE, Raichlen D, Pontzer H, Warrener AG, Hublin JJ. Trabecular evidence for a human-like gait in Australopithecus africanus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77687. [PMID: 24223719 PMCID: PMC3818375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the earliest known hominins were apparently upright bipeds, there has been mixed evidence whether particular species of hominins including those in the genus Australopithecus walked with relatively extended hips, knees and ankles like modern humans, or with more flexed lower limb joints like apes when bipedal. Here we demonstrate in chimpanzees and humans a highly predictable and sensitive relationship between the orientation of the ankle joint during loading and the principal orientation of trabecular bone struts in the distal tibia that function to withstand compressive forces within the joint. Analyses of the orientation of these struts using microCT scans in a sample of fossil tibiae from the site of Sterkfontein, of which two are assigned to Australopithecus africanus, indicate that these hominins primarily loaded their ankles in a relatively extended posture like modern humans and unlike chimpanzees. In other respects, however, trabecular properties in Au africanus are distinctive, with values that mostly fall between those of chimpanzees and humans. These results indicate that Au. africanus, like Homo, walked with an efficient, extended lower limb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meir M. Barak
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MMB); (DEL)
| | - Daniel E. Lieberman
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MMB); (DEL)
| | - David Raichlen
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Herman Pontzer
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anna G. Warrener
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Kivell TL, Barros AP, Smaers JB. Different evolutionary pathways underlie the morphology of wrist bones in hominoids. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:229. [PMID: 24148262 PMCID: PMC4015765 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hominoid wrist has been a focus of numerous morphological analyses that aim to better understand long-standing questions about the evolution of human and hominoid hand use. However, these same analyses also suggest various scenarios of complex and mosaic patterns of morphological evolution within the wrist and potentially multiple instances of homoplasy that would benefit from require formal analysis within a phylogenetic context.We identify morphological features that principally characterize primate - and, in particular, hominoid (apes, including humans) - wrist evolution and reveal the rate, process and evolutionary timing of patterns of morphological change on individual branches of the primate tree of life. Linear morphological variables of five wrist bones - the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, capitate and hamate - are analyzed in a diverse sample of extant hominoids (12 species, 332 specimens), Old World (8 species, 43 specimens) and New World (4 species, 26 specimens) monkeys, fossil Miocene apes (8 species, 20 specimens) and Plio-Pleistocene hominins (8 species, 18 specimens). RESULT Results reveal a combination of parallel and synapomorphic morphology within haplorrhines, and especially within hominoids, across individual wrist bones. Similar morphology of some wrist bones reflects locomotor behaviour shared between clades (scaphoid, triquetrum and capitate) while others (lunate and hamate) indicate clade-specific synapomorphic morphology. Overall, hominoids show increased variation in wrist bone morphology compared with other primate clades, supporting previous analyses, and demonstrate several occurrences of parallel evolution, particularly between orangutans and hylobatids, and among hominines (extant African apes, humans and fossil hominins). CONCLUSIONS Our analyses indicate that different evolutionary processes can underlie the evolution of a single anatomical unit (the wrist) to produce diversity in functional and morphological adaptations across individual wrist bones. These results exemplify a degree of evolutionary and functional independence across different wrist bones, the potential evolvability of skeletal morphology, and help to contextualize the postcranial mosaicism observed in the hominin fossil record.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Kivell
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna P Barros
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jeroen B Smaers
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M. Lister
- Earth Sciences Department; Natural History Museum; Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD UK
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Moffett EA, Maddux SD, Ward CV. Sexual dimorphism in relative sacral breadth among catarrhine primates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 152:435-46. [PMID: 24132790 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
As the sacrum contributes to the size and shape of the birth canal, the sexually dimorphic sacrum of humans is frequently interpreted within obstetric contexts. However, while the human sacrum has been extensively studied, comparatively little is known about sacral morphology in nonhuman primates. Thus, it remains unclear whether sacral sexual dimorphism exists in other primates, and whether potential dimorphism is primarily related to obstetrics or other factors such as body size dimorphism. In this study, sacra of Homo sapiens, Hylobates lar, Nasalis larvatus, Gorilla gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus, Pan troglodytes, and Pan paniscus were evaluated for sexual dimorphism in relative sacral breadth (i.e., the ratio of overall sacral breadth to first sacral vertebral body breadth). Homo sapiens, H. lar, N. larvatus, and G. gorilla exhibit dimorphism in this ratio. Of these, the first three species have large cephalopelvic proportions, whereas G. gorilla has small cephalopelvic proportions. P. pygmaeus, P. troglodytes, and P. paniscus, which all have small cephalopelvic proportions, were not dimorphic for relative sacral breadth. We argue that among species with large cephalopelvic proportions, wide sacral alae in females facilitate birth by increasing the pelvic inlet's transverse diameter. However, given the small cephalopelvic proportions among gorillas, an obstetric basis for dimorphism in relative sacral breadth appears unlikely. This raises the possibility that sacral dimorphism in gorillas is attributable to selection for relatively narrow sacra in males rather than relatively broad sacra in females. Accordingly, these results have implications for interpreting pelvic dimorphism among fossil primates, including hominins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Moffett
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Rolian C, Gordon AD. Reassessing manual proportions inAustralopithecus afarensis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 152:393-406. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Campbell Rolian
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary; Alberta; Canada; T2N4N1
| | - Adam D. Gordon
- Department of Anthropology; University at Albany-SUNY; Albany; NY; 12222
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Green DJ. Ontogeny of the hominoid scapula: The influence of locomotion on morphology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 152:239-60. [PMID: 24000155 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Primate shoulder morphology has been linked with locomotor habits, oftentimes irrespective of phylogenetic heritage. Among hominoids, juvenile African apes are known to climb more frequently than adults, while orangutans and gibbons maintain an arboreal lifestyle throughout ontogeny. This study examined if these ontogenetic locomotor differences carry a morphological signal, which should be evident in the scapulae of chimpanzees and gorillas but absent in taxa that do not display ontogenetic behavioral shifts. The scapular morphology of five hominoid primates and one catarrhine outgroup was examined throughout ontogeny to evaluate if scapular traits linked with arboreal activities are modified in response to ontogenetic behavioral shifts away from climbing. Specifically, the following questions were addressed: 1) which scapular characteristics distinguish taxa with different locomotor habits; and 2) do these traits show associated changes during development in taxa known to modify their behavioral patterns? Several traits characterized suspensory taxa from nonsuspensory forms, such as cranially oriented glenohumeral joints, obliquely oriented scapular spines, relatively narrow infraspinous fossae, and inferolaterally expanded subscapularis fossae. The relative shape of the dorsal scapular fossae changed in Pan, Gorilla, and also Macaca in line with predictions based on reported ontogenetic changes in locomotor behavior. These morphological changes were mostly distinct from those seen in Pongo, Hylobates, and Homo and imply a unique developmental pattern, possibly related to ontogenetic locomotor shifts. Accordingly, features that sorted taxa by locomotor habits and changed in concert with ontogenetic behavioral patterns should be particularly useful for reconstructing the locomotor habits of fossil forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Green
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515; Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, The George Washington University, NW, 20052
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Reevaluation of the lumbosacral region of Oreopithecus bambolii. J Hum Evol 2013; 65:253-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
143
|
Foster AD, Raichlen DA, Pontzer H. Muscle force production during bent-knee, bent-hip walking in humans. J Hum Evol 2013; 65:294-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
144
|
Sylvester AD. A Geometric Morphometric Analysis of the Medial Tibial Condyle of African Hominids. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:1518-25. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Sylvester
- School of Life Sciences; College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow; Glasgow G12 Q88 United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Venkataraman VV, Rolian C, Gordon AD, Patel BA. A resampling approach and implications for estimating the phalangeal index from unassociated hand bones in fossil primates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 151:280-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek V. Venkataraman
- Department of Biological Sciences; Class of 1978 Life Sciences Center, Dartmouth College; Hanover; NH; 03755
| | - Campbell Rolian
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary; Alberta; Canada; T2N4N1
| | - Adam D. Gordon
- Department of Anthropology; University at Albany-SUNY; Albany; NY; 12222
| | - Biren A. Patel
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology; Keck School of Medicine; University of Southern California; Los Angeles; CA; 90033
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Schmid P, Churchill SE, Nalla S, Weissen E, Carlson KJ, de Ruiter DJ, Berger LR. Mosaic Morphology in the Thorax of
Australopithecus sediba. Science 2013; 340:1234598. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1234598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schmid
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa
| | - Steven E. Churchill
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Box 90383, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Shahed Nalla
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eveline Weissen
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kristian J. Carlson
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Darryl J. de Ruiter
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Lee R. Berger
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Lycett SJ, von Cramon-Taubadel N. Understanding the comparative catarrhine context of human pelvic form: A 3D geometric morphometric analysis. J Hum Evol 2013; 64:300-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
148
|
Betti L, von Cramon-Taubadel N, Manica A, Lycett SJ. Global geometric morphometric analyses of the human pelvis reveal substantial neutral population history effects, even across sexes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55909. [PMID: 23409086 PMCID: PMC3567032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent applications of population genetic models to human craniodental traits have revealed a strong neutral component to patterns of global variation. However, little work has been undertaken to determine whether neutral processes might also be influencing the postcranium, perhaps due to substantial evidence for selection and plastic environmental responses in these regions. Recent work has provided evidence for neutral effects in the pelvis, but has been limited in regard to shape data (small numbers of linear measurements) and restricted only to males. Here, we use geometric morphometric methods to examine population variation in the human os coxae (pelvic bone) in both males and females. Neutrality is examined via apportionment of variance patterns and fit to an Out-of-Africa serial founder effect model, which is known to structure neutral genetic patterns. Moreover, we compare males and females directly, and the true versus false pelvis, in order to examine potential obstetrical effects. Our results indicate evidence for substantial neutral population history effects on pelvic shape variation. They also reveal evidence for the effect of obstetrical constraints, but these affect males and females to equivalent extents. Our results do not deny an important role for selection in regard to specific aspects of human pelvic variation, especially in terms of features associated with body size and proportions. However, our analyses demonstrate that at a global level, the shape of the os coxae reveals substantial evidence for neutral variation. Our analyses thus indicate that population variation in the human pelvis might be used to address important questions concerning population history, just as the human cranium has done.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lia Betti
- Department of Anthropology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
149
|
Ward CV. Postural and Locomotor Adaptations of Australopithecus Species. THE PALEOBIOLOGY OF AUSTRALOPITHECUS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5919-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
150
|
|