101
|
Abolhassani A, Riazi GH, Azizi E, Amanpour S, Muhammadnejad S, Haddadi M, Zekri A, Shirkoohi R. FGF10: Type III Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition and Invasion in Breast Cancer Cell Lines. J Cancer 2014; 5:537-47. [PMID: 25057305 PMCID: PMC4107230 DOI: 10.7150/jca.7797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Fibroblastic growth factor-10 (FGF-10) has an important role in type I epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) during the embryonic period of life (gastrulation). Since EMT has a critical role during cancer cells invasion and metastasis (type III) this study sought to investigate the possible role of FGF-10 in type III EMT by monitoring breast cancer cell lines' behavior by FGF-10 regulation. Methods: MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines with different levels of FGF10 expression were treated with FGF-10 recombinant protein and FGF-10 siRNA, respectively. Results: The cell viability, migration, colony formation and wound healing have a direct relationship with FGF-10 expression, while FGF-10 expression decreased apoptosis. All mesenchymal factors (such as vimentin, N cadherin, snail, slug, TGF-β) increased due to FGF-10 expression with contrary expression of epithelial markers (such as E-cadherin). Moreover, GSK3β phosphorylation (inactivation) increased with FGF-10 expression. Conclusion: The important role of FGF-10 in type III EMT on cancer cells and initiation of metastasis via various kinds of signaling pathways has been suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abolhassani
- 1. Group of Genetics, Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran ; 2. Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam Hossein Riazi
- 1. Group of Genetics, Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Azizi
- 2. Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Amanpour
- 3. Group of experimental research in cancer, Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Samad Muhammadnejad
- 3. Group of experimental research in cancer, Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Haddadi
- 3. Group of experimental research in cancer, Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zekri
- 4. Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Shirkoohi
- 1. Group of Genetics, Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Establishment of highly tumorigenic human colorectal cancer cell line (CR4) with properties of putative cancer stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99091. [PMID: 24921652 PMCID: PMC4055451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) has the third highest mortality rates among the US population. According to the most recent concept of carcinogenesis, human tumors are organized hierarchically, and the top of it is occupied by malignant stem cells (cancer stem cells, CSCs, or cancer-initiating cells, CICs), which possess unlimited self-renewal and tumor-initiating capacities and high resistance to conventional therapies. To reflect the complexity and diversity of human tumors and to provide clinically and physiologically relevant cancer models, large banks of characterized patient-derived low-passage cell lines, and especially CIC-enriched cell lines, are urgently needed. Principal Findings Here we report the establishment of a novel CIC-enriched, highly tumorigenic and clonogenic colon cancer cell line, CR4, derived from liver metastasis. This stable cell line was established by combining 3D culturing and 2D culturing in stem cell media, subcloning of cells with particular morphology, co-culture with carcinoma associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and serial transplantation to NOD/SCID mice. Using RNA-Seq complete transcriptome profiling of the tumorigenic fraction of the CR4 cells in comparison to the bulk tumor cells, we have identified about 360 differentially expressed transcripts, many of which represent stemness, pluripotency and resistance to treatment. Majority of the established CR4 cells express common markers of stemness, including CD133, CD44, CD166, EpCAM, CD24 and Lgr5. Using immunocytochemical, FACS and western blot analyses, we have shown that a significant ratio of the CR4 cells express key markers of pluripotency markers, including Sox-2, Oct3/4 and c-Myc. Constitutive overactivation of ABC transporters and NF-kB and absence of tumor suppressors p53 and p21 may partially explain exceptional drug resistance of the CR4 cells. Conclusions The highly tumorigenic and clonogenic CIC-enriched CR4 cell line may provide an important new tool to support the discovery of novel diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers as well as the development of more effective therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
103
|
Dean P, Kenny B. A bacterial encoded protein induces extreme multinucleation and cell-cell internalization in intestinal cells. Tissue Barriers 2014; 1:e22639. [PMID: 24665371 PMCID: PMC3879132 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.22639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive study, the molecular mechanisms that lead to multinucleation and cell enlargement (hypertrophy) remain poorly understood. Here, we show that a single bacterial virulence protein, EspF, from the human pathogen enteropathogenic E. coli induces extreme multi-nucleation in small intestinal epithelial cells. Ectopic expression of EspF induced cell-cell internalization events, presumably responsible for the enlarged multinucleated cells. These extreme phenotypes were dependent on a C-terminal polyproline-rich domain in EspF and not linked to the targeting of mitochondria or the nucleolus. The subversive functions of EspF may provide valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms that mediate cell fusion, multinucleation and cell hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dean
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Bioscience, Medical School; University of Newcastle; Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Brendan Kenny
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Bioscience, Medical School; University of Newcastle; Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Kikuchi K, Hettmer S, Aslam MI, Michalek JE, Laub W, Wilky BA, Loeb DM, Rubin BP, Wagers AJ, Keller C. Cell-cycle dependent expression of a translocation-mediated fusion oncogene mediates checkpoint adaptation in rhabdomyosarcoma. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004107. [PMID: 24453992 PMCID: PMC3894165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most commonly occurring soft-tissue sarcoma in childhood. Most rhabdomyosarcoma falls into one of two biologically distinct subgroups represented by alveolar or embryonal histology. The alveolar subtype harbors a translocation-mediated PAX3:FOXO1A fusion gene and has an extremely poor prognosis. However, tumor cells have heterogeneous expression for the fusion gene. Using a conditional genetic mouse model as well as human tumor cell lines, we show that that Pax3:Foxo1a expression is enriched in G2 and triggers a transcriptional program conducive to checkpoint adaptation under stress conditions such as irradiation in vitro and in vivo. Pax3:Foxo1a also tolerizes tumor cells to clinically-established chemotherapy agents and emerging molecularly-targeted agents. Thus, the surprisingly dynamic regulation of the Pax3:Foxo1a locus is a paradigm that has important implications for the way in which oncogenes are modeled in cancer cells. Rare childhood cancers can be paradigms from which important new principles can be discerned. The childhood muscle cancer rhabdomyosarcoma is no exception, having been the focus of the original 1969 description by Drs. Li and Fraumeni of a syndrome now know to be commonly caused by underlying p53 tumor suppressor loss-of-function. In our studies using a conditional genetic mouse model of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma in conjunction with human tumor cell lines, we have uncovered that the expression level of a translocation-mediated fusion gene, Pax3:Foxo1a, is dynamic and varies during the cell cycle. Our studies support that Pax3:Foxo1a facilitate the yeast-related process of checkpoint adaptation under stresses such as irradiation. The broader implication of our studies is that distal cis elements (promoter-influencing regions of DNA) may be critical to fully understanding the function of cancer-associated translocations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kikuchi
- Pediatric Cancer Biology Program, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Simone Hettmer
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, and Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - M. Imran Aslam
- Pediatric Cancer Biology Program, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Joel E. Michalek
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wolfram Laub
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Breelyn A. Wilky
- Division of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David M. Loeb
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian P. Rubin
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Taussig Cancer Center and Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amy J. Wagers
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, and Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charles Keller
- Pediatric Cancer Biology Program, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Leonard CA, Schell M, Schoborg RV, Hayman JR. Encephalitozoon intestinalis infection increases host cell mutation frequency. Infect Agent Cancer 2013; 8:43. [PMID: 24188884 PMCID: PMC4174903 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-8-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microsporidia are obligate intracellular opportunistic fungi that cause significant pathology in immunocompromised hosts. However, 11 percent of immunocompetent individuals in the general population are microsporidia-seropositive, indicating that severe immune suppression may not be a prerequisite for infection. Encephalitozoon intestinalis is transmitted in contaminated water and initially infects gastro-intestinal enterocytes, leading to diarrheal disease. This organism can also disseminate to many other organs. A recent report suggests that microsporidia can establish persistent infections, which anti-fungal treatment does not eradicate. Like other intracellular pathogens, microsporidia infection stresses the host cell and infected individuals have elevated hydrogen peroxide and free radical levels. Findings As oxidative stress can lead to DNA damage, we hypothesized that E. intestinalis-infection would increase host cell nuclear mutation rate. Embryo fibroblasts from Big BlueTM transgenic mice were E. intestinalis-infected and host nuclear mutation frequency was determined by selection of temperature-sensitive c-II gene mutant λ phage. The host mutation frequency in E. intestinalis-infected cultures was 2.5-fold higher than that observed in either mock-infected cells or cells infected with UV-inactivated E. intestinalis spores. Conclusions These data provide the first evidence that microsporidia infection can directly increase host cellular mutation frequency. Additionally, some event in the microsporidia developmental cycle between host cell attachment and parasitophorous vacuole formation is required for the observed effect. As there is considerable evidence linking infection with other intracellular pathogens and cancer, future studies to dissect the mechanism by which E. intestinalis infection increases host mutation frequency are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James Russell Hayman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614-0579, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Botchkina GI, Zuniga ES, Rowehl RH, Park R, Bhalla R, Bialkowska AB, Johnson F, Golub LM, Zhang Y, Ojima I, Shroyer KR. Prostate cancer stem cell-targeted efficacy of a new-generation taxoid, SBT-1214 and novel polyenolic zinc-binding curcuminoid, CMC2.24. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69884. [PMID: 24086245 PMCID: PMC3782470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among men. Multiple evidence suggests that a population of tumor-initiating, or cancer stem cells (CSCs) is responsible for cancer development and exceptional drug resistance, representing a highly important therapeutic target. The present study evaluated CSC-specific alterations induced by new-generation taxoid SBT-1214 and a novel polyenolic zinc-binding curcuminoid, CMC2.24, in prostate CSCs. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The CD133(high)/CD44(high) phenotype was isolated from spontaneously immortalized patient-derived PPT2 cells and highly metastatic PC3MM2 cells. Weekly treatment of the NOD/SCID mice bearing PPT2- and PC3MM3-induced tumors with the SBT-1214 led to dramatic suppression of tumor growth. Four of six PPT2 and 3 of 6 PC3MM2 tumors have shown the absence of viable cells in residual tumors. In vitro, SBT-1214 (100 nM-1 µM; for 72 hr) induced about 60% cell death in CD133(high)/CD44(+/high) cells cultured on collagen I in stem cell medium (in contrast, the same doses of paclitaxel increased proliferation of these cells). The cytotoxic effects were increased when SBT-1214 was combined with the CMC2.24. A stem cell-specific PCR array assay revealed that this drug combination mediated massive inhibition of multiple constitutively up-regulated stem cell-related genes, including key pluripotency transcription factors. Importantly, this drug combination induced expression of p21 and p53, which were absent in CD133(high)/CD44(high) cells. Viable cells that survived this treatment regimen were no longer able to induce secondary spheroids, exhibited significant morphological abnormalities and died in 2-5 days. CONCLUSIONS We report here that the SBT-1214 alone, or in combination with CMC2.24, possesses significant activity against prostate CD133(high)/CD44(+/high) tumor-initiating cells. This drug combination efficiently inhibits expression of the majority of stem cell-related genes and pluripotency transcription factors. In addition, it induces a previously absent expression of p21 and p53 ("gene wake-up"), which can potentially reverse drug resistance by increasing sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galina I. Botchkina
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Development, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Edison S. Zuniga
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Development, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Rebecca H. Rowehl
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Rosa Park
- Department of Urology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Rahuldev Bhalla
- Department of Urology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Agnieszka B. Bialkowska
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Francis Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Chem-Master Int. Inc., Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Lorne M. Golub
- Department of Oral Biology & Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Iwao Ojima
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Development, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Kenneth R. Shroyer
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Erenpreisa J, Cragg MS. Three steps to the immortality of cancer cells: senescence, polyploidy and self-renewal. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:92. [PMID: 24025698 PMCID: PMC4015969 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic cancer is rarely cured by current DNA damaging treatments, apparently due to the development of resistance. However, recent data indicates that tumour cells can elicit the opposing processes of senescence and stemness in response to these treatments, the biological significance and molecular regulation of which is currently poorly understood. Although cellular senescence is typically considered a terminal cell fate, it was recently shown to be reversible in a small population of polyploid cancer cells induced after DNA damage. Overcoming genotoxic insults is associated with reversible polyploidy, which itself is associated with the induction of a stemness phenotype, thereby providing a framework linking these separate phenomena. In keeping with this suggestion, senescence and autophagy are clearly intimately involved in the emergence of self-renewal potential in the surviving cells that result from de-polyploidisation. Moreover, subsequent analysis indicates that senescence may paradoxically be actually required to rejuvenate cancer cells after genotoxic treatments. We propose that genotoxic resistance is thereby afforded through a programmed life-cycle-like process which intimately unites senescence, polyploidy and stemness.
Collapse
|
108
|
Bhatia A, Kumar Y. Relevance of microscopic indicators of chromosomal instability in routine reporting of malignancies. Diagn Cytopathol 2013; 42:181-8. [PMID: 23754835 DOI: 10.1002/dc.23012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is the defining feature of most human cancers. The role of CIN has been suggested in diagnosis and prognostication of the tumors since long. However, the molecular methods used for its identification are costly, require expertise and may not be available in many of the laboratories. Therefore, this article tries to revisit the already described morphological indicators of CIN like multipolar mitoses, chromatin bridges, chromatin strings, nuclear heterogeneity, laggards, nuclear buds, micronuclei, and multinucleated micronucleated cells. The role of above as morphological biomarkers in diagnosis and prognosis of various cancers has been reviewed and the possibility of their inclusion in day to day reporting of malignancies is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
109
|
Zhang S, Mercado-Uribe I, Xing Z, Sun B, Kuang J, Liu J. Generation of cancer stem-like cells through the formation of polyploid giant cancer cells. Oncogene 2013; 33:116-28. [PMID: 23524583 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) have been observed by pathologists for over a century. PGCCs contribute to solid tumor heterogeneity, but their functions are largely undefined. Little attention has been given to these cells, largely because PGCCs have been generally thought to originate from repeated failure of mitosis/cytokinesis and have no capacity for long-term survival or proliferation. Here we report our successful purification and culture of PGCCs from human ovarian cancer cell lines and primary ovarian cancer. These cells are highly resistant to oxygen deprivation and could form through endoreduplication or cell fusion, generating regular-sized cancer cells quickly through budding or bursting similar to simple organisms like fungi. They express normal and cancer stem cell markers, they divide asymmetrically and they cycle slowly. They can differentiate into adipose, cartilage and bone. A single PGCC formed cancer spheroids in vitro and generated tumors in immunodeficient mice. These PGCC-derived tumors gained a mesenchymal phenotype with increased expression of cancer stem cell markers CD44 and CD133 and become more resistant to treatment with cisplatin. Taken together, our results reveal that PGCCs represent a resistant form of human cancer using an ancient, evolutionarily conserved mechanism in response to hypoxia stress; they can contribute to the generation of cancer stem-like cells, and also play a fundamental role in regulating tumor heterogeneity, tumor growth and chemoresistance in human cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Zhang
- 1] Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA [2] Department of Pathology, Nankai University Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - I Mercado-Uribe
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Z Xing
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - B Sun
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University and Tianjin Cancer Institute, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - J Kuang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Liu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Brown HM, Knowlton AE, Grieshaber SS. Chlamydial infection induces host cytokinesis failure at abscission. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:1554-67. [PMID: 22646503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacteria and the infectious agent responsible for the sexually transmitted disease Chlamydia. Infection with Chlamydia can lead to serious health sequelae such as pelvic inflammatory disease and reproductive tract scarring contributing to infertility and ectopic pregnancies. Additionally, chlamydial infections have been epidemiologically linked to cervical cancer in patients with a prior human papilomavirus (HPV) infection. Chlamydial infection of cultured cells causes multinucleation, a potential pathway for chromosomal instability. Two mechanisms that are known to initiate multinucleation are cell fusion and cytokinesis failure. This study demonstrates that multinucleation of the host cell by Chlamydia is entirely due to cytokinesis failure. Moreover, cytokinesis failure is due in part to the chlamydial effector CPAF acting as an anaphase promoting complex mimic causing cells to exit mitosis with unaligned and unattached chromosomes. These lagging and missegregated chromosomes inhibit cytokinesis by blocking abscission, the final stage of cytokinesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Brown
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
111
|
Botchkina G. Colon cancer stem cells--from basic to clinical application. Cancer Lett 2012; 338:127-40. [PMID: 22537805 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on cancer stem cell (CSC) concept of carcinogenesis, tumors represent complex heterogeneous organ-like systems with a hierarchical cellular organization, and only minority phenotypic subpopulations with stem-like properties possess a dual ability to self-renew indefinitely and produce all the heterogeneous cell phenotypes comprising the bulk tumor cells. Large experimental and clinical data indicate that conventional anti-cancer therapies cannot eradicate CSCs, and moreover, they usually increase their number leading to cancer recurrence and further drug resistance. In this review, several current controversies in the CSC field and recent studies, which help to shed light on their origin, are discussed. The emerging necessity for the development of complex, multimodal CSC-targeted treatment strategies, which combine conventional therapeutics with promising pathway-specific modulators, and natural compounds, which can improve the efficacy of conventional anti-cancer therapeutics and decrease their undesirable side effects is presented. Also, novel requirements and criteria necessary for evaluation of the CSC-targeted drug efficacy and relevant experimental models are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galina Botchkina
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, United States.
| |
Collapse
|