101
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Cao JJ, Gregoire BR, Shen CL. A High-Fat Diet Decreases Bone Mass in Growing Mice with Systemic Chronic Inflammation Induced by Low-Dose, Slow-Release Lipopolysaccharide Pellets. J Nutr 2017; 147:1909-1916. [PMID: 28814530 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.248302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic inflammation is associated with increased bone resorption and is linked to osteopenia, or low bone mass. Obesity is also associated with low-grade chronic upregulation of inflammatory cytokines.Objective: This study investigated the effect of high-fat (HF) diet-induced obesity on bone structure changes in growing mice with existing systemic chronic inflammation induced by low-dose, slow-release lipopolysaccharide (LPS).Methods: Forty-eight 6-wk-old female C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups (n = 12/group) in a 2 × 2 factorial design-control (placebo) or LPS treatment (1.5 μg/d)-and consumed either a normal-fat (NF, 10% of energy as fat) or an HF (45% of energy as fat) diet ad libitum for 13 wk. Bone structure, serum biomarkers of bone turnover, and osteoclast differentiation were measured.Results: No alterations were observed in final body weights, fat mass, or lean mass in response to LPS treatment. LPS treatment increased serum concentration of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP, a bone resorption marker) and bone marrow osteoclast differentiation and decreased femoral and lumbar vertebral bone volume (BV):total volume (TV) by 25% and 24%, respectively, compared with the placebo. Mice fed the HF diet had greater body weight at the end of the study (P < 0.01) due to increased fat mass (P < 0.01) than did mice fed the NF diet. The HF diet increased serum TRAP concentration, bone marrow osteoclast differentiation, and expression of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β and interleukin 6 in adipose tissue. Compared with the NF diet, the HF diet decreased BV:TV by 10% and 8% at femur and lumbar vertebrae, respectively, and the HF diet was detrimental to femoral and lumbar vertebral bone structure with decreased trabecular number and increased trabecular separation and structure model index.Conclusion: Results suggest that HF diets and systemic chronic inflammation have independent negative effects on bone structure in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Cao
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND; and
| | - Brian R Gregoire
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND; and
| | - Chwan-Li Shen
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
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102
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Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: New insights into pathogenesis and cytokine directed therapies. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2017; 31:505-516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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103
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Cardozo CP, Graham ZA. Muscle-bone interactions: movement in the field of mechano-humoral coupling of muscle and bone. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1402:10-17. [PMID: 28763828 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclical, mechanical loading of bone by skeletal muscle is widely recognized as a critical determinant of bone structure and mass. A growing body of evidence indicates that substances released from skeletal muscle into the bloodstream also regulate bone mass and metabolism. In this commentary, we discuss the status of research in the area of humoral regulation of bone mass by the skeletal muscle secretome, with an emphasis on the roles of myostatin, irisin, interleukin-6, and exosomes. The interplay between muscle, bone, and other modulators of bone mass, including circadian rhythm and sympathetic tone, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Cardozo
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Department of Pharmacologic Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Zachary A Graham
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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104
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The traumatic bone: trauma-induced heterotopic ossification. Transl Res 2017; 186:95-111. [PMID: 28668522 PMCID: PMC6715128 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a common occurrence after multiple forms of extensive trauma. These include arthroplasties, traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries, extensive burns in the civilian setting, and combat-related extremity injuries in the battlefield. Irrespective of the form of trauma, heterotopic bone is typically endochondral in structure and is laid down via a cartilaginous matrix. Once formed, the heterotopic bone typically needs to be excised surgically, which may result in wound healing complications, in addition to a risk of recurrence. Refinements of existing diagnostic modalities, like micro- and nano-CT are being adapted toward early intervention. Trauma-induced HO is a consequence of aberrant wound healing, systemic and local immune system activation, infections, extensive vascularization, and innervation. This intricate molecular crosstalk culminates in activation of stem cells that initiate heterotopic endochondral ossification. Development of animal models recapitulating the unique traumatic injuries has greatly facilitated the mechanistic understanding of trauma-induced HO. These same models also serve as powerful tools to test the efficacy of small molecules which specifically target the molecular pathways underlying ectopic ossification. This review summarizes the recent advances in the molecular understanding, diagnostic and treatment modalities in the field of trauma-induced HO.
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105
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Amirhosseini M, Andersson G, Aspenberg P, Fahlgren A. Mechanical instability and titanium particles induce similar transcriptomic changes in a rat model for periprosthetic osteolysis and aseptic loosening. Bone Rep 2017; 7:17-25. [PMID: 28795083 PMCID: PMC5544474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Wear debris particles released from prosthetic bearing surfaces and mechanical instability of implants are two main causes of periprosthetic osteolysis. While particle-induced loosening has been studied extensively, mechanisms through which mechanical factors lead to implant loosening have been less investigated. This study compares the transcriptional profiles associated with osteolysis in a rat model for aseptic loosening, induced by either mechanical instability or titanium particles. Rats were exposed to mechanical instability or titanium particles. After 15 min, 3, 48 or 120 h from start of the stimulation, gene expression changes in periprosthetic bone tissue was determined by microarray analysis. Microarray data were analyzed by PANTHER Gene List Analysis tool and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Both types of osteolytic stimulation led to gene regulation in comparison to unstimulated controls after 3, 48 or 120 h. However, when mechanical instability was compared to titanium particles, no gene showed a statistically significant difference (fold change ≥ ± 1.5 and adjusted p-value ≤ 0.05) at any time point. There was a remarkable similarity in numbers and functional classification of regulated genes. Pathway analysis showed several inflammatory pathways activated by both stimuli, including Acute Phase Response signaling, IL-6 signaling and Oncostatin M signaling. Quantitative PCR confirmed the changes in expression of key genes involved in osteolysis observed by global transcriptomics. Inflammatory mediators including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL)2, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (Ptgs)2 and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) showed strong upregulation, as assessed by both microarray and qPCR. By investigating genome-wide expression changes we show that, despite the different nature of mechanical implant instability and titanium particles, osteolysis seems to be induced through similar biological and signaling pathways in this rat model for aseptic loosening. Pathways associated to the innate inflammatory response appear to be a major driver for osteolysis. Our findings implicate early restriction of inflammation to be critical to prevent or mitigate osteolysis and aseptic loosening of orthopedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Amirhosseini
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Corresponding author.
| | - Göran Andersson
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Per Aspenberg
- Orthopedics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna Fahlgren
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Abstract
Bone health in children with rheumatic conditions may be compromised due to several factors related to the inflammatory disease state, delayed puberty, altered life style, including decreased physical activities, sun avoidance, suboptimal calcium and vitamin D intake, and medical treatments, mainly glucocorticoids and possibly some disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Low bone density or even fragility fractures could be asymptomatic; therefore, children with diseases of high inflammatory load, such as systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, juvenile dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and those requiring chronic glucocorticoids may benefit from routine screening of bone health. Most commonly used assessment tools are laboratory testing including serum 25-OH-vitamin D measurement and bone mineral density measurement by a variety of methods, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry as the most widely used. Early disease control, use of steroid-sparing medications such as disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and biologics, supplemental vitamin D and calcium, and promotion of weight-bearing physical activities can help optimize bone health. Additional treatment options for osteoporosis such as bisphosphonates are still controversial in children with chronic rheumatic diseases, especially those with decreased bone density without fragility fractures. This article reviews common risk factors leading to compromised bone health in children with chronic rheumatic diseases and discusses the general approach to prevention and treatment of bone fragility.
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107
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Narazaki M, Tanaka T, Kishimoto T. The role and therapeutic targeting of IL-6 in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2017; 13:535-551. [PMID: 28494214 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2017.1295850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune chronic disease with joint and systemic inflammation and it has been found that interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a key role in RA. Indeed, various clinical studies have proved that the first-in-class IL-6 inhibitor, tocilizumab, a humanized anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, showed outstanding efficacy in RA. Areas covered: We review here the role of IL-6 in the inflammatory conditions and how IL-6 contributes to pathogenesis of RA, what induces IL-6 and how IL-6 expression is regulated. Furthermore, clinical studies of tocilizumab for RA are summarized, Expert commentary: We review and discuss the prospects for future applications of IL-6 targeting therapy and new therapeutic strategies targeting IL-6. Finally, we discuss relevant issues with regard to the clinical management of IL-6 blockade in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Narazaki
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka University , Osaka , Japan.,b Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center , Osaka University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Toshio Tanaka
- b Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center , Osaka University , Osaka , Japan.,c Department of Clinical Application of Biologics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Tadamitsu Kishimoto
- d Laboratory of Immune Regulation, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center , Osaka University , Osaka , Japan
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108
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Arroul-Lammali A, Rahal F, Chetouane R, Djeraba Z, Medjeber O, Ladjouze-Rezig A, Touil-Boukoffa C. Ex vivo all-trans retinoic acid modulates NO production and regulates IL-6 effect during rheumatoid arthritis: a study in Algerian patients. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2017; 39:87-96. [PMID: 28211306 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2017.1285919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease. The pathophysiology of RA implicates several mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), which is deeply involved in the main characteristics of RA. Furthermore, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is an active vitamin A derivative well-known to have diverse immunomodulatory actions. In our study, we investigated first, the ex vivo immunomodulatory potential of ATRA on NO pathway by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from Algerian RA patients. Then, we assessed the possible regulatory effect of ATRA on NO production induced by IL-6. PBMCs isolated from active and inactive RA patients and healthy controls were cultured with different concentrations of IL-6 or/with ATRA. NO production was assessed using the Griess method. Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and NF-κB activity were analyzed by immunofluorescence test. Our results revealed a high NO production during active RA. We noticed that while IL-6 induced a high NO production and iNOS expression, ATRA downregulated both. ATRA also inhibited nuclear NF-κB translocation. Interestingly, it seems that NO production mediated by IL-6 on PBMCs of RA patients is downregulated by ATRA. Taken together, our results highlight the immunomodulatory effect of ATRA on NO pathway in RA patients and its possible role in regulating IL-6-mediated NO production. All these findings suggest its potential therapeutic role during RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Arroul-Lammali
- a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology (LBCM), Cytokines and NO Synthases Team, Faculty of Biological Sciences , USTHB (University of Sciences and Technology) , Algiers , Algeria
| | - Fadia Rahal
- b Rheumatology Department , Ben aknoun hospital EHS , Algiers , Algeria
| | - Radia Chetouane
- b Rheumatology Department , Ben aknoun hospital EHS , Algiers , Algeria
| | - Zineb Djeraba
- a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology (LBCM), Cytokines and NO Synthases Team, Faculty of Biological Sciences , USTHB (University of Sciences and Technology) , Algiers , Algeria
| | - Oussama Medjeber
- a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology (LBCM), Cytokines and NO Synthases Team, Faculty of Biological Sciences , USTHB (University of Sciences and Technology) , Algiers , Algeria
| | | | - Chafia Touil-Boukoffa
- a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology (LBCM), Cytokines and NO Synthases Team, Faculty of Biological Sciences , USTHB (University of Sciences and Technology) , Algiers , Algeria
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109
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Zerbini CAF, Clark P, Mendez-Sanchez L, Pereira RMR, Messina OD, Uña CR, Adachi JD, Lems WF, Cooper C, Lane NE. Biologic therapies and bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoporos Int 2017; 28:429-446. [PMID: 27796445 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-016-3769-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common systemic autoimmune disease of unknown cause, characterized by a chronic, symmetric, and progressive inflammatory polyarthritis. One of the most deleterious effects induced by the chronic inflammation of RA is bone loss. During the last 15 years, the better knowledge of the cytokine network involved in RA allowed the development of potent inhibitors of the inflammatory process classified as biological DMARDs. These new drugs are very effective in the inhibition of inflammation, but there are only few studies regarding their role in bone protection. The principal aim of this review was to show the evidence of the principal biologic therapies and bone loss in RA, focusing on their effects on bone mineral density, bone turnover markers, and fragility fractures. METHODS Using the PICOST methodology, two coauthors (PC, LM-S) conducted the search using the following MESH terms: rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, clinical trials, TNF- antagonists, infliximab, adalimumab, etanercept, certolizumab, golimumab, IL-6 antagonists, IL-1 antagonists, abatacept, tocilizumab, rituximab, bone mineral density, bone markers, and fractures. The search was conducted electronically and manually from the following databases: Medline and Science Direct. The search period included articles from 2003 to 2015. The selection included only original adult human research written in English. Titles were retrieved and the same two authors independently selected the relevant studies for a full text. The retrieved selected studies were also reviewed completing the search for relevant articles. The first search included 904 titles from which 253 titles were selected. The agreement on the selection among researchers resulted in a Kappa statistic of 0.95 (p < 0.000). Only 248 abstracts evaluated were included in the acronym PICOST. The final selection included only 28 studies, derived from the systematic search. Additionally, a manual search in the bibliography of the selected articles was made and included into the text and into the section of "small molecules of new agents." CONCLUSION Treatment with biologic drugs is associated with the decrease in bone loss. Studies with anti-TNF blocking agents show preservation or increase in spine and hip BMD and also a better profile of bone markers. Most of these studies were performed with infliximab. Only three epidemiological studies analyzed the effect on fractures after anti-TNF blocking agent's treatment. IL-6 blocking agents also showed improvement in localized bone loss not seen with anti-TNF agents. There are a few studies with rituximab and abatacept. Although several studies reported favorable actions of biologic therapies on bone protection, there are still unmet needs for studies regarding their actions on the risk of bone fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A F Zerbini
- Centro Paulista de Investigação Clínica, Rua Moreira e Costa, 342-Ipiranga, São Paulo, SP, 04266-010, Brazil.
| | - P Clark
- Hospital Infantil Federico Gómez-Faculty of Medicine UNAM, Ciudad de México D.F, Mexico
| | - L Mendez-Sanchez
- Hospital Infantil Federico Gómez-Faculty of Medicine UNAM, Ciudad de México D.F, Mexico
| | - R M R Pereira
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - O D Messina
- IRO Clinical Research Center Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C R Uña
- IRO Clinical Research Center Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J D Adachi
- Actavis Chair for Better Bone Health in Rheumatology, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - W F Lems
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - N E Lane
- Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
- UC Davis Health System, University of California, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Guo B, Zhang ZK, Liang C, Li J, Liu J, Lu A, Zhang BT, Zhang G. Molecular Communication from Skeletal Muscle to Bone: A Review for Muscle-Derived Myokines Regulating Bone Metabolism. Calcif Tissue Int 2017; 100:184-192. [PMID: 27830278 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-016-0209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Besides the mechanical loading-dependent paradigm, skeletal muscle also serves as an endocrine organ capable of secreting cytokines to modulate bone metabolism. In this review, we focused on reviewing the myokines involved in communication from skeletal muscle to bone, i.e. (1) myostatin and myostatin-binding proteins including follistatin and decorin, (2) interleukins including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-7 (IL-7) and interleukin-15 (IL-15), (3) insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and its binding proteins, (4) other myokines including PGC-1α-irisin system and osteoglycin (OGN). To better understand the molecular communication from skeletal muscle to bone, we have summarized the recent advances in muscle-derived cytokines regulating bone metabolism in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baosheng Guo
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zong-Kang Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Bao-Ting Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Ge Zhang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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111
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Interleukin-32 Gamma Stimulates Bone Formation by Increasing miR-29a in Osteoblastic Cells and Prevents the Development of Osteoporosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40240. [PMID: 28079119 PMCID: PMC5228062 DOI: 10.1038/srep40240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-32 gamma (IL-32γ) is a recently discovered cytokine that is elevated in inflamed tissues and contributes to pathogenic features of bone in human inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Nevertheless, the role of IL-32γ and its direct involvement in bone metabolism is unclear. We investigated the molecular mechanism of IL-32γ in bone remodeling and the hypothetical correlation between IL-32γ and disease activity in osteoporosis patients. Transgenic (TG) mice overexpressing human IL-32γ showed reduced bone loss with advancing age, increased bone formation, and high osteogenic capacity of osteoblast compared to wild-type (WT) mice through the upregulation of miR-29a, which caused a reduction of Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) expression. IL-32γ TG mice were protected against ovariectomy (OVX)induced osteoporosis compared with WT mice. Decreased plasma IL-32γ levels were associated with bone mineral density (BMD) in human patients linked to increased DKK1 levels. These results indicate that IL-32γ plays a protective role for bone loss, providing clinical evidence of a negative correlation between IL-32γ and DKK1 as bone metabolic markers.
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112
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Hao Z, Ma Y, Wu J, Li X, Chen H, Shen J, Wang H. Osteocytes regulate osteoblast differentiation and osteoclast activity through Interleukin-6 under mechanical loading. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09308j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes are the major mechanosensors that respond to mechanical strain and regulate bone formation and resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Hao
- Guanghua School of Stomatology
- Hospital of Stomatology
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology
- Guangzhou 510055
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Guanghua School of Stomatology
- Hospital of Stomatology
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology
- Guangzhou 510055
| | - Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province
- School of Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Xianxian Li
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Helin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
| | - Jiefei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
| | - Hang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
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113
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Shenoi S, Wallace CA. Diagnosis and Treatment of Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. J Pediatr 2016; 177:19-26. [PMID: 27499217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Shenoi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Carol A Wallace
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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114
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de Cássia Alves Nunes R, Chiba FY, Pereira AG, Pereira RF, de Lima Coutinho Mattera MS, Ervolino E, Louzada MJQ, Buzalaf MAR, Silva CA, Sumida DH. Effect of Sodium Fluoride on Bone Biomechanical and Histomorphometric Parameters and on Insulin Signaling and Insulin Sensitivity in Ovariectomized Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 173:144-53. [PMID: 26876375 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0642-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by bone degradation and decreased bone mass that promotes increased bone fragility and eventual fracture risk. Studies have investigated the use of sodium fluoride (NaF) for the treatment of osteoporosis. However, fluoride can alter glucose homeostasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of NaF intake (50 mg/L) from water on the following parameters of ovariectomized (OVX) rats: (1) tyrosine phosphorylation status of insulin receptor substrate (pp185 (IRS-1/IRS-2)) in white adipose tissue; (2) insulin sensitivity; (3) plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, TNF-α, IL-6, osteocalcin, calcium, and fluoride; (4) bone density and biomechanical properties in the tibia; and (5) tibia histomorphometric analysis. Fifty-two Wistar rats (2 months old) were ovariectomized and distributed into two groups: control group (OVX-C) and NaF group (OVX-F), which was subjected to treatment with NaF (50 mg/L) administered in drinking water for 42 days. The chronic treatment with NaF promoted (1) a decrease in pp185 (IRS-1/IRS-2) tyrosine phosphorylation status after insulin infusion in white adipose tissue and in insulin sensitivity; (2) an increase in the plasma concentration of insulin, fluoride, osteocalcin, calcium, triglyceride, VLDL-cholesterol, TNF-α, and IL-6; (3) a reduction in the trabecular width, bone area, stiffness, maximum strength, and tenacity; (4) no changes in body weight, food and water intake, plasma glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, bone mineral content, and bone mineral density. It was concluded that chronic treatment with NaF (50 mg/L) in OVX rats causes a decrease in insulin sensitivity, insulin signaling transduction, and biochemical, biomechanical, and histomorphometric bone parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita de Cássia Alves Nunes
- Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, Department of Basic Sciences, Araçatuba Dental School, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio 1193, Araçatuba, CEP 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Fernando Yamamoto Chiba
- Department of Child and Social Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio 1193., Araçatuba, CEP 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Amanda Gomes Pereira
- Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, Department of Basic Sciences, Araçatuba Dental School, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio 1193, Araçatuba, CEP 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Renato Felipe Pereira
- Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, Department of Basic Sciences, Araçatuba Dental School, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio 1193, Araçatuba, CEP 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Maria Sara de Lima Coutinho Mattera
- Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, Department of Basic Sciences, Araçatuba Dental School, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio 1193, Araçatuba, CEP 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Edilson Ervolino
- Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, Department of Basic Sciences, Araçatuba Dental School, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio 1193, Araçatuba, CEP 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Mário Jefferson Quirino Louzada
- Department of Support, Animal Production and Health, Araçatuba School of Veterinary Medicine, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua Clóvis Pestana, 793., Araçatuba, CEP 16050-680, Brazil
| | - Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Cristina Antoniali Silva
- Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, Department of Basic Sciences, Araçatuba Dental School, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio 1193, Araçatuba, CEP 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Doris Hissako Sumida
- Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, Department of Basic Sciences, Araçatuba Dental School, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua José Bonifácio 1193, Araçatuba, CEP 16015-050, Brazil.
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Guo S, Ni Y, Ben J, Xia Y, Zhou T, Wang D, Ni J, Bai H, Wang L, Ma J, Chen Q. Class A Scavenger Receptor Exacerbates Osteoclastogenesis by an Interleukin-6-Mediated Mechanism through ERK and JNK Signaling Pathways. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:1155-1167. [PMID: 27766031 PMCID: PMC5069438 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.14654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts originate from bone marrow monocyte/macrophage lineage cells, which are important for bone health. Class A scavenger receptor (SR-A) is a multifunctional molecule that functions during differentiation of monocyte into macrophages and osteoclasts. To further characterize the role of SR-A in osteoclasts, we used the murine tooth movement model (TM) and the murine anterior cruciate ligament transection model of osteoarthritis (ACLT OA). In these two models the bones involved are of different origin and have different properties. Bone resorption was decreased in SR-A-/- mice compared to SR-A+/+ mice. Further evaluation showed that the number of multinucleated osteoclasts in SR-A-/- mice, compared to SR-A+/+ mice, was significantly decreased both in vivo and in vitro. The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) produced by osteoclasts were reduced in SR-A-/- mice compared to SR-A+/+ mice. In the in vitro marrow-derived osteoclast formation assay and in both mouse models, osteoclastogenesis was restored to normal in SR-A-/- mice by administration of recombinant murine IL-6. Moreover, neutralization of IL-6 reduced the number of osteoclasts formed in SR-A+/+ mice of TM model. Both extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), but not p38, signaling pathways were downregulated in receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-stimulated SR-A-/- osteoclasts. Importantly, when treated with either ERK or JNK inhibitor, the numbers of osteoclasts generated from RANKL-induced bone marrow derived-macrophages of SR-A+/+ mice, and their IL-6 production, were significantly decreased. This suggests that SR-A activates the ERK and JNK signaling pathways, and promotes production of IL-6 by osteoclasts to further stimulate osteoclast formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Ben
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongyue Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jieli Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Bai
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junqing Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Sims NA. Cell-specific paracrine actions of IL-6 family cytokines from bone, marrow and muscle that control bone formation and resorption. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:14-23. [PMID: 27497989 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bone renews itself and changes shape throughout life to account for the changing needs of the body; this requires co-ordinated activities of bone resorbing cells (osteoclasts), bone forming cells (osteoblasts) and bone's internal cellular network (osteocytes). This review focuses on paracrine signaling by the IL-6 family of cytokines between bone cells, bone marrow, and skeletal muscle in normal physiology and in pathological states where their levels may be locally or systemically elevated. These functions include the support of osteoclast formation by osteoblast lineage cells in response to interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 11 (IL-11), oncostatin M (OSM) and cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1). In addition it will discuss how bone-resorbing osteoclasts promote osteoblast activity by secreting CT-1, which acts as a "coupling factor" on osteocytes, osteoblasts, and their precursors to promote bone formation. OSM, produced by osteoblast lineage cells and macrophages, stimulates bone formation via osteocytes. IL-6 family cytokines also mediate actions of other bone formation stimuli like parathyroid hormone (PTH) and mechanical loading. CT-1, OSM and LIF suppress marrow adipogenesis by shifting commitment of pluripotent precursors towards osteoblast differentiation. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is released as a myokine from skeletal muscle and suppresses osteoblast differentiation and bone formation on the periosteum (outer bone surface in apposition to muscle). Finally, IL-6 acts directly on marrow-derived osteoclasts to stimulate release of "osteotransmitters" that act through the cortical osteocyte network to stimulate bone formation on the periosteum. Each will be discussed as illustrations of how the extended family of IL-6 cytokines acts within the skeleton in physiology and may be altered in pathological conditions or by targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
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Alves CH, Farrell E, Vis M, Colin EM, Lubberts E. Animal Models of Bone Loss in Inflammatory Arthritis: from Cytokines in the Bench to Novel Treatments for Bone Loss in the Bedside-a Comprehensive Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 51:27-47. [PMID: 26634933 PMCID: PMC4961736 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-015-8522-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Throughout life, bone is continuously remodelled. Bone is formed by osteoblasts, from mesenchymal origin, while osteoclasts induce bone resorption. This process is tightly regulated. During inflammation, several growth factors and cytokines are increased inducing osteoclast differentiation and activation, and chronic inflammation is a condition that initiates systemic bone loss. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory auto-immune disease that is characterised by active synovitis and is associated with early peri-articular bone loss. Peri-articular bone loss precedes focal bone erosions, which may progress to bone destruction and disability. The incidence of generalised osteoporosis is associated with the severity of arthritis in RA and increased osteoporotic vertebral and hip fracture risk. In this review, we will give an overview of different animal models of inflammatory arthritis related to RA with focus on bone erosion and involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, a humanised endochondral ossification model will be discussed, which can be used in a translational approach to answer osteoimmunological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Henrique Alves
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Farrell
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Special Dental Care and Orthodontics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn Vis
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edgar M Colin
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology, ZGT Almelo, Zilvermeeuw 1, 7600 SZ, Almelo, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Lubberts
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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118
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Interleukin-1β, lipocalin 2 and nitric oxide synthase 2 are mechano-responsive mediators of mouse and human endothelial cell-osteoblast crosstalk. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29880. [PMID: 27430980 PMCID: PMC4949438 DOI: 10.1038/srep29880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells are spatially close to osteoblasts and regulate osteogenesis. Moreover, they are sensitive to mechanical stimuli, therefore we hypothesized that they are implicated in the regulation of bone metabolism during unloading. Conditioned media from endothelial cells (EC-CM) subjected to simulated microgravity (0.08g and 0.008g) increased osteoblast proliferation and decreased their differentiation compared to unit gravity (1g) EC-CM. Microgravity-EC-CM increased the expression of osteoblast Rankl and subsequent osteoclastogenesis, and induced the osteoblast de-differentiating factor, Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), whose downregulation recovered osteoblast activity, decreased Rankl expression and reduced osteoclastogenesis. Microgravity-EC-CM enhanced osteoblast NO-Synthase2 (NOS2) and CycloOXygenase2 (COX2) expression. Inhibition of NOS2 or NO signaling reduced osteoblast proliferation and rescued their differentiation. Nuclear translocation of the Lcn2/NOS2 transcription factor, NF-κB, occurred in microgravity-EC-CM-treated osteoblasts and in microgravity-treated endothelial cells, alongside high expression of the NF-κB activator, IL-1β. IL-1β depletion and NF-κB inhibition reduced osteoblast proliferation and rescued differentiation. Lcn2 and NOS2 were incremented in ex vivo calvarias cultured in microgravity-EC-CM, and in vivo tibias and calvarias injected with microgravity-EC-CM. Furthermore, tibias of botulin A toxin-treated and tail-suspended mice, which featured unloading and decreased bone mass, showed higher expression of IL-1β, Lcn2 and Nos2, suggesting their pathophysiologic involvement in endothelial cell-osteoblast crosstalk.
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119
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Yamaguchi R, Kamiya N, Adapala NS, Drissi H, Kim HKW. HIF-1-Dependent IL-6 Activation in Articular Chondrocytes Initiating Synovitis in Femoral Head Ischemic Osteonecrosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2016; 98:1122-31. [PMID: 27385686 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.15.01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic osteonecrosis of the femoral head in children is associated with chronic hip synovitis and increased levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the synovial fluid due to unknown mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to investigate hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) activation as a molecular mechanism linking the induction of ischemic osteonecrosis to IL-6 production and the initiation of hip synovitis. METHODS Ischemic osteonecrosis was surgically induced in the right femoral head of 6 piglets. A histologic score, synovial fluid volume, and IL-6 level were used to assess hip synovitis. IL-6 immunostaining of articular cartilage and synovial tissue was performed as well. To study the role of HIF-1 in IL-6 activation, in vitro experiments using an HIF-1α activator (deferoxamine) and inhibitor (HIF-1 small interfering-RNA [siRNA]) were carried out. Synovial cell responses to hypoxic chondrocyte-conditioned media with and without an IL-6 receptor blocker (tocilizumab) were assessed on the basis of IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene expressions and with a synovial cell-proliferation assay. RESULTS Induction of ischemic osteonecrosis produced hip synovitis and increased IL-6 levels in the synovial fluid. Immunostaining and protein analysis demonstrated articular chondrocytes as a source of increased IL-6 production. When articular chondrocytes were cultured under hypoxic conditions, significantly increased HIF-1α and IL-6 expressions were observed. Under hypoxic culture conditions, IL-6 gene expression was significantly increased by HIF-1α activation using deferoxamine and inhibited by HIF-1α inhibition using HIF-1 siRNA. Synovial cells exposed to hypoxic chondrocyte-conditioned medium showed significant increases in IL-1β and TNF-α gene expressions and cell proliferation, which were inhibited by the IL-6 receptor blocker tocilizumab. CONCLUSIONS Induction of ischemic osteonecrosis results in IL-6 production in the articular cartilage through an HIF-1-dependent pathway. IL-6 produced by hypoxic articular chondrocytes stimulates inflammatory cytokine responses in synovial cells, which were significantly decreased by tocilizumab. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study provides new insight into the inherent relationship between the induction of ischemia and the initiation of hip synovitis following ischemic osteonecrosis and suggests a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of the synovitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Yamaguchi
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, Texas Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Nobuhiro Kamiya
- Faculty of Budo and Sport Studies, Tenri University, Tenri, Nara, Japan
| | - Naga Suresh Adapala
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, Texas Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Harry K W Kim
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, Texas Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Wu CH, Chai CY, Tung YC, Lu YY, Su YF, Tsai TH, Tzou RD, Lin CL. Herpes zoster as a risk factor for osteoporosis: A 15-year nationwide population-based study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3943. [PMID: 27336887 PMCID: PMC4998325 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the risk of osteoporosis in patients with herpes zoster (HZ) infection using a nationwide population-based dataset. The Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database was used to compare data between 11,088 patients aged 20 to 49 years diagnosed with HZ during 1996 to 2010 and a control group of 11,088 patients without HZ. Both cohorts were followed up until the end of 2010 to measure the incidence of osteoporosis. Cox proportional-hazards regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to calculate hazard ratio and cumulative incidences of osteoporosis, respectively. The overall risk of osteoporosis was 4.55 times greater in the HZ group than in the control group (2.48 vs. 0.30 per 1000 person-years, respectively) after adjusting for age, gender, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and related comorbidities. Compared with controls, patients with HZ and subsequent postherpetic neuralgia had a 4.76-fold higher likelihood of developing osteoporosis (95% confidence interval: 2.44-9.29), which was a statistically significant difference (P <0.001). Osteoporosis risk factors included female gender, age, advanced Charlson Comorbidity Index, depression, and postherpetic neuralgia. This study identified HZ is associated with an increased osteoporosis risk. Further evaluation of the value of bone mineral density test in detecting osteoporosis after HZ may be suggested. HZ vaccination could also be evaluated to lower the incidence of HZ and possibly subsequent osteoporosis. Physicians should be alerted to this association to improve early identification of osteoporosis in patients with HZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Hsin Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University
| | - Chee-Yin Chai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Yi-Ching Tung
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University
| | - Ying-Yi Lu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital
- Cosmetic Applications and Management Department, Yuh-Ing Junior College of Health Care and Management
| | - Yu-Feng Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University
| | - Tai-Hsin Tsai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University
| | - Rong-Dar Tzou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University
| | - Chih-Lung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Long-Term Effects of Induced Hypothermia on Local and Systemic Inflammation - Results from a Porcine Long-Term Trauma Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154788. [PMID: 27144532 PMCID: PMC4856279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypothermia has been discussed as playing a role in improving the early phase of systemic inflammation. However, information on the impact of hypothermia on the local inflammatory response is sparse. We therefore investigated the kinetics of local and systemic inflammation in the late posttraumatic phase after induction of hypothermia in an established porcine long-term model of combined trauma. Materials & Methods Male pigs (35 ± 5kg) were mechanically ventilated and monitored over the study period of 48 h. Combined trauma included tibia fracture, lung contusion, liver laceration and pressure-controlled hemorrhagic shock (MAP < 30 ± 5 mmHg for 90 min). After resuscitation, hypothermia (33°C) was induced for a period of 12 h (HT-T group) with subsequent re-warming over a period of 10 h. The NT-T group was kept normothermic. Systemic and local (fracture hematoma) cytokine levels (IL-6, -8, -10) and alarmins (HMGB1, HSP70) were measured via ELISA. Results Severe signs of shock as well as systemic and local increases of pro-inflammatory mediators were observed in both trauma groups. In general the local increase of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediator levels was significantly higher and prolonged compared to systemic concentrations. Induction of hypothermia resulted in a significantly prolonged elevation of both systemic and local HMGB1 levels at 48 h compared to the NT-T group. Correspondingly, local IL-6 levels demonstrated a significantly prolonged increase in the HT-T group at 48 h. Conclusion A prolonged inflammatory response might reduce the well-described protective effects on organ and immune function observed in the early phase after hypothermia induction. Furthermore, local immune response also seems to be affected. Future studies should aim to investigate the use of therapeutic hypothermia at different degrees and duration of application.
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IL-6 Contributes to the Defective Osteogenesis of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells from the Vertebral Body of the Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporotic Mouse. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154677. [PMID: 27128729 PMCID: PMC4851291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is one of the most prevalent skeletal system diseases. It is characterized by a decrease in bone mass and microarchitectural changes in bone tissue that lead to an attenuation of bone resistance and susceptibility to fracture. Vertebral fracture is by far the most prevalent osteoporotic fracture. In the musculoskeletal system, osteoblasts, originated from bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC), are responsible for osteoid synthesis and mineralization. In osteoporosis, BMSC osteogenic differentiation is defective. However, to date, what leads to the defective BMSC osteogenesis in osteoporosis remains an open question. In the current study, we made attempts to answer this question. A mouse model of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) was established and BMSC were isolated from vertebral body. The impairment of osteogenesis was observed in BMSC of osteoporotic vertebral body. The expression profiles of thirty-six factors, which play important roles in bone metabolisms, were compared through antibody array between normal and osteoporotic BMSC. Significantly higher secretion level of IL-6 was observed in osteoporotic BMSCs compared with normal control. We provided evidences that IL-6 over-secretion impaired osteogenesis of osteoporotic BMSC. Further, it was observed that β-catenin activity was inhibited in response to IL-6 over-secretion. More importantly, in vivo administration of IL-6 neutralizing antibody was found to be helpful to rescue the osteoporotic phenotype of mouse vertebral body. Our study provides a deeper insight into the pathophysiology of osteoporosis and identifies IL-6 as a promising target for osteoporosis therapy.
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Kasama T, Isozaki T, Takahashi R, Miwa Y. Clinical effects of tocilizumab on cytokines and immunological factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 35:301-306. [PMID: 27085681 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 is one of the crucial proinflammatory cytokines. The dysregulation of IL-6 plays a pivotal role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is involved in several of the common clinical manifestations associated with active RA. Recent therapies targeting IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) have resulted in clinical improvements in signs and symptoms, disability and quality of life in patients with early and long-standing RA. Because it has been demonstrated that cytokines and inflammatory/immunological factors appear to be important and sensitive mediators in RA patients treated with tocilizumab and with anti-TNF biologics, it is important to investigate whether tocilizumab administration has any effect(s) on the profiles of cytokines and inflammatory/immunological factors and whether these changes correlate with the clinical improvement in RA disease activity. In this review, we discuss the effects on cytokine regulation and the differentiation of immune cells, especially T cells, after tocilizumab therapy in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Kasama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Rheumatology, Showa University Kototoyosu Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takeo Isozaki
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Takahashi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Miwa
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Ko AR, Jin DK, Cho SY, Park SW, Przybylska M, Yew NS, Cheng SH, Kim JS, Kwak MJ, Kim SJ, Sohn YB. AAV8-mediated expression of N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase attenuates bone loss in a mouse model of mucolipidosis II. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 117:447-55. [PMID: 26857995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mucolipidoses II and III (ML II and ML III) are lysosomal disorders in which the mannose 6-phosphate recognition marker is absent from lysosomal hydrolases and other glycoproteins due to mutations in GNPTAB, which encodes two of three subunits of the heterohexameric enzyme, N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase. Both disorders are caused by the same gene, but ML II represents the more severe phenotype. Bone manifestations of ML II include hip dysplasia, scoliosis, rickets and osteogenesis imperfecta. In this study, we sought to determine whether a recombinant adeno-associated viral vector (AAV2/8-GNPTAB) could confer high and prolonged gene expression of GNPTAB and thereby influence the pathology in the cartilage and bone tissue of a GNPTAB knock out (KO) mouse model. The results demonstrated significant increases in bone mineral density and content in AAV2/8-GNPTAB-treated as compared to non-treated KO mice. We also showed that IL-6 (interleukin-6) expression in articular cartilage was reduced in AAV2/8-GNPTAB treated ML II mice. Together, these data suggest that AAV-mediated expression of GNPTAB in ML II mice can attenuate bone loss via inhibition of IL-6 production. This study emphasizes the value of the MLII KO mouse to recapitulate the clinical manifestations of the disease and highlights its amenability to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Ra Ko
- Clinical Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Yoon Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Cheil General Hospital and Woman's Health Care Center, Dankook University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Jung-Sun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kwak
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Myongji Hospital, Seonam University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bae Sohn
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Is There an Impact of Concomitant Injuries and Timing of Fixation of Major Fractures on Fracture Healing? A Focused Review of Clinical and Experimental Evidence. J Orthop Trauma 2016; 30:104-12. [PMID: 26606600 DOI: 10.1097/bot.0000000000000489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review aims to summarize current knowledge regarding the underlying patho-mechanisms of delayed fracture healing in polytraumatized patients. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION The following search terms were used: "fracture", "hemorrhage," "chest trauma," "inflammation," "inflammatory response," "fracture healing," "delayed healing," "nonunion," "fracture stabilisation," "intramedullary nailing," "external fixation," "early total care," and "damage control." Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for studies published between January 1, 1990 through March 30, 2014. Of 1322 publications, 68 were included in the current summary. CONCLUSION Concomitant injuries and the strategy for fracture stabilization seem to affect bone metabolism and fracture healing. Among the relevant patho-mechanisms, interactions between the local and systemic inflammatory response seem to play a role. However, the consequences of fracture fixation strategies in case of severe concomitant injuries on local inflammation and bone healing remain unknown. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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126
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The Alternative Faces of Macrophage Generate Osteoclasts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9089610. [PMID: 26977415 PMCID: PMC4761668 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9089610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of how osteoclasts are generated and whether they can be altered by inflammatory stimuli is a topic of particular interest for osteoclastogenesis. It is known that the monocyte/macrophage lineage gives rise to osteoclasts (OCs) by the action of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL), which induce cell differentiation through their receptors, c-fms and RANK, respectively. The multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) generated by the engagement of RANK/RANKL are typical OCs. Nevertheless, very few studies have addressed the question of which subset of macrophages generates OCs. Indeed, two main subsets of macrophages are postulated, the inflammatory or classically activated type (M1) and the anti-inflammatory or alternatively activated type (M2). It has been proposed that macrophages can be polarized in vitro towards a predominantly M1 or M2 phenotype with the addition of granulocyte macrophage- (GM-) CSF or M-CSF, respectively. Various inflammatory stimuli known to induce macrophage polarization, such as LPS or TNF-α, can alter the type of MGC obtained from RANKL-induced differentiation. This review aims to highlight the role of immune-related stimuli and factors in inducing macrophages towards the osteoclastogenesis choice.
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Liu W, Fan JB, Xu DW, Zhang J, Cui ZM. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects against tumor necrosis factor alpha induced inhibition of osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:658-66. [PMID: 26748399 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215624020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabolic bone accruement through osteogenic differentiation is important for the maintenance of physiological bone mass and often disrupted in various inflammatory diseases. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, has been suggested for potential therapeutic use in this context, possibly by the inhibition of bone resorption as well as the enhancement of bone formation through directly activating osteoblast differentiation. However, the reported effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate modulating osteoblast differentiation are mixed, and the underlying molecular mechanism is still elusive. Moreover, there is limited information regarding the effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on osteogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cell in inflammation. Here, we examined the in vitro osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. We found that the cell viability and osteoblast differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells are significantly inhibited by inflammatory cytokine TNFα treatment. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate is able to enhance the cell viability and osteoblast differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and is capable of reversing the TNFα-induced inhibition. Notably, only low doses of epigallocatechin-3-gallate have such benefits, which potentially act through the inhibition of NF-κB signaling that is stimulated by TNFα. These data altogether clarify the controversy on epigallocatechin-3-gallate promoting osteoblast differentiation and further provide molecular basis for the putative clinical use of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in stem cell-based bone regeneration for inflammatory bone loss diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and prosthetic osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jian-Bo Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Da-Wei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China The first two authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Zhi-Ming Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
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128
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Okragly AJ, Hamang MJ, Pena EA, Baker HE, Bullock HA, Lucchesi J, Martin AP, Ma YL, Benschop RJ. Elevated levels of Interleukin (IL)-33 induce bone pathology but absence of IL-33 does not negatively impact normal bone homeostasis. Cytokine 2016; 79:66-73. [PMID: 26771472 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-33 is a member of the IL-1 family. IL-33 effects are mediated through its receptor, ST2 and IL-1RAcP, and its signaling induces the production of a number of pro-inflammatory mediators, including TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ. There are conflicting reports on the role of IL-33 in bone homeostasis, with some demonstrating a bone protective role for IL-33 whilst others show that IL-33 induces inflammatory arthritis with concurrent bone destruction. To better clarify the role IL-33 plays in bone biology in vivo, we studied IL-33 KO mice as well as mice in which the cytokine form of IL-33 was overexpressed. Mid-femur cortical bone mineral density (BMD) and bone strength were similar in the IL-33 KO mice compared to WT animals during the first 8months of life. However, in the absence of IL-33, we observed higher BMD in lumbar vertebrae and distal femur in female mice. In contrast, overexpression of IL-33 resulted in a marked and rapid reduction of bone volume, mineral density and strength. Moreover, this was associated with a robust increase in inflammatory cytokines (including IL-6 and IFN-γ), suggesting the bone pathology could be a direct effect of IL-33 or an indirect effect due to the induction of other mediators. Furthermore, the detrimental bone effects were accompanied by increases in osteoclast number and the bone resorption marker of C-terminal telopeptide collagen-I (CTX-I). Together, these results demonstrate that absence of IL-33 has no negative consequences in normal bone homeostasis while high levels of circulating IL-33 contributes to pathological bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Okragly
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Matthew J Hamang
- Musculoskeletal-Biology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Emily A Pena
- Musculoskeletal-Biology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hana E Baker
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Heather A Bullock
- Musculoskeletal-Biology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jonathan Lucchesi
- Musculoskeletal-Biology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrea P Martin
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Y Linda Ma
- Musculoskeletal-Biology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert J Benschop
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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129
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Seong S, Kim JH, Kim N. Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Modulating Osteoclast Differentiation and Function. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2016. [DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2016.23.3.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Semun Seong
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jung Ha Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Nacksung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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130
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Johnson RW, McGregor NE, Brennan HJ, Crimeen-Irwin B, Poulton IJ, Martin TJ, Sims NA. Glycoprotein130 (Gp130)/interleukin-6 (IL-6) signalling in osteoclasts promotes bone formation in periosteal and trabecular bone. Bone 2015; 81:343-351. [PMID: 26255596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-11 (IL-11) receptors (IL-6R and IL-11R, respectively) are both expressed in osteoclasts and transduce signal via the glycoprotein130 (gp130) co-receptor, but the physiological role of this pathway is unclear. To determine the critical roles of gp130 signalling in the osteoclast, we generated mice using cathepsin K Cre (CtskCre) to disrupt gp130 signalling in osteoclasts. Bone marrow macrophages from CtskCre.gp130(f/f) mice generated more osteoclasts in vitro than cells from CtskCre.gp130(w/w) mice; these osteoclasts were also larger and had more nuclei than controls. While no increase in osteoclast numbers was observed in vivo, osteoclasts on trabecular bone surfaces of CtskCre.gp130(f/f) mice were more spread out than in control mice, but had no functional defect detectable by serum CTX1 levels or trabecular bone cartilage remnants. However, trabecular osteoblast number and mineralising surfaces were significantly lower in male CtskCre.gp130(f/f) mice compared to controls, and this was associated with a significantly lower trabecular bone volume at 12 weeks of age. Furthermore, CtskCre.gp130(f/f) mice exhibited greatly suppressed periosteal bone formation at this age, indicated by significant reductions in both double-labelled surface and mineral apposition rate. By 26 weeks of age, CtskCre.gp130(f/f) mice exhibited narrower femora, with lower periosteal and endocortical perimeters than CtskCre.gp130(w/w) controls. Since IL-6 and IL-11R global knockout mice exhibited a similar reduction in femoral width, we also assessed periosteal bone formation in those strains, and found bone forming surfaces were also reduced in male IL-6 null mice. These data suggest that IL-6/gp130 signalling in the osteoclast is not essential for normal bone resorption in vivo, but maintains both trabecular and periosteal bone formation in male mice by promoting osteoblast activity through the stimulation of osteoclast-derived "coupling factors" and "osteotransmitters", respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Holly J Brennan
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Ingrid J Poulton
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - T John Martin
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.
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131
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Zampeli E, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Tzioufas AG. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: Unraveling the conundrum. J Autoimmun 2015; 65:1-18. [PMID: 26515757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a heterogeneous disease with a complex and yet not fully understood pathophysiology, where numerous different cell-types contribute to a destructive process of the joints. This complexity results into a considerable interpatient variability in clinical course and severity, which may additionally involve genetics and/or environmental factors. After three decades of focused efforts scientists have now achieved to apply in clinical practice, for patients with RA, the "treat to target" approach with initiation of aggressive therapy soon after diagnosis and escalation of the therapy in pursuit of clinical remission. In addition to the conventional synthetic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, biologics have greatly improved the management of RA, demonstrating efficacy and safety in alleviating symptoms, inhibiting bone erosion, and preventing loss of function. Nonetheless, despite the plethora of therapeutic options and their combinations, unmet therapeutic needs in RA remain, as current therapies sometimes fail or produce only partial responses and/or develop unwanted side-effects. Unfortunately the mechanisms of 'nonresponse' remain unknown and most probable lie in the unrevealed heterogeneity of the RA pathophysiology. In this review, through the effort of unraveling the complex pathophysiological pathways, we will depict drugs used throughout the years for the treatment of RA, the current and future biological therapies and their molecular or cellular targets and finally will suggest therapeutic algorithms for RA management. With multiple biologic options, there is still a need for strong predictive biomarkers to determine which drug is most likely to be effective, safe, and durable in a given individual. The fact that available biologics are not effective in all patients attests to the heterogeneity of RA, yet over the long term, as research and treatment become more aggressive, efficacy, toxicity, and costs must be balanced within the therapeutic equation to enhance the quality of life in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Zampeli
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Athanasios G Tzioufas
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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132
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Jeschke A, Catala-Lehnen P, Sieber S, Bickert T, Schweizer M, Koehne T, Wintges K, Marshall RP, Mautner A, Duchstein L, Otto B, Horst AK, Amling M, Kreienkamp HJ, Schinke T. Sharpin Controls Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Bone Marrow Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3675-84. [PMID: 26363054 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The cytosolic protein Sharpin is a component of the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex, which regulates NF-κB signaling in response to specific ligands, such as TNF-α. Its inactivating mutation in chronic proliferative dermatitis mutation (Cpdm) mice causes multiorgan inflammation, yet this phenotype is not transferable into wild-type mice by hematopoietic stem cell transfer. Recent evidence demonstrated that Cpdm mice additionally display low bone mass, and that this osteopenia is corrected by Tnf deletion. Because the cellular mechanism underlying this pathology, however, was still undefined, we performed a thorough skeletal phenotyping of Cpdm mice on the basis of nondecalcified histology and cellular and dynamic histomorphometry. We show that the trabecular and cortical osteopenia in Cpdm mice is solely explained by impaired bone formation, whereas osteoclastogenesis is unaffected. Consistently, Cpdm primary calvarial cells display reduced osteogenic capacity ex vivo, and the same was observed with CD11b(-) bone marrow cells. Unexpectedly, short-term treatment of these cultures with TNF-α did not reveal an impaired molecular response in the absence of Sharpin. Instead, genome-wide and gene-specific expression analyses revealed that Cpdm mesenchymal cells display increased responsiveness toward TNF-α-induced expression of specific cytokines, such as CXCL5, IL-1β, and IL-6. Therefore, our data not only demonstrate that the skeletal defects of Cpdm mice are specifically caused by impaired differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells, they also suggest that increased cytokine expression in mesenchymal bone marrow cells contributes to the inflammatory phenotype of Cpdm mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Jeschke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Philip Catala-Lehnen
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Sabrina Sieber
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Thomas Bickert
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Center of Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Koehne
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Kristofer Wintges
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Robert P Marshall
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Andrea Mautner
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Lara Duchstein
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Benjamin Otto
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany; and
| | - Andrea K Horst
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hematology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Hans-Juergen Kreienkamp
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany;
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany;
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133
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Pathak JL, Bakker AD, Verschueren P, Lems WF, Luyten FP, Klein-Nulend J, Bravenboer N. CXCL8 and CCL20 Enhance Osteoclastogenesis via Modulation of Cytokine Production by Human Primary Osteoblasts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131041. [PMID: 26103626 PMCID: PMC4477884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Generalized osteoporosis is common in patients with inflammatory diseases, possibly because of circulating inflammatory factors that affect osteoblast and osteoclast formation and activity. Serum levels of the inflammatory factors CXCL8 and CCL20 are elevated in rheumatoid arthritis, but whether these factors affect bone metabolism is unknown. We hypothesized that CXCL8 and CCL20 decrease osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, and enhance osteoblast-mediated osteoclast formation and activity. Human primary osteoblasts were cultured with or without CXCL8 (2–200 pg/ml) or CCL20 (5–500 pg/ml) for 14 days. Osteoblast proliferation and gene expression of matrix proteins and cytokines were analyzed. Osteoclast precursors were cultured with CXCL8 (200 pg/ml) and CCL20 (500 pg/ml), or with conditioned medium (CM) from CXCL8 and CCL20-treated osteoblasts with or without IL-6 inhibitor. After 3 weeks osteoclast formation and activity were determined. CXCL8 (200 pg/ml) and CCL20 (500 pg/ml) enhanced mRNA expression of KI67 (2.5–2.7-fold), ALP (1.6–1.7-fold), and IL-6 protein production (1.3–1.6-fold) by osteoblasts. CXCL8-CM enhanced the number of osteoclasts with 3–5 nuclei (1.7-fold), and with >5 nuclei (3-fold). CCL20-CM enhanced the number of osteoclasts with 3–5 nuclei (1.3-fold), and with >5 nuclei (2.8-fold). IL-6 inhibition reduced the stimulatory effect of CXCL8-CM and CCL20-CM on formation of osteoclasts. In conclusion, CXCL8 and CCL20 did not decrease osteoblast proliferation or gene expression of matrix proteins. CXCL8 and CCL20 did not directly affect osteoclastogenesis. However, CXCL8 and CCL20 enhanced osteoblast-mediated osteoclastogenesis, partly via IL-6 production, suggesting that CXCL8 and CCL20 may contribute to osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis by affecting bone cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janak L. Pathak
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Astrid D. Bakker
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Verschueren
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Willem F. Lems
- Department of Rheumatology, VU University Medical Center, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank P. Luyten
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jenneke Klein-Nulend
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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134
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Kamiya N, Yamaguchi R, Adapala NS, Chen E, Neal D, Jack O, Thoveson A, Gudmundsson P, Brabham C, Aruwajoye O, Drissi H, Kim HKW. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease produces chronic hip synovitis and elevation of interleukin-6 in the synovial fluid. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1009-13. [PMID: 25556551 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) is a childhood hip disorder of ischemic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Hip joint synovitis is a common feature of LCPD, but the nature and pathophysiology of the synovitis remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the chronicity of the synovitis and the inflammatory cytokines present in the synovial fluid at an active stage of LCPD. Serial MRI was performed on 28 patients. T2-weighted and gadolinium-enhanced MR images were used to assess synovial effusion and synovial enhancement (hyperemia) over time. A multiple-cytokine assay was used to determine the levels of 27 inflammatory cytokines and related factors present in the synovial fluid from 13 patients. MRI analysis showed fold increases of 5.0 ± 3.3 and 3.1 ± 2.1 in the synovial fluid volume in the affected hip compared to the unaffected hip at the initial and the last follow-up MRI, respectively. The mean duration between the initial and the last MRI was 17.7 ± 8.3 months. The volume of enhanced synovium on the contrast MRI was increased 16.5 ± 8.5 fold and 6.3 ± 5.6 fold in the affected hip compared to the unaffected hip at the initial MRI and the last follow-up MRI, respectively. In the synovial fluid of the affected hips, IL-6 protein levels were significantly increased (LCPD: 509 ± 519 pg/mL, non-LCPD: 19 ± 22 pg/mL; p = 0.0005) on the multi-cytokine assay. Interestingly, IL-1β and TNF-α levels were not elevated. In the active stage of LCPD, chronic hip synovitis and significant elevation of IL-6 are produced in the synovial fluid. Further studies are warranted to investigate the role of IL-6 on the pathophysiology of synovitis in LCPD and how it affects bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Kamiya
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ryosuke Yamaguchi
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Naga Suresh Adapala
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Elena Chen
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - David Neal
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Obrien Jack
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alec Thoveson
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Paul Gudmundsson
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Case Brabham
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Olumide Aruwajoye
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Harry K W Kim
- Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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135
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Fan JZ, Yang X, Bi ZG. The effects of 6-gingerol on proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:637-43. [PMID: 25923459 PMCID: PMC4512103 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20154494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether 6-gingerol affects the maturation and proliferation of
osteoblast-like MG63 cells in vitro. Osteoblast-like MG63 cells were
treated with 6-gingerol under control conditions, and experimental inflammation was
induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Expression of different osteogenic
markers and cytokines was analyzed by real-time PCR, Western blotting, and
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme
activity and biomineralization as markers for differentiation were measured.
Treatment with 6-gingerol resulted in insignificant effects on the proliferation
rate. 6-Gingerol induced the differentiation of osteoblast-like cells with increased
transcription levels of osteogenic markers, upregulated ALP enzyme activity, and
enhanced mineralized nodule formation. Stimulation with TNF-α led to enhanced
interleukin-6 and nuclear factor-κB expression and downregulated markers of
osteoblastic differentiation. 6-Gingerol reduced the degree of inflammation in
TNF-α-treated MG-63 cells. In conclusion, 6-gingerol stimulated osteoblast
differentiation in normal physiological and inflammatory settings, and therefore,
6-gingerol represents a promising agent for treating osteoporosis or bone
inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Z Fan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medicine University, Harbin, China
| | - X Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medicine University, Harbin, China
| | - Z G Bi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medicine University, Harbin, China
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136
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De Benedetti F, Brunner H, Ruperto N, Schneider R, Xavier R, Allen R, Brown DE, Chaitow J, Pardeo M, Espada G, Gerloni V, Myones BL, Frane JW, Wang J, Lipman TH, Bharucha KN, Martini A, Lovell D. Catch-up growth during tocilizumab therapy for systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: results from a phase III trial. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:840-8. [PMID: 25504861 DOI: 10.1002/art.38984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of tocilizumab treatment on growth and growth-related laboratory parameters in patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) enrolled in a phase III clinical trial. METHODS Patients with systemic JIA ages 2-17 years (n = 112) received tocilizumab in a 12-week, randomized, placebo-controlled period and a long-term open-label extension. Height velocity and standard deviation (SD) score; levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), osteocalcin (OC), and C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I); and Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score in 71 joints (JADAS-71) were measured in a post hoc analysis of 83 patients who never received growth hormone and did not reach Tanner stage 5 by the end of the first year of treatment. RESULTS Patients had stunted growth at baseline (mean height SD score -2.2). During tocilizumab treatment, males (73%) and females (83%) experienced above-normal mean height velocities of 6.6 cm/year (P < 0.0001 versus World Health Organization norms). Mean height SD score increases during year 1 (0.29) and year 2 (0.31) were significant (both P < 0.0001). The mean SD score for IGF-1 levels increased significantly (-0.2 for year 1 and -0.1 for year 2 versus -1.0 at baseline; both P < 0.0001). Mean OC and CTX-I levels (both P < 0.0001) and the OC:CTX-I ratio (P = 0.014) significantly increased from baseline to year 2. In multiple regression analysis, first-year height velocity had a significant inverse relationship to JADAS-71 at year 1, age, mean glucocorticoid dosage during the year, and height SD score at baseline. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that during treatment with tocilizumab, patients with systemic JIA experience significant catch-up growth, normalization of IGF-1 levels, and bone balance improvement favoring bone formation.
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Convente MR, Wang H, Pignolo RJ, Kaplan FS, Shore EM. The immunological contribution to heterotopic ossification disorders. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2015; 13:116-24. [PMID: 25687936 PMCID: PMC4417939 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-015-0258-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The formation of bone outside the endogenous skeleton is a significant clinical event, rendering affected individuals with immobility and a diminished quality of life. This bone, termed heterotopic ossification (HO), can appear in patients following invasive surgeries and traumatic injuries, as well as progressively manifest in several congenital disorders. A unifying feature of both genetic and nongenetic episodes of HO is immune system involvement at the early stages of disease. Activation of the immune system sets the stage for the downstream anabolic events that eventually result in ectopic bone formation, rendering the immune system a particularly appealing site of early therapeutic intervention for optimal management of disease. In this review, we will discuss the immunological contributions to HO disorders, with specific focus on contributing cell types, signaling pathways, relevant in vivo animal models, and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Convente
- Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA,
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Wauquier F, Léotoing L, Philippe C, Spilmont M, Coxam V, Wittrant Y. Pros and cons of fatty acids in bone biology. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 58:121-45. [PMID: 25835096 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the growing interest in deciphering the causes and consequences of obesity-related disorders, the mechanisms linking fat intake to bone behaviour remain unclear. Since bone fractures are widely associated with increased morbidity and mortality, most notably in elderly and obese people, bone health has become a major social and economic issue. Consistently, public health system guidelines have encouraged low-fat diets in order to reduce associated complications. However, from a bone point of view, mechanisms linking fat intake to bone alteration remain quite controversial. Thus, after more than a decade of dedicated studies, this timely review offers a comprehensive overview of the relationships between bone and fatty acids. Using clinical evidences as a starting-point to more complex molecular elucidation, this work highlights the complexity of the system and reveals that bone alteration that cannot be solved simply by taking ω-3 pills. Fatty acid effects on bone metabolism can be both direct and indirect and require integrated investigations. Furthermore, even at the level of a single cell, one fatty acid is able to trigger several different independent pathways (receptors, metabolites…) which may all have a say in the final cellular metabolic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Wauquier
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Laurent Léotoing
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Claire Philippe
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Mélanie Spilmont
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Véronique Coxam
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Yohann Wittrant
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France.
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Local inflammation in fracture hematoma: results from a combined trauma model in pigs. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:126060. [PMID: 25694748 PMCID: PMC4324980 DOI: 10.1155/2015/126060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Previous studies showed significant interaction between the local and systemic inflammatory response after severe trauma in small animal models. The purpose of this study was to establish a new combined trauma model in pigs to investigate fracture-associated local inflammation and gain information about the early inflammatory stages after polytrauma. Material and Methods. Combined trauma consisted of tibial fracture, lung contusion, liver laceration, and controlled hemorrhage. Animals were mechanically ventilated and under ICU-monitoring for 48 h. Blood and fracture hematoma samples were collected during the time course of the study. Local and systemic levels of serum cytokines and diverse alarmins were measured by ELISA kit. Results. A statistical significant difference in the systemic serum values of IL-6 and HMGB1 was observed when compared to the sham. Moreover, there was a statistical significant difference in the serum values of the fracture hematoma of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and HMGB1 when compared to the systemic inflammatory response. However a decrease of local proinflammatory concentrations was observed while anti-inflammatory mediators increased. Conclusion. Our data showed a time-dependent activation of the local and systemic inflammatory response. Indeed it is the first study focusing on the local and systemic inflammatory response to multiple-trauma in a large animal model.
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The effect of tocilizumab on bone mineral density, serum levels of Dickkopf-1 and bone remodeling markers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2014; 82:109-15. [PMID: 25557658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous studies showed that the control of inflammation by biological therapies has a positive effect on bone in inflammatory diseases. The objective of this study was to assess the effects on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone remodeling of an anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody (tocilizumab (TCZ)) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS One hundred and three patients (75% women, 52±12years) with active RA were treated with TCZ 8mg/kg + methotrexate (MTX) every 4 weeks during 48 weeks. Hip and lumbar spine BMDs were measured at baseline and after 48 weeks by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Pro-collagen serum type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP), serum C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I), and serum levels of total Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1) and sclerostin were assessed at baseline, 12 and 48 weeks. RESULTS BMD was available for 76 patients at baseline and at the end of the study. There was no change in lumbar spine and hip BMD over 48 weeks. Serum PINP increased from baseline by 22% (P≤0.001) and 19% (P≤0.001) at week 12 and week 48, whereas serum CTX-I remained stable. Serum DKK-1 significantly decreased from baseline by -31% (P≤0.001) and -25% (P=0.025) at week 12 and 48. Similar results were observed in the patients receiving low doses of oral corticosteroids. CONCLUSION In this 1-year prospective open study, patients with active RA receiving TCZ and MTX had no change in BMD, a decrease in serum DKK-1 and an increase in bone formation marker.
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Kobayashi K, Toguchida J, Karin M, Kato T. IKKβ in postnatal perichondrium remotely controls endochondral ossification of the growth plate through downregulation of MCP-5. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:852-61. [PMID: 25526093 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IκB kinase β (IKKβ) is a catalytic subunit of the IKK complex, which activates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Although its role in osteoclastogenesis is well established, the role of IKKβ in bone formation is poorly understood. Here, we report that conditional knockout of Ikkβ in limb bud mesenchymal cells results in the upregulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-5 (MCP-5) in the perichondrium, which in turn inhibits the growth of longitudinal bone by compromising chondrocyte hypertrophy and increasing the apoptosis of chondrocytes within the growth plate. Contrary to expectations, IKKβ in cells of chondrocyte or osteoblast lineage was dispensable for bone growth. On the other hand, ex vivo experiments confirmed the role of MCP-5 in the growth of longitudinal bone. Furthermore, an in vitro study demonstrated that the action of IKKβ on MCP-5 is cell autonomous. Collectively, our results provide evidence for a previously unrecognized role of IKKβ in the regulation of the growth plate that is mediated through stimulation-independent downregulation of MCP-5 in the perichondrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kobayashi
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - J Toguchida
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - M Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723, USA
| | - T Kato
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH): A heterogeneous spectrum of cytokine-driven immune disorders. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 26:263-80. [PMID: 25466631 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) comprises a group of life-threatening immune disorders classified into primary or secondary HLH. The former is caused by mutations in genes involved in granule-mediated cytotoxicity, the latter occurs in a context of infections, malignancies or autoimmune/autoinflammatory disorders. Both are characterized by systemic inflammation, severe cytokine storms and immune-mediated organ damage. Despite recent advances, the pathogenesis of HLH remains incompletely understood. Animal models resembling different subtypes of HLH are therefore of great value to study this disease and to uncover novel treatment strategies. In this review, all known animal models of HLH will be discussed, highlighting findings on cell types, cytokines and signaling pathways involved in disease pathogenesis and extrapolating therapeutic implications for the human situation.
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143
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Pathak JL, Bravenboer N, Verschueren P, Lems WF, Luyten FP, Klein-Nulend J, Bakker AD. Inflammatory factors in the circulation of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis stimulate osteoclastogenesis via endogenous cytokine production by osteoblasts. Osteoporos Int 2014; 25:2453-63. [PMID: 25027107 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-014-2779-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY The combination of cytokines present in the circulation of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis might contribute to the generalized bone loss that commonly occurs in these patients, by directly inhibiting osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, but especially by enhancing endogenous cytokine (i.e., receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) and interleukin-6 (IL)-6) production by osteoblasts, thereby stimulating osteoclastogenesis. INTRODUCTION Generalized bone loss, as occurs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), is related to elevated levels of circulating cytokines. Individual cytokines have deleterious effects on proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast cell lines, but little is known about the effect of the interaction between inflammatory factors in the circulation of patients with active RA on human osteoblast function, including their communication towards other bone cells. We investigated whether serum from patients with active RA enhances cytokine production by osteoblasts, thereby effectively altering osteoblast-stimulated osteoclastogenesis. METHODS Serum was obtained from 20 patients with active RA (active RA sera) and from the same patients in clinical remission (remission RA sera). To determine osteoclastogenesis, RA serum-pretreated primary human osteoblast cultures were established in direct contact with human osteoclast precursors in the presence or absence of osteoprotegerin (OPG) or IL-6 inhibitor. RESULTS Compared to remission RA sera, active RA sera inhibited osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in vitro as demonstrated by a reduced DNA content and gene expression of KI-67, collagen type 1, osteopontin, and osteocalcin. Active RA sera inhibited OPG expression and enhanced RANKL and IL-6 expression but did not alter IL-8 expression in osteoblasts. IL-1β, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression were undetectable. In coculture, active RA sera treatment of osteoblasts stimulated while addition of OPG or IL-6 inhibitory antibodies significantly reduced the number of osteoclasts. CONCLUSION Active RA sera contain circulating factors, likely cytokines and chemokines, that might contribute to bone loss by directly inhibiting osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, but especially, these factors modulate endogenous cytokine production by osteoblasts, thereby affecting osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Pathak
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Move Research Institute Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gaber T, Strehl C, Sawitzki B, Hoff P, Buttgereit F. Cellular energy metabolism in T-lymphocytes. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 34:34-49. [PMID: 25259409 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2014.956358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Energy homeostasis is a hallmark of cell survival and maintenance of cell function. Here we focus on the impact of cellular energy metabolism on T-lymphocyte differentiation, activation, and function in health and disease. We describe the role of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of lymphocyte metabolism on immune functions of T cells. We also summarize the current knowledge about T-lymphocyte adaptations to inflammation and hypoxia, and the impact on T-cell behavior of pathophysiological hypoxia (as found in tumor tissue, chronically inflamed joints in rheumatoid arthritis and during bone regeneration). A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms that control immune cell metabolism and immune response may provide therapeutic opportunities to alter the immune response under conditions of either immunosuppression or inflammation, potentially targeting infections, vaccine response, tumor surveillance, autoimmunity, and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Gaber
- 1Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
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Cytokine-mediated bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:263625. [PMID: 25295284 PMCID: PMC4176903 DOI: 10.1155/2014/263625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis, which involves formation and resorption, is an important process for maintaining adequate bone mass in humans. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and bone loss, leading to joint destruction and deformity, and is a representative disease of disrupted bone homeostasis. The bone loss and joint destruction are mediated by immunological insults by proinflammatory cytokines and various immune cells. The connection between bone and immunity has been intensely studied and comprises the emerging field of osteoimmunology. Osteoimmunology is an interdisciplinary science investigating the interplay between the skeletal and the immune systems. The main contributors in osteoimmunology are the bone effector cells, such as osteoclasts or osteoblasts, and the immune cells, particularly lymphocytes and monocytes. Physiologically, osteoclasts originate from immune cells, and immune cells regulate osteoblasts and vice versa. Pathological conditions such as RA might affect these interactions, thereby altering bone homeostasis, resulting in the unfavorable outcome of bone destruction. In this review, we describe the osteoclastogenic roles of the proinflammatory cytokines and immune cells that are important in the pathophysiology of RA.
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Aguirre L, Napoli N, Waters D, Qualls C, Villareal DT, Armamento-Villareal R. Increasing adiposity is associated with higher adipokine levels and lower bone mineral density in obese older adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:3290-7. [PMID: 24878039 PMCID: PMC4154102 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although obesity is associated with high bone mass, recent reports suggest an increase in the incidence of fractures in obese patients. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were to evaluate the influence of increasing body fat on bone mineral density (BMD) and to determine the influence of the different adipokines on BMD in frail obese elderly patients. DESIGN AND SETTING This is a cross-sectional study of baseline characteristics of elderly obese patients participating in a lifestyle therapy with diet with or without exercise and conducted in a university setting. PATIENTS One hundred seventy-three, elderly (≥65 y old), obese (body mass index of ≥30 kg/m(2)) who were mostly frail participated in the study. OUTCOME MEASURES BMD, percentage of total body fat, percentage of fat-free mass, percentage of lean mass, body mass index, adiponectin, leptin, IL-6, bone turnover markers (osteocalcin and C-telopeptide), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, free estradiol, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were measured. RESULTS Higher tertiles of percentage body fat and lower lean mass were associated with a lower BMD. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were highest in the highest fat tertile (third, 5.5 ± 5.4 vs first, 1.5 ± 1.3 mg/L, P < .05) for women, whereas IL-6 levels were highest in the highest tertile in men (third, 3.5 ± 3.1 vs first, 1.7 ± 0.8 pg/mL, P < .05). Leptin increased with increasing fat tertiles in both genders (P < .05), whereas adiponectin increased with increasing fat tertiles only in men (P < .05). A multivariate analysis revealed adiponectin as an important mediator of the effect of fat mass on BMD. Osteocalcin levels were highest in the highest fat tertile in women but not in men. Physical function test scores decreased with increasing fat tertiles in women (P < .05) but not in men. CONCLUSIONS Increasing adiposity together with decreasing lean mass is associated with lower BMD, higher adipokine levels, and worsening frailty in elderly obese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Aguirre
- Medicine and Research Services (L.A., D.W., C.Q., D.T.V., R.A.-V.), New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Biomedical Research Institute of New Mexico (L.A., C.Q.), Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108; Department of Medicine (N.N., D.T.V.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110; Department of Medicine (N.N.), Campus Biomedico, 00128 Rome, Italy; Departments of Medicine, Mathematics, and Statistics (C.Q., D.T.V., R.A.-V.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131; and Department of Preventive and Social Medicine (D.W.), University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Kaneshiro S, Ebina K, Shi K, Higuchi C, Hirao M, Okamoto M, Koizumi K, Morimoto T, Yoshikawa H, Hashimoto J. IL-6 negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation through the SHP2/MEK2 and SHP2/Akt2 pathways in vitro. J Bone Miner Metab 2014; 32:378-92. [PMID: 24122251 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-013-0514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that interleukin-6 (IL-6)plays a key role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis(RA), including osteoporosis not only in inflamed joints but also in the whole body. However, previous in vitro studies regarding the effects of IL-6 on osteoblast differentiation are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to examine the effects and signal transduction of IL-6 on osteoblast differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells and primary murine calvarial osteoblasts. IL-6 and its soluble receptor significantly reduced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, the expression of osteoblastic genes (Runx2, osterix, and osteocalcin), and mineralization in a dose-dependent manner, which indicates negative effects of IL-6 on osteoblast differentiation. Signal transduction studies demonstrated that IL-6 activated not only two major signaling pathways, SHP2/MEK/ERK and JAK/STAT3, but also the SHP2/PI3K/Akt2 signaling pathway. The negative effect of IL-6 on osteoblast differentiation was restored by inhibition of MEK as well as PI3K, while it was enhanced by inhibition of STAT3. Knockdown of MEK2 and Akt2 transfected with siRNA enhanced ALP activity and gene expression of Runx2. These results indicate that IL-6 negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation through SHP2/MEK2/ERK and SHP2/PI3K/Akt2 pathways, while affecting it positively through JAK/STAT3. Inhibition of MEK2 and Akt2 signaling in osteoblasts might be of potential use in the treatment of osteoporosis in RA.
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Inder KL, Ruelcke JE, Petelin L, Moon H, Choi E, Rae J, Blumenthal A, Hutmacher D, Saunders NA, Stow JL, Parton RG, Hill MM. Cavin-1/PTRF alters prostate cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicle content and internalization to attenuate extracellular vesicle-mediated osteoclastogenesis and osteoblast proliferation. J Extracell Vesicles 2014; 3:23784. [PMID: 25018864 PMCID: PMC4072912 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v3.23784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumour-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in tumour progression; however, the spectrum of molecular mechanisms regulating EV secretion and cargo selection remain to be fully elucidated. We have reported that cavin-1 expression in prostate cancer PC3 cells reduced the abundance of a subset of EV proteins, concomitant with reduced xenograft tumour growth and metastasis. Methods We examined the functional outcomes and mechanisms of cavin-1 expression on PC3-derived EVs (PC3-EVs). Results PC3-EVs were internalized by osteoclast precursor RAW264.7 cells and primary human osteoblasts (hOBs) in vitro, stimulating osteoclastogenesis 37-fold and hOB proliferation 1.5-fold, respectively. Strikin
gly, EVs derived from cavin-1-expressing PC3 cells (cavin-1-PC3-EVs) failed to induce multinucleate osteoblasts or hOB proliferation. Cavin-1 was not detected in EVs, indicating an indirect mechanism of action. EV morphology, size and quantity were also not affected by cavin-1 expression, suggesting that cavin-1 modulated EV cargo recruitment rather than release. While cavin-1-EVs had no osteoclastogenic function, they were internalized by RAW264.7 cells but at a reduced efficiency compared to control EVs. EV surface proteins are required for internalization of PC3-EVs by RAW264.7 cells, as proteinase K treatment abolished uptake of both control and cavin-1-PC3-EVs. Removal of sialic acid modifications by neuraminidase treatment increased the amount of control PC3-EVs internalized by RAW264.7 cells, without affecting cavin-1-PC3-EVs. This suggests that cavin-1 expression altered the glycosylation modifications on PC3-EV surface. Finally, cavin-1 expression did not affect EV in vivo tissue targeting as both control and cavin-1-PC3-EVs were predominantly retained in the lung and bone 24 hours after injection into mice. Discussion Taken together, our results reveal a novel pathway for EV cargo sorting, and highlight the potential of utilizing cavin-1-mediated pathways to attenuate metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L Inder
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jayde E Ruelcke
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lara Petelin
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hyeongsun Moon
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Eunju Choi
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James Rae
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Antje Blumenthal
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia ; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dietmar Hutmacher
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Saunders
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michelle M Hill
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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Tanaka K, Hashizume M, Mihara M, Yoshida H, Suzuki M, Matsumoto Y. Anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody prevents systemic bone mass loss via reducing the number of osteoclast precursors in bone marrow in a collagen-induced arthritis model. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 175:172-80. [PMID: 24028747 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic bone loss is a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 promote bone resorption by osteoclasts. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) controls the migration of osteoclast precursor cells (OCPs) between the blood and bone marrow, in part via S1P receptors (S1PR1 and S1PR2) expressed on the surface of OCPs. OCPs (CD11b(+) Gr-1(low+med) ) isolated from bone marrow of DBA/1J mice were stimulated with IL-6. S1P-directed chemotaxis of OCPs was evaluated using a transwell plate. mRNA expression of S1PR1 and S1PR2 was measured. DBA/1J mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen (days 0 and 21) and anti-mouse IL-6 receptor antibody (MR16-1) was administered on days 0 and/or 21. Trabecular bone volume was analysed using micro-computed tomography. The percentage of OCPs in tibial bone marrow and S1PR1 and S1PR2 mRNA expression in OCPs were measured. IL-6 stimulation significantly decreased S1P-directed chemotaxis of OCPs. IL-6 induced S1PR2 mRNA expression, but not S1PR1 mRNA expression, in OCPs. Bone volume was significantly lower in arthritic mice than in non-arthritic control mice on day 35. Treatment of immunized mice with MR16-1 significantly inhibited bone loss. In MR16-1-treated mice, the percentage of OCPs and expression of S1PR2 mRNA was each decreased compared with arthritic mice on day 14, but not on day 35. IL-6 increased the number of OCPs in tibial bone marrow via up-regulating S1PR2, thus playing a crucial role in systemic bone loss induced by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tanaka
- Product Research Department, Fuji-Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
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Liu H, Feng W, Yimin, Cui J, Lv S, Hasegawa T, Sun B, Li J, Oda K, Amizuka N, Li M. Histological Evidence of Increased Osteoclast Cell Number and Asymmetric Bone Resorption Activity in the Tibiae of Interleukin-6-Deficient Mice. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 62:556-64. [DOI: 10.1369/0022155414537830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine considered to modulate bone homeostasis. Based on previous contradictory studies, we aimed to verify the influence of IL-6 deficiency on bone remodeling using an IL-6 knockout (IL-6-/-) murine model. Eight-month-old male mice, homozygous for the disrupted IL-6 gene, and their wild type (WT) littermates (control), were used. After transcardiac perfusion, tibiae were removed for histochemical analysis. Compared with the control group, IL-6 deficiency increased tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclast numbers and up-regulated the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of osteoblasts in the metaphysis of the tibia. However, further analysis of serial histological sections from IL-6-/- mice found a significant discrepancy in osteoclast number, with the higher number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts conflicting with the lower number of cathepsin K-positive osteoclasts. Moreover, TUNEL staining identified a significantly higher rate of osteoclast apoptosis in IL-6-/- mice as compared with their WT controls. IL-6 deficiency induced abundant TRAP-positive osteoclasts but delayed bone remodeling by significantly inhibiting the bone resorption activity of osteoclasts and promoting osteoclast apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Liu
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jinan, China (HL, WF, JC, SL, BS, JL, ML)
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (Y), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine (TH, NA), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan (KO)
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jinan, China (HL, WF, JC, SL, BS, JL, ML)
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (Y), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine (TH, NA), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan (KO)
| | - Yimin
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jinan, China (HL, WF, JC, SL, BS, JL, ML)
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (Y), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine (TH, NA), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan (KO)
| | - Jian Cui
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jinan, China (HL, WF, JC, SL, BS, JL, ML)
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (Y), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine (TH, NA), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan (KO)
| | - Shengyu Lv
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jinan, China (HL, WF, JC, SL, BS, JL, ML)
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (Y), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine (TH, NA), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan (KO)
| | - Tomoka Hasegawa
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jinan, China (HL, WF, JC, SL, BS, JL, ML)
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (Y), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine (TH, NA), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan (KO)
| | - Bao Sun
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jinan, China (HL, WF, JC, SL, BS, JL, ML)
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (Y), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine (TH, NA), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan (KO)
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jinan, China (HL, WF, JC, SL, BS, JL, ML)
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (Y), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine (TH, NA), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan (KO)
| | - Kimimitsu Oda
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jinan, China (HL, WF, JC, SL, BS, JL, ML)
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (Y), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine (TH, NA), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan (KO)
| | - Norio Amizuka
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jinan, China (HL, WF, JC, SL, BS, JL, ML)
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (Y), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine (TH, NA), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan (KO)
| | - Minqi Li
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jinan, China (HL, WF, JC, SL, BS, JL, ML)
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine (Y), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine (TH, NA), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan (KO)
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