101
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Martinelli S, Stellacci E, Pannone L, D'Agostino D, Consoli F, Lissewski C, Silvano M, Cencelli G, Lepri F, Maitz S, Pauli S, Rauch A, Zampino G, Selicorni A, Melançon S, Digilio MC, Gelb BD, De Luca A, Dallapiccola B, Zenker M, Tartaglia M. Molecular Diversity and Associated Phenotypic Spectrum of Germline CBL Mutations. Hum Mutat 2015; 36:787-96. [PMID: 25952305 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is a relatively common developmental disorder with a pleomorphic phenotype. Mutations causing NS alter genes encoding proteins involved in the RAS-MAPK pathway. We and others identified Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene (CBL), which encodes an E3-ubiquitin ligase acting as a tumor suppressor in myeloid malignancies, as a disease gene underlying a condition clinically related to NS. Here, we further explored the spectrum of germline CBL mutations and their associated phenotype. CBL mutation scanning performed on 349 affected subjects with features overlapping NS and no mutation in NS genes allowed the identification of five different variants with pathological significance. Among them, two splice-site changes, one in-frame deletion, and one missense mutation affected the RING domain and/or the adjacent linker region, overlapping cancer-associated defects. A novel nonsense mutation generating a v-Cbl-like protein able to enhance signal flow through RAS was also identified. Genotype-phenotype correlation analysis performed on available records indicated that germline CBL mutations cause a variable phenotype characterized by a relatively high frequency of neurological features, predisposition to juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, and low prevalence of cardiac defects, reduced growth, and cryptorchidism. Finally, we excluded a major contribution of two additional members of the CBL family, CBLB and CBLC, to NS and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilia Stellacci
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Pannone
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela D'Agostino
- Department of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Federica Consoli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Laboratorio Mendel, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Rome, Italy
| | - Christina Lissewski
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marianna Silvano
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Cencelli
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Maitz
- Dipartimento di Pediatria, Genetica Clinica, Ospedale S. Gerardo, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Silke Pauli
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anita Rauch
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Zampino
- Istituto di Clinica Pediatrica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Selicorni
- Dipartimento di Pediatria, Genetica Clinica, Ospedale S. Gerardo, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Serge Melançon
- Department of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Bruce D Gelb
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Alessandro De Luca
- Laboratorio Mendel, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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102
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Peacock JD, Dykema KJ, Toriello HV, Mooney MR, Scholten DJ, Winn ME, Borgman A, Duesbery NS, Hiemenga JA, Liu C, Campbell S, Nickoloff BP, Williams BO, Steensma M. Oculoectodermal syndrome is a mosaic RASopathy associated withKRASalterations. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167:1429-35. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Helga V. Toriello
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine; Grand Rapids; Michigan
| | | | - Donald J. Scholten
- Van Andel Research Institute; Grand Rapids; Michigan
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine; Grand Rapids; Michigan
| | - Mary E. Winn
- Van Andel Research Institute; Grand Rapids; Michigan
| | | | | | | | - Cong Liu
- Spectrum Health; Grand Rapids; Michigan
| | | | - Brian P. Nickoloff
- Van Andel Research Institute; Grand Rapids; Michigan
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine; Grand Rapids; Michigan
| | | | - Matthew Steensma
- Van Andel Research Institute; Grand Rapids; Michigan
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine; Grand Rapids; Michigan
- Spectrum Health; Grand Rapids; Michigan
- Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids Michigan
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103
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Smpokou P, Zand D, Rosenbaum K, Summar M. Malignancy in Noonan syndrome and related disorders. Clin Genet 2015; 88:516-22. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Smpokou
- Division of Genetics & Metabolism; Children's National Health System; Washington D.C. USA
- Department of Pediatrics; The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences; Washington D.C. USA
| | - D.J. Zand
- Division of Genetics & Metabolism; Children's National Health System; Washington D.C. USA
- Department of Pediatrics; The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences; Washington D.C. USA
| | - K.N. Rosenbaum
- Division of Genetics & Metabolism; Children's National Health System; Washington D.C. USA
- Department of Pediatrics; The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences; Washington D.C. USA
| | - M.L. Summar
- Division of Genetics & Metabolism; Children's National Health System; Washington D.C. USA
- Department of Pediatrics; The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences; Washington D.C. USA
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104
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Hyakuna N, Muramatsu H, Higa T, Chinen Y, Wang X, Kojima S. Germline mutation of CBL is associated with moyamoya disease in a child with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia and Noonan syndrome-like disorder. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:542-4. [PMID: 25283271 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Germline mutations in CBL have been identified in patients with Noonan syndrome-like phenotypes, while juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) harbors duplication of a germline CBL, resulting in acquired isodisomy. The association between moyamoya disease and Noonan syndrome carrying a PTPN11 mutation has recently been reported. We present a patient with JMML who developed moyamoya disease and neovascular glaucoma. Our patient exhibited a Noonan syndrome-like phenotype. Genetic analysis revealed acquired isodisomy and a germline heterozygous mutation in CBL. This is a rare case of CBL mutation associated with moyamoya disease. Prolonged RAS pathway signaling may cause disruption of cerebrovascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hyakuna
- Center of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hospital of University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
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105
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Suh Y, Lee SJ. KRAS-driven ROS promote malignant transformation. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e968059. [PMID: 27308397 PMCID: PMC4905229 DOI: 10.4161/23723548.2014.968059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog)-driven cellular transformation remains unclear because of the complexity of its downstream effectors. Park et al. recently reported that levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increased by KRAS and are responsible for KRAS-driven malignant transformation, and further identified the signaling cascade involved as KRAS/p38/PDPK1/PKCδ/p47phox/NOX1. These findings provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms governing KRAS-driven malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjoon Suh
- Department of Life Science; Research Institute for Natural Sciences; Hanyang University ; Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Jae Lee
- Department of Life Science; Research Institute for Natural Sciences; Hanyang University ; Seoul, Korea
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106
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Abstract
Valvular heart disease is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and often the result of congenital malformations. However, the prevalence is increasing in adults not only because of the growing aging population, but also because of improvements in the medical and surgical care of children with congenital heart valve defects. The success of the Human Genome Project and major advances in genetic technologies, in combination with our increased understanding of heart valve development, has led to the discovery of numerous genetic contributors to heart valve disease. These have been uncovered using a variety of approaches including the examination of familial valve disease and genome-wide association studies to investigate sporadic cases. This review will discuss these findings and their implications in the treatment of valvular heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie LaHaye
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and The Heart Center, Room WB4221, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
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107
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Aburawi EH, Aburawi HE, Bagnall KM, Bhuiyan ZA. Molecular insight into heart development and congenital heart disease: An update review from the Arab countries. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2014; 25:291-301. [PMID: 25541328 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart defect (CHD) has a major influence on affected individuals as well as on the supportive and associated environment such as the immediate family. Unfortunately, CHD is common worldwide with an incidence of approximately 1% and consequently is a major health concern. The Arab population has a high rate of consanguinity, fertility, birth, and annual population growth, in addition to a high incidence of diabetes mellitus and obesity. All these factors may lead to a higher incidence and prevalence of CHD within the Arab population than in the rest of the world, making CHD of even greater concern. Sadly, most Arab countries lack appropriate public health measures directed toward the control and prevention of congenital malformations and so the importance of CHD within the population remains unknown but is thought to be high. In approximately 85% of CHD patients, the multifactorial theory is considered as the pathologic basis. The genetic risk factors for CHD can be attributed to large chromosomal aberrations, copy number variations (CNV) of particular regions in the chromosome, and gene mutations in specific nuclear transcription pathways and in the genes that are involved in cardiac structure and development. The application of modern molecular biology techniques such as high-throughput nucleotide sequencing and chromosomal array and methylation array all have the potential to reveal more genetic defects linked to CHD. Exploring the genetic defects in CHD pathology will improve our knowledge and understanding about the diverse pathways involved and also about the progression of this disease. Ultimately, this will link to more efficient genetic diagnosis and development of novel preventive therapeutic strategies, as well as gene-targeted clinical management. This review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular basis of normal heart development and the pathophysiology of a wide range of CHD. The risk factors that might account for the high prevalence of CHD within the Arab population and the measures required to be undertaken for conducting research into CHD in Arab countries will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elhadi H Aburawi
- Department of Pediatrics, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Hanan E Aburawi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Keith M Bagnall
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Zahurul A Bhuiyan
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Moléculaire, Service de Génétique Médicale, BH19_512, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland.
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108
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Maruoka R, Takenouchi T, Torii C, Shimizu A, Misu K, Higasa K, Matsuda F, Ota A, Tanito K, Kuramochi A, Arima Y, Otsuka F, Yoshida Y, Moriyama K, Niimura M, Saya H, Kosaki K. The use of next-generation sequencing in molecular diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 1: a validation study. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2014; 18:722-35. [PMID: 25325900 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2014.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS We assessed the validity of a next-generation sequencing protocol using in-solution hybridization-based enrichment to identify NF1 mutations for the diagnosis of 86 patients with a prototypic genetic syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1. In addition, other causative genes for classic genetic syndromes were set as the target genes for coverage analysis. RESULTS The protocol identified 30 nonsense, 19 frameshift, and 8 splice-site mutations, together with 10 nucleotide substitutions that were previously reported to be pathogenic. In the remaining 19 samples, 10 had single-exon or multiple-exon deletions detected by a multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification method and 3 had missense mutations that were not observed in the normal Japanese SNP database and were predicted to be pathogenic. Coverage analysis of the genes other than the NF1 gene included on the same diagnostic panel indicated that the mean coverage was 115-fold, a sufficient depth for mutation detection. CONCLUSIONS The overall mutation detection rate using the currently reported method in 86 patients who met the clinical diagnostic criteria was 92.1% (70/76) when 10 patients with large deletions were excluded. The results validate the clinical utility of this next-generation sequencing-based method for the diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 1. Comparable detection rates can be expected for other genetic syndromes, based on the results of the coverage analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Maruoka
- 1 Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan
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109
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Fate and plasticity of the epidermis in response to congenital activation of BRAF. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:481-9. [PMID: 25202828 PMCID: PMC4289449 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Determining the developmental consequences of activated RAS and its downstream effectors is critical to understanding several congenital conditions caused by either germline or somatic mutations of the RAS pathway. Here we demonstrate that embryonic activation of BRAF in mouse ectoderm triggers both craniofacial and skin defects, including hyperproliferation, loss of spinous and granular keratinocyte differentiation, and cleft palate. RNA-sequencing reveals that despite an apparent block in spinous and granular differentiation, the epidermis continues to mature, expressing >80% of EDC genes and forming a hydrophobic barrier, both characteristic of later stages in epidermal development. Spinous and granular differentiation can be restored by pharmacologic inhibition of MEK or BRAF; however, in tissue recombination studies, phenotypic reversion was found to be non-cell autonomous and required dermal tissue to be present. These studies indicate that early activation of the RAF signaling pathway in the ectoderm has specific effects on progressive differentiation of the epidermis, which may be amendable to treatment using existing pharmacologic inhibitors.
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110
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Carcavilla A, García-Miñaúr S, Pérez-Aytés A, Vendrell T, Pinto I, Guillén-Navarro E, González-Meneses A, Aoki Y, Grinberg D, Ezquieta B. [Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, a Noonan syndrome related disorder: clinical and molecular findings in 11 patients]. Med Clin (Barc) 2014; 144:67-72. [PMID: 25194980 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe 11 patients with cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFC) and compare them with 130 patients with other RAS-MAPK syndromes (111 Noonan syndrome patients [NS] and 19 patients with LEOPARD syndrome). PATIENTS AND METHODS Clinical data from patients submitted for genetic analysis were collected. Bidirectional sequencing analysis of PTPN11, SOS1, RAF1, BRAF, and MAP2K1 focused on exons carrying recurrent mutations, and of all KRAS exons were performed. RESULTS Six different mutations in BRAF were identified in 9 patients, as well as 2 MAP2K1 mutations. Short stature, developmental delay, language difficulties and ectodermal anomalies were more frequent in CFC patients when compared with other neuro-cardio-faciocutaneous syndromes (P<.05). In at least 2 cases molecular testing helped reconsider the diagnosis. DISCUSSION CFC patients showed a rather severe phenotype but at least one patient with BRAF mutation showed no developmental delay, which illustrates the variability of the phenotypic spectrum caused by BRAF mutations. Molecular genetic testing is a valuable tool for differential diagnosis of CFC and NS related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sixto García-Miñaúr
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en enfermedades raras (CIBERER)
| | | | - Teresa Vendrell
- Unidad de Genética Clínica, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, España
| | - Isabel Pinto
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Severo Ochoa, Leganés, Madrid, España
| | - Encarna Guillén-Navarro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en enfermedades raras (CIBERER); Unidad de Genética Médica, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Cátedra de Genética Médica, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, España
| | | | - Yoko Aoki
- Departamento de Genética Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Tohoku, Sendai, Japón
| | - Daniel Grinberg
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en enfermedades raras (CIBERER); Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, Instituto de Biomedicina de la Universitad de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, España
| | - Begoña Ezquieta
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en enfermedades raras (CIBERER); Laboratorio Diagnóstico Molecular, Servicio de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, España
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111
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Cheng RYS, Basudhar D, Ridnour LA, Heinecke JL, Kesarwala AH, Glynn S, Switzer CH, Ambs S, Miranda KM, Wink DA. Gene expression profiles of NO- and HNO-donor treated breast cancer cells: insights into tumor response and resistance pathways. Nitric Oxide 2014; 43:17-28. [PMID: 25153034 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) synthase 2 (NOS2), a major inflammatory protein, modulates disease progression via NO in a number of pathologies, including cancer. The role of NOS2-derived NO is not only flux-dependent, which is higher in mouse vs human cells, but also varies based on spatial and temporal distribution both within tumor cells and in the tumor microenvironment. NO donors have been utilized to mimic NO flux conditions and to investigate the effects of varied NO concentrations. As a wide range of effects mediated by NO and other nitrogen oxides such as nitroxyl (HNO) have been elucidated, multiple NO- and HNO-releasing compounds have been developed as potential therapeutics, including as tumor modulators. One of the challenges is to determine differences in biomarker expression from extracellular vs intracellular generation of NO or HNO. Taking advantage of new NO and HNO releasing agents, we have characterized the gene expression profile of estrogen receptor-negative human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells following exposure to aspirin, the NO donor DEA/NO, the HNO donor IPA/NO andtheir intracellularly-activated prodrug conjugates DEA/NO-aspirin and IPA/NO-aspirin. Comparison of the gene expression profiles demonstrated that several genes were uniquely expressed with respect to NO or HNO, such as miR-21, HSP70, cystathionine γ-lyase and IL24. These findings provide insight into targets and pathways that could be therapeutically exploited by the redox related species NO and HNO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Y S Cheng
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Debashree Basudhar
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Lisa A Ridnour
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julie L Heinecke
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aparna H Kesarwala
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Christopher H Switzer
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katrina M Miranda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - David A Wink
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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112
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Ueda S, Sakata N, Muramatsu H, Sakaguchi H, Wang X, Xu Y, Kojima S, Yamaguchi T, Higa T, Takemura T. Clinical course of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia in the blast crisis phase treated by acute myeloid leukemia-oriented chemotherapy and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Int J Hematol 2014; 100:502-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-014-1638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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113
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Inoue SI, Moriya M, Watanabe Y, Miyagawa-Tomita S, Niihori T, Oba D, Ono M, Kure S, Ogura T, Matsubara Y, Aoki Y. New BRAF knockin mice provide a pathogenetic mechanism of developmental defects and a therapeutic approach in cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6553-66. [PMID: 25035421 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome is one of the 'RASopathies', a group of phenotypically overlapping syndromes caused by germline mutations that encode components of the RAS-MAPK pathway. Germline mutations in BRAF cause CFC syndrome, which is characterized by heart defects, distinctive facial features and ectodermal abnormalities. To define the pathogenesis and to develop a potential therapeutic approach in CFC syndrome, we here generated new knockin mice (here Braf(Q241R/+)) expressing the Braf Q241R mutation, which corresponds to the most frequent mutation in CFC syndrome, Q257R. Braf(Q241R/+) mice manifested embryonic/neonatal lethality, showing liver necrosis, edema and craniofacial abnormalities. Histological analysis revealed multiple heart defects, including cardiomegaly, enlarged cardiac valves, ventricular noncompaction and ventricular septal defects. Braf(Q241R/+) embryos also showed massively distended jugular lymphatic sacs and subcutaneous lymphatic vessels, demonstrating lymphatic defects in RASopathy knockin mice for the first time. Prenatal treatment with a MEK inhibitor, PD0325901, rescued the embryonic lethality with amelioration of craniofacial abnormalities and edema in Braf(Q241R/+) embryos. Unexpectedly, one surviving pup was obtained after treatment with a histone 3 demethylase inhibitor, GSK-J4, or NCDM-32b. Combination treatment with PD0325901 and GSK-J4 further increased the rescue from embryonic lethality, ameliorating enlarged cardiac valves. These results suggest that our new Braf knockin mice recapitulate major features of RASopathies and that epigenetic modulation as well as the inhibition of the ERK pathway will be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of CFC syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yusuke Watanabe
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sachiko Miyagawa-Tomita
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Development and Differentiation, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan and
| | | | | | | | - Shigeo Kure
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ogura
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsubara
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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114
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Louati R, Abdelmoula NB, Trabelsi I, Abid D, Lissewski C, Kharrat N, Kamoun S, Zenker M, Rebai T. Clinical and Molecular Findings of Tunisian Patients with RASopathies. Mol Syndromol 2014; 5:212-7. [PMID: 25337068 DOI: 10.1159/000362898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) and related disorders, which are now summarized under the term RASopathies, are caused by germline mutations in genes encoding protein components of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. In this study, we evaluated the clinical and molecular spectrum of 21 Tunisian patients, recruited by a cardiology unit, for whom RASopathy diagnosis was suspected by clinical geneticists. Overall, 19 patients had a clinical diagnosis of NS and 2 were classified as having Cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome. In 52% (n = 11) of patients, a RASopathy has been molecularly confirmed. Mutations in PTPN11 and SOS1 genes were found in patients with diagnosis of NS and BRAF gene mutations in patients with CFC syndrome. As reported from other cohorts, mutations in exons 3 and 8 of the PTPN11 gene predominated in Tunisian NS patients. A very uncommon PTPN11 mutation c.5C>T (p.T2I), the functional consequences of which have so far remained unclear, was identified in one patient. As biased by the mode of recruitment, all patients included in this study had a congenital heart defect, with pulmonary valve stenosis being the most frequent one. Short stature and developmental abnormalities were present in mutation-positive cases. This is the first molecular study in patients from southern Tunisia with RASopathy diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Louati
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Sfax, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - N Bouayed Abdelmoula
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Sfax, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Imen Trabelsi
- Cardiology Service, Hedi Chaker Hospital, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Dorra Abid
- Cardiology Service, Hedi Chaker Hospital, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Christina Lissewski
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Najla Kharrat
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Biomolecules, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Samir Kamoun
- Cardiology Service, Hedi Chaker Hospital, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tarek Rebai
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Sfax, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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115
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Kiel C, Serrano L. Structure-energy-based predictions and network modelling of RASopathy and cancer missense mutations. Mol Syst Biol 2014; 10:727. [PMID: 24803665 PMCID: PMC4188041 DOI: 10.1002/msb.20145092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras/MAPK syndromes ('RASopathies') are a class of developmental disorders caused by germline mutations in 15 genes encoding proteins of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway frequently involved in cancer. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the differences in mutations of the same protein causing either cancer or RASopathies. Here, we shed light on 956 RASopathy and cancer missense mutations by combining protein network data with mutational analyses based on 3D structures. Using the protein design algorithm FoldX, we predict that most of the missense mutations with destabilising energies are in structural regions that control the activation of proteins, and only a few are predicted to compromise protein folding. We find a trend that energy changes are higher for cancer compared to RASopathy mutations. Through network modelling, we show that partly compensatory mutations in RASopathies result in only minor downstream pathway deregulation. In summary, we suggest that quantitative rather than qualitative network differences determine the phenotypic outcome of RASopathy compared to cancer mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kiel
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
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116
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Xu W, Yang X, Hu X, Li S. Fifty-four novel mutations in the NF1 gene and integrated analyses of the mutations that modulate splicing. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:53-60. [PMID: 24789688 PMCID: PMC4072343 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by mutations in the NF1 gene. One of the hallmarks of NF1 is the high mutation rate in this gene. In this study, we present 127 different NF1 mutations and 54 novel mutations detected at both the genomic DNA and mRNA level using a retrospective case series review. We found that 25.2% of these different mutations induced aberrant splicing. Of note, 40.6% of these splicing errors were caused by exonic variants. In addition, one mutation produced mosaicism in the post-transcriptional profile. However, studies investigating these splicing aberrations are limited. In order to better understand the pathogenicity of NF1 and to provide a more accurate interpretation in molecular diagnostic testing, combined computational analyses were employed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the variants modulating NF1 gene splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Xu
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Xiao Yang
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Hu
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Shibo Li
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
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117
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Abstract
Despite intense research efforts that have provided enormous insight, cancer continues to be a poorly understood disease. There has been much debate over whether the cancerous state can be said to originate in a single cell or whether it is a reflection of aberrant behaviour on the part of a 'society of cells'. This article presents, in the form of a debate conducted among the authors, three views of how the problem might be addressed. We do not claim that the views exhaust all possibilities. These views are (a) the tissue organization field theory (TOFT) that is based on a breakdown of tissue organization involving many cells from different embryological layers, (b) the cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis that focuses on genetic and epigenetic changes that take place within single cells, and (c) the proposition that rewiring of the cell's protein interaction networks mediated by intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) drives the tumorigenic process. The views are based on different philosophical approaches. In detail, they differ on some points and agree on others. It is left to the reader to decide whether one approach to understanding cancer appears more promising than the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sonnenschein
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
- Centre Cavaillès, École Normale Supérieure, 45 rue d’Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - Ana M Soto
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
- Centre Cavaillès, École Normale Supérieure, 45 rue d’Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - Annapoorni Rangarajan
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Prakash Kulkarni
- Department of Urology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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118
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Park MT, Kim MJ, Suh Y, Kim RK, Kim H, Lim EJ, Yoo KC, Lee GH, Kim YH, Hwang SG, Yi JM, Lee SJ. Novel signaling axis for ROS generation during K-Ras-induced cellular transformation. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1185-97. [PMID: 24632950 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well known to be involved in oncogene-mediated cellular transformation. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying ROS generation in oncogene-transformed cells are unclear. In the present study, we found that oncogenic K-Ras induces ROS generation through activation of NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1), which is a critical regulator for the K-Ras-induced cellular transformation. NOX1 was activated by K-Ras-dependent translocation of p47(phox), a subunit of NOX1 to plasma membrane. Of note, PKCδ, when it was activated by PDPK1, directly bound to the SH3-N domain of p47(phox) and catalyzed the phosphorylation on Ser348 and Ser473 residues of p47(phox) C-terminal in a K-Ras-dependent manner, finally leading to its membrane translocation. Notably, oncogenic K-Ras activated all MAPKs (JNK, ERK and p38); however, only p38 was involved in p47(phox)-NOX1-dependent ROS generation and consequent transformation. Importantly, K-Ras-induced activation of p38 led to an activation of PDPK1, which then signals through PKCδ, p47(phox) and NOX1. In agreement with the mechanism, inhibition of p38, PDPK1, PKCδ, p47(phox) or NOX1 effectively blocked K-Ras-induced ROS generation, anchorage-independent colony formation and tumor formation. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that oncogenic K-Ras activates the signaling cascade p38/PDPK1/PKCδ/p47(phox)/NOX1 for ROS generation and consequent malignant cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-T Park
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea [2] Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan, Korea
| | - M-J Kim
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea [2] Low Dose Radiation Research Center, National Radiation Emergency Medical Science, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Korea
| | - Y Suh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - R-K Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - H Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - E-J Lim
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - K-C Yoo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - G-H Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Y-H Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - S-G Hwang
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Korea
| | - J-M Yi
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan, Korea
| | - S-J Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
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119
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Abstract
The two vascular systems of our body are the blood and lymphatic vasculature. Our understanding of the cellular and molecular processes controlling the development of the lymphatic vasculature has progressed significantly in the last decade. In mammals, this is a stepwise process that starts in the embryonic veins, where lymphatic EC (LEC) progenitors are initially specified. The differentiation and maturation of these progenitors continues as they bud from the veins to produce scattered primitive lymph sacs, from which most of the lymphatic vasculature is derived. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the key steps leading to the formation of a functional lymphatic vasculature.
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120
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Kim HKW, Feng GS, Chen D, King PD, Kamiya N. Targeted disruption of Shp2 in chondrocytes leads to metachondromatosis with multiple cartilaginous protrusions. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:761-9. [PMID: 23929766 PMCID: PMC4081537 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Metachondromatosis is a benign bone disease predominantly observed in the hands and feet of children or young adults demonstrating two different manifestations: a cartilage-capped bony outgrowth on the surface of the bone called exostosis and ectopic cartilaginous nodules inside the bone called enchondroma. Recently, it has been reported that loss-of-function mutations of the SHP2 gene, which encodes the SHP2 protein tyrosine phosphatase, are associated with metachondromatosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of SHP2 in postnatal cartilage development, which is largely unknown. We disrupted Shp2 during the postnatal stage of mouse development in a chondrocyte-specific manner using a tamoxifen-inducible system. We found tumor-like nodules on the hands and feet within a month after the initial induction. The SHP2-deficient mice demonstrated an exostosis-like and enchondroma-like phenotype in multiple bones of the hands, feet, and ribs as assessed by X-ray and micro-computed tomography (CT). Histological assessment revealed the disorganization of the growth plate cartilage, a cartilaginous protrusion from the epiphyseal bone, and ectopic cartilage nodules within the bones, which is consistent with the pathological features of metachondromatosis in humans (ie, both exostosis and enchondroma). At molecular levels, we observed an abundant expression of Indian hedgehog protein (IHH) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and impaired expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in the affected cartilage nodules in the SHP2-deficient mice. In summary, we have generated a mouse model of metachondromatosis that includes manifestations of exostosis and enchondroma. This study provides a novel model for the investigation of the pathophysiology of the disease and advances the understanding of metachondromatosis. This model will be useful to identify molecular mechanisms for the disease cause and progression as well as to develop new therapeutic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry KW Kim
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
- Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Gen-Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology and Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Philip D King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nobuhiro Kamiya
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
- Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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121
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Ciccarelli A, Giustetto M. Role of ERK signaling in activity-dependent modifications of histone proteins. Neuropharmacology 2014; 80:34-44. [PMID: 24486378 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is well-established that neuronal intracellular signaling governed by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK/MAPK) plays a crucial role in long-term adaptive changes that occur during cognitive processes. ERK is a downstream component of a conserved signaling module that is activated by the serine/threonine kinase, Raf, which activates the MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK)1/2 protein kinases, which, in turn, activate ERK1/2. This signaling pathway has been reported to be activated in numerous physiological conditions due to a variety of stimuli, ranging from the activation of ionotropic glutamatergic receptors to metabotropic dopaminergic receptors and neurotrophin receptors. Interestingly, activated ERK can have early and late downstream effects at both the nuclear and synaptic levels. Locally, ERK signaling results in transient changes in the efficacy of synaptic transmission by modifying both pre- and post-synaptic targets. Once translocated into the nucleus, ERK signaling may control transcription by targeting several different regulators of gene expression such as transcription factors and histone proteins. ERK function is considered fundamental in processes such as long-term memory storage and drug addiction, by means of its role in activity-dependent epigenetic modifications that occur in the brain. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of ERK action in the neuroepigenetic processes underlying physiological responses, cognitive processes and drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ciccarelli
- University of Turin, Department of Neuroscience, C.so M. D'Azeglio 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Maurizio Giustetto
- University of Turin, Department of Neuroscience, C.so M. D'Azeglio 52, 10126 Turin, Italy; National Institute of Neuroscience-Italy, C.so M. D'Azeglio 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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122
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Xu F, Li L, Schulz VP, Gallagher PG, Xiang B, Zhao H, Li P. Cytogenomic mapping and bioinformatic mining reveal interacting brain expressed genes for intellectual disability. Mol Cytogenet 2014; 7:4. [PMID: 24410907 PMCID: PMC3905969 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-7-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microarray analysis has been used as the first-tier genetic testing to detect chromosomal imbalances and copy number variants (CNVs) for pediatric patients with intellectual and developmental disabilities (ID/DD). To further investigate the candidate genes and underlying dosage-sensitive mechanisms related to ID, cytogenomic mapping of critical regions and bioinformatic mining of candidate brain-expressed genes (BEGs) and their functional interactions were performed. Critical regions of chromosomal imbalances and pathogenic CNVs were mapped by subtracting known benign CNVs from the Databases of Genomic Variants (DGV) and extracting smallest overlap regions with cases from DatabasE of Chromosomal Imbalance and Phenotype in Humans using Ensembl Resources (DECIPHER). BEGs from these critical regions were revealed by functional annotation using Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) and by tissue expression pattern from Uniprot. Cross-region interrelations and functional networks of the BEGs were analyzed using Gene Relationships Across Implicated Loci (GRAIL) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). RESULTS Of the 1,354 patients analyzed by oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), pathogenic abnormalities were detected in 176 patients including genomic disorders in 66 patients (37.5%), subtelomeric rearrangements in 45 patients (25.6%), interstitial imbalances in 33 patients (18.8%), chromosomal structural rearrangements in 17 patients (9.7%) and aneuploidies in 15 patients (8.5%). Subtractive and extractive mapping defined 82 disjointed critical regions from the detected abnormalities. A total of 461 BEGs was generated from 73 disjointed critical regions. Enrichment of central nervous system specific genes in these regions was noted. The number of BEGs increased with the size of the regions. A list of 108 candidate BEGs with significant cross region interrelation was identified by GRAIL and five significant gene networks involving cell cycle, cell-to-cell signaling, cellular assembly, cell morphology, and gene expression regulations were denoted by IPA. CONCLUSIONS These results characterized ID related cross-region interrelations and multiple networks of candidate BEGs from the detected genomic imbalances. Further experimental study of these BEGs and their interactions will lead to a better understanding of dosage-sensitive mechanisms and modifying effects of human mental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xu
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lun Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Vincent P Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Patrick G Gallagher
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bixia Xiang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peining Li
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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123
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Si J, Kim M, Lim MY, Ko G. Enhancement of enteric adenovirus cultivation in a novel Ras-overexpressing cell line. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:171-178. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.055608-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric human adenoviruses (HAdVs; serotypes 40 and 41) have been identified as an emerging cause of drinking water contamination. Due to their fastidious characteristics, HAdVs are difficult to cultivate and therefore not detected easily by standard mammalian cell cultivation methods. Here we found that human embryonic kidney 293 cells, transformed transiently with Ras, enhanced HAdV replication by more than threefold. We also constructed a stable cell line overexpressing the Ras protein, 293-Ras, in which the replication of three HAdV strains of serotypes 40 and 41 was increased markedly. However, only HAdV replication was enhanced; infection of 293 and 293-Ras cells with human rhinivorus-6 showed no significant differences in replication rate. Infected 293-Ras cells exhibited an increased level and phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK). In addition, the Ras-mediated increase in HAdV replication was impaired by the mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK1) inhibitor U0126, suggesting direct involvement of the MEK1/ERK pathway in enhanced HAdV replication. Based on these results, we suggest that the 293-Ras cell line be used for the efficient detection and cultivation of HAdV strains in both clinical and environmental specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Si
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Misoon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Mi Young Lim
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - GwangPyo Ko
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Wakusawa K, Kobayashi S, Abe Y, Tanaka S, Endo W, Inui T, Iwaki M, Watanabe S, Togashi N, Nara T, Niihori T, Aoki Y, Haginoya K. A girl with Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome complicated with status epilepticus and acute encephalopathy. Brain Dev 2014; 36:61-3. [PMID: 23340054 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We report a six-year-old girl with Cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome who developed acute encephalopathy after the recurrence of status epilepticus. While epileptic encephalopathy and severe epilepsy have been mentioned as frequent complications of the CFC syndrome, no previous reports have shown a case of the CFC syndrome complicated with acute encephalopathy. Here we discuss the possibility for the linkage between the development of acute encephalopathy and CFC syndrome which is generally susceptible to seizures or epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Wakusawa
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Satoru Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yu Abe
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Soichiro Tanaka
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children, Sendai, Japan
| | - Wakaba Endo
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takehiko Inui
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mitsutosi Iwaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaki Citizen Hospital, Osaki, Japan
| | - Shuei Watanabe
- Department of Neurology, Miyagi Children's Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Noriko Togashi
- Department of Neurology, Miyagi Children's Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nara
- Department of Rehabilitation, Miyagi Children's Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Niihori
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Haginoya
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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125
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The paradox of FGFR3 signaling in skeletal dysplasia: Why chondrocytes growth arrest while other cells over proliferate. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 759:40-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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126
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Maradonna F, Gioacchini G, Falcinelli S, Bertotto D, Radaelli G, Olivotto I, Carnevali O. Probiotic supplementation promotes calcification in Danio rerio larvae: a molecular study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83155. [PMID: 24358259 PMCID: PMC3866187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies have been showing that dietary probiotics can exert beneficial health effects in both humans and animals. We previously demonstrated that dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus - a component of the human gut microflora - enhances reproduction, larval development, and the biomineralization process in Danio rerio (zebrafish). The aim of this study was to identify the pathways affected by L. rhamnosus during zebrafish larval development. Our morphological and histochemical findings show that L. rhamnosus accelerates bone deposition through stimulation of the expression of key genes involved in ossification, e.g. runt-related transcription factor 2 (runx2), Sp7 transcription factor (sp7), matrix Gla protein (mgp), and bone gamma-carboxyglutamate (gla) protein (bglap) as well as through inhibition of sclerostin (sost), a bone formation inhibitor. Western blot analysis of mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 and 3-(Mapk1 and Mapk3), which are involved in osteoblast and osteocyte differentiation, documented an increase in Mapk1 16 days post fertilization (dpf) and of Mapk3 23 dpf in individuals receiving L. rhamnosus supplementation. Interestingly, a reduction of sost detected in the same individuals suggests that the probiotic may help treat bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Maradonna
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italia
| | - Giorgia Gioacchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italia
| | - Silvia Falcinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italia
| | - Daniela Bertotto
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro (Padova), Italia
| | - Giuseppe Radaelli
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro (Padova), Italia
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italia
| | - Oliana Carnevali
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italia
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Roma, Italia
- * E-mail:
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127
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Hashida N, Ping X, Nishida K. MAPK activation in mature cataract associated with Noonan syndrome. BMC Ophthalmol 2013; 13:70. [PMID: 24219368 PMCID: PMC3829809 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2415-13-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Noonan syndrome is an autosomal, dominantly inherited disease; it is physically characterized by short stature, short neck, webbed neck, abnormal auricles, high arched palate, and cardiovascular malformation. Its pathological condition is thought to be due to a gain-of-function mutation in the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway. Eyelid abnormalities such as ocular hypertelorism and blepharoptosis are the most commonly observed eye complications. Case presentation We report a case of Noonan syndrome associated with mature cataract that required operation. A 42-year-old man was diagnosed with Noonan syndrome at the age of 1 year. He underwent an eye examination after complaining of decreased visual acuity in the right eye and was diagnosed with mature cataract, which was treated by cataract surgery. There were no intraoperative complications, and the postoperative course was uneventful. Protein analysis of lens capsule and epithelium at capsulorhexis showed MAPK cascade proteins such as ERK and p38MAPK were upregulated. An abnormality in the PTPN11 gene was also observed; a potential mechanism of cataract onset may be that opacity of the lens rapidly progressed due to abnormal activation of the Ras-MAPK signal transduction pathway. Conclusion This case highlights the possible association of cataract formation with MAPK cascade protein upregulation in Noonan syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyasu Hashida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Medical School, room E7, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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128
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Tarone G, Sbroggiò M, Brancaccio M. Key role of ERK1/2 molecular scaffolds in heart pathology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4047-54. [PMID: 23532408 PMCID: PMC11114054 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cardiomyocytes to detect mechanical and humoral stimuli is critical for adaptation of the myocardium in response to new conditions and for sustaining the increased workload during stress. While certain stimuli mediate a beneficial adaptation to stress conditions, others result in maladaptive remodelling, ultimately leading to heart failure. Specific signalling pathways activating either adaptive or maladaptive cardiac remodelling have been identified. Paradoxically, however, in a number of cases, the transduction pathways involved in such opposing responses engage the same signalling proteins. A notable example is the Raf-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signalling pathway that can control both adaptive and maladaptive remodelling. ERK1/2 signalling requires a signalosome complex where a scaffold protein drives the assembly of these three kinases into a linear pathway to facilitate their sequential phosphorylation, ultimately targeting specific effector molecules. Interestingly, a number of different Raf-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 scaffold proteins have been identified, and their role in determining the adaptive or maladaptive cardiac remodelling is a promising field of investigation for the development of therapeutic strategies capable of selectively potentiating the adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Tarone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy,
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129
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Loirand G, Sauzeau V, Pacaud P. Small G Proteins in the Cardiovascular System: Physiological and Pathological Aspects. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:1659-720. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Small G proteins exist in eukaryotes from yeast to human and constitute the Ras superfamily comprising more than 100 members. This superfamily is structurally classified into five families: the Ras, Rho, Rab, Arf, and Ran families that control a wide variety of cell and biological functions through highly coordinated regulation processes. Increasing evidence has accumulated to identify small G proteins and their regulators as key players of the cardiovascular physiology that control a large panel of cardiac (heart rhythm, contraction, hypertrophy) and vascular functions (angiogenesis, vascular permeability, vasoconstriction). Indeed, basal Ras protein activity is required for homeostatic functions in physiological conditions, but sustained overactivation of Ras proteins or spatiotemporal dysregulation of Ras signaling pathways has pathological consequences in the cardiovascular system. The primary object of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current progress in our understanding of the role of small G proteins and their regulators in cardiovascular physiology and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervaise Loirand
- INSERM, UMR S1087; University of Nantes; and CHU Nantes, l'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Vincent Sauzeau
- INSERM, UMR S1087; University of Nantes; and CHU Nantes, l'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Pacaud
- INSERM, UMR S1087; University of Nantes; and CHU Nantes, l'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
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130
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Qiao Y, Badduke C, Mercier E, Lewis SME, Pavlidis P, Rajcan-Separovic E. miRNA and miRNA target genes in copy number variations occurring in individuals with intellectual disability. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:544. [PMID: 23937676 PMCID: PMC3750877 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of short, non-coding RNAs modulating expression of human protein coding genes (miRNA target genes). Their dysfunction is associated with many human diseases, including neurodevelopmental disorders. It has been recently shown that genomic copy number variations (CNVs) can cause aberrant expression of integral miRNAs and their target genes, and contribute to intellectual disability (ID). Results To better understand the CNV-miRNA relationship in ID, we investigated the prevalence and function of miRNAs and miRNA target genes in five groups of CNVs. Three groups of CNVs were from 213 probands with ID (24 de novo CNVs, 46 familial and 216 common CNVs), one group of CNVs was from a cohort of 32 cognitively normal subjects (67 CNVs) and one group of CNVs represented 40 ID related syndromic regions listed in DECIPHER (30 CNVs) which served as positive controls for CNVs causing or predisposing to ID. Our results show that 1). The number of miRNAs is significantly higher in de novo or DECIPHER CNVs than in familial or common CNV subgroups (P < 0.01). 2). miRNAs with brain related functions are more prevalent in de novo CNV groups compared to common CNV groups. 3). More miRNA target genes are found in de novo, familial and DECIPHER CNVs than in the common CNV subgroup (P < 0.05). 4). The MAPK signaling cascade is found to be enriched among the miRNA target genes from de novo and DECIPHER CNV subgroups. Conclusions Our findings reveal an increase in miRNA and miRNA target gene content in de novo versus common CNVs in subjects with ID. Their expression profile and participation in pathways support a possible role of miRNA copy number change in cognition and/or CNV-mediated developmental delay. Systematic analysis of expression/function of miRNAs in addition to coding genes integral to CNVs could uncover new causes of ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qiao
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, BC Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
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131
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Leoyklang P, Suphapeetiporn K, Srichomthong C, Tongkobpetch S, Fietze S, Dorward H, Cullinane AR, Gahl WA, Huizing M, Shotelersuk V. Disorders with similar clinical phenotypes reveal underlying genetic interaction: SATB2 acts as an activator of the UPF3B gene. Hum Genet 2013; 132:1383-93. [PMID: 23925499 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Two syndromic cognitive impairment disorders have very similar craniofacial dysmorphisms. One is caused by mutations of SATB2, a transcription regulator and the other by heterozygous mutations leading to premature stop codons in UPF3B, encoding a member of the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay complex. Here we demonstrate that the products of these two causative genes function in the same pathway. We show that the SATB2 nonsense mutation in our patient leads to a truncated protein that localizes to the nucleus, forms a dimer with wild-type SATB2 and interferes with its normal activity. This suggests that the SATB2 nonsense mutation has a dominant negative effect. The patient's leukocytes had significantly decreased UPF3B mRNA compared to controls. This effect was replicated both in vitro, where siRNA knockdown of SATB2 in HEK293 cells resulted in decreased UPF3B expression, and in vivo, where embryonic tissue of Satb2 knockout mice showed significantly decreased Upf3b expression. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrates that SATB2 binds to the UPF3B promoter, and a luciferase reporter assay confirmed that SATB2 expression significantly activates gene transcription using the UPF3B promoter. These findings indicate that SATB2 activates UPF3B expression through binding to its promoter. This study emphasizes the value of recognizing disorders with similar clinical phenotypes to explore underlying mechanisms of genetic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petcharat Leoyklang
- Biomedical Science Program, Faculty of Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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132
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Sekiguchi K, Maeda T, Suenobu SI, Kunisaki N, Shimizu M, Kiyota K, Handa YS, Akiyoshi K, Korematsu S, Aoki Y, Matsubara Y, Izumi T. A transient myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm in a patient with cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome and a germline BRAFmutation. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2600-3. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Sekiguchi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Neurology; Oita University Faculty of Medicine; Oita; Japan
| | - Tomoki Maeda
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Neurology; Oita University Faculty of Medicine; Oita; Japan
| | | | - Nobutaka Kunisaki
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Neurology; Oita University Faculty of Medicine; Oita; Japan
| | - Miki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Neurology; Oita University Faculty of Medicine; Oita; Japan
| | - Kyoko Kiyota
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Neurology; Oita University Faculty of Medicine; Oita; Japan
| | - Yo-suke Handa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Neurology; Oita University Faculty of Medicine; Oita; Japan
| | - Kensuke Akiyoshi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Neurology; Oita University Faculty of Medicine; Oita; Japan
| | | | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics; Tohoku University School of Medicine; Sendai; Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsubara
- Department of Medical Genetics; Tohoku University School of Medicine; Sendai; Japan
| | - Tatsuro Izumi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Neurology; Oita University Faculty of Medicine; Oita; Japan
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133
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Zheng H, Li S, Hsu P, Qu CK. Induction of a tumor-associated activating mutation in protein tyrosine phosphatase Ptpn11 (Shp2) enhances mitochondrial metabolism, leading to oxidative stress and senescence. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25727-25738. [PMID: 23884424 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.462291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in Ptpn11 (Shp2), a protein tyrosine phosphatase involved in diverse cell signaling pathways, are associated with pediatric leukemias and solid tumors. However, the pathogenic effects of these mutations have not been fully characterized. Here, we report that induction of the Ptpn11(E76K/+) mutation, the most common and active Ptpn11 mutation found in leukemias and solid tumors, in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts resulted in proliferative arrest and premature senescence. As a result, apoptosis was markedly increased. These cellular responses were accompanied and mediated by up-regulation of p53 and p21. Moreover, intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), byproducts of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, were elevated in Ptpn11(E76K/+) cells. Since Shp2 is also distributed to the mitochondria (in addition to the cytosol), the impact of the Ptpn11(E76K/+) mutation on mitochondrial function was analyzed. These analyses revealed that oxygen consumption of Ptpn11(E76K/+) cells and the respiratory function of Ptpn11(E76K/+) mitochondria were significantly increased. Furthermore, we found that phosphorylation of mitochondrial Stat3, one of the substrates of Shp2 phosphatase, was greatly decreased in the mutant cells with the activating mutation Ptpn11(E76K/+). This study provides novel insights into the initial effects of tumor-associated Ptpn11 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zheng
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Shanhu Li
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Peter Hsu
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Cheng-Kui Qu
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106.
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134
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Aoki Y, Niihori T, Banjo T, Okamoto N, Mizuno S, Kurosawa K, Ogata T, Takada F, Yano M, Ando T, Hoshika T, Barnett C, Ohashi H, Kawame H, Hasegawa T, Okutani T, Nagashima T, Hasegawa S, Funayama R, Nagashima T, Nakayama K, Inoue SI, Watanabe Y, Ogura T, Matsubara Y. Gain-of-function mutations in RIT1 cause Noonan syndrome, a RAS/MAPK pathway syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:173-80. [PMID: 23791108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS GTPases mediate a wide variety of cellular functions, including cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Recent studies have revealed that germline mutations and mosaicism for classical RAS mutations, including those in HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS, cause a wide spectrum of genetic disorders. These include Noonan syndrome and related disorders (RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase [RAS/MAPK] pathway syndromes, or RASopathies), nevus sebaceous, and Schimmelpenning syndrome. In the present study, we identified a total of nine missense, nonsynonymous mutations in RIT1, encoding a member of the RAS subfamily, in 17 of 180 individuals (9%) with Noonan syndrome or a related condition but with no detectable mutations in known Noonan-related genes. Clinical manifestations in the RIT1-mutation-positive individuals are consistent with those of Noonan syndrome, which is characterized by distinctive facial features, short stature, and congenital heart defects. Seventy percent of mutation-positive individuals presented with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; this frequency is high relative to the overall 20% incidence in individuals with Noonan syndrome. Luciferase assays in NIH 3T3 cells showed that five RIT1 alterations identified in children with Noonan syndrome enhanced ELK1 transactivation. The introduction of mRNAs of mutant RIT1 into 1-cell-stage zebrafish embryos was found to result in a significant increase of embryos with craniofacial abnormalities, incomplete looping, a hypoplastic chamber in the heart, and an elongated yolk sac. These results demonstrate that gain-of-function mutations in RIT1 cause Noonan syndrome and show a similar biological effect to mutations in other RASopathy-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
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135
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Abstract
Phosphate is required for many important cellular processes and having too little phosphate (hypophosphatemia) or too much (hyperphosphatemia) can cause disease and reduce lifespan in humans. Drosophila melanogaster has been a powerful tool to discover evolutionarily well-conserved nutrient-sensing pathways that are important for the lifespan extension. We have established Drosophila as a model system for studying the effects of dietary phosphate during development and adult life. When absorption of phosphate is blocked by sevelamer or cellular uptake is inhibited by phosphonoformic acid (PFA), larval development is delayed in a phosphate-dependent fashion. Conversely, restriction of phosphate absorption with sevelamer or reduced cellular uptake after treatment with PFA is able to extend the adult lifespan of otherwise normal flies. Gaining an understanding of the specific pathways and mediators that regulate cellular and organismic phosphate levels might ultimately lead to the development of improved dietary and therapeutic approaches to the treatment of human disorders of hypo- and hyperphosphatemia.
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136
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Rankin J, Short J, Turnpenny P, Castle B, Hanemann CO. Medulloblastoma in a patient with the PTPN11 p.Thr468Met mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2027-9. [PMID: 23813970 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the commonest brain tumor in childhood and in a minority of patients is associated with an underlying genetic disorder such as Gorlin syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis. Increased susceptibility to certain tumors, including neuroblastoma and some hematological malignancies, is recognized in disorders caused by mutations in genes encoding components of the RAS signaling pathway which include Noonan syndrome, Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML; formerly called LEOPARD syndrome), Costello syndrome, Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, Legius syndrome, and Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), collectively termed RASopathies. Although an association between medulloblastoma and NF1 has been reported, this tumor has not previously been reported in other RASopathies. We present a patient with NSML caused by the recurrent PTPN11 mutation c.1403C > T (p.Thr468Met) in whom medulloblastoma was diagnosed at age 10 years. Medulloblastoma could therefore be part of the tumor spectrum associated with this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rankin
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Trust, Exeter, UK.
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137
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Carcavilla A, Santomé JL, Pinto I, Sánchez-Pozo J, Guillén-Navarro E, Martín-Frías M, Lapunzina P, Ezquieta B. Síndrome LEOPARD: una variante del síndrome de Noonan con fuerte asociación a miocardiopatía hipertrófica. Rev Esp Cardiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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138
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Cadmium modulates H-ras expression and caspase-3 apoptotic cell death in breast cancer epithelial MCF-7 cells. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 121:100-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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139
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Ortiz O, Wurst W, Kühn R. Reversible and tissue-specific activation of MAP kinase signaling by tamoxifen in Braf(V637)ER(T2) mice. Genesis 2013; 51:448-55. [PMID: 23441035 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Deregulated MAP kinase (MAPK) signaling plays key roles in developmental and adult disease processes, but the experimental activation of MAPK is a currently unresolved task. For the reversible induction of MAPK signaling, we generated transgenic mice harboring a tamoxifen inducible BRAF(V637E)ER(T2) fusion protein. The expression of the inducible BRAF kinase can be directed by Cre/loxP-mediated recombination to selected cell types and enables the highly specific activation of MAPK signalling in vivo. We show that MAPK signaling can be transiently activated in the brain, liver, or kidney of Braf(V637E)ER(T2) mice by a single injection of tamoxifen. Braf(V637E)ER(T2) mice provide a new versatile tool to study disease mechanisms elicited by MAPK activation, complementing gene knockout technology that is restricted to the analysis of loss-of-function phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Ortiz
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany
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140
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Deng Y, Atri D, Eichmann A, Simons M. Endothelial ERK signaling controls lymphatic fate specification. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1202-15. [PMID: 23391722 DOI: 10.1172/jci63034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are thought to arise from PROX1-positive endothelial cells (ECs) in the cardinal vein in response to induction of SOX18 expression; however, the molecular event responsible for increased SOX18 expression has not been established. We generated mice with endothelial-specific, inducible expression of an RAF1 gene with a gain-of-function mutation (RAF1(S259A)) that is associated with Noonan syndrome. Expression of mutant RAF1(S259A) in ECs activated ERK and induced SOX18 and PROX1 expression, leading to increased commitment of venous ECs to the lymphatic fate. Excessive production of lymphatic ECs resulted in lymphangiectasia that was highly reminiscent of abnormal lymphatics seen in Noonan syndrome and similar "RASopathies." Inhibition of ERK signaling during development abrogated the lymphatic differentiation program and rescued the lymphatic phenotypes induced by expression of RAF1(S259A). These data suggest that ERK activation plays a key role in lymphatic EC fate specification and that excessive ERK activation is the basis of lymphatic abnormalities seen in Noonan syndrome and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Deng
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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141
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Gab docking proteins in cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammation. Int J Inflam 2013; 2013:141068. [PMID: 23431498 PMCID: PMC3566608 DOI: 10.1155/2013/141068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The docking proteins of the Grb2-associated binder (Gab) family have emerged as crucial signaling compartments in metazoans. In mammals, the Gab proteins, consisting of Gab1, Gab2, and Gab3, are involved in the amplification and integration of signal transduction evoked by a variety of extracellular stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, antigens, and other molecules. Gab proteins lack the enzymatic activity themselves; however, when phosphorylated on tyrosine residues, they provide binding sites for multiple Src homology-2 (SH2) domain-containing proteins, such as SH2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit p85, phospholipase Cγ, Crk, and GC-GAP. Through these interactions, the Gab proteins transduce signals from activated receptors into pathways with distinct biological functions, thereby contributing to signal diversification. They are known to play crucial roles in numerous physiological processes through their associations with SHP2 and p85. In addition, abnormal Gab protein signaling has been linked to human diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and inflammatory disorders. In this paper, we provide an overview of the structure, effector functions, and regulation of the Gab docking proteins, with a special focus on their associations with cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammation.
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142
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Carcavilla A, Santomé JL, Pinto I, Sánchez-Pozo J, Guillén-Navarro E, Martín-Frías M, Lapunzina P, Ezquieta B. LEOPARD syndrome: a variant of Noonan syndrome strongly associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 66:350-6. [PMID: 24775816 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES LEOPARD syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition related to Noonan syndrome, although it occurs less frequently. The aim of this study was to characterize the clinical and molecular features of a large series of LEOPARD syndrome patients. METHODS We collected clinical data from 19 patients in 10 hospitals. Bidirectional sequencing analysis of PTPN11, RAF1, and BRAF focused on exons carrying recurrent mutations. RESULTS After facial dysmorphism, structural heart defects (88%) were the most common feature described. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (71%) was diagnosed more often than pulmonary valve stenosis (35%). Multiple lentigines or café au lait spots were found in 84% of the series, and deafness was diagnosed in 3 patients. Mutations in PTPN11 were identified in 16 (84%) patients (10 patients had the recurrent LEOPARD syndrome mutation, p.Thr468Met) (NP_002825.3T468M). Two other patients had a mutation in RAF, and 1 patient had a mutation in BRAF. When compared with other neurocardiofaciocutaneous syndromes, LEOPARD syndrome patients showed a higher prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and cutaneous abnormalities, and a lower prevalence of pulmonary valve stenosis and short stature. CONCLUSIONS LEOPARD syndrome patients display distinctive features apart from multiple lentigines, such as a higher prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and lower prevalence of short stature. Given its clinical implications, active search for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is warranted in Noonan syndrome spectrum patients, especially in LEOPARD syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilano Carcavilla
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Toledo, Spain; Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José L Santomé
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Pinto
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Severo Ochoa, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Sánchez-Pozo
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Encarna Guillén-Navarro
- Unidad de Genética Médica, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Martín-Frías
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Ezquieta
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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143
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Quaio CRDC, de Almeida TF, Brasil AS, Pereira AC, Jorge AAL, Malaquias AC, Kim CA, Bertola DR. Tegumentary manifestations of Noonan and Noonan-related syndromes. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013; 68:1079-83. [PMID: 24037001 PMCID: PMC3752636 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(08)03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Noonan and Noonan-related syndromes are common autosomal dominant disorders with neuro-cardio-facial-cutaneous and developmental involvement. The objective of this article is to describe the most relevant tegumentary findings in a cohort of 41 patients with Noonan or Noonan-related syndromes and to detail certain aspects of the molecular mechanisms underlying ectodermal involvement. METHODS A standard questionnaire was administered. A focused physical examination and a systematic review of clinical records was performed on all patients to verify the presence of tegumentary alterations. The molecular analysis of this cohort included sequencing of the following genes in all patients: PTPN1, SOS1, RAF1, KRAS, SHOC2 and BRAF. RESULTS The most frequent tegumentary alterations were xeroderma (46%), photosensitivity (29%), excessive hair loss (24%), recurrent oral ulcers (22%), curly hair (20%), nevi (17%), markedly increased palmar and plantar creases (12%), follicular hyperkeratosis (12%), palmoplantar hyperkeratosis (10%), café-au-lait spots (10%) and sparse eyebrows (7%). Patients with mutations in PTPN11 had lower frequencies of palmar and plantar creases and palmar/plantar hyperkeratosis compared with the other patients. CONCLUSIONS We observed that patients with mutations in genes directly involved in cell proliferation kinase cascades (SOS1, BRAF, KRAS and RAF1) had a higher frequency of hyperkeratotic lesions compared with patients with mutations in genes that have a more complex interaction with and modulation of cell proliferation kinase cascades (PTPN11).
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144
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Aoki Y, Matsubara Y. Ras/MAPK syndromes and childhood hemato-oncological diseases. Int J Hematol 2012; 97:30-6. [PMID: 23250860 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-012-1239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is an autosomal-dominant disease characterized by distinctive facial features, webbed neck, cardiac anomalies, short stature and cryptorchidism. NS exhibits phenotypic overlap with Costello syndrome and cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome. Germline mutations of genes encoding proteins in the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway cause NS and related disorders. Germline mutations in PTPN11, KRAS, SOS1, RAF1, and NRAS have been identified in 60-80 % of NS patients. Germline mutations in HRAS have been identified in patients with Costello syndrome and mutations in KRAS, BRAF, and MAP2K1/2 (MEK1/2) have been identified in patients with CFC syndrome. Recently, mutations in SHOC2 and CBL have been identified in patients with Noonan-like syndrome. It has been suggested that these syndromes be comprehensively termed RAS/MAPK syndromes, or RASopathies. Molecular analysis is beneficial for the confirmation of clinical diagnoses and follow-up with patients using a tumor-screening protocol, as patients with NS and related disorders have an increased risk of developing tumors. In this review, we summarize the genetic mutations, clinical manifestations, associations with malignant tumors, and possible therapeutic approaches for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai, Japan.
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145
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Cirstea IC, Gremer L, Dvorsky R, Zhang SC, Piekorz RP, Zenker M, Ahmadian MR. Diverging gain-of-function mechanisms of two novel KRAS mutations associated with Noonan and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndromes. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 22:262-70. [PMID: 23059812 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating somatic and germline mutations of closely related RAS genes (H, K, N) have been found in various types of cancer and in patients with developmental disorders, respectively. The involvement of the RAS signalling pathways in developmental disorders has recently emerged as one of the most important drivers in RAS research. In the present study, we investigated the biochemical and cell biological properties of two novel missense KRAS mutations (Y71H and K147E). Both mutations affect residues that are highly conserved within the RAS family. KRAS(Y71H) showed no clear differences to KRAS(wt), except for an increased binding affinity for its major effector, the RAF1 kinase. Consistent with this finding, even though we detected similar levels of active KRAS(Y71H) when compared with wild-type protein, we observed an increased activation of MEK1/2, irrespective of the stimulation conditions. In contrast, KRAS(K147E) exhibited a tremendous increase in nucleotide dissociation generating a self-activating RAS protein that can act independently of upstream signals. As a consequence, levels of active KRAS(K147E) were strongly increased regardless of serum stimulation and similar to the oncogenic KRAS(G12V). In spite of this, KRAS(K147E) downstream signalling did not reach the level triggered by oncogenic KRAS(G12V), especially because KRAS(K147E) was downregulated by RASGAP and moreover exhibited a 2-fold lower affinity for RAF kinase. Here, our findings clearly emphasize that individual RAS mutations, despite being associated with comparable phenotypes of developmental disorders in patients, can cause remarkably diverse biochemical effects with a common outcome, namely a rather moderate gain-of-function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion C Cirstea
- Institute of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology II, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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146
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Saha M, Carriere A, Cheerathodi M, Zhang X, Lavoie G, Rush J, Roux PP, Ballif BA. RSK phosphorylates SOS1 creating 14-3-3-docking sites and negatively regulating MAPK activation. Biochem J 2012; 447:159-66. [PMID: 22827337 PMCID: PMC4198020 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The extent and duration of MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signalling govern a diversity of normal and aberrant cellular outcomes. Genetic and pharmacological disruption of the MAPK-activated kinase RSK (ribosomal S6 kinase) leads to elevated MAPK activity indicative of a RSK-dependent negative feedback loop. Using biochemical, pharmacological and quantitative MS approaches we show that RSK phosphorylates the Ras activator SOS1 (Son of Sevenless homologue 1) in cultured cells on two C-terminal residues, Ser(1134) and Ser(1161). Furthermore, we find that RSK-dependent SOS1 phosphorylation creates 14-3-3-binding sites. We show that mutating Ser(1134) and Ser(1161) disrupts 14-3-3 binding and modestly increases and extends MAPK activation. Together these data suggest that one mechanism whereby RSK negatively regulates MAPK activation is via site-specific SOS1 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurima Saha
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, U.S.A
| | - Audrey Carriere
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | | | - Xiaocui Zhang
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Geneviève Lavoie
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - John Rush
- Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., 3 Trask Lane, Danvers, MA, 01923, U.S.A
| | - Philippe P. Roux
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Bryan A. Ballif
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, U.S.A
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147
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Sacco E, Spinelli M, Vanoni M. Approaches to Ras signaling modulation and treatment of Ras-dependent disorders: a patent review (2007--present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:1263-87. [PMID: 23009088 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.728586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ras proteins are small GTPases molecular switches that cycle through two alternative conformational states, a GDP-bound inactive state and a GTP-bound active state. In the active state, Ras proteins interact with and modulate the activity of several downstream effectors regulating key cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, survival, senescence, migration and metabolism. Activating mutations of RAS genes and of genes encoding Ras signaling members have a great incidence in proliferative disorders, such as cancer, immune and inflammatory diseases and developmental syndromes. Therefore, Ras and Ras signaling represent important clinical targets for the design and development of pharmaceutically active agents, including anticancer agents. AREAS COVERED The authors summarize methods available to down-regulate the Ras pathway and review recent patents covering Ras signaling modulators, as well as methods designed to kill specifically cancer cells bearing activated RAS oncogene. EXPERT OPINION Targeted therapy approach based on direct targeting of molecules specifically altered in Ras-dependent diseases is pursued with molecules that down-regulate expression or inhibit the biological function of mutant Ras or Ras signaling members. The low success rate in a clinical setting of molecules targeting activated members of the Ras pathway may require development of novel approaches, including combined and synthetic lethal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sacco
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Milano, Italy
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148
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Binder G, Grathwol S, von Loeper K, Blumenstock G, Kaulitz R, Freiberg C, Webel M, Lissewski C, Zenker M, Paul T. Health and quality of life in adults with Noonan syndrome. J Pediatr 2012; 161:501-505.e1. [PMID: 22494877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To obtain information on health and quality of life in adults with Noonan syndrome. STUDY DESIGN From a cohort of 144 children with the diagnosis of Noonan syndrome whose height data had been published 23 years ago, 103 pediatric files providing adequate data were identified. Participants were sent questionnaires and asked to provide saliva for DNA analysis and to return for physical examination. RESULTS Ten of 103 individuals had died, 3 of them suddenly (standardized mortality ratio, 3.00; 95% CI, 1.44-5.52). Eighty-one individuals could be contacted by mail, with a positive response from 45. Genotyping in 36 of 45 participants revealed characteristic mutations in 61%. Median age at follow-up was 42.8 years. Mean adult heights were 169.2 cm (men) and 154.4 cm (women). In comparison with the general population, participants had lower educational status and lived more frequently without any partner. According to the response to the Short Form-36 questionnaire, quality of life was not impaired. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with Noonan syndrome have higher mortality, lower education, and rarely partnership. Quality of life according to self-reported Short Form-36 was good. Men grew taller than previously reported from this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Binder
- Pediatric Endocrinology, University-Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
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Martínez-Quintana E, Rodríguez-González F. LEOPARD Syndrome: Clinical Features and Gene Mutations. Mol Syndromol 2012; 3:145-57. [PMID: 23239957 DOI: 10.1159/000342251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAS/MAPK pathway proteins with germline mutations in their respective genes are associated with some disorders such as Noonan, LEOPARD (LS), neurofibromatosis type 1, Costello and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndromes. LEOPARD is an acronym, mnemonic for the major manifestations of this disorder, characterized by multiple lentigines, electrocardiographic abnormalities, ocular hypertelorism, pulmonic stenosis, abnormal genitalia, retardation of growth, and sensorineural deafness. Though it is not included in the acronym, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most frequent cardiac anomaly observed, representing a potentially life-threatening problem in these patients. PTPN11, RAF1 and BRAF are the genes known to be associated with LS, identifying molecular genetic testing of the 3 gene mutations in about 95% of affected individuals. PTPN11 mutations are the most frequently found. Eleven different missense PTPN11 mutations (Tyr279Cys/Ser, Ala461Thr, Gly464Ala, Thr468Met/Pro, Arg498Trp/Leu, Gln506Pro, and Gln510Glu/Pro) have been reported so far in LS, 2 of which (Tyr279Cys and Thr468Met) occur in about 65% of the cases. Here, we provide an overview of clinical aspects of this disorder, the molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenesis and major genotype-phenotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martínez-Quintana
- Cardiology Service, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular-Materno Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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150
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Increased BRAF heterodimerization is the common pathogenic mechanism for noonan syndrome-associated RAF1 mutants. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:3872-90. [PMID: 22826437 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00751-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is a relatively common autosomal dominant disorder characterized by congenital heart defects, short stature, and facial dysmorphia. NS is caused by germ line mutations in several components of the RAS-RAF-MEK-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, including both kinase-activating and kinase-impaired alleles of RAF1 (∼3 to 5%), which encodes a serine-threonine kinase for MEK1/2. To investigate how kinase-impaired RAF1 mutants cause NS, we generated knock-in mice expressing Raf1(D486N). Raf1(D486N/+) (here D486N/+) female mice exhibited a mild growth defect. Male and female D486N/D486N mice developed concentric cardiac hypertrophy and incompletely penetrant, but severe, growth defects. Remarkably, Mek/Erk activation was enhanced in Raf1(D486N)-expressing cells compared with controls. RAF1(D486N), as well as other kinase-impaired RAF1 mutants, showed increased heterodimerization with BRAF, which was necessary and sufficient to promote increased MEK/ERK activation. Furthermore, kinase-activating RAF1 mutants also required heterodimerization to enhance MEK/ERK activation. Our results suggest that an increased heterodimerization ability is the common pathogenic mechanism for NS-associated RAF1 mutations.
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