101
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Reinhardt RL, Khoruts A, Merica R, Zell T, Jenkins MK. Visualizing the generation of memory CD4 T cells in the whole body. Nature 2001; 410:101-5. [PMID: 11242050 DOI: 10.1038/35065111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 795] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It is thought that immunity depends on naive CD4 T cells that proliferate in response to microbial antigens, differentiate into memory cells that produce anti-microbial lymphokines, and migrate to sites of infection. Here we use immunohistology to enumerate individual naive CD4 T cells, specific for a model antigen, in the whole bodies of adult mice. The cells resided exclusively in secondary lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen and lymph nodes, in mice that were not exposed to antigen. After injection of antigen alone into the blood, the T cells proliferated, migrated to the lungs, liver, gut and salivary glands, and then disappeared from these organs. If antigen was injected with the microbial product lipopolysaccharide, proliferation and migration were enhanced, and two populations of memory cells survived for months: one in the lymph nodes that produced the growth factor interleukin-2, and a larger one in the non-lymphoid tissues that produced the anti-microbial lymphokine interferon-gamma. These results show that antigen recognition in the context of infection generates memory cells that are specialized to proliferate in the secondary lymphoid tissues or to fight infection at the site of microbial entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Reinhardt
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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102
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Smith AL, Wikstrom ME, Fazekas de St Groth B. Visualizing T cell competition for peptide/MHC complexes: a specific mechanism to minimize the effect of precursor frequency. Immunity 2000; 13:783-94. [PMID: 11163194 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)00076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In vivo antigenic competition of naive CD4+ TCR transgenic T cells was visualized by tracking cell division. Competition reduced both recruitment into cell division and burst size per recruited precursor cell, minimizing the effect of differences in precursorfrequency while maintaining the dose-response relationship with antigen. Competition was restricted to T cells of the same specificity, indicating that cells were competing for access to Ag-MHC complexes rather than for Ag nonspecific factors. Moreover, the qualitative distinction between the responses to i.v. peptide and s.c. peptide/CFA was unaffected by precursor frequency. These data explain the paradoxical ability of the immune system to tailor responses to the type and dose of Ag even in individuals with large differences in initial precursor frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Smith
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, Australia
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103
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Park BK, Kitteringham NR, Powell H, Pirmohamed M. Advances in molecular toxicology-towards understanding idiosyncratic drug toxicity. Toxicology 2000; 153:39-60. [PMID: 11090946 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(00)00303-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug toxicity is a major complication of drug therapy and drug development. Such adverse drug reactions (ADRs) include anaphylaxis, blood dyscrasias, hepatotoxicity and severe cutaneous reactions. They are usually serious and can be fatal. At present, prediction of idiosyncratic ADRs at the preclinical stage of drug development is not possible because there are no suitable animal models and we do not understand the basic mechanisms involved in the toxicity when it does occur in man. Many idiosyncratic reactions appear to have an immunological aetiology. For example, there is increasing evidence for the role of T lymphocytes in severe skin reactions. Nevertheless, the sequence of events by which a simple chemical can elicit severe tissue damage remains poorly understood and alternative novel mechanisms of toxicity must also be explored. The purpose of this article will be to review the currently accepted mechanisms of idiosyncratic drug toxicity at the chemical and the molecular levels. In particular, we will consider how recent advances in cellular immunology and molecular biology can improve our understanding of both the chemical and clinical aspects of drug hypersensitivity. Recent advances in the role of both inter- and intra-cellular signalling in the regulation of the immune response to drugs and their metabolites will be discussed. The long-term aim of such research is to provide test systems for the evaluation of drug safety and patient susceptibility to idiosyncratic drug toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, L69 3GE, Liverpool, UK.
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104
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Voehringer D, Blaser C, Grawitz AB, Chisari FV, Buerki K, Pircher H. Break of T cell ignorance to a viral antigen in the liver induces hepatitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:2415-22. [PMID: 10946266 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.5.2415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To study peripheral tolerance of CD8 T cells to a classically MHC-restricted peptide Ag expressed in hepatocytes, ALB1 transgenic (tg) mice expressing the CTL epitope GP33 of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein under control of the mouse albumin promoter were generated. ALB1 mice exclusively expressed the GP33 transgene in the liver and, at a 100- to 1000-fold lower level, in the thymus. TCR-tg mice specific for the GP33 epitope were used to directly follow GP33-specific T cells in vivo. These experiments revealed that 1) thymic expression of the GP33 transgene led to incomplete central deletion of TCR-tg cells; and 2) peripheral TCR-tg cells in ALB1 mice ignored the GP33 transgene expressed in hepatocytes. Ignorance of adoptively transferred TCR-tg cells in ALB1 mice was broken by infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, leading to induction of hepatitis in ALB1, but not in control, mice. Taken together, we have established a novel model of virus-induced CD8 T cell-mediated autoimmune hepatitis in mice and demonstrate that naive CD8 T cells may ignore Ags expressed in the liver.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/etiology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/genetics
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/immunology
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/virology
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/genetics
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/biosynthesis
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transgenes/immunology
- Viral Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- D Voehringer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Immunology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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105
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Ludewig B, Barchiesi F, Pericin M, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H, Schwendener RA. In vivo antigen loading and activation of dendritic cells via a liposomal peptide vaccine mediates protective antiviral and anti-tumour immunity. Vaccine 2000; 19:23-32. [PMID: 10924783 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Initiation of antiviral and anti-tumour T cell responses is probably achieved mainly by dendritic cells (DC) transporting antigen from the periphery into organised lymphoid tissues. To develop T cell vaccines it is, therefore, important to understand the accessibility of the antigen to DC in vivo and whether DC are activated by vaccination. Here we have evaluated the immunogenicity of a liposomal vaccine formulation with antigenic peptides derived from the glycoprotein of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Liposome-encapsulated peptides were highly immunogenic when administered intradermally and elicited protective antiviral immunity. After intradermal injection, liposomes formed antigen depots which facilitated long-lasting in vivo antigen loading of dendritic cells almost exclusively in the local draining lymph nodes. The immunogenicity of the liposomal peptide vaccine was further enhanced by incorporation of immunostimulatory oligonucleotides leading to activation of DC. This optimised liposomal peptide vaccine elicited also anti-tumour immunity and induced CTL responses comparable to adoptively transferred, peptide-presenting DC. Thus, our data show that liposomal formulations of peptide vaccines are highly effective at direct in vivo antigen loading and activation of DC leading to protective antiviral and anti-tumour immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ludewig
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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106
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Bercovici N, Heurtier A, Vizler C, Pardigon N, Cambouris C, Desreumaux P, Liblau R. Systemic administration of agonist peptide blocks the progression of spontaneous CD8-mediated autoimmune diabetes in transgenic mice without bystander damage. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:202-10. [PMID: 10861053 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.1.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-dependent diabetes is an autoimmune disease targeting pancreatic beta-islet cells. Recent data suggest that autoreactive CD8+ T cells are involved in both the early events leading to insulitis and the late destructive phase resulting in diabetes. Although therapeutic injection of protein and synthetic peptides corresponding to CD4+ T cell epitopes has been shown to prevent or block autoimmune disease in several models, down-regulation of an ongoing CD8+ T cell-mediated autoimmune response using this approach has not yet been reported. Using CL4-TCR single transgenic mice, in which most CD8+ T cells express a TCR specific for the influenza virus hemagglutinin HA512-520 peptide:Kd complex, we first show that i.v. injection of soluble HA512-520 peptide induces transient activation followed by apoptosis of Tc1-like CD8+ T cells. We next tested a similar tolerance induction strategy in (CL4-TCR x Ins-HA)F1 double transgenic mice that also express HA in the beta-islet cells and, as a result, spontaneously develop a juvenile onset and lethal diabetes. Soluble HA512-520 peptide treatment, at a time when pathogenic CD8+ T cells have already infiltrated the pancreas, very significantly prolongs survival of the double transgenic pups. In addition, we found that Ag administration eliminates CD8+ T cell infiltrates from the pancreas without histological evidence of bystander damage. Our data indicate that agonist peptide can down-regulate an autoimmune reaction mediated by CD8+ T cells in vivo and block disease progression. Thus, in addition to autoreactive CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells may constitute targets for Ag-specific therapy in autoimmune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn/genetics
- Animals, Newborn/growth & development
- Animals, Newborn/immunology
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- Autoimmune Diseases/prevention & control
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/prevention & control
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Injections, Intravenous
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/agonists
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bercovici
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale CJF 9711, Paris, France
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107
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Garza KM, Chan SM, Suri R, Nguyen LT, Odermatt B, Schoenberger SP, Ohashi PS. Role of antigen-presenting cells in mediating tolerance and autoimmunity. J Exp Med 2000; 191:2021-7. [PMID: 10839816 PMCID: PMC2213533 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.11.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that determine whether receptor stimulation leads to lymphocyte tolerance versus activation remain poorly understood. We have used rat insulin promoter (RIP)-gp/P14 double-transgenic mice expressing the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) glycoprotein (gp) on pancreatic beta-islet cells together with T cells expressing an LCMV-gp-specific T cell receptor to assess the requirements for the induction of autoimmunity. Our studies have shown that administration of the gp peptide gp33 leads to the activation of P14-transgenic T cells, as measured by the upregulation of activation markers and the induction of effector cytotoxic activity. This treatment also leads to expansion and deletion of P14 T cells. Despite the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity, peptide administration is not sufficient to induce diabetes. However, the administration of gp peptide together with an activating anti-CD40 antibody rapidly induces diabetes. These findings suggest that the induction of tolerance versus autoimmunity is determined by resting versus activated antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M. Garza
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Steven M. Chan
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Rakesh Suri
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Linh T. Nguyen
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Bernhard Odermatt
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Experimental Pathology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephen P. Schoenberger
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Pamela S. Ohashi
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
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108
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Abstract
Two models to explain patterns of immune reactivity of T and B cells are compared: the two-signal theories and the antigen-localization-dose-time and structure concept. The two-signal theory states that signal 1 (= antigen alone signalling via specific T or B cell receptor) turns T and B cells off, signal 1 plus co-stimulatory signals 2 induces them. Our model employs immuno-reactivity antigen parameters, i.e. localization-dose-time kinetics and structure of antigen in determining T and B cell reactivity. Both concepts have in common that immune reactivity is somatically learned and not germline defined and that there is nothing unique to the antigenic structure itself that could distinguish self from nonself antigens. While two-signal theories base positive versus negative reactivity on the presence or absence of co-stimulatory signals anywhere in the body, our alternative model proposes that besides antigen structure, dose and time it is the localization of antigen--vis-à-vis the organized lymphoid tissues--that determines reactivity patterns as follows. First, antigen that does not reach secondary lymphoid organs in minimum doses or for sufficiently long time periods, is immunologically ignored. Second, antigen that either usually exists in the lymphoid system or reaches it and persists in excessive amounts for long periods deletes T cells. Third, antigen that is transported to secondary lymphoid organs in sufficient (but not excessive) amounts and for a sufficient time period (but does not persist) induces an effective immune response. B cell responses are also induced exclusively in lymphoid tissues. Short-term B cell responses are T independent against antigens linked to bacterial lipopolysaccharides or against highly repetitive and strictly ordered antigens; thus, B cells are pattern recognizers (monomeric antigens usually accessible to B cells are in general likely to be self-antigens. Strictly ordered repetitive antigens are virtually by definition infectious agents). Long-term (switched) B cell responses against mono- and polymorphic antigens are T cell dependent regulated by time dose and localization of antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Zinkernagel
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, Zurich, CH 8091, Switzerland
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109
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Wirth S, van den Broek M, Frossard CP, Hügin AW, Leblond I, Pircher H, Hauser C. CD8(+) T cells secreting type 2 lymphokines are defective in protection against viral infection. Cell Immunol 2000; 202:13-22. [PMID: 10873302 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2000.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Effector T cells secreting type 1 and/or type 2 lymphokines (Tc1, Tc0, Tc2) were generated in vitro from CD8(+) T cells of mice with a transgenic TCR recognizing lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) glycoprotein to compare their effector function in vitro and in vivo. Tc1, Tc2, and Tc0 showed similar Fas- and perforin-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. Upon adoptive transfer, Tc2 and Tc0 effectors were less efficient than Tc1 at controlling LCMV or recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the LCMV glycoprotein in vivo. Tc2 and Tc0 had decreased surface VLA-4 density and deficient activation-induced LFA-1/ICAM-1-dependent homotypic adhesion in vitro. Therefore, the reduced antiviral activity in vivo of Tc2 and Tc0 compared with Tc1 is not due to reduced cytotoxic activity or IFN-gamma secretion but may be explained by defective homing to the target organ due to decreased expression and/or lower activity of adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wirth
- Allergy Unit, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Hôpital Cantonal Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
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110
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Prévost-Blondel A, Roth E, Rosenthal FM, Pircher H. Crucial role of TNF-alpha in CD8 T cell-mediated elimination of 3LL-A9 Lewis lung carcinoma cells in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:3645-51. [PMID: 10725721 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.7.3645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of perforin, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha in anti-tumor CD8 T cell immunity was examined in a new tumor model using a CD8 T cell epitope (GP33) derived from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus as a tumor-associated Ag. In contrast with parental 3LL-A9 (A9) Lewis lung carcinoma cells that progressively grow in C57BL/6 mice, s.c. injection of GP33-transfected A9GP33 tumor cells induced a protective GP33-specific CD8 T cell response that led to complete tumor cell elimination. Tumor regression was dependent on perforin, IFN-gamma, or TNF-alpha, because A9GP33 tumors developed in mice deficient in one of these genes. A9GP33 tumors arising in perforin- and IFN-gamma-deficient mice represented GP33 Ag-loss variants, demonstrating that GP33-specific CD8 T cells from these mice were able to exert an Ag selection pressure. In contrast, tumor cells growing in TNF-alpha knock-out mice still expressed the tumor-associated GP33 peptide despite the presence of activated GP33-specific CD8 T cells. These findings provide evidence for a crucial role of TNF-alpha in A9 tumor cell elimination by CD8 T cells in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/prevention & control
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/genetics
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Peptide Fragments/biosynthesis
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Perforin
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/transplantation
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/deficiency
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
- Viral Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prévost-Blondel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Immunology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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111
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Lefrançois L, Altman JD, Williams K, Olson S. Soluble antigen and CD40 triggering are sufficient to induce primary and memory cytotoxic T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:725-32. [PMID: 10623816 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.2.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The signals directing induction of tolerance rather than immunity are largely unknown. The CD8 T cell response to soluble Ags generally results in deletional tolerance following transient, costimulation-dependent activation. We demonstrated that CD40 signaling reversed the outcome of this response. Adoptive transfer of OVA-specific CD8 T cells followed by soluble OVA immunization resulted in induction of lytic activity and optimal clonal expansion only when CD40 was triggered via an agonistic mAb. Activation of CD8 T cells by CD40 signaling was indirect, because CD40 expression by host cells was required. CD40 signaling along with soluble Ag immunization also induced expansion of secondary lymphoid and intestinal mucosal endogenous OVA-specific CD8 T cells as detected by MHC tetramer reactivity. When CD40 activation was included, long-lived secondary lymphoid and mucosal memory CD8 cells were generated from adoptively transferred and endogenous CD8 T cells. Mucosal and peripheral CD8 memory cells exhibited constitutive Ag-specific lytic activity, with mucosal memory cells being 10-fold more lytic than splenic or lymph node memory cells. These results demonstrated that CD40 signaling during a response to a poorly immunogenic soluble Ag was necessary and sufficient for CTL and memory T cell induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lefrançois
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06037, USA.
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112
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Potsch C, Vöhringer D, Pircher H. Distinct migration patterns of naive and effector CD8 T cells in the spleen: correlation with CCR7 receptor expression and chemokine reactivity. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:3562-70. [PMID: 10556810 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199911)29:11<3562::aid-immu3562>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the migration pattern of lymphocytes represent a key event in the evolution of an immune response since they enable lymphocytes to gain access to infected tissues. We studied the location of virus-specific CD8 T cells in various splenic compartments in response to infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), either in situ or by adoptive cell transfers using T cells from transgenic (tg) mice expressing an LCMV-specific TCR. Naive tg T cells were predominantly localized in the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath, where they proliferated extensively after virus infection. In contrast, in vivo activated effector T cells failed to enter white pulp areas and accumulated in the red pulp. The different homing patterns of naive and effector CD8 T cells in vivo correlated well with their CCR7 chemokine receptor expression and their reactivity to the secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC). Thus, down-regulation of CCR7 expression on CD8 effector T cells rendered them unre sponsive to SLC, which controls T cell homing into white pulp of spleen and lymph nodes. Exclusion of CD8 effector T cells from these sites may represent an important mechanism to protect professional antigen-presenting cells from cytotoxic T cell attack and thus to prevent a prematuredecline of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Potsch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Department of Immunology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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113
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Potsch C, Vöhringer D, Pircher H. Distinct migration patterns of naive and effector CD8 T cells in the spleen: correlation with CCR7 receptor expression and chemokine reactivity. Eur J Immunol 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199911)29:11%3c3562::aid-immu3562%3e3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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114
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Abstract
To prevent uncontrolled expansion, the massive proliferation of T cells during an acute immune response has to be followed by controlled deletion. Here we show that similar to Fas, perforin is not only an important effector molecule of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) but also involved in down-regulating peripheral T cells. Mice deficient for both the CTL effector molecule perforin and the apoptosis-inducing Fas ligand spontaneously develop infiltration of highly activated CD8(+) T cells in kidney and liver and die between 5 and 12 weeks of age. Injection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) into perforin-deficient mice results in dramatically increased selective expansion and prolonged persistence of CD8(+), but not CD4(+), SEB-reactive T cells. Also, secondary immunization of TCR transgenic perforin-deficient mice with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein-derived epitope peptide leads to an increased proliferation of transgenic CD8(+) T cells, that is not explained by failure to deplete professional antigen-presenting cells. These results point to a novel mechanism of T cell homeostasis in which the acquisition of perforin-dependent cytotoxic activity regulates the expansion and persistence of CD8(+) effector T cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kägi
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Amgen Institute Toronto, Canada.
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115
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Shrikant P, Khoruts A, Mescher MF. CTLA-4 blockade reverses CD8+ T cell tolerance to tumor by a CD4+ T cell- and IL-2-dependent mechanism. Immunity 1999; 11:483-93. [PMID: 10549630 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A tumor-specific CD8+ T cell response was studied using adoptive transfer of OT-I TCR transgenic cells. Upon i.p. challenge with E.G7 tumor, OT-I cells undergo CD4+ T cell-independent expansion at the tumor site and develop lytic function. Before tumor elimination, however, they leave the peritoneal cavity (PC) and appear in the LN and spleen where they exhibit "split anergy" and cannot further proliferate to antigen. Administering anti-CTLA-4 mAb early caused sustained OT-1 expansion in the PC, and late administration caused the OT-I cells to return to the PC and further expand; in both cases, tumor was controlled. These effects required CD4+ T cells and IL-2 and appear to result from reversal of the nonresponsive state of the CD8+ T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Adoptive Transfer
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Clonal Anergy
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Immunoconjugates
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-2/physiology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peritoneal Cavity/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- Thymoma/immunology
- Thymoma/pathology
- Thymus Neoplasms/immunology
- Thymus Neoplasms/pathology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- P Shrikant
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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116
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Schmidt CS, Mescher MF. Adjuvant Effect of IL-12: Conversion of Peptide Antigen Administration from Tolerizing to Immunizing for CD8+ T Cells In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.5.2561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD8+ T cells from TCR transgenic 2C mice, specific for SIYRYYGL peptide bound to H-2Kb, were adoptively transferred into C57BL/6 recipients to allow monitoring of their location, numbers, and phenotype upon peptide challenge. Recipients were primed by s.c. injection of SIYRYYGL alone or with CFA or IL-12, and the transferred cells then tracked by flow cytometry using the 1B2 mAb specific for the 2C TCR. Peptide alone induced a transient and weak expansion of 1B2+ cells in the draining lymph nodes (DLN) by day 3, but these cells were tolerant to secondary peptide challenge. In contrast, priming with CFA/peptide resulted in a large clonal expansion of 1B2+ cells in DLN by day 3, and the cells exhibited a CD25highCD44high phenotype, blast transformation, and lytic effector function. By day 5, 1B2+ cell numbers decreased in the DLN and increased in the spleen and blood. 1B2+ cells with a memory phenotype persisted through day 60 in the DLN, spleen, and blood and responded to secondary peptide challenge. Immunization with peptide, along with IL-12, mimicked the adjuvant effects of CFA with respect to phenotype, clonal expansion, effector function, and establishment of memory. IL-12 was not unique in providing this adjuvant effect however, since CFA/peptide immunization of IL-12-deficient recipient mice also resulted in 1B2+ T cell activation and clonal expansion. Thus, CFA or IL-12 can enhance Ag-specific CD8+ T cell responses to peptide, demonstrating that an inflammatory cytokine(s) can support activation and prevent tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint S. Schmidt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Matthew F. Mescher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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117
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Ludewig B, Oehen S, Barchiesi F, Schwendener RA, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM. Protective Antiviral Cytotoxic T Cell Memory Is Most Efficiently Maintained by Restimulation Via Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.4.1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play a key role in the initiation of T cell-mediated immune responses and may therefore be successfully used in antiviral and antitumor vaccination strategies. Because both strength and duration of an immune response determines the outcome of a vaccination protocol, we evaluated the life span of DC-induced antiviral CTL memory against systemic and peripheral challenge infections with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). We found that expansion and activation of CTL by DC was transient. Protection against systemic LCMV infection after DC immunization was relatively long-lived (>60 days), whereas complete protection against peripheral infection via intracerebral infection or infection into the footpad with LCMV, where rapid recruitment of effector T cells to the site of infection and elimination of viral pathogen plays a major role, was short-lived (<30 days). Protective immunity was most efficiently restored by administration of antigenic peptides via DC, rather than in combination with IFA or in liposomes. These results suggest that Ag presentation by DC may be crucial for both initiation and maintenance of protective CTL-mediated immunity against viruses infecting solid organs or against peripheral mesenchymal or epithelial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Reto A. Schwendener
- †Division of Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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118
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Tompkins WA. Immunomodulation and therapeutic effects of the oral use of interferon-alpha: mechanism of action. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1999; 19:817-28. [PMID: 10476925 DOI: 10.1089/107999099313325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well accepted that type 1 interferons (IFNs), IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, in addition to being molecules with powerful antiviral activity, play a critical role in modulating immune responses to foreign and self-antigens. This review of the literature documents the immunomodulatory effects of IFN-alpha and discusses its position and importance in the cytokine cascade. In addition, this review attempts to organize the literature describing local and systemic immunomodulatory effects of orally administered low doses of IFN-alpha, and provide a physiological explanation for the mechanism of action. Evidence suggests that, early in the process of antigen presentation to T helper (Th) cells, IFN-alpha derived principally from the antigen-presenting cells (APC) provides an important signal for Th precursor differentiation in favor of a Th1 immune response. IFN-alpha, perhaps via upregulation of the high-alphaffinity interleukin-12beta1/beta2 (IL-12beta1/beta2) receptor, renders Th1 cells responsive to IL-12 resulting in production of high levels of IFN-gamma crucial to the development of Th1 immune responses. In addition to being instrumental in the development of Th1 immune responses, IFN-alpha appears to be the major cytokine responsible for the amplification of the CD8+ T cell response and resistance to viral infections. Orally administered IFN-alpha induces similar Th1 cytokine responses in buccal mucosal lymph nodes (LN), including upregulation of IFN-gamma expression and downregulation of IL-4. Moreover, reports of systemic immune effects such as decreased autoimmune responses, increased antiviral and antibacterial responses, and generalized immune function changes after oral IFN-alpha administration are consistent with the known immunomodulatory role of IFN-alpha in a physiological setting. Responses to orally administered low doses of IFN-alpha also adhere to the principle of low-dose priming and high-dose anergy that dictates the cellular and cytokine responses to exogenously added cytokines both in vivo and in vitro. These observations collectively suggest that IFN-alpha administered to mucosal-associated immune tissue replicates the known physiological role of IFN-alpha, including regulation of CD4+ Th1 immunomodulatory cells and activation of CD8+ effector cells, which are both crucial to development of protective immune responses. What remains to be determined is how local mucosal immune responses to IFN-alpha given orally are translated into systemic immune responses and resistance to disease. This important question, the answer to which will have profound implications for new immunotherapies for immune-based diseases, is the focus of current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Tompkins
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA.
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119
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Borghans JAM, Noest AJ, De Boer RJ. How Specific Should Immunological Memory Be? THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.2.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Protection against infection hinges on a close interplay between the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. Depending on the type and context of a pathogen, the innate system instructs the adaptive immune system to induce an appropriate immune response. Here, we hypothesize that the adaptive immune system stores these instructions by changing from a naive to an appropriate memory phenotype. In a secondary immune reaction, memory lymphocytes adhere to their instructed phenotype. Because cross-reactions with unrelated Ags can be detrimental, such a qualitative form of memory requires a sufficient degree of specificity of the adaptive immune system. For example, lymphocytes instructed to clear a particular pathogen may cause autoimmunity when cross-reacting with ignored self molecules. Alternatively, memory cells may induce an immune response of the wrong mode when cross-reacting with subsequent pathogens. To maximize the likelihood of responding to a wide variety of pathogens, it is also required that the immune system be sufficiently cross-reactive. By means of a probabilistic model, we show that these conflicting requirements are met optimally by a highly specific memory lymphocyte repertoire. This explains why the lymphocyte system that was built on a preserved functional innate immune system has such a high degree of specificity. Our analysis suggests that 1) memory lymphocytes should be more specific than naive lymphocytes and 2) species with small lymphocyte repertoires should be more vulnerable to both infection and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André J. Noest
- Theoretical Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J. De Boer
- Theoretical Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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120
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Zinkernagel RM, Althage A. On the role of thymic epithelium vs. bone marrow-derived cells in repertoire selection of T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:8092-7. [PMID: 10393953 PMCID: PMC22193 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.14.8092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes mature in the thymus to become functional T cells. Studies with chimeric mice and T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic (tg) mice have indicated that the major histocompatibility gene complex (MHC) of thymic radio-resistant (presumed to be epithelial) cells positively select the MHC-restricted T cell repertoire. Surprisingly, mice without a thymus reconstituted with an MHC-incompatible thymus generate effector T cells which are, in general, specific for the host and not for the thymic MHC. The present study reanalyzed this longstanding paradox in nude mice that were reconstituted with an MHC-incompatible thymus plus or minus immunologically defective bone marrow-derived cells or in nude mice expressing a transgenic T cell receptor. A pathway of thymus-dependent but thymic MHC-independent T cell maturation is revealed where expansion of the antiviral T cell repertoire depends on the MHC of bone marrow-derived cells. These results indicate an alternative, if not a general, pathway of T cell maturation and selection: the thymus may function essentially as an organ promoting T cell receptor expression; T cell specificity, however, reflects repertoire expansion plus cell survival and effector T cell induction driven by the MHC of bone marrow-derived cells. Therefore pure thymus defects can be efficiently reconstituted by allo- and xenogeneic thymic grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Zinkernagel
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, CH 8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
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121
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Hauser C, Zipprich F, Leblond I, Wirth S, Hügin AW. Protective Immunity from Naive CD8+ T Cells Activated In Vitro with MHC Class I Binding Immunogenic Peptides and IL-2 in the Absence of Specialized APCs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.1.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Ag-specific CTL can protect against tumors and some viral infections and may be useful for adoptive immunotherapy. Here, we show that purified CD8+ T cells from naive C57BL/6 mice can be primed in vitro with different immunogenic peptides, which bind to MHC class I gene products, and IL-2 to exhibit specific and MHC-restricted effector function in vitro and in vivo protection against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection and B16.F10 melanoma lung metastases. Limiting dilution assays in the absence of feeder cells with highly purified CD8+ T cells from two transgenic mice strains, each expressing a different MHC class I-restricted TCR, indicated that only peptide and IL-2, but not TCR− cells, were required for the growth of naive CD8+ T cells. These alternative minimal requirements for the activation and expansion of specific CD8+ T lymphocytes, without the need for professional APC, may be exploited for adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Hauser
- *Allergy Unit, Division of Immunology and Allergy, and
- †Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Cantonal Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Susanne Wirth
- *Allergy Unit, Division of Immunology and Allergy, and
| | - Ambros W. Hügin
- †Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Cantonal Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
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122
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Deeths MJ, Kedl RM, Mescher MF. CD8+ T Cells Become Nonresponsive (Anergic) Following Activation in the Presence of Costimulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.1.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD8+ T cells stimulated in vitro with anti-TCR mAb and B7-1 or ICAM-1 produce IL-2 and clonally expand. Effector function is acquired within 3 days, but proliferation ceases and the cells begin to die by apoptosis. Stimulation in vivo with B7-1-expressing allogeneic tumor results in the same sequence of events with a comparable time course. In both cases, the cells become anergic within 3 or 4 days of responding; they can no longer respond by producing IL-2 and proliferating, but can still be stimulated to proliferate in response to exogenous IL-2. This activation-induced nonresponsiveness (AINR) is not simply a consequence of ongoing cell death; cytokines that promote survival (IL-7 or IFN-α) or proliferation (human IL-2) do not restore the ability to produce IL-2 in response to costimulation. Although similar to the anergy described for CD4+ T cell clones, AINR differs in that it results from an initial stimulation with both signal 1 and signal 2. AINR appears to be an aspect of the normal differentiation of fully stimulated CD8+ T cells. It is probably important in regulating CTL responses; it limits the initial T helper-independent response and converts it to a response that requires T cell help to be sustained and further expanded. When the initial helper-independent response is not sufficient to clear Ag, and if help is not available, AINR likely results in tolerance to the Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Deeths
- Center for Immunology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Ross M. Kedl
- Center for Immunology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Matthew F. Mescher
- Center for Immunology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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123
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Lenardo M, Chan KM, Hornung F, McFarland H, Siegel R, Wang J, Zheng L. Mature T lymphocyte apoptosis--immune regulation in a dynamic and unpredictable antigenic environment. Annu Rev Immunol 1999; 17:221-53. [PMID: 10358758 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 755] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of mature T lymphocytes preserves peripheral homeostasis and tolerance by countering the profound changes in the number and types of T cells stimulated by diverse antigens. T cell apoptosis occurs in at least two major forms: antigen-driven and lymphokine withdrawal. These forms of death are controlled in response to local levels of IL-2 and antigen in a feedback mechanism termed propriocidal regulation. Active antigen-driven death is mediated by the expression of death cytokines such as FasL and TNF. These death cytokines engage specific receptors that assemble caspase-activating protein complexes. These signaling complexes tightly regulate cell death but are vulnerable to inherited defects. Passive lymphokine withdrawal death may result from the cytoplasmic activation of caspases that is regulated by mitochondria and the Bcl-2 protein. The human disease, Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS) is due to dominant-interfering mutations in the Fas/APO-1/CD95 receptor and other components of the death pathway. The study of ALPS patients reveals the necessity of apoptosis for preventing autoimmunity and allows the genetic investigation of apoptosis in humans. Immunological, cellular, and molecular evidence indicates that throughout the life of a T cell, apoptosis may be evoked in excessive, harmful, or useless clonotypes to preserve a healthy and balanced immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lenardo
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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124
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Renno T, Attinger A, Locatelli S, Bakker T, Vacheron S, MacDonald HR. Cutting Edge: Apoptosis of Superantigen-Activated T Cells Occurs Preferentially After a Discrete Number of Cell Divisions In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.11.6312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins are bacterial products that display superantigen activity in vitro as well as in vivo. For instance, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) polyclonally activates T cells that bear the Vβ8 gene segment of the TCR. SEB-activated T cells undergo a burst of proliferation that is followed by apoptosis. Using an in vivo adaptation of a fluorescent cell division monitoring technique, we show here that SEB-activated T cells divide asynchronously, and that apoptosis of superantigen-activated T cells is preferentially restricted to cells which have undergone a discrete number of cell divisions. Collectively, our data suggest that superantigen-activated T cells are programmed to undergo a fixed number of cell divisions before undergoing apoptosis. A delayed death program may provide a mechanistic compromise between effector functions and homeostasis of activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toufic Renno
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Attinger
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Locatelli
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Talitha Bakker
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Vacheron
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - H. Robson MacDonald
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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125
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Zimmermann C, Pircher H. A Novel Approach to Visualize Polyclonal Virus-Specific CD8 T Cells In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.9.5178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Recent technical breakthroughs in generating soluble MHC class I-peptide tetramers now allow the direct visualization of virus-specific CD8 T cells after infection in vivo. However, this technique requires the knowledge of the immunodominant viral epitopes recognized by T cells. Here, we describe an alternative approach to visualize polyclonal virus-specific CD8 T cells in vivo using a simple adoptive transfer system. In our approach, C57BL/6 (Thy1.2) mice were infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, or vaccinia virus to induce virus-specific memory T cells. Tracer T cells (2 × 106) from these virus-immune mice were adoptively transferred into nonirradiated (C57BL/6 × B6.PL-Thy-1a)F1 mice. After infection of the F1-recipient mice with the appropriate virus, the transferred cells expanded vigorously, and on day 8 postinfection 60–80% of total CD8 T cells were of donor T cell origin. Under the same conditions memory CD4 T cells gave rise to at least 10 times less cell numbers than memory CD8 T cells. The transfer system described here not only allows to visualize effector and memory CD8 T cells in vivo but also to isolate them for further in vitro characterization without knowing the epitopes recognized by these Ag-specific CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Zimmermann
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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126
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Kägi D, Ho A, Odermatt B, Zakarian A, Ohashi PS, Mak TW. TNF Receptor 1-Dependent β Cell Toxicity as an Effector Pathway in Autoimmune Diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.8.4598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Autoimmune diabetes is characterized by a chronic progressive inflammatory autoimmune reaction that ultimately causes the selective elimination of pancreatic β cells. To address the question of whether the cell death-inducing cytokines TNF and lymphotoxin α are involved in this process, we generated nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice that are deficient for TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1 or TNFRp55). Insulitis developed in these mice similarly to that in normal control NOD mice, but progression to diabetes was completely abrogated. Since this was probably due to the complex immunomodulatory effects of TNF and lymphotoxin α signaled via TNFR1 on lymphohemopoietic cells, adoptive transfer experiments with spleen cells from diabetic NOD mice were conducted. It was found that the absence of TNFR1 in recipients delayed diabetes induced by normal control and precluded diabetes induced by perforin-deficient spleen cells. In a CD8+ T cell-mediated model of diabetes, however, diabetes induced by adoptive transfer of TCR transgenic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein-specific CD8+ T cells was not delayed by the absence of TNFR1 in recipient mice. Together with the described expression patterns of perforin and TNF in the mononuclear islet infiltrates of NOD mice, these results indicate that two diabetogenic effector mechanisms are delivered by distinct cell populations: CD8+ T cells lyse β cells via perforin-dependent cytotoxicity, whereas CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells contribute to diabetes development via TNFR1-dependent β cell toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kägi
- *Ontario Cancer Institute/Amgen Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Alexandra Ho
- *Ontario Cancer Institute/Amgen Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Bernhard Odermatt
- †Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Arsen Zakarian
- *Ontario Cancer Institute/Amgen Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Pamela S. Ohashi
- *Ontario Cancer Institute/Amgen Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Tak W. Mak
- *Ontario Cancer Institute/Amgen Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
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127
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Bendigs S, Salzer U, Lipford GB, Wagner H, Heeg K. CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides co-stimulate primary T cells in the absence of antigen-presenting cells. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:1209-18. [PMID: 10229088 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199904)29:04<1209::aid-immu1209>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) act as powerful adjuvant during in vivo induction of T cell responses. While CpG-ODN directly activate antigen-presenting cells (APC) and thus exert an extrinsic activity on T cells, it is unclear whether they directly affect T cells (intrinsic activity). Here we analyze the effects of CpG-ODN on T cells in an APC-free cell culture. We report that CpG-ODN co-stimulate T cells provided they were triggered via their TCR. CpG-ODN induced IL-2 production, IL-2 receptor expression and thus proliferation. Proliferation was blocked by cyclosporin A or anti-IL-2 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) but not by anti-IL-4 mAb. Moreover, CpG-co-stimulated T cells differentiated into cytolytic T lymphocytes in vitro. Of note, IL-2-driven growth of primed T cells was not affected by CpG-ODN. Co-stimulation was also operative in T cells from CD28-/- mice and in TCR-transgenic T cells stimulated with peptide. CpG-ODN-mediated co-stimulation of T cells in vitro may thus explain part of the potent adjuvant effects of CpG-ODN in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bendigs
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität, München, Germany
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128
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Curtsinger JM, Schmidt CS, Mondino A, Lins DC, Kedl RM, Jenkins MK, Mescher MF. Inflammatory Cytokines Provide a Third Signal for Activation of Naive CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.6.3256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The effects of inflammatory cytokines on naive T cells have been studied using MHC protein/peptide complexes on microspheres, thus avoiding the use of APCs whose functions may be affected by the cytokines. IL-1, but not IL-12, increased proliferation of CD4+ T cells in response to Ag and IL-2, which is consistent with effects on in vivo priming of CD4+ cells. In contrast, proliferation of CD8+ T cells to Ag and IL-2 required IL-12, and IL-12 replaced adjuvant in stimulating an in vivo response to peptide. These results support a model in which distinct inflammatory cytokines act directly on naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to provide a third signal, along with Ag and IL-2, to optimally activate differentiation and clonal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clint S. Schmidt
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Anna Mondino
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Debra C. Lins
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Ross M. Kedl
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Marc K. Jenkins
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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129
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Shrikant P, Mescher MF. Control of Syngeneic Tumor Growth by Activation of CD8+ T Cells: Efficacy Is Limited by Migration Away from the Site and Induction of Nonresponsiveness. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.5.2858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Activation of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells in response to syngeneic tumor has been visualized by adoptive transfer of CD8+ T cells from OT-I mice, with a transgenic TCR specific for H-2Kb and an OVA peptide, into Thy-1 congenic recipients. Intraperitoneal challenge with E.G7, the EL-4 thymoma transfected with OVA, results in activation and clonal expansion of the OT-I cells in the peritoneal cavity and transient control of tumor growth. However, within 2 days after becoming activated, the OT-I cells migrate out of the peritoneal cavity into the spleen and lymph nodes, and tumor growth resumes in the peritoneal cavity. The OT-I cells in lymph nodes and spleen have lytic effector activity, but exhibit split anergy in that they cannot proliferate in response to Ag unless exogenous IL-2 is provided. The failure to remain at the tumor site and continue to control tumor growth is not due to selection of Ag loss variants or development of suppression. These results suggest that effective CD8-targeted immunotherapy may depend less on enhancing the initial activation and more on sustaining the response at the appropriate location and/or reactivating cells that have left the site of tumor growth and become nonresponsive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Protul Shrikant
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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130
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Schirrmacher V, Haas C. Modification of cancer vaccines by virus infection and attachment of bispecific antibodies. An effective alternative to somatic gene therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 451:251-7. [PMID: 10026882 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5357-1_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Schirrmacher
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Cellular Immunology, Heidelberg.
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131
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Oehen S, Brduscha-Riem K. Naïve cytotoxic T lymphocytes spontaneously acquire effector function in lymphocytopenic recipients: A pitfall for T cell memory studies? Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:608-14. [PMID: 10064077 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199902)29:02<608::aid-immu608>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Whether memory T cells require persisting antigen for their survival has been a matter of debate. One prominent view that memory T cells do not require persisting antigen is based in part on studies in which T cell populations have been transferred into antigen-free mice. To generate "space" recipients were often irradiated; the functional properties of the transfused T cells were then evaluated after prolonged periods. In this report we show that transferring cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) into irradiated or T and B cell-deficient hosts results in their proliferation and a change of their activation state. Moreover, naïve T cell receptor-transgenic CTL specific for the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein spontaneously developed cytotoxic effector function under such conditions. Therefore, some of the conclusions based on transfer of T cell populations into irradiated recipients to investigate T cell memory may have to be reevaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Oehen
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Zürich, Switzerland.
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132
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McDermott AB, Cohen SB, Zuckerman JN, Madrigal JA. Human leukocyte antigens influence the immune response to a pre-S/S hepatitis B vaccine. Vaccine 1999; 17:330-9. [PMID: 9987171 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the effects of a single pre-S/S (Hepagene) revaccination in a large population of multiple 'S' vaccinated anti-HBs antibody nonresponder individuals (< 3 IU/l). We investigate the influence of vaccine dose (5, 10, 20 and 40 micrograms/ml), number of previous 'S' containing vaccinations and the individuals HLA genotype on both B- and T-cell responses. We show that 76% of persistently nonresponder individuals produce anti-HBs antibody (> 3 IU/l) following a single revaccination with Hepagene. This anti-HBs antibody response was dose dependent. The group that received 5 micrograms/ml of Hepagene vaccine produced significantly less anti-HBs antibody than those receiving 10, 20 and 40 micrograms/ml doses (p < 0.05 in all cases). Individuals homozygous for HLA-DRB1*0701; DQB1*0202 failed to produce > 100 IU/l of anti-HBs antibody, whereas, heterozygous individuals required > 10 micrograms/ml Hepagene vaccine. The T-cell responses to Hepagene were exclusive of the dose and magnitude of anti-HBs antibody responses. There was a trend towards increased stimulation indices in those individuals who received repeated 'S' containing vaccines. We have clearly shown that the immune response to Hepagene is influenced by the HLA genotype of the individual. However, further investigation is required to determine the specific role of these molecules in hepatitis B vaccine nonresponse. Hepagene is a registered trademark of Hedeva Pharma Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B McDermott
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Hampstead, London, UK
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133
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Affiliation(s)
- B Stockinger
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
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134
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Girgis L, Davis MM, Fazekas de St Groth B. The avidity spectrum of T cell receptor interactions accounts for T cell anergy in a double transgenic model. J Exp Med 1999; 189:265-78. [PMID: 9892609 PMCID: PMC2192997 DOI: 10.1084/jem.189.2.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/1998] [Revised: 10/27/1998] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of self-tolerance in the CD4(+) T cell compartment was examined in a double transgenic (Tg) model in which T cell receptor (TCR)-alpha/beta Tg mice with specificity for the COOH-terminal peptide of moth cytochrome c in association with I-Ek were crossed with antigen Tg mice. Partial deletion of cytochrome-reactive T cells in the thymus allowed some self-specific CD4(+) T cells to be selected into the peripheral T cell pool. Upon restimulation with peptide in vitro, these cells upregulated interleukin (IL)-2 receptor but showed substantially lower cytokine production and proliferation than cells from TCR Tg controls. Proliferation and cytokine production were restored to control levels by addition of saturating concentrations of IL-2, consistent with the original in vitro definition of T cell anergy. However, the response of double Tg cells to superantigen stimulation in the absence of exogenous IL-2 was indistinguishable from that of TCR Tg controls, indicating that these self-reactive cells were not intrinsically hyporesponsive. Measurement of surface expression of Tg-encoded TCR alpha and beta chains revealed that cells from double Tg mice expressed the same amount of TCR-beta as cells from TCR Tg controls, but only 50% of TCR-alpha, implying expression of more than one alpha chain. Naive CD4(+) T cells expressing both Tg-encoded and endogenous alpha chains also manifested an anergic phenotype upon primary stimulation with cytochrome c in vitro, suggesting that low avidity for antigen can produce an anergic phenotype in naive cells. The carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester cell division profiles in response to titered peptide +/- IL-2 indicated that expression of IL-2 receptor correlated with peptide concentration but not TCR level, whereas IL-2 production was profoundly affected by the twofold decrease in specific TCR expression. Addition of exogenous IL-2 recruited double Tg cells into division, resulting in a pattern of cell division indistinguishable from that of controls. Thus, in this experimental model, cells expressing more than one alpha chain escaped negative selection to a soluble self-protein in the thymus and had an anergic phenotype indistinguishable from that of low avidity naive cells. The data are consistent with the notion that avidity-mediated selection for self-reactivity in the thymus may lead to the appearance of anergy within the peripheral, self-reactive T cell repertoire, without invoking the induction of hyporesponsiveness to TCR-mediated signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Girgis
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, Sydney, New South Wales 2042, Australia
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135
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Bercovici N, Delon J, Cambouris C, Escriou N, Debré P, Liblau RS. Chronic intravenous injections of antigen induce and maintain tolerance in T cell receptor-transgenic mice. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:345-54. [PMID: 9933117 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199901)29:01<345::aid-immu345>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-specific T cell tolerance can be induced by systemic injection of high-dose antigen. In particular, a single intravenous (i.v.) injection of influenza virus hemagglutinin peptide in HNT-TCR transgenic mice induces T cell tolerance through thymocyte apoptosis as well as anergy and deletion of peripheral CD4+ T cells. We now show that this tolerance is reversed after 8 weeks probably due to the short in vivo half-life of the peptide. Since durable tolerance is required for this strategy to be of therapeutic value, we tested whether weekly i.v. injections of peptide (up to 12 weeks) could maintain the CD4+ T cell tolerance. Each injection induces a profound deletion of thymocytes, although their level recovers before the next injection. Therefore, during the treatment period, the thymus undergoes cycles of contraction/expansion. In the periphery, the number of CD4+ T cells is stably decreased and the persisting CD4+ T cells are hyporeactive both in vitro and in vivo. This tolerance is essentially peripheral since comparable results were obtained in thymectomized HNT-TCR mice injected weekly. Our data show that stable antigen-specific tolerance can be induced by repeated i.v. injections of antigen. These findings might have implications for the treatment of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bercovici
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, CNRS UMR 7627, INSERM CJF 96-08, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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136
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Zimmermann C, Prévost-Blondel A, Blaser C, Pircher H. Kinetics of the response of naive and memory CD8 T cells to antigen: similarities and differences. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:284-90. [PMID: 9933110 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199901)29:01<284::aid-immu284>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the kinetics of the antigen induced response of naive and memory CD8 T cells expressing a transgenic T cell receptor (TCR) specific for the glycoprotein peptide amino acid 33-41 (GP33) of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Memory T cells were generated in vivo by adoptive transfer of LCMV TCR transgenic T cells into normal recipient mice, followed by LCMV infection. The results demonstrated that the cell cycle progression and kinetics of TCR down-modulation, CD25 and CD69 up-regulation were identical in naive and memory T cells after antigen recognition. Moreover, the two T cell populations did not differ in respect of activation thresholds and in their proliferative capacities neither in vitro nor in vivo. However, memory CD8 T cells could be more rapidly induced to become cytolytic and to secrete high levels of interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma than naive T cells. LCMV GP33-specific CD8 memory T cells were only slightly more efficient in reducing LCMV titers in the spleen but were far more effective than naive LCMV GP33-specific T cells in controlling subcutaneous tumor growth of B16.F10 melanoma cells which expressed the LCMV GP33 epitope as tumor-associated antigen. Thus, in our experiments the main difference between CD8 memory T cells and naive cells is the ability of the former to rapidly acquire effector cell functions.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens/administration & dosage
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Antigens, Viral
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Immunologic Memory
- Kinetics
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/genetics
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- S Phase
- Viral Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zimmermann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Immunology, University of Freiburg, Germany
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137
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Blaser C, Kaufmann M, Pircher H. Cutting Edge: Virus-Activated CD8 T Cells and Lymphokine-Activated NK Cells Express the Mast Cell Function-Associated Antigen, An Inhibitory C-Type Lectin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.12.6451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The mast cell function-associated Ag (MAFA) is an inhibitory C-type lectin that was originally identified on the cell surface of a rat mucosal mast cell line, RBL-2H3. We have cloned the mouse homologue of the rat MAFA gene, and Northern blot analysis revealed that mouse MAFA (mMAFA) gene expression was strongly induced in effector CD8 T cells and lymphokine-activated NK cells but not in effector CD4 T cells and in mouse mast cells. Moreover, mMAFA gene expression was only found in effector CD8 T cells that had been primed in vivo with live virus because in vitro activated CD8 T cells did not express mMAFA. Primary sequence comparison revealed a high degree of conservation (89% similarity) between rat MAFA and mMAFA. Thus, the MAFA molecule in the mouse is a putative inhibitory receptor on anti-viral CD8 T cells induced in vivo and on NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Blaser
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Immunology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kaufmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Immunology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Immunology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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138
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Abstract
This report investigates the response of CD8(+) T cells to antigens presented by B cells. When C57BL/6 mice were injected with syngeneic B cells coated with the Kb-restricted ovalbumin (OVA) determinant OVA257-264, OVA-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) tolerance was observed. To investigate the mechanism of tolerance induction, in vitro-activated CD8(+) T cells from the Kb-restricted, OVA-specific T cell receptor transgenic line OT-I (OT-I cells) were cultured for 15 h with antigen-bearing B cells, and their survival was determined. Antigen recognition led to the killing of the B cells and, surprisingly, to the death of a large proportion of the OT-I CTLs. T cell death involved Fas (CD95), since OT-I cells deficient in CD95 molecules showed preferential survival after recognition of antigen on B cells. To investigate the tolerance mechanism in vivo, naive OT-I T cells were adoptively transferred into normal mice, and these mice were coinjected with antigen-bearing B cells. In this case, OT-I cells proliferated transiently and were then lost from the secondary lymphoid compartment. These data provide the first demonstration that B cells can directly tolerize CD8(+) T cells, and suggest that this occurs via CD95-mediated, activation-induced deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Bennett
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia
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139
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Dubois PM, Pihlgren M, Tomkowiak M, Van Mechelen M, Marvel J. Tolerant CD8 T Cells Induced by Multiple Injections of Peptide Antigen Show Impaired TCR Signaling and Altered Proliferative Responses In Vitro and In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.10.5260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for peripheral CD8 T cell tolerance to foreign Ags remain poorly understood. In this study we have characterized the state of CD8 T cell tolerance induced in F5 TCR transgenic mice by multiple peptide injections in vivo. The tolerant state of CD8 T cells is characterized by impaired proliferative responses, increased sensitivity to cell death, and failure to acquire cytotoxic effector function after in vitro antigenic challenge. In vivo monitoring of CD8 T cell proliferation using 5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester showed that a large subset of the tolerant T cell population failed to divide in response to peptide. TCR down-regulation could not account for this loss of responsiveness to Ag since recombination-activating gene-1 (RAG-1)−/−F5 CD8 T cell responses were similar to those of RAG-1−/−F5 × RAG-1−/− F1 T lymphocytes, which express lower levels of the transgenic TCR. Analysis of early signal transduction in tolerant CD8 T cells revealed high basal levels of cytoplasmic calcium as well as impaired calcium mobilization and tyrosine phosphorylation after cross-linking of CD3ε and CD8α. Together these data indicate that repeated exposure to soluble antigenic peptide in vivo can induce a state of functional tolerance characterized by defective TCR signaling, impaired proliferation, and increased sensitivity to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice M. Dubois
- *Immunologie Cellulaire, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France; and
| | - Maria Pihlgren
- *Immunologie Cellulaire, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France; and
| | - Martine Tomkowiak
- *Immunologie Cellulaire, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France; and
| | - Marcelle Van Mechelen
- †Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jacqueline Marvel
- *Immunologie Cellulaire, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France; and
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140
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von Herrath MG, Coon B, Lewicki H, Mazarguil H, Gairin JE, Oldstone MBA. In Vivo Treatment with a MHC Class I-Restricted Blocking Peptide Can Prevent Virus-Induced Autoimmune Diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.9.5087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We tested the in vivo potential of a MHC class I-restricted blocking peptide to sufficiently lower an anti-viral CTL response for preventing virus-induced CTL-mediated autoimmune diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)) in vivo without affecting systemic viral clearance. By designing and screening several peptides with high binding affinities to MHC class I H-2Db for best efficiency in blocking killing of target cells by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and other viral CTL, we identified the peptide for this study. In vitro, it selectively lowered CTL killing restricted to the Db allele, which correlated directly with the affinity of the respective epitopes. Expression of the blocking peptide in the target cell lowered recognition of all Db-restricted LCMV epitopes. In addition, in vitro expansion of LCMV memory CTL was prevented, resulting in decreased IFN-γ secretion. In vivo, a 2-wk treatment with this peptide lowered the LCMV Db-restricted CTL response by over threefold without affecting viral clearance. However, the CTL reduction by the peptide treatment was sufficient to prevent LCMV-induced IDDM in rat insulin promoter-LCMV-glycoprotein transgenic mice. Following LCMV infection, these mice develop IDDM, which depends on Db-restricted anti-self (viral) CTL. Precursor numbers of splenic LCMV-CTL in peptide-treated mice were reduced, but their cytokine profile was not altered, indicating that the peptide did not induce regulatory cells. Further, non-LCMV-CTL recognizing the blocking peptide secreted IFN-γ and did not protect from IDDM. This study demonstrates that in vivo treatment with a MHC class I blocking peptide can prevent autoimmune disease by directly affecting expansion of autoreactive CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias G. von Herrath
- *Division of Virology, Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Bryan Coon
- *Division of Virology, Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Hanna Lewicki
- *Division of Virology, Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Honore Mazarguil
- †Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Unité Propre de Recherche 9062 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean Edouard Gairin
- †Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Unité Propre de Recherche 9062 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Michael B. A. Oldstone
- *Division of Virology, Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
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141
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Martin S, Bevan MJ. Transient alteration of T cell fine specificity by a strong primary stimulus correlates with T cell receptor down-regulation. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:2991-3002. [PMID: 9808168 PMCID: PMC2782384 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199810)28:10<2991::aid-immu2991>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
P14 mice expressing a transgenic TCR specific for the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein p33 epitope were used to study the induction of CTL effector activity by a variety of ligands. Surprisingly, p33 variants which are weaker agonists for the P14 TCR than the wild-type p33 peptide were able to induce more potent effectors with a broader range of cytolytic specificity. Similarly, low concentrations of p33 were more effective than higher concentrations. These results correlated with no or only moderate TCR down-regulation by variants of p33 and low p33 concentrations. This phenotype observed after 18 h of culture was transient as progressive restoration of reactivity was observed at 42 or 66 h in the cultures stimulated with high p33 concentrations and this correlated with recovery of TCR surface levels. TCR down-regulation was blocked by src family kinase inhibitors. These findings indicate that the specificity of a T cell can be fine-tuned by the nature of the primary stimulus correlating with surface TCR level and imply an important role for src family kinases in the differential regulation of surface TCR levels upon TCR engagement by different ligand/MHC complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Martin
- Department of Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-7370, USA
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142
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Malvey EN, Telander DG, Vanasek TL, Mueller DL. The role of clonal anergy in the avoidance of autoimmunity: inactivation of autocrine growth without loss of effector function. Immunol Rev 1998; 165:301-18. [PMID: 9850869 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of mature CD4+ T cells in the peripheral immune system to peptide-antigen/MHC complexes in the absence of a threat of infection induces tolerance to the antigen as a result of both a decreased clonal frequency (peripheral deletion) and the induction of proliferative unresponsiveness (clonal anergy) in the survivors. Interestingly, Th 1-like effector functions are not automatically blocked after the development of clonal anergy. Thus, anergic T cells have the capacity to mediate Th 1-like helper activities if allowed to accumulate to high frequency. In this article, we examine those factors important to the development of tolerance versus immunity against protein antigen, and speculate on the relationship that exists between effective peripheral tolerance induction and the avoidance of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Malvey
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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143
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Ehl S, Aichele P, Ramseier H, Barchet W, Hombach J, Pircher H, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM. Antigen persistence and time of T-cell tolerization determine the efficacy of tolerization protocols for prevention of skin graft rejection. Nat Med 1998; 4:1015-9. [PMID: 9734393 DOI: 10.1038/2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We studied antigen-specific T-cell tolerization therapy using skin transplantation across a defined minor histocompatibility antigen difference. Specific tolerization protocols using short-lived peptide or long-lived spleen cells presenting the peptide as antigen prevented graft rejection without immunosuppression when started before or as long as 10 days after transplantation. Peptide-induced T-cell tolerance was transient, and antigen presentation by the graft was not sufficient to maintain tolerance. In contrast, transfer of antigen-expressing lymphoid cells induced long-lasting tolerance correlating with donor cell chimerism. These findings show that antigen-specific tolerization can induce graft acceptance even when begun after transplantation and that long-term graft survival depends on persistence of the tolerizing antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ehl
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Zürich.
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144
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Malvey EN, Jenkins MK, Mueller DL. Peripheral Immune Tolerance Blocks Clonal Expansion but Fails to Prevent the Differentiation of Th1 Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.5.2168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Clonal anergy in Ag-specific CD4+ T cells is shown in these experiments to inhibit IL-2 production and clonal expansion in vivo. We also demonstrate that the defect in IL-2 gene inducibility can be achieved in both naive and Th1-like memory T cells when repeatedly exposed to aqueous peptide Ag. Nevertheless, this induction of clonal anergy did not interfere with the capacity of naive T cells to differentiate into Th1-like effector cells, nor did it prevent such helper cells from participating in T-dependent IgG2a anti-hapten responses and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. Thus, clonal anergy can contribute to the development of Ag-specific immune tolerance by limiting the size of a Th cell population, but not by disrupting its effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc K. Jenkins
- †Microbiology, and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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145
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Prévost-Blondel A, Zimmermann C, Stemmer C, Kulmburg P, Rosenthal FM, Pircher H. Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Exhibiting High Ex Vivo Cytolytic Activity Fail to Prevent Murine Melanoma Tumor Growth In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.5.2187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The identification of tumor-associated Ags recognized by CD8+ CTL and prevention of tumor outgrowth by adoptive transfer of these CTL demonstrates that CD8+ T cells play a major role in antitumor immunity. We have generated B16.F10 melanoma cells that express the glycoprotein epitope amino acid 33–41 (GP33) of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) to examine antitumor CD8+ T cell response in C57BL/6 mice immune to LCMV and in mice transgenic for the LCMV GP33-specific P14 TCR (P14 TCR mice). We find that B16.F10GP33 tumor cells grew in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice without inducing T cell tolerance. LCMV infection or adoptive transfer of LCMV-specific effector T cells delayed but did not prevent growth of preestablished tumors in these mice. However, B16.F10GP33 tumor cells were rejected in mice immune to LCMV and in mice treated with LCMV-specific effector T cells on the same day as the tumor. Surprisingly, B16.F10GP33 tumor cells grew in P14 TCR transgenic mice despite an abundance of tumor-associated Ag-specific CD8+ T cells. In these mice, freshly isolated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes exhibited an activated phenotype and displayed high GP33-specific cytolytic activity when assessed ex vivo. Thus, B16.F10GP33 melanoma cells are able to initiate, but not to sustain, a GP33-specific CTL response sufficient to clear the tumor enduringly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Prévost-Blondel
- *Department of Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Christine Zimmermann
- *Department of Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Christine Stemmer
- *Department of Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Peter Kulmburg
- †Department of Internal Medicine I (Hematology/Oncology), Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Felicia M. Rosenthal
- †Department of Internal Medicine I (Hematology/Oncology), Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- *Department of Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and
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146
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Blaser C, Kaufmann M, Müller C, Zimmermann C, Wells V, Mallucci L, Pircher H. Beta-galactoside-binding protein secreted by activated T cells inhibits antigen-induced proliferation of T cells. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:2311-9. [PMID: 9710209 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199808)28:08<2311::aid-immu2311>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have used mRNA differential display PCR to search for genes induced in activated T cells and have found the LGALS1 (lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble) gene to be strongly up-regulated in effector T cells. The protein coded by the LGALS1 gene is a beta-galactoside-binding protein (betaGBP), which is released by cells as a monomeric negative growth factor but which can also associate into homodimers (galectin-1) with lectin properties. Northern blot analysis revealed that ex vivo isolated CD8+ effector T cells induced by a viral infection expressed high amounts of LGALS1 mRNA, whereas LGALS1 expression was almost absent in resting CD8+ T cells. LGALS1 expression could be induced in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells upon activation with the cognate peptide antigen and high levels of LGALS1 expression were found in concanavalin A-activated T cells but not in lipopolysaccharide-activated B cells. Gel filtration and Western blot analysis revealed that only monomeric betaGBP was released by activated CD8+ T cells and in vitro experiments further showed that recombinant betaGBP was able to inhibit antigen-induced proliferation of naive and antigen-experienced CD8+ T cells. Thus, these data indicate a role of betaGBP as an autocrine negative growth factor for CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Blaser
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Immunology, University of Freiburg, Germany
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147
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Quesnel A, Briand JP. Incomplete trifluoroacetic acid deprotection of asparagine-trityl-protecting group in the vicinity of a reduced peptide bond. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 1998; 52:107-11. [PMID: 9727866 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1998.tb01364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During the Fmoc solid-phase synthesis of reduced peptide bond analogues, we observed that the trityl protection of an asparagine residue in the vicinity of a reduced peptide bond is not cleaved completely after the final trifluoroacetic acid deprotection step. The relative position of the Asn side-chain amine and of the aminomethylene bond as well as the preferential protonation of the secondary amine can be used to explain this phenomenon. We show that longer deprotection times or the use of methyl-trityl protection partially improves the yield of the Asn-deprotected peptide whereas xanthenyl protection totally overcomes this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Quesnel
- Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UPR 9021-CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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148
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Bergenthal A, Hofmann M, Heeg K. Self-veto mechanism of CD8+ cytotoxic effector T cells. Peptide-induced paralysis affects the peptide-MHC-recognizing cytotoxic T lymphocytes and is independent of Fas/Fas ligand interactions. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:1911-22. [PMID: 9645373 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199806)28:06<1911::aid-immu1911>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The lytic activity of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) cell lines or clones can be inhibited by addition of the peptide recognized by these cells. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not fully understood. Here we have analyzed peptide-induced CTL paralysis using in vivo generated ovalbumin (OVA)-specific CTL. Lytic activity of OVA-specific CTL was inhibited by addition of the immunodominant OVA-peptide SIINFEKL in a dose-dependent manner. Paralysis was induced rapidly and binding of the peptide to MHC class I molecules was required. Using mixing experiments with CTL populations of different peptide specificities restricted to the same MHC class I molecule we identified a veto-like mechanism: the cytotoxic activity of the peptide-recognizing CTL was inhibited while the lytic activity of the peptide-presenting CTL was unaltered. Only CD8+ CTL but not CD4+ T cells or B+ cells induced paralysis. After removal of the peptide-presenting CTL by magnetic cell sorting, paralysis was maintained and paralyzed CTL showed no signs of apoptosis. Loss of cytotoxicity could be induced in CTL populations from Fas-deficient (lpr+/lpr+) or Fas ligand-deficient (gld+/gld+) mice and mixtures thereof, implying that Fas/Fas ligand interactions are not involved during induction of paralysis. Hence, peptide-induced paralysis of CTL is due to a self-veto mechanism rather than to mutual killing of CTL. These findings may have implications for in vivo immunization with peptides, viral escape and peripheral tolerance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bergenthal
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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149
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Pape KA, Merica R, Mondino A, Khoruts A, Jenkins MK. Direct Evidence That Functionally Impaired CD4+ T Cells Persist In Vivo Following Induction of Peripheral Tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.10.4719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A small population of CD4+ OVA-specific TCR transgenic T cells was tracked following the induction of peripheral tolerance by soluble Ag to address whether functionally unresponsive, or anergic T cells, persist in vivo for extended periods of time. Although injection of OVA peptide in the absence of adjuvant caused a transient expansion and deletion of the Ag-specific T cells, a population that showed signs of prior activation persisted in the lymphoid tissues for several months. These surviving OVA-specific T cells had long-lasting, but reversible defects in their ability to proliferate in lymph nodes and secrete IL-2 and TNF-α in vivo following an antigenic challenge. These defects were not associated with the production of Th2-type cytokines or the capacity to suppress the clonal expansion of a bystander population of T cells present in the same lymph nodes. Therefore, our results provide direct evidence that a long-lived population of functionally impaired Ag-specific CD4+ T cells is generated in vivo after exposure to soluble Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Pape
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Rebecca Merica
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Anna Mondino
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Alexander Khoruts
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Marc K. Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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150
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Gallimore A, Glithero A, Godkin A, Tissot AC, Plückthun A, Elliott T, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel R. Induction and exhaustion of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes visualized using soluble tetrameric major histocompatibility complex class I-peptide complexes. J Exp Med 1998; 187:1383-93. [PMID: 9565631 PMCID: PMC2212278 DOI: 10.1084/jem.187.9.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 610] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/1998] [Revised: 02/27/1998] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the construction of soluble major histocompatibility complexes consisting of the mouse class I molecule, H-2Db, chemically biotinylated beta2 microglobulin and a peptide epitope derived from the glycoprotein (GP; amino acids 33-41) of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Tetrameric class I complexes, which were produced by mixing the class I complexes with phycoerythrin-labeled neutravidin, permitted direct analysis of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) by flow cytometry. This technique was validated by (a) staining CD8+ cells in the spleens of transgenic mice that express a T cell receptor (TCR) specific for H-2Db in association with peptide GP33-41, and (b) by staining virus-specific CTLs in the cerebrospinal fluid of C57BL/6 (B6) mice that had been infected intracranially with LCMV-DOCILE. Staining of spleen cells isolated from B6 mice revealed that up to 40% of CD8(+) T cells were GP33 tetramer+ during the initial phase of LCMV infection. In contrast, GP33 tetramers did not stain CD8+ T cells isolated from the spleens of B6 mice that had been infected 2 mo previously with LCMV above the background levels found in naive mice. The fate of virus-specific CTLs was analyzed during the acute phase of infection in mice challenged both intracranially and intravenously with a high or low dose of LCMV-DOCILE. The results of the study show that the outcome of infection by LCMV is determined by antigen load alone. Furthermore, the data indicate that deletion of virus-specific CTLs in the presence of excessive antigen is preceded by TCR downregulation and is dependent upon perforin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gallimore
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, CH-8091, Zürich, Switzerland.
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