101
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Chen D, Nie X, Feng Q, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang Q, Huang L, Huang S, Liao S. Electrochemical Oxo-Fluorosulfonylation of Alkynes under Air: Facile Access to β-Keto Sulfonyl Fluorides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27271-27276. [PMID: 34729882 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Radical fluorosulfonylation is emerging as an appealing approach for the synthesis of sulfonyl fluorides, which have widespread applications in many fields, in particular in the context of chemical biology and drug development. Here, we report the first investigation of FSO2 radical generation under electrochemical conditions, and the establishment of a new and facile approach for the synthesis of β-keto sulfonyl fluorides via oxo-fluorosulfonylation of alkynes with sulfuryl chlorofluoride as the radical precursor and air as the oxidant. This electrochemical protocol is amenable to access two different products (β-keto sulfonyl fluorides or α-chloro-β-keto sulfonyl fluorides) with the same reactants. The β-keto sulfonyl fluoride products can be utilized as useful building blocks in the synthesis of various derivatives and heterocycles, including the first synthesis of an oxathiazole dioxide compound. Furthermore, some β-keto sulfonyl fluorides and derivatives exhibited notably potent activities against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xingliang Nie
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Qingyuan Feng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yingyin Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yiheng Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Qiuyue Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Saihu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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102
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Chen D, Nie X, Feng Q, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang Q, Huang L, Huang S, Liao S. Electrochemical Oxo‐Fluorosulfonylation of Alkynes under Air: Facile Access to β‐Keto Sulfonyl Fluorides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Xingliang Nie
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University) College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Qingyuan Feng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Yingyin Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Yiheng Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Qiuyue Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Lin Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Saihu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University) College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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103
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McKenzie ECR, Hosseini S, Petro AGC, Rudman KK, Gerroll BHR, Mubarak MS, Baker LA, Little RD. Versatile Tools for Understanding Electrosynthetic Mechanisms. Chem Rev 2021; 122:3292-3335. [PMID: 34919393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis is a popular, green alternative to traditional organic methods. Understanding the mechanisms is not trivial yet is necessary to optimize reaction processes. To this end, a multitude of analytical tools is available to identify and quantitate reaction products and intermediates. The first portion of this review serves as a guide that underscores electrosynthesis fundamentals, including instrumentation, electrode selection, impacts of electrolyte and solvent, cell configuration, and methods of electrosynthesis. Next, the broad base of analytical techniques that aid in mechanism elucidation are covered in detail. These methods are divided into electrochemical, spectroscopic, chromatographic, microscopic, and computational. Technique selection is dependent on predicted reaction pathways and electrogenerated intermediates. Often, a combination of techniques must be utilized to ensure accuracy of the proposed model. To conclude, future prospects that aim to enhance the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C R McKenzie
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Seyyedamirhossein Hosseini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ana G Couto Petro
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kelly K Rudman
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Benjamin H R Gerroll
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | | | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - R Daniel Little
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Building 232, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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104
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Xue Q, Sun Q, Zhang TT, Li Y, Li JH. Electrochemical oxygenation of sulfides with molecular oxygen or water: switchable preparation of sulfoxides and sulfones. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:10314-10318. [PMID: 34783815 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01756j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A practical and eco-friendly method for the controllable aerobic oxygenation of sulfides by electrochemical catalysis was developed. The switchable preparation of sulfoxides and sulfones was effectively controlled by reaction time, in which both molecular oxygen and water can be used as the oxygen source under catalyst and external oxidant-free conditions. The electrochemical protocol features a broad substrate scope and excellent site selectivity and is successfully applied to the modification of some sulfide-containing pharmaceuticals and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xue
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.
| | - Qing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
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105
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Zhang X, Jiang R, Cheng X. Electrochemical Tandem Olefination and Hydrogenation Reaction with Ammonia. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16016-16025. [PMID: 34342230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons/hydrogenation tandem reaction was achieved using ammonia as electron and proton donors. The reaction could give two-carbon-elongated ester and nitrile from aldehyde or ketones directly. This reaction could proceed with a catalytic amount of base or even without a base. The ammonia provides both the electron and proton for this tandem reaction and enables the catalyst-free hydrogenation of an α,β-unsaturated HWE intermediate. More than 40 examples were reported, and functional groups, including heterocycles and hydroxyl, were tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Runze Jiang
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
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106
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Doobary S, Poole DL, Lennox AJJ. Intramolecular Alkene Fluoroarylation of Phenolic Ethers Enabled by Electrochemically Generated Iodane. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16095-16103. [PMID: 34766770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The 3-substituted chromane core is found in several bioactive natural products. Herein, we describe a route to 3-fluorinated chromanes from allylic phenol ethers. Our external oxidant-free approach takes advantage of an electrochemical generation of a hypervalent iodine species, difluoro-λ3-tolyl iodane, which mediates the alkene fluoroarylation. High yields and selectivity for this transformation are achieved for electron poor substrates. The redox chemistry has been characterized for the electrochemical generation of the iodane in the presence of fluoride, and insights into the mechanism are given. The transformation has been demonstrated on gram scales, which indicates the potential broader utility of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayad Doobary
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Darren L Poole
- Medicines Design, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Alastair J J Lennox
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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107
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Rafiee M, Mayer MN, Punchihewa BT, Mumau MR. Constant Potential and Constant Current Electrolysis: An Introduction and Comparison of Different Techniques for Organic Electrosynthesis. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15866-15874. [PMID: 34546751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis involves transferring charge between two electrodes to promote chemical reactions by applying potential. The modes of controlling the current and potential can affect the reaction mechanism, product distribution and yields, and add a control factor for reaction optimization. In this Synopsis, theoretical discussion is applied to specific case studies from the literature to illustrate methods of adjusting and tracking electrical parameters for the optimization and monitoring of electroorganic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, United States
| | - Mikayla N Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, United States
| | - Buwanila T Punchihewa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, United States
| | - Matthew R Mumau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, United States
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108
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Nutting JE, Gerken JB, Stamoulis AG, Bruns DL, Stahl SS. "How Should I Think about Voltage? What Is Overpotential?": Establishing an Organic Chemistry Intuition for Electrochemistry. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15875-15885. [PMID: 34609137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Redox reactions are ubiquitous in organic synthesis and intrinsic to organic electrosynthesis. The language and concepts used to describe reactions in these domains are sufficiently different to create barriers that hinder broader adoption and understanding of electrochemical methods. To bridge these gaps, this Synopsis compares chemical and electrochemical redox reactions, including concepts of free energy, voltage, kinetic barriers, and overpotential. This discussion is intended to increase the accessibility of electrochemistry for organic chemists lacking formal training in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Nutting
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - James B Gerken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - Alexios G Stamoulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - David L Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
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109
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He Y, Qin X, He X, Wu X, Yin Z. Practical Synthesis of Halogenated
N
‐Heterocycles via Electrochemical Anodic Oxidation of Unactivated Alkenes. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyang He
- School of Pharmacy Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Qin
- School of Pharmacy Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 P. R. China
| | - Xinxu He
- School of Pharmacy Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Feng Wu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Science 116023 Dalian Liaoning China
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Zhiping Yin
- School of Pharmacy Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 P. R. China
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110
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Ouyang Y, Xu XH, Qing FL. Electrochemical Trifluoromethoxylation of (Hetero)aromatics with a Trifluoromethyl Source and Oxygen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114048. [PMID: 34755434 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Trifluoromethoxylated aromatics (ArOCF3 ) are valuable structural motifs in the area of drug discovery due to the enhancement of their desired physicochemical properties upon the introduction of the trifluoromethoxy group (CF3 O). Although significant progress has been made recently in the introduction of CF3 O group into aromatics, current methods either require the use of expensive trifluoromethoxylation reagents or require harsh reaction conditions. We present a conceptually new and operationally simple protocol for the direct C-H trifluoromethoxylation of (hetero)aromatics by the combination of the readily available trifluoromethylating reagent and oxygen under electrochemical reaction conditions. This reaction proceeds through the initial generation of CF3 radical followed by conversion to CF3 O radical, addition to (hetero)aromatics and rearomatization. The utility of this electrochemical trifluoromethoxylation is illustrated by the direct incorporation of CF3 O group into a variety of (hetero)aromatics as well as bio-relevant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiu-Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Feng-Ling Qing
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
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111
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Shi Y, Xia C, Huang Y, He L. Electrochemical Approaches to Carbonylative Coupling Reactions. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2830-2841. [PMID: 34378346 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The carbonylation reaction is an effective way to introduce CO or other carbonyl groups into organic compounds, and widely used in the preparation of aldehydes, ketones, amides, and esters. The replacement of conventional reaction approaches by greener electrochemical methods is appealing with great synthetic potential as well as inherent safety, owing to the avoidance of external oxidants or reductants and a more facile control in product selectivity. In this minireview, we give a summary of the recent development of carbonylation reactions via the electrochemical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunru Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, P. R. China
| | - Chungu Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Lin He
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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112
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Tian X, Karl TA, Reiter S, Yakubov S, de Vivie‐Riedle R, König B, Barham JP. Electro-mediated PhotoRedox Catalysis for Selective C(sp 3 )-O Cleavages of Phosphinated Alcohols to Carbanions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20817-20825. [PMID: 34165861 PMCID: PMC8518744 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel example of electro-mediated photoredox catalysis (e-PRC) in the reductive cleavage of C(sp3 )-O bonds of phosphinated alcohols to alkyl carbanions. As well as deoxygenations, olefinations are reported which are E-selective and can be made Z-selective in a tandem reduction/photosensitization process where both steps are photoelectrochemically promoted. Spectroscopy, computation, and catalyst structural variations reveal that our new naphthalene monoimide-type catalyst allows for an intimate dispersive precomplexation of its radical anion form with the phosphinate substrate, facilitating a reactivity-determining C(sp3 )-O cleavage. Surprisingly and in contrast to previously reported photoexcited radical anion chemistries, our conditions tolerate aryl chlorides/bromides and do not give rise to Birch-type reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Tobias A. Karl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | | | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | | | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
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113
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Wirtanen T, Prenzel T, Tessonnier JP, Waldvogel SR. Cathodic Corrosion of Metal Electrodes-How to Prevent It in Electroorganic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10241-10270. [PMID: 34228450 PMCID: PMC8431381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The critical aspects
of the corrosion of metal electrodes in cathodic
reductions are covered. We discuss the involved mechanisms including
alloying with alkali metals, cathodic etching in aqueous and aprotic
media, and formation of metal hydrides and organometallics. Successful
approaches that have been implemented to suppress cathodic corrosion
are reviewed. We present several examples from electroorganic synthesis
where the clever use of alloys instead of soft neat heavy metals and
the application of protective cationic additives have allowed to successfully
exploit these materials as cathodes. Because of the high overpotential
for the hydrogen evolution reaction, such cathodes can contribute
toward more sustainable green synthetic processes. The reported strategies
expand the applications of organic electrosynthesis because a more
negative regime is accessible within protic media and common metal
poisons, e.g., sulfur-containing substrates, are compatible with these
cathodes. The strongly diminished hydrogen evolution side reaction
paves the way for more efficient reductive electroorganic conversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Wirtanen
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Prenzel
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Tessonnier
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 617 Bissell Road, Ames, Iowa 50011-1098, United States.,Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, Iowa, 50011-1098, United States
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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114
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Tian X, Karl TA, Reiter S, Yakubov S, Vivie‐Riedle R, König B, Barham JP. Electro‐mediated PhotoRedox Catalysis for Selective C(sp
3
)–O Cleavages of Phosphinated Alcohols to Carbanions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Tobias A. Karl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | | | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | | | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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115
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Zhong JS, Yang ZX, Ding CL, Huang YF, Zhao Y, Yan H, Ye KY. Desulfonylative Electrocarboxylation with Carbon Dioxide. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16162-16170. [PMID: 34355896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrocarboxylation of organic halides is one of the most investigated electrochemical approaches for converting thermodynamically inert carbon dioxide (CO2) into value-added carboxylic acids. By converting organic halides into their sulfone derivatives, we have developed a highly efficient electrochemical desulfonylative carboxylation protocol. Such a strategy takes advantage of CO2 as the abundant C1 building block for the facile preparation of multifunctionalized carboxylic acids, including the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen, under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Song Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zi-Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Cheng-Lin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ya-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- BayRay Innovation Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory (SZBL), Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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116
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Lyalin BV, Sigacheva VL, Kudinova AS, Neverov SV, Kokorekin VA, Petrosyan VA. Electrooxidation Is a Promising Approach to Functionalization of Pyrazole-Type Compounds. Molecules 2021; 26:4749. [PMID: 34443338 PMCID: PMC8400477 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The review summarizes for the first time the poorly studied electrooxidative functionalization of pyrazole derivatives leading to the C-Cl, C-Br, C-I, C-S and N-N coupling products with applied properties. The introduction discusses some aspects of aromatic hydrogen substitution. Further, we mainly consider our works on effective synthesis of the corresponding halogeno, thiocyanato and azo compounds using cheap, affordable and environmentally promising electric currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris V. Lyalin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (B.V.L.); (V.L.S.); (A.S.K.); (S.V.N.); (V.A.P.)
| | - Vera L. Sigacheva
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (B.V.L.); (V.L.S.); (A.S.K.); (S.V.N.); (V.A.P.)
| | - Anastasia S. Kudinova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (B.V.L.); (V.L.S.); (A.S.K.); (S.V.N.); (V.A.P.)
- Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str. 8, Bldg. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Neverov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (B.V.L.); (V.L.S.); (A.S.K.); (S.V.N.); (V.A.P.)
| | - Vladimir A. Kokorekin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (B.V.L.); (V.L.S.); (A.S.K.); (S.V.N.); (V.A.P.)
- Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Str. 8, Bldg. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Institute Str. 5, 143050 Bol’shiye Vyazemy, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Petrosyan
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (B.V.L.); (V.L.S.); (A.S.K.); (S.V.N.); (V.A.P.)
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117
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Box JR, Atkins AP, Lennox AJJ. Direct electrochemical hydrodefluorination of trifluoromethylketones enabled by non-protic conditions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10252-10258. [PMID: 34377412 PMCID: PMC8336478 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01574e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CF2H groups are unique due to the combination of their lipophilic and hydrogen bonding properties. The strength of H-bonding is determined by the group to which it is appended. Several functional groups have been explored in this context including O, S, SO and SO2 to tune the intermolecular interaction. Difluoromethyl ketones are under-studied in this context, without a broadly accessible method for their preparation. Herein, we describe the development of an electrochemical hydrodefluorination of readily accessible trifluoromethylketones. The single-step reaction at deeply reductive potentials is uniquely amenable to challenging electron-rich substrates and reductively sensitive functionality. Key to this success is the use of non-protic conditions enabled by an ammonium salt that serves as a reductively stable, masked proton source. Analysis of their H-bonding has revealed difluoromethyl ketones to be potentially highly useful dual H-bond donor/acceptor moieties. The electrochemical hydrodefluorination of trifluoromethylketones under non-protic conditions make this single-step reaction at deeply reductive potentials uniquely amenable to challenging electron-rich substrates and reductively sensitive functionalities.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Box
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Alexander P Atkins
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Alastair J J Lennox
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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118
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Zheng YT, Song J, Xu HC. Electrocatalytic Dehydrogenative Cyclization of 2-Vinylanilides for the Synthesis of Indoles. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16001-16007. [PMID: 34314192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Indole is prevalent in bioactive compounds and natural products. The development of efficient and sustainable methods to access this privileged structural scaffold has been a long-standing interest of synthetic chemists. Herein, we report an electrocatalytic method for the synthesis of indoles through dehydrogenative cyclization of 2-vinylanilides. The reactions employ an organic redox catalyst and do not require any external chemical oxidant, providing speedy and efficient access to 3-substituted and 2,3-disubstituted indoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Tao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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119
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Novaes LFT, Liu J, Shen Y, Lu L, Meinhardt JM, Lin S. Electrocatalysis as an enabling technology for organic synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7941-8002. [PMID: 34060564 PMCID: PMC8294342 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00223f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry has recently gained increased attention as a versatile strategy for achieving challenging transformations at the forefront of synthetic organic chemistry. Electrochemistry's unique ability to generate highly reactive radical and radical ion intermediates in a controlled fashion under mild conditions has inspired the development of a number of new electrochemical methodologies for the preparation of valuable chemical motifs. Particularly, recent developments in electrosynthesis have featured an increased use of redox-active electrocatalysts to further enhance control over the selective formation and downstream reactivity of these reactive intermediates. Furthermore, electrocatalytic mediators enable synthetic transformations to proceed in a manner that is mechanistically distinct from purely chemical methods, allowing for the subversion of kinetic and thermodynamic obstacles encountered in conventional organic synthesis. This review highlights key innovations within the past decade in the area of synthetic electrocatalysis, with emphasis on the mechanisms and catalyst design principles underpinning these advancements. A host of oxidative and reductive electrocatalytic methodologies are discussed and are grouped according to the classification of the synthetic transformation and the nature of the electrocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F T Novaes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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120
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Love A, Lee DS, Gennari G, Jefferson-Loveday R, Pickering SJ, Poliakoff M, George M. A Continuous-Flow Electrochemical Taylor Vortex Reactor: A Laboratory-Scale High-Throughput Flow Reactor with Enhanced Mixing for Scalable Electrosynthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Love
- School of Chemistry, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Darren S. Lee
- School of Chemistry, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Gabriele Gennari
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Richard Jefferson-Loveday
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Stephen J. Pickering
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Martyn Poliakoff
- School of Chemistry, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Michael George
- School of Chemistry, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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121
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Liang J, You S, Yuan Y, Yuan Y. A tubular electrode assembly reactor for enhanced electrochemical wastewater treatment with a Magnéli-phase titanium suboxide (M-TiSO) anode and in situ utilization. RSC Adv 2021; 11:24976-24984. [PMID: 35481062 PMCID: PMC9036886 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02236a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrochemical oxidation technology has been widely used for the waste water treatment and water reuse because of its easy-to-operate nature, an effective removal of pollutants and non-secondary pollution. However, the price of electrode materials, the limitation of mass transfer and the associated effects on contaminant degradation hamper its application. Within this context, an in situ utilization tubular electrode assembly reactor (TEAR) was proposed, in which a stainless steel pipe (SSP) was used as the cathode, and a tubular Magnéli-phase titanium suboxide (M-TiSO) anode was posited in the center of that pipe. Besides the cathode and anode, an integral electrochemical system to treat water pollutants was constituted with a spiral static mixer made from three-dimensional (3D) printing. A spiral static mixer was pushed into the interspace of electrodes to minimize the adverse effect caused by inhomogeneous distribution of pollutants. Here, the effects of current density and resident time on the removal of methylene blue (MB) and total organic carbon (TOC) were investigated, the corresponding hydrodynamics was studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and the long-term stability of removing MB by the reactor was discussed. The results indicated that the MB and TOC removal rate was enhanced at specific current density with a static mixer and the velocity distribution tended to be more homogeneous. Moreover, the anode surface shear force and heat transfer were increased by improving the fluid state. This study proposed an in situ utilization concept and provided a potential value for feasible and efficient water treatment. A stainless steel pipe (SSP) was used as a cathode. A tubular Magnéli-phase titanium suboxide (M-TiSO) anode was posited in the center. A spiral static mixer was used to process intensification.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin P. R. China
| | - Shijie You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin P. R. China
| | - Yixing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- School of Biological Engineering, Beijing Polytechnic Beijing 100176 P.R. China
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122
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Liu C, Li R, Zhou W, Liang Y, Shi Y, Li RL, Ling Y, Yu Y, Li J, Zhang B. Selectivity Origin of Organic Electrosynthesis Controlled by Electrode Materials: A Case Study on Pinacols. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuibo Liu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Rui Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanmei Shi
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Run-Lai Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yangfang Ling
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yifu Yu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jianxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
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123
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Beil SB, Pollok D, Waldvogel SR. Reproducibility in Electroorganic Synthesis-Myths and Misunderstandings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14750-14759. [PMID: 33428811 PMCID: PMC8251947 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of electric current as a traceless activator and reagent is experiencing a renaissance. This sustainable synthetic method is evolving into a hot topic in contemporary organic chemistry. Since researchers with various scientific backgrounds are entering this interdisciplinary field, different parameters and methods are reported to describe the experiments. The variation in the reported parameters can lead to problems with the reproducibility of the reported electroorganic syntheses. As an example, parameters such as current density or electrode distance are in some cases more significant than often anticipated. This Minireview provides guidelines on reporting electrosynthetic data and dispels myths about this technique, thereby streamlining the experimental parameters to facilitate reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B. Beil
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Dennis Pollok
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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124
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Shimakoshi H, Hisaeda Y. Bioinspired Electrolysis for Green Molecular Transformations of Organic Halides Catalyzed by B 12 Complex. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2080-2094. [PMID: 34075694 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Naturally-occurring B12 -dependent enzymes catalyze various molecular transformations that are of particular interest from the viewpoint of biological chemistry as well as synthetic organic chemistry. Inspired by the unique property of the B12 -dependent enzymes, various catalytic reactions have been developed using its model complex. Among the B12 model complexes, heptamethyl cobyrinate, synthesized from natural vitamin B12 , is highly soluble in various organic solvents and a redox active cobalt complex with an excellent catalysis in electroorganic synthesis. The electrochemical dechlorination of pollutant organic chlorides, such as DDT, was effectively catalyzed by the B12 complex. Modification of the electrode surface by the sol-gel method to immobilize the B12 complex was also developed. The B12 modified electrodes were effective for the dehalogenation of organic halides with high turnover numbers based on the immobilized B12 complex. Electrolysis of an organic halide catalyzed by the B12 complex provided dechlorinated products under anaerobic conditions, while the electrolysis under aerobic conditions afforded oxygen incorporated products, such as an ester and amide along with dechlorination. Benzotrichloride was transformed into ethylbenzoate or N,N-diethylbenzamide in the presence of ethanol or diethylamine, respectively. This amide formation was further expanded to a unique paired electrolysis. Electrochemical reductions of an alkene and alkyne were also catalyzed by the B12 complex. A cobalt-hydrogen complex should be formed as a bioinspired intermediate. Using the B12 complex, light-assisted electrosynthesis was also developed to save the applied energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Shimakoshi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku Motooka 744, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hisaeda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku Motooka 744, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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125
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Wu T, Moeller KD. Organic Electrochemistry: Expanding the Scope of Paired Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiandi Wu
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO 63130 USA
| | - Kevin D. Moeller
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO 63130 USA
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126
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Wu T, Moeller KD. Organic Electrochemistry: Expanding the Scope of Paired Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12883-12890. [PMID: 33768678 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Paired electrochemical reactions allow the optimization of both atom and energy economy of oxidation and reduction reactions. While many paired electrochemical reactions take advantage of perfectly matched reactions at the anode and cathode, this matching of substrates is not necessary. In constant current electrolysis, the potential at both electrodes adjusts to the substrates in solution. In principle, any oxidation reaction can be paired with any reduction reaction. Various oxidation reactions conducted on the anodic side of the electrolysis were paired with the generation and use of hydrogen gas at the cathode, showing the generality of the anodic process in a paired electrolysis and how the auxiliary reaction required for the oxidation could be used to generate a substrate for a non-electrolysis reaction. This is combined with variations on the cathodic side of the electrolysis to complete the picture and illustrate how oxidation and reduction reactions can be combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiandi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Kevin D Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
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127
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Chicas-Baños DF, Frontana-Uribe BA. Electrochemical Generation and Use in Organic Synthesis of C-, O-, and N-Centered Radicals. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2538-2573. [PMID: 34047059 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade several research groups have been developing electrochemical procedures to access highly functionalized organic molecules. Among the most exciting advances, the possibility of using free radical chemistry has attracted the attention of the most important synthetic groups. Nowadays, electrochemical strategies based on these species with a synthetic purpose are published continuously in scientific journals, increasing the alternatives for the synthetic organic chemistry laboratories. Free radicals can be obtained in organic electrochemical reactions; thus, this review reassembles the last decade's (2010-2020) efforts of the electrosynthetic community to generate and take advantage of the C-, O-, and N-centered radicals' reactivity. The electrochemical reactions that occur, as well as the proposed mechanism, are discussed, trying to give clear information about the used conditions and reactivity of these reactive intermediate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Francisco Chicas-Baños
- Centro Conjunto Química Sustentable UAEMéx-UNAM, Km 14.5 Carretera Toluca-Ixtlahuaca, Toluca, 50200, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Bernardo A Frontana-Uribe
- Centro Conjunto Química Sustentable UAEMéx-UNAM, Km 14.5 Carretera Toluca-Ixtlahuaca, Toluca, 50200, Estado de México, Mexico.,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
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128
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Feng R, Zhang X, Murugesan V, Hollas A, Chen Y, Shao Y, Walter E, Wellala NPN, Yan L, Rosso KM, Wang W. Reversible ketone hydrogenation and dehydrogenation for aqueous organic
redox flow batteries. Science 2021; 372:836-840. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abd9795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous redox flow batteries with organic active materials offer an
environmentally benign, tunable, and safe route to large-scale energy
storage. Development has been limited to a small palette of organics that
are aqueous soluble and tend to display the necessary redox reversibility
within the water stability window. We show how molecular engineering of
fluorenone enables the alcohol electro-oxidation needed for reversible
ketone hydrogenation and dehydrogenation at room temperature without the use
of a catalyst. Flow batteries based on these fluorenone derivative anolytes
operate efficiently and exhibit stable long-term cycling at ambient and
mildly increased temperatures in a nondemanding environment. These results
expand the palette to include reversible ketone to alcohol conversion but
also suggest the potential for identifying other atypical organic redox
couple candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruozhu Feng
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard,
Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard,
Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Vijayakumar Murugesan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard,
Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Aaron Hollas
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard,
Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard,
Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Yuyan Shao
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard,
Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Eric Walter
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard,
Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | | | - Litao Yan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard,
Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Kevin M. Rosso
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard,
Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard,
Richland, WA 99354, USA
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129
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Cembellín S, Batanero B. Organic Electrosynthesis Towards Sustainability: Fundamentals and Greener Methodologies. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2453-2471. [PMID: 33955158 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The adoption of new measures that preserve our environment, on which our survival depends, is a necessity. Electro-organic processes are sustainable per se, by producing the activation of a substrate by electron transfer at normal pressure and room temperature. In the recent years, a highly crescent number of works on organic electrosynthesis are available. Novel strategies at the electrode are being developed enabling the construction of a great variety of complex organic molecules. However, the possibility of being scaled-up is mandatory in terms of sustainability. Thus, some electrochemical methodologies have demonstrated to report the best results in reducing pollution and saving energy. In this personal account, these methods have been compiled, being organized as follows: • Direct discharge electrosynthesis • Paired electrochemical reactions. and • Organic transformations utilizing electrocatalysis (in absence of heavy metals). Selected protocols are herein presented and discussed with representative recent examples. Final perspectives and reflections are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cembellín
- University of Alcala, Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department (Organic area), Campus, km 33,6 A2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Batanero
- University of Alcala, Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department (Organic area), Campus, km 33,6 A2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Química, "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR) University of Alcala
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130
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Strehl J, Abraham ML, Hilt G. Lineare gepaarte Elektrolyse – Realisierung von 200 % Stromausbeute in stöchiometrischen Umsetzungen – die elektrochemische Bromierung von Alkenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Strehl
- Institut für Chemie Universität Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26111 Oldenburg Deutschland
| | - Marvin L. Abraham
- Institut für Chemie Universität Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26111 Oldenburg Deutschland
| | - Gerhard Hilt
- Institut für Chemie Universität Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26111 Oldenburg Deutschland
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131
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Strehl J, Abraham ML, Hilt G. Linear Paired Electrolysis-Realising 200 % Current Efficiency for Stoichiometric Transformations-The Electrochemical Bromination of Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9996-10000. [PMID: 33656769 PMCID: PMC8251945 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The generation of bromine by oxidation of bromide anions at the anode and reduction of molecular oxygen at the cathode to hydrogen peroxide resulted in the overall formation of two molecules of Br2 (=four electron oxidation) by passing just two electrons through the solution. The bromine was used for the bromination of alkenes and thereby a linear paired electrolysis was attained which resulted in current efficencies of up to 200 %. Also, the diiodination of cyclohexene as well as the electrophilic aromatic bromination of an electron‐rich arene were realised both in 168 % current efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Strehl
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marvin L Abraham
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hilt
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
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132
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Liu F, Wu N, Cheng X. Chlorination Reaction of Aromatic Compounds and Unsaturated Carbon-Carbon Bonds with Chlorine on Demand. Org Lett 2021; 23:3015-3020. [PMID: 33792338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chlorination with chlorine is straightforward, highly reactive, and versatile, but it has significant limitations. In this Letter, we introduce a protocol that could combine the efficiency of electrochemical transformation and the high reactivity of chlorine. By utilizing Cl3CCN as the chloride source, donating up to all three chloride atom, the reaction could generate and consume the chlorine in situ on demand to achieve the chlorination of aromatic compounds and electrodeficient alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Na Wu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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133
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Zhao HB, Zhuang JL, Xu HC. Electrochemical Synthesis of Benzimidazoles via Dehydrogenative Cyclization of Amidines. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1692-1695. [PMID: 33605037 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient and sustainable methodologies for the synthesis of N-heterocycles is a constant focus of organic synthesis. Herein an electrochemical method is reported for the synthesis of benzimidazoles through dehydrogenative cyclization of easily available N-aryl amidines. The reactions were conducted under simple constant current conditions in an undivided cell without need for catalysts, chemical oxidants, or additives, and produced H2 as the only theoretical byproduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Bo Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Lab for Functional Materials Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan Road North, Guiyang, 550001, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Liang Zhuang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Lab for Functional Materials Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, 116 Baoshan Road North, Guiyang, 550001, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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134
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Luo Z, Imamura K, Shiota Y, Yoshizawa K, Hisaeda Y, Shimakoshi H. One-Pot Synthesis of Tertiary Amides from Organic Trichlorides through Oxygen Atom Incorporation from Air by Convergent Paired Electrolysis. J Org Chem 2021; 86:5983-5990. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongli Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kenji Imamura
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiota
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hisaeda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hisashi Shimakoshi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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135
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Zhu C, Ang NWJ, Meyer TH, Qiu Y, Ackermann L. Organic Electrochemistry: Molecular Syntheses with Potential. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:415-431. [PMID: 33791425 PMCID: PMC8006177 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and selective molecular syntheses are paramount to inter alia biomolecular chemistry and material sciences as well as for practitioners in chemical, agrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Organic electrosynthesis has undergone a considerable renaissance and has thus in recent years emerged as an increasingly viable platform for the sustainable molecular assembly. In stark contrast to early strategies by innate reactivity, electrochemistry was recently merged with modern concepts of organic synthesis, such as transition-metal-catalyzed transformations for inter alia C-H functionalization and asymmetric catalysis. Herein, we highlight the unique potential of organic electrosynthesis for sustainable synthesis and catalysis, showcasing key aspects of exceptional selectivities, the synergism with photocatalysis, or dual electrocatalysis, and novel mechanisms in metallaelectrocatalysis until February of 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiju Zhu
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nate W. J. Ang
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tjark H. Meyer
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Woehler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Youai Qiu
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Woehler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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136
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Beil SB, Pollok D, Waldvogel SR. Reproduzierbarkeit in der elektroorganischen Synthese – Mythen und Missverständnisse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B. Beil
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Dennis Pollok
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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137
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Chen N, Xu HC. Electrochemical generation of nitrogen-centered radicals for organic synthesis. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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138
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Yang Z, Yu Y, Lai L, Zhou L, Ye K, Chen FE. Carbon dioxide cycle via electrocatalysis: Electrochemical carboxylation of CO2 and decarboxylative functionalization of carboxylic acids. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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139
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Cao Y, Knijff J, Delparish A, d'Angelo MFN, Noёl T. A Divergent Paired Electrochemical Process for the Conversion of Furfural Using a Divided-Cell Flow Microreactor. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:590-594. [PMID: 33305485 PMCID: PMC7898665 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Furfural is a prominent, non-petroleum-based chemical feedstock material, derived from abundantly available hemicellulose. Hence, its derivatization into other useful biobased chemicals is a subject of high interest in contemporary academic and industrial research activities. While most strategies to convert furfural require energy-intensive reaction routes, the use of electrochemical activation allows to provide a sustainable and green alternative. Herein, a disparate approach for the conversion of furfural is reported based on a divergent paired electrochemical conversion, enabling the simultaneous production of 2(5H)-furanone via an anodic oxidation, and the generation of furfuryl alcohol and/or hydrofuroin via a cathodic reduction. Using water as solvent and NaBr as supporting electrolyte and electron-mediator, a green and sustainable process was developed, which maximizes productive use of electricity and minimizes byproduct formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Cao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistrySustainable Process EngineeringEindhoven University of Technology (TU/e)Het Kranenveld (Bldg 14-Helix)5600 MBEindhoven (TheNetherlands
| | - Jasper Knijff
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistrySustainable Process EngineeringEindhoven University of Technology (TU/e)Het Kranenveld (Bldg 14-Helix)5600 MBEindhoven (TheNetherlands
| | - Amin Delparish
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistrySustainable Process EngineeringEindhoven University of Technology (TU/e)Het Kranenveld (Bldg 14-Helix)5600 MBEindhoven (TheNetherlands
| | - Maria Fernanda Neira d'Angelo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistrySustainable Process EngineeringEindhoven University of Technology (TU/e)Het Kranenveld (Bldg 14-Helix)5600 MBEindhoven (TheNetherlands
| | - Timothy Noёl
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistrySustainable Process EngineeringEindhoven University of Technology (TU/e)Het Kranenveld (Bldg 14-Helix)5600 MBEindhoven (TheNetherlands
- Flow Chemistry Groupvan't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS)University of Amsterdam (UvA)Science Park 9041098 XHAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
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140
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Scheide MR, Nicoleti CR, Martins GM, Braga AL. Electrohalogenation of organic compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2578-2602. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02459g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this review we target sp, sp2 and sp3 carbon fluorination, chlorination, bromination and iodination reactions using electrolysis as a redox medium. Mechanistic insights and substrate reactivity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos R. Scheide
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC
- Florianópolis
- Brazil
| | - Celso R. Nicoleti
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC
- Florianópolis
- Brazil
| | - Guilherme M. Martins
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC
- Florianópolis
- Brazil
| | - Antonio L. Braga
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC
- Florianópolis
- Brazil
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141
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Nemez DB, Sidhu BK, Giesbrecht PK, Braun JD, Herbert DE. Electrochemical hydrogenation of α-ketoesters and benzoxazinones using carbon electrodes and a sustainable Brønsted acid. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01311k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A convenient electrochemical methodology for the hydrogenation of benzoxazinones and aryl-substituted α-ketoester substrates is presented, using carbon electrodes and sustainable Brønsted acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dion B. Nemez
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Manitoba
- Winnipeg
- Canada
| | | | | | - Jason D. Braun
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Manitoba
- Winnipeg
- Canada
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142
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Zou Z, Zhang W, Wang Y, Pan Y. Recent advances in electrochemically driven radical fluorination and fluoroalkylation. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00054c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical fluorination (ECF) refers to the introduction of fluorine-containing moieties into organic molecules under electrochemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
| | - Weigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
| | - Yi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
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143
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Liu F, Dai J, Cheng X. Aryl-Iodide-Mediated Electrochemical Aziridination of Electron-Deficient Alkenes. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202105046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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144
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Wu S, Žurauskas J, Domański M, Hitzfeld PS, Butera V, Scott DJ, Rehbein J, Kumar A, Thyrhaug E, Hauer J, Barham JP. Hole-mediated photoredox catalysis: tris(p-substituted)biarylaminium radical cations as tunable, precomplexing and potent photooxidants. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01609h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Triarylamines are demonstrated as novel, tunable electroactivated photocatalysts that use dispersion precomplexation to harness the full potential of the visible photon (>4.0 V vs. SCE) in anti-Kasha photo(electro)chemical super-oxidations of arenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangze Wu
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Jonas Žurauskas
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Michał Domański
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Patrick S. Hitzfeld
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Valeria Butera
- Central European Institute of Technology
- CEITEC
- 61200 Brno
- Czech Republic
| | - Daniel J. Scott
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Julia Rehbein
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Ajeet Kumar
- Technische Universität München
- Fakültat für Chemie
- 85748 Garching b. München
- Germany
| | - Erling Thyrhaug
- Technische Universität München
- Fakültat für Chemie
- 85748 Garching b. München
- Germany
| | - Jürgen Hauer
- Technische Universität München
- Fakültat für Chemie
- 85748 Garching b. München
- Germany
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Universität Regensburg
- Fakültat für Chemie und Pharmazie
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
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145
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Hou Z, Liu D, Xiong P, Lai X, Song J, Xu H. Site‐Selective Electrochemical Benzylic C−H Amination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:2943-2947. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong‐Wei Hou
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry Taizhou University Taizhou 318000 P. R. China
| | - Ding‐Jin Liu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Peng Xiong
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Li Lai
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Chao Xu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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146
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Hou Z, Liu D, Xiong P, Lai X, Song J, Xu H. Site‐Selective Electrochemical Benzylic C−H Amination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong‐Wei Hou
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry Taizhou University Taizhou 318000 P. R. China
| | - Ding‐Jin Liu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Peng Xiong
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Li Lai
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Chao Xu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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147
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Qin J, Luo M, An D, Li J. Electrochemical 1,2‐Diarylation of Alkenes Enabled by Direct Dual C–H Functionalizations of Electron‐Rich Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing‐Hao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - Mu‐Jia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - De‐Lie An
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - Jin‐Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
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148
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Qin J, Luo M, An D, Li J. Electrochemical 1,2‐Diarylation of Alkenes Enabled by Direct Dual C–H Functionalizations of Electron‐Rich Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:1861-1868. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing‐Hao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - Mu‐Jia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - De‐Lie An
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - Jin‐Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
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149
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Abstract
The renewed interest in electrosynthesis demonstrated by organic chemists in the last years has allowed for rapid development of new methodologies. In this review, advances in enantioselective electrosynthesis that rely on catalytic amounts of organic or metal-based chiral mediators are highlighted with focus on the most recent developments up to July 2020. Examples of C-H functionalization, alkene functionalization, carboxylation and cross-electrophile couplings are discussed, along with their related mechanistic aspects.
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