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Sturm L, Bettinger D, Giesler M, Boettler T, Schmidt A, Buettner N, Thimme R, Schultheiss M. Treatment with proton pump inhibitors increases the risk for development of hepatic encephalopathy after implantation of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). United European Gastroenterol J 2018; 6:1380-1390. [PMID: 30386611 DOI: 10.1177/2050640618795928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Treatment with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) has been associated with development of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). As development of HE is a major complication after implantation of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), we hypothesized that PPI treatment may be associated with a higher risk of post-TIPS HE. Methods We analyzed data of 397 patients with liver cirrhosis who received de novo TIPS implantation at the University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany. We assessed whether PPI medication and other patient characteristics are predictive factors for the development of post-TIPS HE. Results Patients with PPI treatment at the time of TIPS implantation showed significantly higher rates of post-TIPS HE than those without PPI medication (30.4% vs 11.7%, p < 0.001). The rate of post-TIPS HE increased in a dose-dependent manner. However, PPI medication did not directly affect transplant-free survival. Remarkably, in 59.1% of patients who received PPIs there was no clear indication. Conclusions PPI treatment may be an independent risk factor for the development of post-TIPS HE and the risk increases with PPI dose. Indication for PPI treatment should be assessed carefully prior to TIPS implantation in patients with liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Sturm
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Bettinger
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Berta-Ottenstein-Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Max Giesler
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Boettler
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arthur Schmidt
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nico Buettner
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schultheiss
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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102
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Singh A, Cresci GA, Kirby DF. Proton Pump Inhibitors: Risks and Rewards and Emerging Consequences to the Gut Microbiome. Nutr Clin Pract 2018; 33:614-624. [PMID: 30071147 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been criticized for their various adverse interactions and side effects, creating a dilemma among practitioners regarding their use. Our goal is to review the proper use and possible side effects that might be caused by or associated with PPI use. Conclusions were drawn based on the evidence supporting or refuting short-term and long-term adverse events associated with PPI use. We also looked for the evidence regarding effects of PPIs on gut microbiota and their overall safety profile. Although there are significant discrepancies in the current literature regarding various adverse effects associated with PPI use, current data suggest that PPI use is not associated with an increased risk of bone fractures, community-acquired pneumonia, cardiovascular events, hypocalcemia, and gastric malignancies. A mild increased risk of vitamin B12 deficiency and chronic kidney disease, and a moderate increase in the risk of rebound hypersecretion, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and enteric infections, including Clostridium difficile, has been noted with PPI therapy. PPI's link with dementia and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is not clear and requires further investigation. When used appropriately, PPIs are safe medications and are associated with minimal side effects. A clear indication and potential short-term and long-term side effects should be considered before starting PPI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Human Nutrition, Diegstive Disease and Survery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gail A Cresci
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Human Nutrition, Diegstive Disease and Survery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department Gastroenterology, Pediatric Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Donald F Kirby
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Human Nutrition, Diegstive Disease and Survery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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103
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EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2018; 69:406-460. [PMID: 29653741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1537] [Impact Index Per Article: 256.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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104
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Bajaj JS, Acharya C, Fagan A, White MB, Gavis E, Heuman DM, Hylemon PB, Fuchs M, Puri P, Schubert ML, Sanyal AJ, Sterling RK, Stravitz TR, Siddiqui MS, Luketic V, Lee H, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM. Proton Pump Inhibitor Initiation and Withdrawal affects Gut Microbiota and Readmission Risk in Cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2018; 113:1177-1186. [PMID: 29872220 DOI: 10.1038/s41395-018-0085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cirrhosis is associated with gut microbial dysbiosis, high readmissions and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) overuse, which could be inter-linked. Our aim was to determine the effect of PPI use, initiation and withdrawl on gut microbiota and readmissions in cirrhosis. METHODS Four cohorts were enrolled. Readmissions study: Cirrhotic inpatients were followed throughout the hospitalization and 30/90-days post-discharge. PPI initiation, withdrawal/continuation patterns were analyzed between those with/without readmissions. Cross-sectional microbiota study: Cirrhotic outpatients and controls underwent stool microbiota analysis. Beneficial autochthonous and oral-origin taxa analysis vis-à-vis PPI use was performed. Longitudinal studies: Two cohorts of decompensated cirrhotic outpatients were enrolled. Patients on chronic unindicated PPI use were withdrawn for 14 days. Patients not on PPI were started on omeprazole for 14 days. Microbial analysis for oral-origin taxa was performed pre/post-intervention. RESULTS Readmissions study: 343 inpatients (151 on admission PPI) were enrolled. 21 were withdrawn and 45 were initiated on PPI resulting in a PPI use increase of 21%. PPIs were associated with higher 30 (p = 0.002) and 90-day readmissions (p = 0.008) independent of comorbidities, medications, MELD and age. Cross-sectional microbiota: 137 cirrhotics (59 on PPI) and 45 controls (17 on PPI) were included. PPI users regardless of cirrhosis had higher oral-origin microbiota while cirrhotics on PPI had lower autochthonous taxa compared to the rest. Longitudinal studies: Fifteen decompensated cirrhotics tolerated omeprazole initiation with an increase in oral-origin microbial taxa compared to baseline. PPIs were withdrawn from an additional 15 outpatients, which resulted in a significant reduction of oral-origin taxa compared to baseline. CONCLUSIONS PPIs modulate readmission risk and microbiota composition in cirrhosis, which responds to withdrawal. The systematic withdrawal and judicious use of PPIs is needed from a clinical and microbiological perspective in decompensated cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Chathur Acharya
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Andrew Fagan
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Melanie B White
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Edith Gavis
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Douglas M Heuman
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Puneet Puri
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Mitchell L Schubert
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Richard K Sterling
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Todd R Stravitz
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Mohammad S Siddiqui
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Velimir Luketic
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Hannah Lee
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Masoumeh Sikaroodi
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Patrick M Gillevet
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA. Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
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105
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Gao F, Méndez-Sánchez N, Qi X. Vasoconstrictors in combination with proton pump inhibitors as an initial treatment of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in liver cirrhosis: is it evidence based? ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:327. [PMID: 30363965 PMCID: PMC6186974 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.08.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Gao
- Medical Department, No. 202 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Shenyang 110003, China
- Liver Cirrhosis Group, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area, Shenyang 110840, China
| | | | - Xingshun Qi
- Liver Cirrhosis Group, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area, Shenyang 110840, China
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106
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Savarino E, Marabotto E, Zentilin P, Furnari M, Bodini G, Pellegatta G, Lorenzon G, Della Coletta M, Ghisa M, Coppo C, Marinelli C, Savarino V. A safety review of proton pump inhibitors to treat acid-related digestive diseases. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2018; 17:785-794. [DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2018.1497155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Savarino
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Marabotto
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zentilin
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Manuele Furnari
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giorgia Bodini
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gaia Pellegatta
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Greta Lorenzon
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Della Coletta
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Ghisa
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Claudia Coppo
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carla Marinelli
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Savarino
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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107
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Weersink RA, Bouma M, Burger DM, Drenth JPH, Harkes-Idzinga SF, Hunfeld NGM, Metselaar HJ, Monster-Simons MH, van Putten SAW, Taxis K, Borgsteede SD. Safe use of proton pump inhibitors in patients with cirrhosis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 84:1806-1820. [PMID: 29688583 PMCID: PMC6046475 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) belong to the most frequently used drugs, also in patients with cirrhosis. PPIs are extensively metabolized by the liver, but practice guidance on prescribing in cirrhosis is lacking. We aim to develop practical guidance on the safe use of PPIs in patients with cirrhosis. Methods A systematic literature search identified studies on the safety (i.e. adverse events) and pharmacokinetics of PPIs in cirrhotic patients. This evidence and data from the product information was reviewed by an expert panel who classified drugs as safe; no additional risks known; additional risks known; unsafe; or unknown. Guidance was aimed at the oral use of PPIs and categorized by the severity of cirrhosis, using the Child–Turcotte–Pugh (CTP) classification. Results A total of 69 studies were included. Esomeprazole, omeprazole and rabeprazole were classified as having ‘no additional risks known’. A reduction in maximum dose of omeprazole and rabeprazole is recommended for CTP A and B patients. For patients with CTP C cirrhosis, the only PPI advised is esomeprazole at a maximum dosage of 20 mg per day. Pantoprazole and lansoprazole were classified as unsafe because of 4‐ to 8‐fold increased exposure. The use of PPIs in cirrhotic patients has been associated with the development of infections and hepatic encephalopathy and should be carefully considered. Conclusions We suggest using esomeprazole, omeprazole or rabeprazole in patients with CTP A or B cirrhosis and only esomeprazole in patients with CTP C. Pharmacokinetic changes are also important to consider when prescribing PPIs to vulnerable, cirrhotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne A Weersink
- Health Base Foundation, Houten, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacotherapy, -Epidemiology & -Economics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Margriet Bouma
- Department of Guideline Development, Dutch College of General Practice, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David M Burger
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost P H Drenth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - S Froukje Harkes-Idzinga
- Center for Information on Medicines, Royal Dutch Pharmacists Association (KNMP), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole G M Hunfeld
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herold J Metselaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margje H Monster-Simons
- Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Katja Taxis
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacotherapy, -Epidemiology & -Economics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander D Borgsteede
- Health Base Foundation, Houten, The Netherlands.,Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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108
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Haastrup PF, Thompson W, Søndergaard J, Jarbøl DE. Side Effects of Long-Term Proton Pump Inhibitor Use: A Review. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 123:114-121. [PMID: 29658189 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used, and concerns about overuse have been raised. Therefore, side effects are important to be aware of and several suggested side effects of long-term use have been studied. In this MiniReview, we sum up the evidence of side effects related to long-term PPI treatment. Suspected side effects are mainly related to increased susceptibility to infections, secondary hypergastrinaemia, impeded absorption of micronutrients or idiosyncratic reactions. Most of the potential side effects have only been evaluated in observational studies demonstrating conflicting and weak associations with a substantial risk of confounding. However, a high probability of causality seems to be established for the side effects increased risk of gastrointestinal infections and rebound acid hypersecretion following discontinuation of treatment due to secondary hypergastrinaemia. The risk of side effects should not be a reason to withhold PPIs from patients with a true indication, and worry about poorly proven side effects should not lead to unnecessary discontinuation. The most important safety issue regarding PPI therapy is to critically evaluate the indication when initiating treatment and reconsidering the indication in long-term-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fentz Haastrup
- Research Unit of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Wade Thompson
- Research Unit of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Jens Søndergaard
- Research Unit of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Dorte Ejg Jarbøl
- Research Unit of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
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109
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Corticosteroids, nutrition, pentoxifylline, or fecal microbiota transplantation for severe alcoholic hepatitis. Indian J Gastroenterol 2018; 37:215-225. [PMID: 29931479 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-018-0859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol-induced intestinal dysbiosis is central to the development of the severe alcoholic liver disease. We present the first study to compare outcomes in patients of severe alcoholic hepatitis (SAH) on nutritional therapy, corticosteroids, pentoxifylline, and healthy donor fecal transplantation (FMT) and discuss distinct microbial community and microbiome metabolic functional changes after FMT. METHODS Out of 1271 liver disease patients, 809 (63.7%) were diagnosed to have the alcoholic liver disease, of which 51 patients (8 treated with corticosteroids, 17 with nutritional support only, 10 with pentoxifylline, 16 receiving FMT) were included. Clinical, biochemical parameters, liver disease, and alcoholic hepatitis severity scores at baseline and mortality at the end of 1 and 3 months were analyzed between groups. Stool microbiota (SM) analysis was performed for healthy controls (HC) and respective recipients after FMT. RESULTS All the patients were male. The proportions of patients surviving at the end of 1 and 3 months in the steroids, nutrition, pentoxifylline, and FMT group were 63%, 47%, 40% and 75% [p = 0.179] and 38%, 29%, 30%, and 75% [p = 0.036], respectively. When compared with FMT, relative risk and hazard ratios for death were higher in all the other groups. Following FMT, distinct and beneficial modulation of SM and pathways of dysregulated metabolism, infections, inflammation, and oxidative stress in SAH patients were noted in tandem with improved clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Healthy donor FMT for SAH improves survival beyond what is offered by current therapies and can function as a cost-effective bridge to liver transplant (LT) or for improving transplant-free survival. Larger studies and randomized trials are unmet needs.
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110
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Kinoshita Y, Ishimura N, Ishihara S. Advantages and Disadvantages of Long-term Proton Pump Inhibitor Use. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 24:182-196. [PMID: 29605975 PMCID: PMC5885718 DOI: 10.5056/jnm18001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) potently inhibit gastric acid secretion and are widely used for treatment of acid-related diseases including gastroesophageal reflux disease and secondary prevention of aspirin/NSAID-induced ulcers. Although clinically important adverse effects of PPIs can occur, just as with other drugs, those are not frequently observed during or after administration. Thus, PPIs are regarded as relatively safe and considered to be clinically beneficial. Recently, PPIs have become frequently administered to patients with functional gastrointestinal diseases or primary prevention of drug-related gastroduodenal damage, even though their beneficial effects for those conditions have not been fully confirmed. PPIs tend to be given for conditions in which the necessity of the drug has not been clarified, thus otherwise rare adverse effects are presented as clinically relevant. Although several PPI-related adverse effects have been reported, their clinical relevance is not yet clear, since the evidence reported in those studies is not at a high enough level, as the majority are based on retrospective observational studies and the reported hazard ratios are low. It is important to administer PPIs only for patients who will gain a substantial clinical benefit and to continue to investigate their adverse effects with high quality prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Kinoshita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Shimane,
Japan
| | - Norihisa Ishimura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Shimane,
Japan
| | - Shunji Ishihara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Shimane,
Japan
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111
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Shim YK, Kim N. The Effect of H 2 Receptor Antagonist in Acid Inhibition and Its Clinical Efficacy. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2018; 70:4-12. [PMID: 28728310 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2017.70.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The first histamine H2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) were developed in the early 1970s. They played a dominant role in treating peptic ulcer disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). H2RAs block the production of acid by H+, K+-ATPase at the parietal cells and produce gastric luminal anacidity for varying periods. H2RAs are highly selective, and they do not affect H1 receptors. Moreover, they are not anticholinergic agents. Sequential development of H2RAs, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and discovery of Helicobacter pylori infection changed the paradigm of peptic ulcer disease with marked decrease of morbidity and mortality. PPIs are known to be the most effective drugs that are currently available for suppressing gastric acid secretion. Many studies have shown its superiority over H2RAs as a treatment for acid-related disorders, such as peptic ulcer disease, GERD, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. However, other studies have reported that PPIs may not be able to render stomach achlorhydric and have identified a phenomenon of increasing gastric acidity at night in individuals receiving a PPI twice daily. These nocturnal acid breakthrough episodes can be eliminated with an addition of H2RAs at night. The effectiveness of nighttime dose of H2RA suggests a major role of histamine in nocturnal acid secretion. H2RAs reduce secretion of gastric acid, and each H2RA also has specific effects. For instance, nizitidine alleviates not only symptoms of GERD, but also provokes gastric emptying, resulting in clinical symptom improvement of functional dyspepsia. The aim of this paper was to review the characteristics and role of H2RAs and assess the future strategy and treatment of upper gastrointestinal disease, including acid related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kwang Shim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoungnam, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoungnam, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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112
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Tabibian JH, Lindor KD. Editorial: is proton pump inhibitor use associated with worse outcomes in patients with liver abscesses? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 47:1226-1227. [PMID: 29574873 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Tabibian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Sylmar, CA, USA
| | - K D Lindor
- Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Bettinger D, Martin D, Rieg S, Schultheiss M, Buettner N, Thimme R, Boettler T. Treatment with proton pump inhibitors is associated with increased mortality in patients with pyogenic liver abscess. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 47:801-808. [PMID: 29327781 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are often used in patients with gastro-esophageal reflux and peptic ulcer disease. A higher risk for infectious diseases and for pyogenic liver abscess has been reported in patients with prolonged PPI intake. Although many patients have ongoing PPI treatment after diagnosis of liver abscess, there are no data available that focus on the prognostic impact of PPI treatment in these patients. AIM To analyse the effect of PPI treatment on mortality in patients with pyogenic liver abscesses. METHODS Between January 2005 and March 2017, one hundred and eighty-one patients with pyogenic liver abscess were retrospectively included in this analysis. Medical records including PPI treatment, microbiological and imaging data were reviewed. The primary endpoint was index mortality and predictive factors were analysed using uni- and multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS One hundred patients with pyogenic liver abscess (55.2%) were treated with PPI compared to 81 patients (44.8%) without PPI treatment. In both patient cohorts, enterococcus spp. and streptococcus of the anginous group were the most common pathogens identified. Patients with PPI treatment had significantly higher index mortality compared to patients without PPI treatment (30.0% vs 11.1%, P = 0.003). After adjusting for comorbidities PPI remained an independent predictive factor with an OR of 2.56 (1.01-6.46, P = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS PPI treatment is associated with higher index mortality in patients with pyogenic liver abscess. Therefore, critical evaluation of the indication for PPI treatment is particularly important in patients at high risk for pyogenic liver abscess.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bettinger
- Department of Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Berta-Ottenstein-Programme, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - D Martin
- Department of Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - S Rieg
- Department of Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Schultheiss
- Department of Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - N Buettner
- Department of Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - R Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - T Boettler
- Department of Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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114
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Xavier S, Magalhães J, Cotter J. Proton Pump Inhibitors: Are They a Real Threat to the Patient? GE-PORTUGUESE JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2018; 25:243-252. [PMID: 30320163 DOI: 10.1159/000487154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Proton pump inhibitors are among the most frequently prescribed drugs in the world and are generally considered safe. However, there is growing concern regarding their safety. Summary A nonsystematic review of the current literature was performed regarding proton pump inhibitors and their adverse effects. Proton pump inhibitors seem to be associated with fundic gland polyp development (without clinical relevance) and Clostridium difficile infection. Also, in cirrhotic patients, their prescription should be carefully reviewed. Regarding their association with other enteric infections, micronutrient deficiency, dementia, and chronic kidney disease, current evidence is still of low quality, and further studies are needed. Key Messages Considering the current evidence, most patients with a clear clinical indication for proton pump inhibitor treatment should probably benefit from the maintenance of their treatment without significant adverse effects. However, higher-quality studies are needed to confirm or dismiss most of the proposed adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Xavier
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal.,CVS/3B's Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Magalhães
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal.,CVS/3B's Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - José Cotter
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal.,CVS/3B's Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
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115
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Shizuma T. Spontaneous bacterial and fungal peritonitis in patients with liver cirrhosis: A literature review. World J Hepatol 2018; 10:254-266. [PMID: 29527261 PMCID: PMC5838444 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v10.i2.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous bacterial (SBP) and spontaneous fungal peritonitis (SFP) can be a life-threatening infection in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) and ascites. One of the possible mechanisms of developing SBP is bacterial translocation. Although the number of polymorphonuclear cells in the culture of ascitic fluid is diagnostic for SBP, secondary bacterial peritonitis is necessary to exclude. The severity of underlying liver dysfunction is predictive of developing SBP; moreover, renal impairment and infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) organism are associated with a fatal prognosis of SBP. SBP is treated by antimicrobials, but initial empirical treatment may not succeed because of the presence of MDR organisms, particularly in nosocomial infections. Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended for patients with LC at a high risk of developing SBP, gastrointestinal bleeding, or a previous episode of SBP, but the increase in the risk of developing an infection caused by MDR organisms is a serious concern globally. Less is known about SFP in patients with LC, but the severity of underlying liver dysfunction may increase the hospital mortality. SFP mortality has been reported to be higher than that of SBP partially because the difficulty of early differentiation between SFP and SBP induces delayed antifungal therapy for SFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Shizuma
- Department of Physiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 2591193, Japan
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116
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Use acid-suppressing drugs appropriately with an individualized approach to minimize the risk of infection. DRUGS & THERAPY PERSPECTIVES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40267-017-0473-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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117
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Abstract
This narrative review summarises the benefits, risks and appropriate use of acid-suppressing drugs (ASDs), proton pump inhibitors and histamine-2 receptor antagonists, advocating a rationale balanced and individualised approach aimed to minimise any serious adverse consequences. It focuses on current controversies on the potential of ASDs to contribute to infections-bacterial, parasitic, fungal, protozoan and viral, particularly in the elderly, comprehensively and critically discusses the growing body of observational literature linking ASD use to a variety of enteric, respiratory, skin and systemic infectious diseases and complications (Clostridium difficile diarrhoea, pneumonia, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, septicaemia and other). The proposed pathogenic mechanisms of ASD-associated infections (related and unrelated to the inhibition of gastric acid secretion, alterations of the gut microbiome and immunity), and drug-drug interactions are also described. Both probiotics use and correcting vitamin D status may have a significant protective effect decreasing the incidence of ASD-associated infections, especially in the elderly. Despite the limitations of the existing data, the importance of individualised therapy and caution in long-term ASD use considering the balance of benefits and potential harms, factors that may predispose to and actions that may prevent/attenuate adverse effects is evident. A six-step practical algorithm for ASD therapy based on the best available evidence is presented.
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118
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Li DK, Chung RT. Use of proton pump inhibitors in chronic liver diseases. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2018; 10:148-151. [PMID: 30992776 PMCID: PMC6467129 DOI: 10.1002/cld.678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Darrick K. Li
- Department of GastroenterologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMA
| | - Raymond T. Chung
- Department of GastroenterologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMA
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119
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Macnaughtan J, Jalan R. Editorial: proton pump inhibitor therapy and liver disease progression-more cause for concern? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 47:304-305. [PMID: 29265457 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Macnaughtan
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Medical School, London, UK
| | - R Jalan
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Medical School, London, UK
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Lázaro-Pacheco IB, Servín-Caamaño AI, Pérez-Hernández JL, Rojas-Loureiro G, Servín-Abad L, Tijera FHDELA. PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS INCREASE THE OVERALL RISK OF DEVELOPING BACTERIAL INFECTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2018; 55:28-32. [PMID: 29561973 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.201800000-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acid suppression has been associated with adverse events; such as, enteric infections. Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are frequently prescribed in patients with cirrhosis, but is unclear if PPI are associated with the development of bacterial infections in these patients. OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of PPI intake on the development of bacterial, viral and fungal infections in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS An observational, retrospective, historic cohort study. The exposed cohort included patients with cirrhosis with chronic use of PPI. The non-exposed cohort had not been using PPI. The follow-up period was 3 years, searching in the medical records for any events of bacterial infection confirmed by bacteriological culture. RESULTS One hundred and thirteen patients met the selection criteria, 44 (39%) had chronic use of PPI; of them, 28 (63.6%) patients had not a clear clinical indication to justify the prescription of PPI. Twenty four (21.2%) patients developed bacterial infections during the follow-up period. In the univariate analysis, decompensated cirrhosis (Child B/C), presence of ascites, history of variceal bleeding, and chronic consumption of PPI were risk factors related to the development of infections. But, in the adjusted multivariate analysis only the chronic use of PPI was associated with development of infections (RR=3.6; 95% CI=1.1-12.3; P=0.04). CONCLUSION There is an over-prescription of PPI without a justified clinical indication. The long-term consumption of PPI in patients with cirrhosis is associated with the development of bacterial infections; therefore these drugs must be carefully prescribed in this specific population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illce B Lázaro-Pacheco
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo I Servín-Caamaño
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José L Pérez-Hernández
- The Liver Clinic´s Research Group from Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Rojas-Loureiro
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Servín-Abad
- Gastroenterology Department, Lakeland Regional Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Fátima Higuera-DE LA Tijera
- The Liver Clinic´s Research Group from Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico City, Mexico
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121
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Abstract
Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the most effective therapy for the full spectrum of gastric-acid-related diseases. However, in the past decade, a steadily increasing list of complications following long-term use of PPIs has been reported. Their potent acid-suppressive action induces several structural and functional changes within the gastric mucosa, including fundic gland polyps, enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia and hypergastrinaemia, which can be exaggerated in the presence of Helicobacter pylori infection. As discussed in this Review, most associations of PPIs with severe adverse events are not based on sufficient evidence because of confounding factors and a lack of plausible mechanisms. Thus, a causal relationship remains unproven in most associations, and further studies are needed. Awareness of PPI-associated risks should not lead to anxiety in patients but rather should induce the physician to consider the appropriate dosing and duration of PPI therapy, including long-term monitoring strategies in selected groups of patients because of their individual comorbidities and risk factors.
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122
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review summarizes the past year's literature, both clinical and basic science, regarding physiologic and pharmacologic regulation of gastric acid secretion in health and disease. RECENT FINDINGS Gastric acid kills microorganisms, assists digestion, and facilitates absorption of iron, calcium, and vitamin B12. The main stimulants of acid secretion are the hormone gastrin, released from antral G cells; paracrine agent histamine, released from oxyntic enterochromaffin-like cells; and neuropeptide acetylcholine, released from antral and oxyntic intramural neurons. Gastrin is also a trophic hormone that participates in carcinogenesis. Helicobacter pylori may increase or decrease acid secretion depending upon the acuity and predominant anatomic focus of infection; most patients manifest hypochlorhydria. Despite the fact that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are amongst the most widely prescribed drugs, they are underutilized in patients at high risk for UGI bleeding. Although generally considered well tolerated, concerns have been raised regarding associations between PPI use and dementia, kidney disease, myocardial infarction, pneumonia, osteoporosis, dysbiosis, small bowel injury, micronutrient deficiency, and fundic gland polyps. SUMMARY Our understanding of the physiologic, pathophysiologic, and pharmacologic regulation of gastric secretion continues to advance. Such knowledge is crucial for improved and safe management of acid-peptic disorders.
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123
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Trifan A, Stanciu C, Girleanu I, Stoica OC, Singeap AM, Maxim R, Chiriac SA, Ciobica A, Boiculese L. Proton pump inhibitors therapy and risk of Clostridium difficile infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:6500-6515. [PMID: 29085200 PMCID: PMC5643276 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i35.6500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) therapy and the risk of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI).
METHODS
We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE/PubMed and seven other databases through January 1990 to March 2017 for published studies that evaluated the association between PPIs and CDI. Adult case-control and cohort studies providing information on the association between PPI therapy and the development of CDI were included. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the random effect. Heterogeneity was assessed by I2 test and Cochran’s Q statistic. Potential publication bias was evaluated via funnel plot, and quality of studies by the Newcastle-Otawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS).
RESULTS Fifty-six studies (40 case-control and 16 cohort) involving 356683 patients met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Both the overall pooled estimates and subgroup analyses showed increased risk for CDI despite substantial statistical heterogeneity among studies. Meta-analysis of all studies combined showed a significant association between PPI users and the risk of CDI (pooled OR = 1.99, CI: 1.73-2.30, P < 0.001) as compared with non-users. The association remained significant in subgroup analyses: by design-case-control (OR = 2.00, CI: 1.68-2.38, P < 0.0001), and cohort (OR = 1.98, CI: 1.51-2.59, P < 0.0001); adjusted (OR = 1.95, CI: 1.67-2.27, P < 0.0001) and unadjusted (OR = 2.02, CI: 1.41-2.91, P < 0.0001); unicenter (OR = 2.18, CI: 1.72-2.75, P < 0.0001) and multicenter (OR = 1.82, CI: 1.51-2.19, P < 0.0001); age ≥ 65 years (OR = 1.93, CI: 1.40-2.68, P < 0.0001) and < 65 years (OR = 2.06, CI: 1.11-3.81, P < 0.01). No significant differences were found in subgroup analyses (test for heterogeneity): P = 0.93 for case-control vs cohort, P = 0.85 for adjusted vs unadjusted, P = 0.24 for unicenter vs multicenter, P = 0.86 for age ≥ 65 years and < 65 years. There was significant heterogeneity across studies (I2 = 85.4%, P < 0.001) as well as evidence of publication bias (funnel plot asymmetry test, P = 0.002).
CONCLUSION This meta-analysis provides further evidence that PPI use is associated with an increased risk for development of CDI. Further high-quality, prospective studies are needed to assess whether this association is causal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Trifan
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, “St. Spiridon” Hospital, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Carol Stanciu
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, “St. Spiridon” Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina Girleanu
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, “St. Spiridon” Hospital, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Oana Cristina Stoica
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, “St. Spiridon” Hospital, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ana Maria Singeap
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, “St. Spiridon” Hospital, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Roxana Maxim
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, “St. Spiridon” Hospital, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Stefan Andrei Chiriac
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, “St. Spiridon” Hospital, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alin Ciobica
- Department of Research, Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Lucian Boiculese
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity, “Grigore. T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania
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124
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Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy describes the array of neurological alterations that occur during acute liver failure or chronic liver injury. While key players in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy, such as increases in brain ammonia, alterations in neurosteroid levels, and neuroinflammation, have been identified, there is still a paucity in our knowledge of the precise pathogenic mechanism. This review gives a brief overview of our understanding of the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy and then summarizes the significant recent advances made in clinical and basic research contributing to our understanding, diagnosis, and possible treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. A literature search using the PubMed database was conducted in May 2017 using "hepatic encephalopathy" as a keyword, and selected manuscripts were limited to those research articles published since May 2014. While the authors acknowledge that many significant advances have been made in the understanding of hepatic encephalopathy prior to May 2014, we have limited the scope of this review to the previous three years only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Liere
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | | | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
- Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple, TX, USA
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125
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de Mattos ÂZ, Miozzo SADS, Tovo CV, de Mattos AA. Risks of proton pump inhibitors for patients with cirrhosis: The controversy remains. Hepatology 2017; 66:294-295. [PMID: 28317150 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ângelo Zambam de Mattos
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Suelen Aparecida da Silva Miozzo
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Course of Hepatology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Valle Tovo
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Course of Hepatology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Nossa Senhora da Conceição Hospital, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Angelo Alves de Mattos
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Course of Hepatology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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126
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Elwir S, Rahimi RS. Hepatic Encephalopathy: An Update on the Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Options. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2017; 5:142-151. [PMID: 28660152 PMCID: PMC5472935 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2016.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy is a spectrum of reversible neuropsychiatric abnormalities, seen in patients with liver dysfunction and/or portosystemic shunting. One of the most debilitating complications of cirrhosis, encephalopathy affects 30-45% of cirrhotics. In addition to significantly affecting the lives of patients and their caregivers, it is also associated with increased morbidity and mortality as well as significant utilization of health care resources. In this paper, we provide an overview on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, management and newer therapies of hepatic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Elwir
- *Correspondence to: Saleh Elwir, Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, 3410 Worth Street, Suite 950, Dallas, TX 75246, USA. +1-214-820-8500, Fax: +1-214-820-0993, E-mail:
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127
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Khan MA, Cholankeril G, Howden CW. Proton Pump Inhibitors and the Possible Development of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhotic Patients: True Association or Residual Confounding? Gastroenterology 2017; 152:2076. [PMID: 28478154 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Khan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - George Cholankeril
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Colin W Howden
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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128
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Arab JP, Martin-Mateos RM, Shah VH. Gut-liver axis, cirrhosis and portal hypertension: the chicken and the egg. Hepatol Int 2017; 12:24-33. [PMID: 28550391 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-017-9798-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term gut-liver axis is used to highlight the close anatomical and functional relationship between the intestine and the liver. The intestine has a highly specialized epithelial membrane which regulates transport across the mucosa. Due to dysbiosis, impairment of the intestinal barrier and altered immunity status, bacterial products can reach the liver through the portal vein, where they are recognized by specific receptors, activate the immune system and lead to a proinflammatory response. Gut microbiota and bacterial translocation play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases, including alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and its complications, such as portal hypertension, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatic encephalopaty. The gut microbiota also plays a critical role as a modulator of bile acid metabolism which can also influence intestinal permeability and portal hypertension through the farnesoid-X receptor. On the other hand, cirrhosis and portal hypertension affect the microbiota and increase translocation, leading to a "chicken and egg" situation, where translocation increases portal pressure, and vice versa. A myriad of therapies targeting gut microbiota have been evaluated specifically in patients with chronic liver disease. Further studies targeting intestinal microbiota and its possible hemodynamic and metabolic effects are needed. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases and portal hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Arab
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN, USA.,Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosa M Martin-Mateos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vijay H Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN, USA.
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129
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Bian J, Wang A, Lin J, Wu L, Huang H, Wang S, Yang X, Lu X, Xu Y, Zhao H. Association between proton pump inhibitors and hepatic encephalopathy: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6723. [PMID: 28445288 PMCID: PMC5413253 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Several studies have shown that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) use can increase the risk of developing hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in patients with liver dysfunction. However, no definite conclusion is drawn because of study design limitations. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to explore the association between PPIs and HE. METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library from inception until November 2016. Data from the identified studies were combined using a random effects model, and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated. RESULTS Three case-control studies were included. Compared with nonusers, hepatic insufficiency patients receiving PPIs therapy had a significantly increased risk of developing HE (OR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.15-2.69), with notable heterogeneity (I = 61.4%, P = .075) and publication bias. No relevance was found between PPIs and HE after using the trim and fill method (OR = 1.360, 95%CI: 0.909-2.035, P = .135). CONCLUSIONS PPIs are associated with a higher risk of HE among patients with chronic and acute liver dysfunction. A final conclusion cannot be drawn because of the limited number of studies and a lack of prospective studies.
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130
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Shaw J, Bajaj JS. Editorial: should the inappropriate use of proton pump inhibitors be a quality assurance issue in cirrhotic patients? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 45:476-477. [PMID: 28043093 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Shaw
- Department of Medicine, McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - J S Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
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131
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Dam G, Vilstrup H, Watson H, Jepsen P. Reply. Hepatology 2017; 65:393-394. [PMID: 27685436 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gitte Dam
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hendrik Vilstrup
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Jepsen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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132
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Khan MA, Cholankeril G, Howden CW. Are proton pump inhibitors a threat for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis? Not so fast. Hepatology 2017; 65:393. [PMID: 27688049 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Khan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - George Cholankeril
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Colin W Howden
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
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133
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Schiavon LL, Silva TE, Fischer J, Narciso-Schiavon JL. Letter: proton pump inhibitors and prognosis of cirrhosis - searching for the balance point. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 45:378-379. [PMID: 27933687 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L L Schiavon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - T E Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - J Fischer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - J L Narciso-Schiavon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
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