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Arbelaiz A, Azkargorta M, Krawczyk M, Santos-Laso A, Lapitz A, Perugorria MJ, Erice O, Gonzalez E, Jimenez-Agüero R, Lacasta A, Ibarra C, Sanchez-Campos A, Jimeno JP, Lammert F, Milkiewicz P, Marzioni M, Macias RIR, Marin JJG, Patel T, Gores GJ, Martinez I, Elortza F, Falcon-Perez JM, Bujanda L, Banales JM. Serum extracellular vesicles contain protein biomarkers for primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2017; 66:1125-1143. [PMID: 28555885 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) includes a heterogeneous group of biliary cancers with poor prognosis. Several conditions, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), are risk factors. Noninvasive differential diagnosis between intrahepatic CCA and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is sometimes difficult. Accurate noninvasive biomarkers for PSC, CCA, and HCC are not available. In the search for novel biomarkers, serum extracellular vesicles (EV) were isolated from CCA (n = 43), PSC (n = 30), or HCC (n = 29) patients and healthy individuals (control, n = 32); and their protein content was characterized. By using nanoparticle tracking analysis, serum EV concentration was found to be higher in HCC than in all the other groups. Round morphology (by transmission electron microscopy), size (∼180 nm diameter by nanoparticle tracking analysis), and markers (clusters of differentiation 9, 63, and 81 by immunoblot) indicated that most serum EV were exosomes. Proteome profiles (by mass spectrometry) revealed multiple differentially expressed proteins among groups. Several of these proteins showed high diagnostic values with maximum area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.878 for CCA versus control, 0.905 for CCA stage I-II versus control, 0.789 for PSC versus control, 0.806 for noncirhottic PSC versus control, 0.796 for CCA versus PSC, 0.956 for CCA stage I-II versus PSC, 0.904 for HCC versus control, and 0.894 for intrahepatic CCA versus HCC. Proteomic analysis of EV derived from CCA human cells in vitro revealed higher abundance of oncogenic proteins compared to EV released by normal human cholangiocytes. Orthotopic implant of CCA human cells in the liver of immunodeficient mice resulted in the release to serum of EV containing some similar human oncogenic proteins. CONCLUSION Proteomic signatures found in serum EV of CCA, PSC, and HCC patients show potential usefulness as diagnostic tools. (Hepatology 2017;66:1125-1143).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ander Arbelaiz
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Mikel Azkargorta
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcin Krawczyk
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Laboratory of Metabolic Liver Diseases, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alvaro Santos-Laso
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Lapitz
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Maria J Perugorria
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Oihane Erice
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Raul Jimenez-Agüero
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Adelaida Lacasta
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Frank Lammert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Piotr Milkiewicz
- Liver and Internal Medicine Unit, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Translational Medicine Group, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Rocio I R Macias
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jose J G Marin
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Tushar Patel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Félix Elortza
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M Falcon-Perez
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,Metabolomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Derio, Spain
| | - Luis Bujanda
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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Merino-Azpitarte M, Lozano E, Perugorria MJ, Esparza-Baquer A, Erice O, Santos-Laso A, O'Rourke CJ, Andersen JB, Jiménez-Agüero R, Lacasta A, D'Amato M, Briz O, Jalan-Sakrikar N, Huebert RC, Thelen KM, Gradilone SA, Aransay AM, Lavín JL, Fernández-Barrena MG, Matheu A, Marzioni M, Gores GJ, Bujanda L, Marin JJG, Banales JM. SOX17 regulates cholangiocyte differentiation and acts as a tumor suppressor in cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol 2017; 67:72-83. [PMID: 28237397 PMCID: PMC5502751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a biliary malignancy linked to genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, such as hypermethylation of SOX17 promoter. Here, the role of SOX17 in cholangiocyte differentiation and cholangiocarcinogenesis was studied. METHODS SOX17 expression/function was evaluated along the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) into cholangiocytes, in the dedifferentiation process of normal human cholangiocytes (NHC) in culture and in cholangiocarcinogenesis. Lentiviruses for SOX17 overexpression or knockdown were used. Gene expression and DNA methylation profiling were performed. RESULTS SOX17 expression is induced in the last stage of cholangiocyte differentiation from iPSC and regulates the acquisition of biliary markers. SOX17 becomes downregulated in NHC undergoing dedifferentiation; experimental SOX17 knockdown in differentiated NHC downregulated biliary markers and promoted baseline and Wnt-dependent proliferation. SOX17 expression is lower in human CCA than in healthy tissue, which correlates with worse survival after tumor resection. In CCA cells, SOX17 overexpression decreased their tumorigenic capacity in murine xenograft models, which was related to increased oxidative stress and apoptosis. In contrast, SOX17 overexpression in NHC did not affect their survival but inhibited their baseline proliferation. In CCA cells, SOX17 inhibited migration, anchorage-independent growth and Wnt/β-catenin-dependent proliferation, and restored the expression of biliary markers and primary cilium length. In human CCA, SOX17 promoter was found hypermethylated and its expression inversely correlates with the methylation grade. In NHC, Wnt3a decreased SOX17 expression in a DNMT-dependent manner, whereas in CCA, DNMT1 inhibition or silencing upregulated SOX17. CONCLUSIONS SOX17 regulates the differentiation and maintenance of the biliary phenotype and functions as a tumor suppressor for CCA, being a potential prognostic marker and a promising therapeutic target. LAY SUMMARY Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of CCA is key in finding new valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic targets. This study provides evidence that SOX17 regulates the differentiation and maintenance of the biliary phenotype, and its downregulation promotes their tumorigenic transformation. SOX17 acts as a tumor suppressor in CCA and its genetic, molecular and/or pharmacological restoration may represent a new promising therapeutic strategy. Moreover, SOX17 expression correlates with the outcome of patients after tumor resection, being a potential prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Merino-Azpitarte
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - E Lozano
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain,Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain
| | - MJ Perugorria
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Esparza-Baquer
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - O Erice
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - A Santos-Laso
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - CJ O'Rourke
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - JB Andersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R Jiménez-Agüero
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - A Lacasta
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - M D'Amato
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - O Briz
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain
| | - N Jalan-Sakrikar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - RC Huebert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - KM Thelen
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - SA Gradilone
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - AM Aransay
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain,Genome Analysis Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - JL Lavín
- Genome Analysis Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | | | - A Matheu
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Neuro-Oncology Group, Biodonostia Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - M Marzioni
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Università Politecnica delle Marche”, Ancona, Italy
| | - GJ Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - L Bujanda
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain
| | - JJG Marin
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain
| | - JM Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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103
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Kennedy I, Francis H, Meng F, Glaser S, Alpini G. Diagnostic and therapeutic potentials of microRNAs in cholangiopathies. LIVER RESEARCH 2017; 1:34-41. [PMID: 29085701 PMCID: PMC5659325 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiopathies are a group of rare, devastating diseases that arise from damaged cholangiocytes, the cells that line the intra- and extra-hepatic bile ducts of the biliary epithelium. Cholangiopathies result in significant morbidity and mortality and are a major cause of liver transplantation. A better understanding of the underlying pathogenesis that influences cholangiocyte dysregulation and cholangiopathy progression is necessary, considering the dismal prognosis associated with these diseases. MicroRNAs are a class of small, non-coding RNAs that regulate post-transcriptional mRNA expression of specific genes. The role of microRNAs has expanded to include the initiation and development of many diseases, including cholangiopathies. Understanding microRNA regulation of cholangiopathies may provide diagnostic and therapeutic benefit for these diseases. In this review, the authors primarily focus on studies published within the last five years that help determine the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of microRNAs in cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- indsey Kennedy
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine
| | - Heather Francis
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health3, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health3, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health3, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System,Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine,Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health3, Temple, Texas, USA,Corresponding author: Texas A&M Health Science Center Olin E. Teague Medical Center 1901 South 1st Street, Bldg. 205, 1R60 Temple, TX, 76504, USA
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104
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Nakagawa R, Muroyama R, Saeki C, Goto K, Kaise Y, Koike K, Nakano M, Matsubara Y, Takano K, Ito S, Saruta M, Kato N, Zeniya M. miR-425 regulates inflammatory cytokine production in CD4 + T cells via N-Ras upregulation in primary biliary cholangitis. J Hepatol 2017; 66:1223-1230. [PMID: 28192189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease of unknown pathogenesis. Consequently, therapeutic targets for PBC have yet to be identified. CD4+ T cells play a pivotal role in immunological dysfunction observed in PBC, and therefore, microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA expression were analysed in CD4+ T cells, to investigate PBC pathogenesis and identify novel therapeutic targets. METHODS Integral miRNA and mRNA analysis of 14 PBC patients and ten healthy controls was carried out using microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), with gene set enrichment analysis. The functional analyses of miRNA were then assessed using reporter and miRNA-overexpression assays. RESULTS The integral analysis of miRNA and mRNA identified four significantly downregulated miRNAs (miR-181a, -181b, -374b, and -425) related to the T cell receptor (TCR) signalling pathway in CD4+ T cells of PBC. N-Ras, a regulator of the TCR signalling pathway, was found to be targeted by all four identified miRNAs. In addition, in vitro assays confirmed that decreased miR-425 strongly induced inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-2 and interferon [IFN]-γ) via N-Ras upregulation in the TCR signalling pathway. CONCLUSION The decreased expression of four miRNAs that dysregulate TCR signalling in PBC CD4+ T cells was identified. miR-425 was demonstrated as an inflammatory regulator of PBC via N-Ras upregulation. Therefore, the restoration of decreased miR-425 or the suppression of N-Ras may be a promising immunotherapeutic strategy against PBC. LAY SUMMARY Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease, but the causes are unknown. MicroRNAs are molecules known to regulate biological signals. In this study, four microRNAs were identified as being decreased in PBC patients, leading to activation of T cell receptor signalling pathways, involved in inflammation. One particular target, N-Ras, could be an attractive and novel immunotherapeutic option for PBC. TRANSCRIPT PROFILING Microarray data are deposited in GEO (GEO accession: GSE93172).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nakagawa
- Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Muroyama
- Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chisato Saeki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaku Goto
- Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Kaise
- Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Matsubara
- Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Takano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Ito
- Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saruta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Kato
- Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Mikio Zeniya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Sanno Medical Center, Sanno Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Purpose of Review The purpose of this review is to discuss reasons why immunosuppressive therapy so far failed in Primary Biliry Cholangitis. Recent Findings Even targeted immunosuppressive therapy seems ineffective or potentially harmful. Summary Bile acid-mediated cholangiocyte damage, facilitated by insufficient bicarbonate secretion, seems to attenuate the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic actions of immunosuppressant and immunomodulatory drugs in a clinically significant way.
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106
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Yu H, Duan P, Zhu H, Rao D. miR-613 inhibits bladder cancer proliferation and migration through targeting SphK1. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:1213-1221. [PMID: 28386347 PMCID: PMC5376012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increasing evidence has suggested that microRNA (miRNA) dysregulation may contribute to tumor progression and metastasis. However, the role of miR-613 in bladder cancer was still unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS qRT-PCR and Western blotting were performed to detect the expression of miR-613 and its direct target gene. CCK-8 analysis, qRT-PCR and cell invasion were performed to measure the cell function. RESULTS We demonstrated that the expression of miR-613 was downregulated in the bladder cancer cell lines. In addition, miR-613 expression was downregulated in the bladder cancer tissues compared to the adjacent normal tissues. Out of 35 bladder cancer tissues, miR-613 was downregulated in 27 cases compared to the adjacent tissues. Ectopic expression of miR-613 suppressed the bladder cancer cell proliferation and invasion. Moreover, miR-613 overexpression enhanced the expression of epithelial biomarker, Ecadherin, and suppressed the expression of mesenchymal biomarker, Vimentin, Snail and N-cadherin. Furthermore, we identified the Sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) as the direct target gene of miR-613 in the bladder cancer cell. Restoration of Sphk1 partially rescued miR-613-inhibited bladder cancer cell proliferation, invasion and EMT. CONCLUSIONS These data suggested that miR-613 acted a tumor suppressive role in bladder cancer through targeting SphK1 in bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Yu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Duan
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haibo Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dapang Rao
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
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107
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Fernandez-Barrena MG, Barcena-Varela M, Banales JM. New evidence supporting the biliary bicarbonate umbrella theory. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2017; 41:126-128. [PMID: 27818187 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M G Fernandez-Barrena
- Hepatology Program, CIMA of the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Barcena-Varela
- Hepatology Program, CIMA of the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - J M Banales
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain; Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo del Dr. Begiristain s/n, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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108
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Guicciardi ME, Krishnan A, Bronk SF, Hirsova P, Griffith TS, Gores GJ. Biliary tract instillation of a SMAC mimetic induces TRAIL-dependent acute sclerosing cholangitis-like injury in mice. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2535. [PMID: 28055006 PMCID: PMC5386369 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a cholestatic liver disease of unknown etiopathogenesis characterized by fibrous cholangiopathy of large and small bile ducts. Systemic administration of a murine TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor agonist induces a sclerosing cholangitis injury in C57BL/6 mice, suggesting endogenous TRAIL may contribute to sclerosing cholangitis syndromes. Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (cIAP-1 and cIAP-2) are negative regulators of inflammation and TRAIL receptor signaling. We hypothesized that if endogenous TRAIL promotes sclerosing cholangitis, then cIAP depletion should also induce this biliary tract injury. Herein, we show that cIAP protein levels are reduced in the interlobular bile ducts of human PSC livers. Downregulation of cIAPs in normal human cholangiocytes in vitro by use of a SMAC mimetic (SM) induces moderate, ripoptosome-mediated apoptosis and RIP1-independent upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Cytokine and chemokine expression was mediated by the non-canonical activation of NF-κB. To investigate whether downregulation of cIAPs is linked to generation of a PSC-like phenotype, an SM was directly instilled into the mouse biliary tree. Twelve hours after biliary instillation, TUNEL-positive cholangiocytes were identified; 5 days later, PSC-like changes were observed in the SM-treated mice, including a fibrous cholangiopathy of the interlobular bile ducts, portal inflammation, significant elevation of serum markers of cholestasis and cholangiographic evidence of intrahepatic biliary tract injury. In contrast, TRAIL and TRAIL-receptor deficient mice showed no sign of cholangiopathy following SM intrabiliary injection. We conclude that in vivo antagonism of cIAPs in mouse biliary epithelial cells is sufficient to trigger cholangiocytes apoptosis and a proinflammatory response resulting in a fibrous cholangiopathy resembling human sclerosing cholangitis. Therefore, downregulation of cIAPs in PSC cholangiocytes may contribute to the development of the disease. Our results also indicate that inhibition of TRAIL signaling pathways may be beneficial in the treatment of PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Guicciardi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anuradha Krishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Steven F Bronk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Petra Hirsova
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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de Vries E, Beuers U. Management of cholestatic disease in 2017. Liver Int 2017; 37 Suppl 1:123-129. [PMID: 28052628 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are the most frequent chronic cholestatic liver diseases and serve as model diseases to discuss the management of cholestasis in 2017 in the lecture that is summarized in this report. PBC and PSC are characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of small intrahepatic (PBC) or larger intra- and/or extrahepatic (PSC) bile ducts. Bile duct damage leads to cholestasis and can progress to liver fibrosis and even cirrhosis. Various genetic, environmental and endogenous factors may contribute to the development of chronic cholestatic liver diseases, but the exact pathogenesis of PBC and PSC has not been clarified. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the standard treatment of PBC and is used also for other cholestatic conditions including PSC, and it exerts anticholestatic effects at adequate doses. Novel anticholestatic therapeutic options for patients not adequately responding to UDCA are under development or have, like obeticholic acid, already been proven to have efficacy when combined with UDCA in the treatment of PBC. The future role of immunomodulating/immunosuppressive drug regimens must be critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsemieke de Vries
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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110
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Marzorati S, Lleo A, Carbone M, Gershwin ME, Invernizzi P. The epigenetics of PBC: The link between genetic susceptibility and environment. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2016; 40:650-659. [PMID: 27341761 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) previously known as primary biliary cirrhosis is an autoimmune disease-associated with progressive cholestasis, the presence of autoreactive T cell and characteristic serological autoantibodies. Genetic and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have recently shed light on the genetic background of PBC. Besides that some causal nucleotide changes and mechanisms remain largely unknown as suggested for example, by the observation that monozygotic twins have an identical DNA sequence even if presents some phenotypic differences that may be consequences of different exposures to environmental stressors. For this reason, it is believed that epigenetic mechanisms may be involved in PBC pathogenesis, as already demonstrated in many autoimmune diseases and can eventually provide an understanding that has been missed from genetics alone. This review will focus on the most commonly studied epigenetic modifications already demonstrated in PBC; special attention will be paid also to other epigenetic mechanisms so far not demonstrated in PBC patients, but that could increase our understanding in PBC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Marzorati
- Liver Unit and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ana Lleo
- Liver Unit and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Carbone
- Liver Unit and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Merrill Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Program for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Section of Digestive Diseases, International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (MB), Italy.
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111
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MiR-139-5p is associated with inflammatory regulation through c-FOS suppression, and contributes to the progression of primary biliary cholangitis. J Transl Med 2016; 96:1165-1177. [PMID: 27668889 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease characterized pathologically by destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts. PBC is largely classified into three subtypes based on clinical course: (i) gradually progressive, (ii) portal hypertension, and (iii) hepatic failure. Previous studies have indicated that serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, is elevated in PBC patients with fibrosis. Although the severity of cholangitis might also be related to the PBC subtype, its etiology has been unclear. Several studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) demonstrate specific expression patterns in various diseases. In the present study, we evaluated miRNA expression patterns among the PBC subtypes using comprehensive deep sequencing. We also carried out histologic examination by laser capture microdissection and investigated how the identified miRNAs were involved in PBC clinical progression using the miRNA transfection method. On average, ~11 million 32-mer short RNA reads per sample were obtained, and we found that the expression levels of 97 miRNAs differed significantly among the four groups. Heat mapping demonstrated that the miRNA profiles from hepatic failure and portal hypertension type were clustered differently from those of the gradually progressive type and controls. Furthermore, we focused on miR-139-5p, which has an adequate number of total short reads. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR showed that miR-139-5p was significantly downregulated in clinically advanced PBC. Also, examination of liver tissues demonstrated that the expression of lymphocyte-derived miR-139-5p was significantly higher in hepatocytes. In vitro, the level of TNF-α was significantly elevated in supernatant of cells with upregulation of miR-139-5p. Furthermore, c-FOS gene transcription was repressed. Thus, we have demonstrated a novel inflammation-regulatory mechanism involving TNF-α and c-FOS transcription through miR-139-5p in the NF-κB signaling pathway. We conclude that the specific miRNA miR-139-5p might be involved in the pathogenesis of PBC, especially during clinical progression.
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112
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Zweers SJ, Shiryaev A, Komuta M, Vesterhus M, Hov JR, Perugorria MJ, de Waart DR, Chang JC, Tol S, Te Velde AA, de Jonge WJ, Banales JM, Roskams T, Beuers U, Karlsen TH, Jansen PL, Schaap FG. Elevated interleukin-8 in bile of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Liver Int 2016; 36:1370-7. [PMID: 26866350 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS To better understand the pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis, anti- and pro-inflammatory factors were studied in bile. METHODS Ductal bile of PSC patients (n = 36) and controls (n = 20) was collected by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. Gallbladder bile was collected at liver transplantation. Bile samples were analysed for cytokines, FGF19 and biliary lipids. Hepatobiliary tissues of PSC and non-PSC patients (n = 8-11 per patient group) were collected at transplantation and were analysed for IL8 and FGF19 mRNA expression and IL8 localization. The effect of IL8 on proliferation of primary human cholangiocytes and expression of pro-fibrotic genes was studied. RESULTS In PSC patients, median IL8 in ductal bile was 6.6 ng/ml vs. 0.24 ng/ml in controls. Median IL8 in gallbladder bile was 7.6 ng/ml in PSC vs. 2.2 and 0.3 ng/ml in two control groups. IL8 mRNA in PSC gallbladder was increased and bile ducts stained positive for IL8. In vitro, IL8 induced proliferation of primary human cholangiocytes and increased the expression of pro-fibrotic genes. CONCLUSION Elevation of IL8 in bile of PSC patients, collected at different stages of disease, indicates an ongoing inflammatory stimulus that drives IL8 production. This challenges the idea that advanced PSC is a burned-out disease, and calls for reconsideration of anti-inflammatory therapy in PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge J Zweers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexey Shiryaev
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Research Institute of Internal Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mina Komuta
- Morphology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mette Vesterhus
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Johannes R Hov
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Research Institute of Internal Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - María J Perugorria
- Department of Liver and Department of Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), CIBERehd, Ikerbasque, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - D Rudi de Waart
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jung-Chin Chang
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shanna Tol
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anje A Te Velde
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Department of Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), CIBERehd, Ikerbasque, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Tania Roskams
- Morphology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H Karlsen
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Research Institute of Internal Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter L Jansen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank G Schaap
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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113
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Hisamoto S, Shimoda S, Harada K, Iwasaka S, Onohara S, Chong Y, Nakamura M, Bekki Y, Yoshizumi T, Ikegami T, Maehara Y, He XS, Gershwin ME, Akashi K. Hydrophobic bile acids suppress expression of AE2 in biliary epithelial cells and induce bile duct inflammation in primary biliary cholangitis. J Autoimmun 2016; 75:150-160. [PMID: 27592379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of chronic inflammation in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is essential for successful treatment. Earlier work has demonstrated that patients with PBC have reduced expression of the anion exchanger 2 (AE2) on biliary epithelial cells (BEC) and deletion of AE2 gene has led to a PBC-like disorder in mice. To directly address the role of AE2 in preventing PBC pathogenesis, we took advantage of our ability to isolate human BEC and autologous splenic mononuclear cells (SMC). We studied the influence of hydrophobic bile acids, in particular, glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC), on AE2 expression in BEC and the subsequent impact on the phenotypes of BEC and local inflammatory responses. We demonstrate herein that GCDC reduces AE2 expression in BEC through induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which enhances senescence of BEC. In addition, a reduction of AE2 levels by either GCDC or another AE2 inhibitor upregulates expression of CD40 and HLA-DR as well as production of IL-6, IL-8 and CXCL10 from BEC in response to toll like receptor ligands, an effect suppressed by inhibition of ROS. Importantly, reduced AE2 expression enhances the migration of autologous splenic mononuclear cells (SMC) towards BEC. In conclusion, our data highlight a key functional role of AE2 in the maintenance of the normal physiology of BEC and the pathogenic consequences of reduced AE2 expression, including abnormal intrinsic characteristics of BEC and their production of signal molecules that lead to the chronic inflammatory responses in small bile ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Hisamoto
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Shinji Shimoda
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Sho Iwasaka
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Shinya Onohara
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yong Chong
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Minoru Nakamura
- Clinical Research Center in National Hospital Organization (NHO), Nagasaki Medical Center and Department of Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Omura, Japan.
| | - Yuki Bekki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Toru Ikegami
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiko Maehara
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Xiao-Song He
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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114
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Chang J, Go S, de Waart DR, Munoz‐Garrido P, Beuers U, Paulusma CC, Oude Elferink R. Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase Regulates Bile Salt-Induced Apoptosis in Human Cholangiocytes. Hepatology 2016; 64:522-34. [PMID: 26991014 PMCID: PMC5111777 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Anion exchanger 2 (AE2), the principal bicarbonate secretor in the human biliary tree, is down-regulated in primary biliary cholangitis. AE2 creates a "bicarbonate umbrella" that protects cholangiocytes from the proapoptotic effects of bile salts by maintaining them deprotonated. We observed that knockdown of AE2 sensitized immortalized H69 human cholangiocytes to not only bile salt-induced apoptosis (BSIA) but also etoposide-induced apoptosis. Because the toxicity of etoposide is pH-independent, there could be a more general mechanism for sensitization of AE2-depleted cholangiocytes to apoptotic stimuli. We found that AE2 deficiency led to intracellular bicarbonate accumulation and increased expression and activity of soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC), an evolutionarily conserved bicarbonate sensor. Thus, we hypothesized that sAC regulates BSIA. H69 cholangiocytes and primary mouse cholangiocytes were used as models. The sAC-specific inhibitor KH7 not only reversed sensitization to BSIA in AE2-depleted H69 cholangiocytes but even completely prevented BSIA. sAC knockdown by tetracycline-inducible short hairpin RNA also prevented BSIA. In addition, sAC inhibition reversed BSIA membrane blebbing, nuclear condensation, and DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, sAC inhibition also prevented BSIA in primary mouse cholangiocytes. Mechanistically, sAC inhibition prevented Bax phosphorylation at Thr167 and mitochondrial translocation of Bax and cytochrome c release but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation during BSIA. Finally, BSIA in H69 cholangiocytes was inhibited by intracellular Ca(2+) chelation, aggravated by thapsigargin, and unaffected by removal of extracellular calcium. CONCLUSIONS BSIA is regulated by sAC, depends on intracellular Ca(2+) stores, and is mediated by the intrinsic apoptotic pathway; down-regulation of AE2 in primary biliary cholangitis sensitizes cholangiocytes to apoptotic insults by activating sAC, which may play a crucial role in disease pathogenesis. (Hepatology 2016;64:522-534).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung‐Chin Chang
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Simei Go
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dirk R. de Waart
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Patricia Munoz‐Garrido
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University HospitalUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)San SebastiánSpain,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III)MadridSpain
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Coen C. Paulusma
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ronald Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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115
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Concepcion AR, Salas JT, Sáez E, Sarvide S, Ferrer A, Portu A, Uriarte I, Hervás-Stubbs S, Oude Elferink RPJ, Prieto J, Medina JF. CD8+ T cells undergo activation and programmed death-1 repression in the liver of aged Ae2a,b-/- mice favoring autoimmune cholangitis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:28588-606. [PMID: 26396175 PMCID: PMC4745679 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic disease of unknown etiopathogenesis showing progressive autoimmune-mediated cholangitis. In PBC patients, the liver and lymphocytes exhibit diminished expression of AE2/SLC4A2, a Cl-/HCO3- anion exchanger involved in biliary bicarbonate secretion and intracellular pH regulation. Decreased AE2 expression may be pathogenic as Ae2a,b(-/-) mice reproduce hepatobiliary and immunological features resembling PBC. To understand the role of AE2 deficiency for autoimmunity predisposition we focused on the phenotypic changes of T cells that occur over the life-span of Ae2a,b(-/-) mice. At early ages (1-9 months), knockout mice had reduced numbers of intrahepatic T cells, which exhibited increased activation, programmed-cell-death (PD)-1 expression, and apoptosis. Moreover, young knockouts had upregulated PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) on bile-duct cells, and administration of neutralizing anti-PD-L1 antibodies prevented their intrahepatic T-cell deletion. Older (≥ 10 months) knockouts, however, showed intrahepatic accumulation of cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells with downregulated PD-1 and diminished apoptosis. In-vitro DNA demethylation with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine partially reverted PD-1 downregulation of intrahepatic CD8(+) T cells from aged knockouts. CONCLUSION Early in life, AE2 deficiency results in intrahepatic T-cell activation and PD-1/PD-L1 mediated deletion. With aging, intrahepatic CD8+ T cells epigenetically suppress PD-1, and their consequential expansion and further activation favor autoimmune cholangitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel R Concepcion
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), School of Medicine and Clinic University of Navarra, and CIBERehd, Pamplona, Spain
| | - January T Salas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elena Sáez
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), School of Medicine and Clinic University of Navarra, and CIBERehd, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sarai Sarvide
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), School of Medicine and Clinic University of Navarra, and CIBERehd, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alex Ferrer
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ainhoa Portu
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), School of Medicine and Clinic University of Navarra, and CIBERehd, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), School of Medicine and Clinic University of Navarra, and CIBERehd, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sandra Hervás-Stubbs
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), School of Medicine and Clinic University of Navarra, and CIBERehd, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ronald P J Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jesús Prieto
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), School of Medicine and Clinic University of Navarra, and CIBERehd, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan F Medina
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), School of Medicine and Clinic University of Navarra, and CIBERehd, Pamplona, Spain
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116
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Verhoeven CJ, Farid WRR, Roest HP, Ramakrishnaiah V, de Ruiter PE, de Jonge J, Kwekkeboom J, Metselaar HJ, Tilanus HW, Kazemier G, Ijzermans JNM, van der Laan LJW. Polarized release of hepatic microRNAs into bile and serum in response to cellular injury and impaired liver function. Liver Int 2016; 36:883-92. [PMID: 26344705 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Extracellular microRNAs (miRNAs) in serum and bile are currently under intense investigation for biomarker purposes in liver disease. However, the directions and pathways by which miRNAs are released from hepatic cells remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the release of hepatocyte and cholangiocyte-derived miRNAs (HDmiRs and CDmiRs) into blood and bile during various (patho)physiological hepatic conditions. METHODS MiRNA release was analysed using longitudinally collected tissue and paired bile and serum samples (n = 124) that were obtained from liver transplant recipients during follow-up. RESULTS Cell-type specificity of HDmiRs and CDmiRs was confirmed in liver and common bile duct biopsies (P < 0.001). Analysis of paired bile and serum samples showed up to 20-times higher miRNA-levels in bile compared to serum (P < 0.0001). Fractionation of bile showed the majority of miRNAs being present in the unpelletable supernatant, where protein conjunctions protect miRNAs against degradation (P < 0.0001). During episodes of liver injury and histologically proven rejection in liver transplant recipients, relative HDmiR-levels in bile decreased while its levels in serum increased (P ≤ 0.015). Simultaneously, relative CDmiR-levels in bile significantly increased, while their levels in serum decreased. Related to liver excretory function, a strong positive correlation was observed between HDmiR-122 levels and bilirubin excretion into bile (R = 0.694, P < 0.0001), whereas CDmiRs showed an inverse correlation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION During impaired excretory function and injury, the liver shows polarized release of extracellular HDmiRs and CDmiRs. This sheds new light on the biology of hepatic miRNA release which is relevant for the interpretation of hepatic miRNAs as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia J Verhoeven
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Waqar R R Farid
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk P Roest
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Petra E de Ruiter
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Jonge
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Kwekkeboom
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herold J Metselaar
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo W Tilanus
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Kazemier
- Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan N M Ijzermans
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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117
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Esparza-Baquer A, Labiano I, Bujanda L, Perugorria MJ, Banales JM. MicroRNAs in cholangiopathies: Potential diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2016; 40:15-27. [PMID: 26774196 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiopathies are the group of diseases targeting the bile duct epithelial cells (i.e. cholangiocytes). These disorders arise from different etiologies and represent a current diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic challenge. Different molecular mechanisms participate in the development and progression of each type of biliary disease. However, microRNA deregulation is a common central event occurring in all of them that plays a key role in their pathogenesis. MicroRNAs are highly stable small non-coding RNAs present in cells, extracellular microvesicles and biofluids, representing valuable diagnostic tools and potential targets for therapy. In the following sections, the most novel and significant discoveries in this field are summarized and their potential clinical value is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Esparza-Baquer
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ibone Labiano
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Luis Bujanda
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain; National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Perugorria
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain; National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jesús M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain; National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Madrid, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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Wang W, Ren X, Cai Y, Chen L, Zhang W, Xu J. Rifampicin Induces Bicarbonate-Rich Choleresis in Rats: Involvement of Anion Exchanger 2. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:126-36. [PMID: 26319954 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3850-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Previous studies have shown that rifampicin induced choleresis, the mechanisms of which have not been described. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying in vivo rifampicin-induced choleresis. METHODS In one experimental set, rats were treated chronically with rifampicin on days 1, 3 and 7. Serum and biliary parameters were assayed, and mRNA and protein levels, as well as the locations of the hepatic export transporters were analyzed by real-time PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence. Ductular mass was evaluated immunohistochemically. In another experimental set, rats received an acute infusion of rifampicin. The amount of rifampicin in bile was detected using HPLC. Biliary parameters were monitored following intrabiliary retrograde fluxes of the Cl(-)/HCO3 (-) exchange inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) or 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB) in the infused rats. RESULTS Biliary bicarbonate output increased in parallel to the augmented bile flow in response to rifampicin, and this effect was abolished with intrabiliary administration of DIDS, but not NPPB. The biliary secretion of rifampicin with increases in bile flow and biliary rifampicin in response to different infused doses of the antibiotic show no significant correlations. After rifampicin treatment, the expression level of anion exchanger 2 (AE2) increased, while the location of hepatic transporters did not change. However, RIF treatment did not increase ductular mass significantly. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the increase in bile flow induced by rifampicin is mainly due to increased HCO3 (-) excretion mediated by increased AE2 protein expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Xiaofei Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Yi Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Lihong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Weiping Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China.
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Tabibian JH, O’Hara SP, Trussoni CE, Tietz PS, Splinter PL, Mounajjed T, Hagey LR, LaRusso NF. Absence of the intestinal microbiota exacerbates hepatobiliary disease in a murine model of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology 2016; 63:185-96. [PMID: 26044703 PMCID: PMC4670294 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic, idiopathic, fibroinflammatory cholangiopathy. The role of the microbiota in PSC etiopathogenesis may be fundamentally important, yet remains obscure. We tested the hypothesis that germ-free (GF) mutltidrug resistance 2 knockout (mdr2(-/-) ) mice develop a distinct PSC phenotype, compared to conventionally housed (CV) mdr2(-/-) mice. Mdr2(-/-) mice (n = 12) were rederived as GF by embryo transfer, maintained in isolators, and sacrificed at 60 days in parallel with age-matched CV mdr2(-/-) mice. Serum biochemistries, gallbladder bile acids, and liver sections were examined. Histological findings were validated morphometrically, biochemically, and by immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM). Cholangiocyte senescence was assessed by p16(INK4a) in situ hybridization in liver tissue and by senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining in a culture-based model of insult-induced senescence. Serum biochemistries, including alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and bilirubin, were significantly higher in GF mdr2(-/-) (P < 0.01). Primary bile acids were similar, whereas secondary bile acids were absent, in GF mdr2(-/-) mice. Fibrosis, ductular reaction, and ductopenia were significantly more severe histopathologically in GF mdr2(-/-) mice (P < 0.01) and were confirmed by hepatic morphometry, hydroxyproline assay, and IFM. Cholangiocyte senescence was significantly increased in GF mdr2(-/-) mice and abrogated in vitro by ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment. CONCLUSIONS GF mdr2(-/-) mice exhibit exacerbated biochemical and histological features of PSC and increased cholangiocyte senescence, a characteristic and potential mediator of progressive biliary disease. UDCA, a commensal microbial metabolite, abrogates senescence in vitro. These findings demonstrate the importance of the commensal microbiota and its metabolites in protecting against biliary injury and suggest avenues for future studies of biomarkers and therapeutic interventions in PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H. Tabibian
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester
- Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester
| | - Steven P. O’Hara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester
- Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester
| | - Christy E. Trussoni
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester
- Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester
| | - Pamela S. Tietz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester
- Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester
| | - Patrick L. Splinter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester
- Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester
| | | | - Lee R. Hagey
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Nicholas F. LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester
- Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates biliary proliferation by paracrine/autocrine mechanisms. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1061-72. [PMID: 25794706 PMCID: PMC4380841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During cholestatic liver disease, there is dysregulation in the balance between biliary growth and loss in bile duct-ligated (BDL) rats modulated by neuroendocrine peptides via autocrine/paracrine pathways. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a trophic peptide hormone that modulates reproductive function and proliferation in many cell types. We evaluated the autocrine role of GnRH in the regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation. The expression of GnRH receptors was assessed in a normal mouse cholangiocyte cell line (NMC), sham, and BDL rats. The effect of GnRH administration was evaluated in normal rats and in NMC. GnRH-induced biliary proliferation was evaluated by changes in intrahepatic bile duct mass and the expression of proliferation and function markers. The expression and secretion of GnRH in NMC and isolated cholangiocytes was assessed. GnRH receptor subtypes GnRHR1 and GnRHR2 were expressed in cholangiocytes. Treatment with GnRH increased intrahepatic bile duct mass as well as proliferation and function markers in cholangiocytes. Transient knockdown and pharmacologic inhibition of GnRHR1 in NMC decreased proliferation. BDL cholangiocytes had increased expression of GnRH compared with normal rats, accompanied by increased GnRH secretion. In vivo and in vitro knockdown of GnRH decreased intrahepatic bile duct mass/cholangiocyte proliferation and fibrosis. GnRH secreted by cholangiocytes promotes biliary proliferation via an autocrine pathway. Disruption of GnRH/GnRHR signaling may be important for the management of cholestatic liver diseases.
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Beuers U, Gershwin ME, Gish RG, Invernizzi P, Jones DEJ, Lindor K, Ma X, Mackay IR, Parés A, Tanaka A, Vierling JM, Poupon R. Changing nomenclature for PBC: From 'cirrhosis' to 'cholangitis'. Hepatology 2015; 62:1620-2. [PMID: 26372460 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert G Gish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - David E J Jones
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Keith Lindor
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Xiong Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Ian R Mackay
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, 3800, Australia
| | - Albert Parés
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John M Vierling
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raoul Poupon
- Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases, Service d'Hépatologie, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
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Beuers U, Gershwin ME, Gish RG, Invernizzi P, Jones DEJ, Lindor K, Ma X, Mackay IR, Parés A, Tanaka A, Vierling JM, Poupon R. Changing nomenclature for PBC: from 'cirrhosis' to 'cholangitis'. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:1627-9. [PMID: 26385706 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert G Gish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - David E J Jones
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Keith Lindor
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Xiong Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Ian R Mackay
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Albert Parés
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John M Vierling
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raoul Poupon
- Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases, Service d'Hépatologie, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
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Beuers U, Gershwin ME, Gish RG, Invernizzi P, Jones DEJ, Lindor K, Ma X, Mackay IR, Parés A, Tanaka A, Vierling JM, Poupon R. Changing Nomenclature for PBC: From 'Cirrhosis' to 'Cholangitis'. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13:1867-9. [PMID: 26386643 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert G Gish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - David E J Jones
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Keith Lindor
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Xiong Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Ian R Mackay
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Albert Parés
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John M Vierling
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raoul Poupon
- Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases, Service d'Hépatologie, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
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Beuers U, Gershwin ME, Gish RG, Invernizzi P, Jones DEJ, Lindor K, Ma X, Mackay IR, Parés A, Tanaka A, Vierling JM, Poupon R. Changing nomenclature for PBC: From 'cirrhosis' to 'cholangitis'. J Hepatol 2015; 63:1285-7. [PMID: 26385765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert G Gish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - David E J Jones
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Keith Lindor
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Xiong Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Ian R Mackay
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Albert Parés
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John M Vierling
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raoul Poupon
- Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases, Service d'Hépatologie, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
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Webb GJ, Siminovitch KA, Hirschfield GM. The immunogenetics of primary biliary cirrhosis: A comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 2015; 64:42-52. [PMID: 26250073 PMCID: PMC5014907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), a classic autoimmune liver disease, is characterised by a progressive T cell predominant lymphocytic cholangitis, and a serologic pattern of reactivity in the form of specific anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA). CD4+ T cells are particularly implicated by PBC's cytokine signature, the presence of CD4+ T cells specific to mitochondrial auto-antigens, the expression of MHC II on injured biliary epithelial cells, and PBC's coincidence with other similar T cell mediated autoimmune conditions. CD4+ T cells are also central to current animal models of PBC, and their transfer typically also transfers disease. The importance of genetic risk to developing PBC is evidenced by a much higher concordance rate in monozygotic than dizygotic twins, increased AMA rates in asymptomatic relatives, and disproportionate rates of disease in siblings of PBC patients, PBC family members and certain genetically defined populations. Recently, high-throughput genetic studies have greatly expanded our understanding of the gene variants underpinning risk for PBC development, so linking genetics and immunology. Here we summarize genetic association data that has emerged from large scale genome-wide association studies and discuss the evidence for the potential functional significance of the individual genes and pathways identified; we particularly highlight associations in the IL-12-STAT4-Th1 pathway. HLA associations and epigenetic effects are specifically considered and individual variants are linked to clinical phenotypes where data exist. We also consider why there is a gap between calculated genetic risk and clinical data: so-called missing heritability, and how immunogenetic observations are being translated to novel therapies. Ultimately whilst genetic risk factors will only account for a proportion of disease risk, ongoing efforts to refine associations and understand biologic links to disease pathways are hoped to drive more rational therapy for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Webb
- NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - K A Siminovitch
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto General Research Institute, and Departments of Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - G M Hirschfield
- NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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128
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Beuers U, Gershwin ME, Gish RG, Invernizzi P, Jones DEJ, Lindor K, Ma X, Mackay IR, Parés A, Tanaka A, Vierling JM, Poupon R. Changing nomenclature for PBC: from 'cirrhosis' to 'cholangitis'. Gut 2015; 64:1671-2. [PMID: 26374822 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The University of California School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Robert G Gish
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - David E J Jones
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Keith Lindor
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Xiong Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Ian R Mackay
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Albert Parés
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John M Vierling
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Raoul Poupon
- Service d'Hépatologie, Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
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129
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Beuers U, Gershwin ME, Gish RG, Invernizzi P, Jones DEJ, Lindor K, Ma X, Mackay IR, Parés A, Tanaka A, Vierling JM, Poupon R. Changing nomenclature for PBC: From 'cirrhosis' to 'cholangitis'. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2015; 39:e57-9. [PMID: 26433440 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert G Gish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - David E J Jones
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Keith Lindor
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Xiong Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Ian R Mackay
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - Albert Parés
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John M Vierling
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raoul Poupon
- Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases, Service d'Hépatologie, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
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MicroRNAs in the Cholangiopathies: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1688-712. [PMID: 26343736 PMCID: PMC4600153 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4091688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholangiopathies are a group of liver diseases resulting from different etiologies but with the cholangiocyte as the primary target. As a group, the cholangiopathies result in significant morbidity and mortality and represent one of the main indications for liver transplant in both children and adults. Contributing to this situation is the absence of a thorough understanding of their pathogenesis and a lack of adequate diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that modify gene expression post-transcriptionally. They have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including the cholangiopathies. Thus, in this review we provide an overview of the literature on miRNAs in the cholangiopathies and discuss future research directions.
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Dai W, Huang HL, Hu M, Wang SJ, He HJ, Chen NP, Li MY. microRNA-506 regulates proliferation, migration and invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting F-spondin 1 (SPON1). Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:2697-2707. [PMID: 26609477 PMCID: PMC4633899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study indicates microRNA-506 (miR-506) is downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the current study, we investigate the effects of miR-506 on proliferation, migration and invasion in HCC. We report that enforced expression of miR-506 inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro, and suppresses tumor growth in vivo. Conversely, suppression of miR-506 exhibits promoting effects on proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro, and on tumor growth in vivo. In addition, miR-506 binds to the 3'UTR of F-spondin 1(SPON1), and enforced expression of miR-506 decreases accumulation of SPON1. Moreover, enforced expression of SPON1 and suppression of SPON1 alleviates effects of miR-506 mimics and inhibitors on proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro, respectively. In conclusion, microRNA-506 regulates proliferation, migration and invasion in HCC by targeting SPON1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College524001 Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hai-Li Huang
- Clinical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College524001 Zhanjiang, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College524001 Zhanjiang, China
| | - Si-Jie Wang
- Clinical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College524001 Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hui-Juan He
- Clinical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College524001 Zhanjiang, China
| | - Nian-Pin Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College524001 Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ming-Yi Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College524001 Zhanjiang, China
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Epigenetics and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: a Comprehensive Review and Implications for Autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2015; 50:390-403. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-015-8502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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133
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Tabibian JH, Lindor KD. Primary biliary cirrhosis: safety and benefits of established and emerging therapies. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2015. [PMID: 26212223 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2015.1073260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic, cholestatic liver disease characterized histologically by lymphocytic cholangitis and intralobular bile duct destruction. It is a progressive disorder associated with increased mortality and decreased quality of life related to hepatic fibrosis, troublesome symptoms such as fatigue and pruritus, and ultimately endstage cirrhosis. PBC affects adults around the world, and therefore effective treatment of PBC and its associated symptoms constitute significant issues for patients and providers as well as on a public health level. The only approved pharmacotherapy for PBC to date is ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a choleretic, hydrophilic bile acid which has been in clinical use for decades. UDCA is effective in a majority of patients with PBC, but nearly a third of patients are UDCA non-responders. Non-response to UDCA is associated with an increased risk of death or need for liver transplantation (LT). Whereas LT is an effective treatment, it engenders substantial cost and a risk of PBC recurrence, among other complications. Patients who are non-responders to UDCA or have highly symptomatic disease (e.g., intractable pruritus) are thus in critical need of novel therapeutic approaches, which are both safe and effective. AREAS COVERED In this review, we provide a synopsis regarding the safety and benefits of established and emerging pharmacotherapies for PBC and present viewpoints on how they may evolve over the next several years. EXPERT OPINION It is our belief that the pharmacoscope of PBC, as with other cholestatic liver diseases, is likely to see important advancements in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Tabibian
- a 1 Mayo Clinic, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Rochester, MN, USA
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Raschzok N, Sallmon H, Pratschke J, Sauer IM. MicroRNAs in liver tissue engineering - New promises for failing organs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 88:67-77. [PMID: 26116880 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
miRNA-based technologies provide attractive tools for several liver tissue engineering approaches. Herein, we review the current state of miRNA applications in liver tissue engineering. Several miRNAs have been implicated in hepatic disease and proper hepatocyte function. However, the clinical translation of these findings into tissue engineering has just begun. miRNAs have been successfully used to induce proliferation of mature hepatocytes and improve the differentiation of hepatic precursor cells. Nonetheless, miRNA-based approaches beyond cell generation have not yet entered preclinical or clinical investigations. Moreover, miRNA-based concepts for the biliary tree have yet to be developed. Further research on miRNA based modifications, however, holds the promise of enabling significant improvements to liver tissue engineering approaches due to their ability to regulate and fine-tune all biological processes relevant to hepatic tissue engineering, such as proliferation, differentiation, growth, and cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael Raschzok
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannes Sallmon
- Neonatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Johann Pratschke
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Igor M Sauer
- General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
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MicroRNA 224 Regulates Ion Transporter Expression in Ameloblasts To Coordinate Enamel Mineralization. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:2875-90. [PMID: 26055330 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01266-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Enamel mineralization is accompanied by the release of protons into the extracellular matrix, which is buffered to regulate the pH value in the local microenvironment. The present study aimed to investigate the role of microRNA 224 (miR-224) as a regulator of SLC4A4 and CFTR, encoding the key buffering ion transporters, in modulating enamel mineralization. miR-224 was significantly downregulated as ameloblasts differentiated, in parallel with upregulation of SLC4A4 and CFTR. Overexpression of miR-224 downregulated SLC4A4 and CFTR expression in cultured human epithelial cells. A microRNA luciferase assay confirmed the specific binding of miR-224 to the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of SLC4A4 and CFTR mRNAs, thereby inhibiting protein translation. miR-224 agomir injection in mouse neonatal incisors resulted in normal enamel length and thickness, but with disturbed organization of the prism structure and deficient crystal growth. Moreover, the enamel Ca/P ratio and microhardness were markedly reduced after miR-224 agomir administration. These results demonstrate that miR-224 plays a pivotal role in fine tuning enamel mineralization by modulating SLC4A4 and CFTR to maintain pH homeostasis and support enamel mineralization.
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Abstract
Cholangiocytes (ie, the epithelial cells that line the bile ducts) are an important subset of liver cells. They are actively involved in the modification of bile volume and composition, are activated by interactions with endogenous and exogenous stimuli (eg, microorganisms, drugs), and participate in liver injury and repair. The term cholangiopathies refers to a category of chronic liver diseases that share a central target: the cholangiocyte. The cholangiopathies account for substantial morbidity and mortality given their progressive nature, the challenges associated with clinical management, and the lack of effective medical therapies. Thus, cholangiopathies usually result in end-stage liver disease requiring liver transplant to extend survival. Approximately 16% of all liver transplants performed in the United States between 1988 and 2014 were for cholangiopathies. For all these reasons, cholangiopathies are an economic burden on patients, their families, and society. This review offers a concise summary of the biology of cholangiocytes and describes a conceptual framework for development of the cholangiopathies. We also present the recent progress made in understanding the pathogenesis of and how this knowledge has influenced therapies for the 6 common cholangiopathies-primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, cystic fibrosis involving the liver, biliary atresia, polycystic liver disease, and cholangiocarcinoma-because the latest scientific progress in the field concerns these conditions. We performed a search of the literature in PubMed for published papers using the following terms: cholangiocytes, biliary epithelia, cholestasis, cholangiopathy, and biliary disease. Studies had to be published in the past 5 years (from June 1, 2009, through May 31, 2014), and non-English studies were excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN.
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Yang FQ, Zhang HM, Chen SJ, Yan Y, Zheng JH. MiR-506 is down-regulated in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and inhibits cell growth and metastasis via targeting FLOT1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120258. [PMID: 25793370 PMCID: PMC4368579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Some microRNAs (miRNAs) are abnormally expressed in cancer and contribute to tumorigenesis. In the present study, we investigated the role of miR-506 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Methods miR-506 expression was detected in renal cancer cell lines 786-O, ACHN, Caki-1, and Caki-2 and ccRCC specimens by quantitative real-time-PCR. We assessed the association of miR-506 expression with pathology and prognosis in ccRCC patients. We over-expressed and knocked-down miR-506 expression in two renal cancer cell lines, 786-O and ACHN, and assessed the impact on cell proliferation, migration and invasion. A luciferase reporter assay was conducted to confirm the target gene of miR-506 in renal cancer cell lines. Results miR-506 was significantly down-regulated in renal cancer cell lines and ccRCC specimens. Low miR-506 expression in ccRCC specimens was associated with an advanced clinical stage and poor prognosis. miR-506 expression was an independent prognostic marker of overall ccRCC patient survival in a multivariate analysis. Over-expression of miR-506 in renal cancer cells decreased cell growth and metastasis, In contrast, down-regulation of miR-506 expression promoted renal cancer cell growth and metastasis. FLOT1, a potential target gene of miR-506, was inversely correlated with miR-506 expression in ccRCC tissues. Consistent with the effect of miR-506, knockdown of FLOT1 by siRNA inhibited cell malignant behaviors. Rescue of FLOT1 expression partially restored the effects of miR-506. Conclusions miR-506 exerts its anti-cancer function by directly targeting FLOT1 in renal cancer, indicating a potential novel therapeutic role in renal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-qiang Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-ming Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shao-Jun Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-hua Zheng
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Role of novel retroviruses in chronic liver disease: assessing the link of human betaretrovirus with primary biliary cirrhosis. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2015; 17:460. [PMID: 25754451 PMCID: PMC4353873 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-014-0460-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A human betaretrovirus resembling mouse mammary tumor virus has been characterized in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. The agent triggers a disease-specific phenotype in vitro with aberrant cell-surface expression of mitochondrial antigens. The presentation of a usually sequestered self-protein is thought to lead to the loss of tolerance and the production of anti-mitochondrial antibodies associated with the disease. Similar observations have been made in mouse models, where mouse mammary tumor virus infection has been linked with the development of cholangitis and production of anti-mitochondrial antibodies. The use of combination antiretroviral therapy has been shown to impact on histological and biochemical disease in mouse models of autoimmune biliary disease and in clinical trials of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. However, the HIV protease inhibitors are not well tolerated in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, and more efficacious regimens will be required to clearly link reduction of viral load with improvement of cholangitis.
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Gradilone SA, O’Hara SP, Masyuk TV, Pisarello MJL, LaRusso NF. MicroRNAs and benign biliary tract diseases. Semin Liver Dis 2015; 35:26-35. [PMID: 25632932 PMCID: PMC4413449 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1397346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining the biliary tree, represent only a small portion of the total liver cell population (3-5%), but they are responsible for the secretion of up to 40% of total daily bile volume. In addition, cholangiocytes are the target of a diverse group of liver diseases affecting the biliary tract, the cholangiopathies; for most of these conditions, the pathological mechanisms are unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression. Thus, it is not surprising that altered miRNA profiles underlie the dysregulation of several proteins involved in the pathobiology of the cholangiopathies, as well as showing promise as diagnostic and prognostic tools. Here the authors review recent work relevant to the role of miRNAs in the etiopathogenesis of several of the cholangiopathies (i.e., fibroinflammatory cholangiopathies and polycystic liver diseases), discuss their value as prognostic and diagnostic tools, and provide suggestions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A. Gradilone
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Steven P. O’Hara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tetyana V. Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Maria Jose Lorenzo Pisarello
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nicholas F. LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Natarajan SK, Ingham SA, Mohr AM, Wehrkamp CJ, Ray A, Roy S, Cazanave SC, Phillippi MA, Mott JL. Saturated free fatty acids induce cholangiocyte lipoapoptosis. Hepatology 2014; 60:1942-56. [PMID: 24753158 PMCID: PMC4553418 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent studies have identified a cholestatic variant of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with portal inflammation and ductular reaction. Based on reports of biliary damage, as well as increased circulating free fatty acids (FFAs) in NAFLD, we hypothesized the involvement of cholangiocyte lipoapoptosis as a mechanism of cellular injury. Here, we demonstrate that the saturated FFAs palmitate and stearate induced robust and rapid cell death in cholangiocytes. Palmitate and stearate induced cholangiocyte lipoapoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner in multiple cholangiocyte-derived cell lines. The mechanism of lipoapoptosis relied on the activation of caspase 3/7 activity. There was also a significant up-regulation of the proapoptotic BH3-containing protein, PUMA. In addition, palmitate-induced cholangiocyte lipoapoptosis involved a time-dependent increase in the nuclear localization of forkhead family of transcription factor 3 (FoxO3). We show evidence for posttranslational modification of FoxO3, including early (6 hours) deacetylation and dephosphorylation that coincide with localization of FoxO3 in the nuclear compartment. By 16 hours, nuclear FoxO3 is both phosphorylated and acetylated. Knockdown studies confirmed that FoxO3 and its downstream target, PUMA, were critical for palmitate- and stearate-induced cholangiocyte lipoapoptosis. Interestingly, cultured cholangiocyte-derived cells did not accumulate appreciable amounts of neutral lipid upon FFA treatment. CONCLUSION Our data show that the saturated FFAs palmitate and stearate induced cholangiocyte lipoapoptosis by way of caspase activation, nuclear translocation of FoxO3, and increased proapoptotic PUMA expression. These results suggest that cholangiocyte injury may occur through lipoapoptosis in NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Kumar Natarajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Sally A. Ingham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Ashley M. Mohr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Cody J. Wehrkamp
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Anuttoma Ray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Sohini Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Sophie C. Cazanave
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Mary Anne Phillippi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Justin L. Mott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
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Ananthanarayanan M, Banales JM, Guerra MT, Spirli C, Munoz-Garrido P, Mitchell-Richards K, Tafur D, Saez E, Nathanson MH. Post-translational regulation of the type III inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor by miRNA-506. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:184-96. [PMID: 25378392 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.587030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The type III isoform of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R3) is apically localized and triggers Ca(2+) waves and secretion in a number of polarized epithelia. However, nothing is known about epigenetic regulation of this InsP3R isoform. We investigated miRNA regulation of InsP3R3 in primary bile duct epithelia (cholangiocytes) and in the H69 cholangiocyte cell line, because the role of InsP3R3 in cholangiocyte Ca(2+) signaling and secretion is well established and because loss of InsP3R3 from cholangiocytes is responsible for the impairment in bile secretion that occurs in a number of liver diseases. Analysis of the 3'-UTR of human InsP3R3 mRNA revealed two highly conserved binding sites for miR-506. Transfection of miR-506 mimics into cell lines expressing InsP3R3-3'UTR-luciferase led to decreased reporter activity, whereas co-transfection with miR-506 inhibitors led to enhanced activity. Reporter activity was abrogated in isolated mutant proximal or distal miR-506 constructs in miR-506-transfected HEK293 cells. InsP3R3 protein levels were decreased by miR-506 mimics and increased by inhibitors, and InsP3R3 expression was markedly decreased in H69 cells stably transfected with miR-506 relative to control cells. miR-506-H69 cells exhibited a fibrotic signature. In situ hybridization revealed elevated miR-506 expression in vivo in human-diseased cholangiocytes. Histamine-induced, InsP3-mediated Ca(2+) signals were decreased by 50% in stable miR-506 cells compared with controls. Finally, InsP3R3-mediated fluid secretion was significantly decreased in isolated bile duct units transfected with miR-506, relative to control IBDU. Together, these data identify miR-506 as a regulator of InsP3R3 expression and InsP3R3-mediated Ca(2+) signaling and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesus M Banales
- the Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), CIBERehd, IKERBASQUE, AECC, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain, and the Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA of the University of Navarra, Ciberehd, 31009 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | - Patricia Munoz-Garrido
- the Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), CIBERehd, IKERBASQUE, AECC, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain, and
| | - Kisha Mitchell-Richards
- Pathology, Section of Digestive Diseases and the Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | | | - Elena Saez
- the Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA of the University of Navarra, Ciberehd, 31009 Pamplona, Spain
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Tan Y, Pan T, Ye Y, Ge G, Chen L, Wen D, Zou S. Serum microRNAs as potential biomarkers of primary biliary cirrhosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111424. [PMID: 25347847 PMCID: PMC4210265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs), which are extremely stable and protected from RNAse-mediated degradation in body fluids, have emerged as candidate biomarkers for many diseases. The present study aimed to identify a serum microRNA (miRNA) expression profile that could serve as a novel diagnostic biomarker for primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). METHODS Serum miRNA expression was investigated using four cohorts comprising 380 participants (healthy controls and patients with PBC) recruited between August 2010 and June 2013. miRNA expression was initially analyzed by Illumina sequencing using serum samples pooled from 3 patients and 3 controls. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was then used to evaluate the expression of selected miRNAs in a screening set (n = 40). A logistic regression model was then constructed using a training cohort (n = 192) and validated using another cohort (n = 142). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to evaluate diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS We identified a miRNA panel (hsa-miR-122-5p, hsa-miR-141-3p, and hsa-miR-26b-5p) with a high diagnostic accuracy for PBC (AUC = 0.905, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.857 to 0.953; sensitivity = 80.5%, specificity = 88.3%). There was a significant difference between AUC values of the miRNA panel and those of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (AUC = 0.537, difference between areas = 0.314, 95% CI = 0.195 to 0.434, P<0.001), and those of antinuclear antibody (ANA) (AUC = 0.739, difference between areas = 0.112, 95% CI = 0.012 to 0.213, P = 0.0282). CONCLUSION We identified a serum microRNA panel with considerable clinical value in PBC diagnosis. The results indicate that the miRNA panel is a more sensitive and specific biomarker for PBC than ALP and ANA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Tan
- Department of Hepatosis, The Third Hospital of Zhenjiang Affiliated Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Tengli Pan
- Department of Infection, The People’s Hospital of Bozhou, Bozhou, China
| | - Yun Ye
- Department of Hepatosis, The Third Hospital of Zhenjiang Affiliated Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guohong Ge
- Department of Hepatosis, The Third Hospital of Zhenjiang Affiliated Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Hepatosis, The Third Hospital of Zhenjiang Affiliated Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Danfeng Wen
- Department of Hepatosis, The Third Hospital of Zhenjiang Affiliated Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengqiang Zou
- Department of Hepatosis, The Third Hospital of Zhenjiang Affiliated Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Afroze S, Meng F, Jensen K, McDaniel K, Rahal K, Onori P, Gaudio E, Alpini G, Glaser SS. The physiological roles of secretin and its receptor. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2014; 1:29. [PMID: 25332973 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2012.12.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Secretin is secreted by S cells in the small intestine and affects the function of a number of organ systems. Secretin receptors (SR) are expressed in the basolateral domain of several cell types. In addition to regulating the secretion of a number of epithelia (e.g., in the pancreas and biliary epithelium in the liver), secretin exerts trophic effects in several cell types. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive review on the multiple roles of secretin and SR signaling in the regulation of epithelial functions in various organ systems with particular emphasis in the liver. We will discuss the role of secretin and its receptor in health and biliary disease pathogenesis. Finally, we propose future areas of research for the further evaluation of the secretin/secretin receptor axis in liver pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Afroze
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, 2 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 3 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA ; 4 Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 5 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Fanyin Meng
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, 2 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 3 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA ; 4 Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 5 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Kendal Jensen
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, 2 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 3 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA ; 4 Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 5 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Kelly McDaniel
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, 2 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 3 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA ; 4 Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 5 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Kinan Rahal
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, 2 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 3 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA ; 4 Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 5 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, 2 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 3 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA ; 4 Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 5 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, 2 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 3 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA ; 4 Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 5 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, 2 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 3 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA ; 4 Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 5 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Shannon S Glaser
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, 2 Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 3 Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA ; 4 Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 5 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Tabibian JH, Trussoni CE, O’Hara SP, Splinter PL, Heimbach JK, LaRusso NF. Characterization of cultured cholangiocytes isolated from livers of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Transl Med 2014; 94:1126-33. [PMID: 25046437 PMCID: PMC4184949 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic, idiopathic cholangiopathy. The role of cholangiocytes (biliary epithelial cells) in PSC pathogenesis is unknown and remains an active area of research. Here, through cellular, molecular and next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods, we characterize and identify phenotypic and signaling features of isolated PSC patient-derived cholangiocytes. We isolated cholangiocytes from stage 4 PSC patient liver explants by dissection, differential filtration and immune-magnetic bead separation. We maintained cholangiocytes in culture and assessed for: (i) cholangiocyte, cell adhesion and inflammatory markers; (ii) proliferation rate; (iii) transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER); (iv) cellular senescence; and (v) transcriptomic profiles by NGS. We used two well-established normal human cholangiocyte cell lines (H69 and NHC) as controls. Isolated PSC cells expressed cholangiocyte (eg, cytokeratin 7 and 19) and epithelial cell adhesion markers (EPCAM, ICAM) and were negative for hepatocyte and myofibroblast markers (albumin, α-actin). Proliferation rate was lower for PSC compared with normal cholangiocytes (4 vs 2 days, respectively, P<0.01). Maximum TEER was also lower in PSC compared with normal cholangiocytes (100 vs 145 Ωcm(2), P<0.05). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 (protein and mRNA) were both increased compared with NHCs and H69s (all P<0.01). The proportion of cholangiocytes staining positive for senescence-associated β-galactosidase was higher in PSC cholangiocytes compared with NHCs (48% vs 5%, P<0.01). Finally, NGS confirmed cholangiocyte marker expression in isolated PSC cholangiocytes and extended our findings regarding pro-inflammatory and senescence-associated signaling. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that high-purity cholangiocytes can be isolated from human PSC liver and grown in primary culture. Isolated PSC cholangiocytes exhibit a phenotype that may reflect their in vivo contribution to disease and serve as a vital tool for in vitro investigation of biliary pathobiology and identification of new therapeutic targets in PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H. Tabibian
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Christy E. Trussoni
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Steven P. O’Hara
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Patrick L. Splinter
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Julie K. Heimbach
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas F. LaRusso
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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145
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Urribarri AD, Munoz-Garrido P, Perugorria MJ, Erice O, Merino-Azpitarte M, Arbelaiz A, Lozano E, Hijona E, Jiménez-Agüero R, Fernandez-Barrena MG, Jimeno JP, Marzioni M, Marin JJG, Masyuk TV, LaRusso NF, Prieto J, Bujanda L, Banales JM. Inhibition of metalloprotease hyperactivity in cystic cholangiocytes halts the development of polycystic liver diseases. Gut 2014; 63:1658-67. [PMID: 24436140 PMCID: PMC4362729 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polycystic liver diseases (PCLDs) are genetic disorders characterised by progressive bile duct dilatation and/or cyst development. Their pathogenesis is a consequence of hyperproliferation, hypersecretion and microRNA alterations in cholangiocytes. Here we evaluate the role of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) in the hepatic cystogenesis of PCLDs. DESIGN Metalloprotease activity was measured by microfluorimetric assays in normal and polycystic cholangiocyte cultures from humans and rats, and gene expression by real time quantitative PCR. The role of cytokines, oestrogens and growth factors present in the cystic fluid of PCLD patients was evaluated for MMP activity. The MMP inhibitor marimastat was examined for cystic expansion in vitro and in polycystic kidney (PCK) rats. RESULTS Polycystic human and rat cholangiocytes displayed increased MMP activity, which was associated with increased mRNA levels of different MMPs. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, and 17β-oestradiol, all stimulated MMP activity in human cholangiocytes. The presence of antibodies against IL-6 and/or IL-8 receptor/s inhibited baseline MMP hyperactivity of polycystic human cholangiocytes but had no effect on normal human cholangiocytes. MMP-3 was overexpressed in cystic cholangiocytes from PCLD human and PCK rat livers by immunohistochemistry. Marimastat reduced MMP hyperactivity of polycystic human and rat cholangiocytes and blocked the cystic expansion of PCK cholangiocytes cultured in three-dimensions. Chronic treatment of 8-week-old PCK rats with marimastat inhibited hepatic cystogenesis and fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS PCLDs are associated with cholangiocyte MMP hyperactivity resulting from autocrine/paracrine stimulation by IL-6 and IL-8. Inhibition of this MMP hyperactivity with marimastat decreased hepatic cystogenesis in vitro and in an animal model of PCLD, offering a potential therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura D Urribarri
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA of the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Patricia Munoz-Garrido
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute— Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - María J Perugorria
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute— Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Oihane Erice
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute— Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Maite Merino-Azpitarte
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute— Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ander Arbelaiz
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute— Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Elisa Lozano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Hijona
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute— Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain
| | - Raúl Jiménez-Agüero
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute— Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Maite G Fernandez-Barrena
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA of the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain
| | - Juan P Jimeno
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA of the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Department of Gastroenterology, ‘Università Politecnica delle Marche’, Ancona, Italy
| | - Jose J G Marin
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Tatyana V Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jesús Prieto
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA of the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain
| | - Luis Bujanda
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute— Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain
| | - Jesús M Banales
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA of the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute— Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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146
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Dietrich CG, Geier A. Effect of drug transporter pharmacogenetics on cholestasis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:1533-51. [PMID: 25260651 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.963553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The liver is the central place for the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics. In the liver cell, oxidation and conjugation of compounds take place, and at the same time, bile formation helps in extrusion of these compounds via the biliary route. A large number of transporters are responsible for drug uptake into the liver cell and excretion into bile or efflux to the sinusoidal blood. AREAS COVERED Genetic variants of these transporters and their transactivators contribute to changes in drug handling and are also responsible for cholestatic syndromes of different severity. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the influence of these genetic changes. The review covers progressive hereditary cholestatic syndromes as well as recurrent or transient cholestatic syndromes such as drug-induced liver injury, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, and benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis. EXPERT OPINION Polymorphisms in transporter genes are frequent. For clinically relevant cholestatic syndromes, it often requires a combination of genetic variants or acquired triggers such as pregnancy or drug treatment. In combination with other pathogenetic aspects, genetic variants in drug transporters may contribute to our understanding of not only cholestatic diseases such as primary sclerosing cholangitis or primary biliary cirrhosis, but also the natural course of chronic liver disease in general.
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147
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Ueno Y. [111th Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Society of Internal Medicine: Educational Lecture: 11. Primary biliary cirrhosis: Recent progress and unsolved questions]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2014; 103:2300-6. [PMID: 27522793 DOI: 10.2169/naika.103.2300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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148
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O’Hara SP, Gradilone SA, Masyuk TV, Tabibian JH, LaRusso NF. MicroRNAs in Cholangiopathies. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014; 2:133-142. [PMID: 25097819 PMCID: PMC4119442 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-014-0048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, the cells lining bile ducts, comprise a small fraction of the total cellular component of the liver, yet perform the essential role of bile modification and transport of biliary and blood constituents. Cholangiopathies are a diverse group of biliary disorders with the cholangiocyte as the target cell; the etiopathogenesis of most cholangiopathies remains obscure. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. These small RNAs may not only be involved in the etiopathogenesis of disease, but are showing promise as diagnostic and prognostic tools. In this brief review, we summarize recent work regarding the role of microRNAs in the etiopathogenesis of several cholangiopathies, and discuss their utility as prognostic and diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P. O’Hara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Sergio A. Gradilone
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Tetyana V. Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - James H. Tabibian
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Nicholas F. LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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149
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Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by selective destruction of intrahepatic cholangiocytes. Mechanisms underlying the development and progression of the disease are still controversial and largely undefined. Evidence suggests that PBC results from an articulated immunologic response against an immunodominant mitochondrial autoantigen, the E2 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC-E2); characteristics of the disease are also the presence of disease-specific antimitochondrial autoantibodies (AMAs) and autoreactive CD4 and CD8 T cells. Recent evidence suggests that cholangiocytes show specific immunobiological features that are responsible for the selective targeting of those cells by the immune system. The immune reaction in PBC selectively targets small sized, intrahepatic bile ducts; although a specific reason for that has not been defined yet, it has been established that the biliary epithelium displays a unique heterogeneity, for which the physiological and pathophysiological features of small and large cholangiocytes significantly differ. In this review article, the authors provide a critical overview of the current evidence on the role of cholangiocytes in the immune-mediated destruction of the biliary tree that characterizes PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lleo
- Liver Unit and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Luca Maroni
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, S and W and Texas A and M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas,Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, S and W and Texas A and M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas,Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, S and W and Texas A and M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, S and W and Texas A and M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas,Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, S and W and Texas A and M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas,Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, S and W and Texas A and M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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150
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Glaser S, Meng F, Han Y, Onori P, Chow BK, Francis H, Venter J, McDaniel K, Marzioni M, Invernizzi P, Ueno Y, Lai JM, Huang L, Standeford H, Alvaro D, Gaudio E, Franchitto A, Alpini G. Secretin stimulates biliary cell proliferation by regulating expression of microRNA 125b and microRNA let7a in mice. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:1795-808.e12. [PMID: 24583060 PMCID: PMC4035389 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Proliferating cholangiocytes secrete and respond to neuroendocrine hormones, including secretin. We investigated whether secretin secreted by S cells and cholangiocytes stimulates biliary proliferation in mice. METHODS Cholestasis was induced in secretin knockout (Sct(-/-)) and wild-type (control) mice by bile duct ligation (BDL). At days 3 and 7 after BDL, control and Sct(-/-) mice received tail-vein injections of morpholinos against microRNA 125b or let7a. One week later, liver tissues and cholangiocytes were collected. Immunohistochemical, immunoblot, luciferase reporter, and real-time polymerase chain reaction assays were performed. Intrahepatic bile duct mass (IBDM) and proliferation were measured. Secretin secretion was measured in conditioned media from cholangiocytes and S cells and in serum and bile. RESULTS Secretin secretion was increased in supernatants from cholangiocytes and S cells and in serum and bile after BDL in control mice. BDL Sct(-/-) mice had lower IBDM, reduced proliferation, and reduced production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A and nerve growth factor (NGF) compared with BDL control. BDL and control mice given morpholinos against microRNA 125b or let7a had increased IBDM. Livers of mice given morpholinos against microRNA 125b had increased expression of VEGFA, and those treated with morpholinos against microRNA let7a had increased expression of NGF. Secretin regulated VEGF and NGF expression that negatively correlated with microRNA 125b and let7a levels in liver tissue. CONCLUSIONS After liver injury, secretin produced by cholangiocytes and S cells reduces microRNA 125b and let7a levels, resulting in up-regulation of VEGF and NGF. Modulation of cholangiocyte expression of secretin could be a therapeutic approach for biliary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Academic Operations, Scott & White, Temple, Texas
| | - Yuyan Han
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Billy K Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Heather Francis
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Academic Operations, Scott & White, Temple, Texas
| | - Julie Venter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Kelly McDaniel
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Department of Medicine, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Liver Unit and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Division of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Jia-ming Lai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Holly Standeford
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine, and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas.
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