101
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Levandowski ML, Viola TW, Prado CH, Wieck A, Bauer ME, Brietzke E, Grassi-Oliveira R. Distinct behavioral and immunoendocrine parameters during crack cocaine abstinence in women reporting childhood abuse and neglect. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 167:140-8. [PMID: 27530287 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess plasma levels of cortisol and cytokines between cocaine-dependent women with and without childhood maltreatment (CM) history during cocaine detoxification treatment. METHOD We assessed immunoendocrine and clinical parameters of 108 crack cocaine female users during 3 weeks of inpatient detoxification treatment, and 24 healthy women to obtain reference values. Women with (CM+, n=53) or without (CM-, n=55) CM history were identified answering the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Blood samples and clinical assessment were collected before lunch during the first, second and third week post-treatment admission. Flow cytometry was used to assess TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A plasma levels and ELISA assay was used to measure plasma cortisol levels. RESULTS At baseline, lower Th1 and Th17-related cytokines levels and higher Th2 cytokines levels were observed in crack cocaine users compared with reference values. Cytokines levels of cocaine dependents gradually became closer to reference values along detoxification treatment. However, when CM+ and CM- groups were compared, increased levels of IL-6, IL-4 and TNF-α across time were observed in CM+ group only. Additionally, a Th1/Th2 immune imbalance was observed within CM+ group, which was negatively correlated with the severity of the crack withdrawal. Finally, loading trauma exposure severity, immunoendocrine and clinical parameters in factor analysis, we identified three clusters of observed variables during detoxification: (1) systemic immunity and trauma exposure, (2) pro-inflammatory immunity and (3) behavior CONCLUSION Our results suggest the existence of an immunological phenotype variant associated with CM exposure during crack cocaine detoxification of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Luz Levandowski
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), RS, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (PUCRS), RS, Brazil
| | - Thiago Wendt Viola
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), RS, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Children Health's, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (PUCRS), RS, Brazil
| | - Carine Hartmann Prado
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (PUCRS), RS, Brazil
| | - Andrea Wieck
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (PUCRS), RS, Brazil
| | - Moisés Evandro Bauer
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (PUCRS), RS, Brazil
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Research Group in Behavioral Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Departament of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo Unifesp, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), RS, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (PUCRS), RS, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Children Health's, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (PUCRS), RS, Brazil.
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102
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Levandowski ML, Hess ARB, Grassi-Oliveira R, de Almeida RMM. Plasma interleukin-6 and executive function in crack cocaine-dependent women. Neurosci Lett 2016; 628:85-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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103
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Liao K, Guo M, Niu F, Yang L, Callen SE, Buch S. Cocaine-mediated induction of microglial activation involves the ER stress-TLR2 axis. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:33. [PMID: 26860188 PMCID: PMC4748483 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0501-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation associated with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection is often exacerbated by chronic cocaine abuse. Cocaine exposure has been demonstrated to mediate up-regulation of inflammatory mediators in in vitro cultures of microglia. The molecular mechanisms involved in this process, however, remain poorly understood. In this study, we sought to explore the underlying signaling pathways involved in cocaine-mediated activation of microglial cells. Methods BV2 microglial cells were exposed to cocaine and assessed for toll-like receptor (TLR2) expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), western blot, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence staining. The mRNA and protein levels of cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, MCP-1) were detected by qPCR and ELISA, respectively; level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was examined by the Image-iT LIVE Green ROS detection kit; activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress pathways were detected by western blot. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was employed to discern the binding of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) with the TLR2 promoter. Immunoprecipitation followed by western blotting with tyrosine antibody was used to determine phosphorylation of TLR2. Cocaine-mediated up-regulation of TLR2 expression and microglial activation was validated in cocaine-injected mice. Results Exposure of microglial cells to cocaine resulted in increased expression of TLR2 with a concomitant induction of microglial activation. Furthermore, this effect was mediated by NADPH oxidase-mediated rapid accumulation of ROS with downstream activation of the ER-stress pathways as evidenced by the fact that cocaine exposure led to up-regulation of pPERK/peIF2α/ATF4 and TLR2. The novel role of ATF4 in the regulation of TLR2 expression was confirmed using genetic and pharmacological approaches. Conclusions xThe current study demonstrates that cocaine-mediated activation of microglia involves up-regulation of TLR2 through the ROS-ER stress-ATF4-TLR2 axis. Understanding the mechanism(s) involved in cocaine-mediated up-regulation of ROS-ER stress/TLR2 expression and microglial activation could have implications for the development of potential therapeutic targets aimed at resolving neuroinflammation in cocaine abusers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0501-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Minglei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Fang Niu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Shannon E Callen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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Moreira FP, Medeiros JRC, Lhullier AC, Souza LDDM, Jansen K, Portela LV, Lara DR, da Silva RA, Wiener CD, Oses JP. Cocaine abuse and effects in the serum levels of cytokines IL-6 and IL-10. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 158:181-5. [PMID: 26679059 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine abuse is capable of activating the innate immune system in the CNS resulting in deregulation of homeostasis between pro and antiinflammatory cytokines. The aim of this study was to investigate serum levels of pro and antiinflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and IL-10 respectively, in cocaine users from a young population-based sample. METHODS This is a case-control study nested in a cross-sectional population-based survey, with individuals of 18 and 35 years old. Two groups were selected: 24 healthy controls and 12 subjects who reported cocaine use. Serum IL-6 and IL-10 were measured by ELISA using a commercial kit. RESULTS There was a statistically significant increase in IL-6 (p=0.037) and decrease in IL-10 (p=0.007) serum levels, between cocaine users and the control group. There was also an increase in the ratio IL-6/IL-10 (p=0.013) among cocaine users individuals, when compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that cocaine users showed an activation of the immune system when compared a control group, demonstrating a disruption in the balance of pro and antiinflammatory cytokines. Thus, peripheral cytokines may represent a putative biomarkers for cocaine users, contributing to the development of diagnosis and effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Pedrotti Moreira
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Department of Health and Behavior, Center of Life and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - João Ricardo Carvalho Medeiros
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Department of Health and Behavior, Center of Life and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Cardoso Lhullier
- Psychology School, Center of Life and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Luciano Dias de Mattos Souza
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Department of Health and Behavior, Center of Life and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Karen Jansen
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Department of Health and Behavior, Center of Life and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Medical School, Houston, TX, USA; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luis Valmor Portela
- Neurotrauma Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diogo R Lara
- Neurochemistry and Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Bioscience, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Azevedo da Silva
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Department of Health and Behavior, Center of Life and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Carolina David Wiener
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Department of Health and Behavior, Center of Life and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
| | - Jean Pierre Oses
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Department of Health and Behavior, Center of Life and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Medical School, Houston, TX, USA; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
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105
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Karoly HC, YorkWilliams SL, Hutchison KE. Clinical Neuroscience of Addiction: Similarities and Differences Between Alcohol and Other Drugs. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:2073-84. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hollis C. Karoly
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder Colorado
| | - Sophie L. YorkWilliams
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder Colorado
| | - Kent E. Hutchison
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder Colorado
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106
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Roy DN, Goswami R. Drugs of abuse and addiction: A slippery slope toward liver injury. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 255:92-105. [PMID: 26409324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Substances of abuse induce alteration in neurobehavioral symptoms, which can lead to simultaneous exacerbation of liver injury. The biochemical changes of liver are significantly observed in the abused group of people using illicit drugs or drugs that are abused. A huge amount of work has been carried out by scientists for validation experiments using animal models to assess hepatotoxicity in cases of drugs of abuse. The risk of hepatotoxicity from these psychostimulants has been determined by different research groups. Hepatotoxicity of these drugs has been recently highlighted and isolated case reports always have been documented in relation to misuse of the drugs. These drugs induce liver toxicity on acute or chronic dose dependent process, which ultimately lead to liver damage, acute fatty infiltration, cholestatic jaundice, liver granulomas, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis etc. Considering the importance of drug-induced hepatotoxicity as a major cause of liver damage, this review emphasizes on various drugs of abuse and addiction which induce hepatotoxicity along with their mechanism of liver damage in clinical aspect as well as in vitro and in vivo approach. However, the mechanisms of drug-induced hepatotoxicity is dependent on reactive metabolite formation via metabolism, modification of covalent bonding between cellular components with drug and its metabolites, reactive oxygen species generation inside and outside of hepatocytes, activation of signal transduction pathways that alter cell death or survival mechanism, and cellular mitochondrial damage, which leads to alteration in ATP generation have been notified here. Moreover, how the cytokines are modulated by these drugs has been mentioned here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijendra Nath Roy
- Department of Bio Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT)-Agartala, West Tripura, Tripura 799046, India.
| | - Ritobrata Goswami
- Institute of Life Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
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107
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Kim SG, Lowe EL, Dixit D, Youn CS, Kim IJ, Jung JB, Rovner R, Zack JA, Vatakis DN. Cocaine-mediated impact on HIV infection in humanized BLT mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10010. [PMID: 26084721 PMCID: PMC4471720 DOI: 10.1038/srep10010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine abuse has been shown to have broad-ranging effects on human immunity. With regards to HIV infection, in vitro studies have shown that cocaine enhances infection of stimulated lymphocytes. Moreover, cohort studies in the pre- and post-HAART era have linked stimulant abuse with increased HIV pathogenesis. The latter data, however, have been undermined by a series of confounding factors underscoring the importance of controlled in vivo models to fully assess the impact of cocaine use and abuse on HIV infection and pathogenesis. Here, we have infected humanized mice with HIV-1 following acute cocaine exposure to assess the impact on infection. Stimulant exposure resulted in increased inflammatory cytokine expression, accelerated HIV infection, while blunting effector function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These data demonstrate cocaine’s multifactorial impact on HIV infection that extends beyond high-risk behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohn G Kim
- 1] Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology [2] UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Emily L Lowe
- 1] Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology [2] UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Dhaval Dixit
- 1] Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology [2] UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Cindy Seyeon Youn
- 1] Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology [2] UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Irene J Kim
- 1] Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology [2] UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - James B Jung
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics
| | - Robert Rovner
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology
| | - Jerome A Zack
- 1] Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology [2] UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095 [3] Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics
| | - Dimitrios N Vatakis
- 1] Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology [2] UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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108
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Cannabidiol rescues acute hepatic toxicity and seizure induced by cocaine. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:523418. [PMID: 25999668 PMCID: PMC4427116 DOI: 10.1155/2015/523418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is a commonly abused illicit drug that causes significant morbidity and mortality. The most severe and common complications are seizures, ischemic strokes, myocardial infarction, and acute liver injury. Here, we demonstrated that acute cocaine intoxication promoted seizure along with acute liver damage in mice, with intense inflammatory infiltrate. Considering the protective role of the endocannabinoid system against cell toxicity, we hypothesized that treatment with an anandamide hydrolysis inhibitor, URB597, or with a phytocannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD), protects against cocaine toxicity. URB597 (1.0 mg/kg) abolished cocaine-induced seizure, yet it did not protect against acute liver injury. Using confocal liver intravital microscopy, we observed that CBD (30 mg/kg) reduced acute liver inflammation and damage induced by cocaine and prevented associated seizure. Additionally, we showed that previous liver damage induced by another hepatotoxic drug (acetaminophen) increased seizure and lethality induced by cocaine intoxication, linking hepatotoxicity to seizure dynamics. These findings suggest that activation of cannabinoid system may have protective actions on both liver and brain induced by cocaine, minimizing inflammatory injury promoted by cocaine, supporting its further clinical application in the treatment of cocaine abuse.
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109
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Walker J, Winhusen T, Storkson J, Lewis D, Pariza MW, Somoza E, Somoza V. Total antioxidant capacity is significantly lower in cocaine-dependent and methamphetamine-dependent patients relative to normal controls: results from a preliminary study. Hum Psychopharmacol 2014; 29:537-43. [PMID: 25087849 PMCID: PMC4280317 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress can result in damage to the brain and other organs. To protect from oxidative damage, the human body possesses molecular defense systems, based on the activity of antioxidants, and enzymatic defense systems, including the enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Although pre-clinical research has shown that stimulant use is associated with oxidative damage, oxidative stress and the antioxidant defense systems have not been evaluated in clinical samples of stimulant-dependent patients. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the link between stimulant dependence and oxidative stress. METHODS Peripheral blood samples from 174 methamphetamine (n = 48) and/or cocaine-dependent (n = 126) participants as well as 30 normal control participants were analyzed for the enzyme activities of CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px in the erythrocytes and the total antioxidant capacity and the malondialdehyde concentration in the plasma. RESULTS We could show an association of stimulant dependence with a depletion of total antioxidant capacity to 54.6 ± 4.7%, which correlates with a reduced activity of the SOD to 71.3 ± 0.03% compared with healthy control participants (100%). CONCLUSION Stimulant-dependent patients had significantly lower antioxidant capacity relative to controls, suggesting that they may be at greater risk for oxidative damage to the brain and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Walker
- Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria,Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Theresa Winhusen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3210 Jefferson Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Jayne Storkson
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Daniel Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3210 Jefferson Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Michael W. Pariza
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Eugene Somoza
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3210 Jefferson Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA,Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VISN 10), 3200 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA,Cincinnati Addiction Research Center (CinARC), 3210 Jefferson Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria,Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Levandowski ML, Viola TW, Wearick-Silva LE, Wieck A, Tractenberg SG, Brietzke E, Bauer ME, Teixeira AL, Grassi-Oliveira R. Early life stress and tumor necrosis factor superfamily in crack cocaine withdrawal. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 53:180-6. [PMID: 24631195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both early life stress (ELS) and substance abuse, especially cocaine, have robust effects on the inflammatory system. Considering the role of the tumor necrosis factor system in inflammatory signaling and its association with ELS, the aim of the study was to compare plasma levels of TNF-alpha, its soluble receptors and ligands during early abstinence of crack cocaine. METHODS This study included 24 crack cocaine-dependent women with (CRACK-ELS) and 20 without (CRACK) a history of ELS. A healthy control group (HC), containing 25 participants, was included to provide reference values. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) retrospectively assessed childhood maltreatment history of patients. Plasma levels of TNF-alpha, TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), soluble receptors TNFRI (sTNFRI) and TNFRII (sTNFRII) were assessed on the 18th day of treatment. RESULTS The CRACK-ELS group had higher TNF-alpha and lower TWEAK levels compared to the CRACK and HC groups. sTNFRII was increased, but only in comparison with the crack cocaine group and the controls. TRAIL levels were slightly higher in the CRACK-ELS group, while no differences were found for sTNFRI levels. Also, TNF-alpha plasma level was positively predicted by abstinence severity and childhood maltreatment severity, and TWEAK was negatively predicted by childhood maltreatment severity. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to evaluate the newly secreted tumor necrosis factor superfamily ligands, TWEAK and TRAIL, during crack cocaine abstinence, supporting the association between early life stress and peripheral pro-inflammatory levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Luz Levandowski
- Centre of Studies and Research in Traumatic Stress, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6681 Prédio 11 Sala 936, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago Wendt Viola
- Centre of Studies and Research in Traumatic Stress, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6681 Prédio 11 Sala 936, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6690/2° floor, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Wearick-Silva
- Centre of Studies and Research in Traumatic Stress, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6681 Prédio 11 Sala 936, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6690/2° floor, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Andréa Wieck
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6690/2° floor, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Saulo Gantes Tractenberg
- Centre of Studies and Research in Traumatic Stress, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6681 Prédio 11 Sala 936, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Machado Bittencourt, 222, Sao Paulo, SP 04044-000, Brazil
| | - Moisés E Bauer
- Centre of Studies and Research in Traumatic Stress, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6681 Prédio 11 Sala 936, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6690/2° floor, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- Centre of Studies and Research in Traumatic Stress, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6681 Prédio 11 Sala 936, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6690/2° floor, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil.
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111
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Association of leukocytosis with amphetamine and cocaine use. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:207651. [PMID: 24578625 PMCID: PMC3919105 DOI: 10.1155/2014/207651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determining the etiology of unexplained leukocytosis in asymptomatic patients may incur unnecessary testing, cost, and prolonged emergency department stay. The objective was to delineate if use of amphetamines and/or cocaine is a factor. METHODS For two years we reviewed all psychiatric patients presenting for medical clearance with exclusions for infection, epilepsy, trauma, or other nonpsychiatric medical conditions. RESULTS With a total of 1,206 patients, 877 (72.7%) amphetamines/cocaine-negative drug screen controls had mean WBC 8.4 ± 2.6 × 10³/µL. The 240 (19.9%) amphetamines-positive, cocaine-negative, patients had WBC 9.4 ± 3.3 × 10³/µL (P < 0.0001). The 72 (6.0%) amphetamines-negative, cocaine-positive, patients had WBC 7.1 ± 1.8 × 10³/µL (P < 0.0001). The remaining 17 (1.4%) amphetamines/cocaine-positive patients had WBC 10.0 ± 4.2 × 10³/µL (P = 0.01). Amphetamines-positive patients had a supranormal WBC ratio significantly higher than controls (23.8% versus 14.8%, P = 0.001), whereas only one cocaine-positive patient had a supranormal WBC count, with significantly lower ratio (1.4%, P = 0.0003). CONCLUSION Use of amphetamines, not cocaine, may be associated with idiopathic leukocytosis. This may be explained by unique pharmacologic, neuroendocrine, and immunomodulatory differences.
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112
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Sinha R. Disgust, insula, immune signaling, and addiction. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:90-1. [PMID: 24331643 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology and Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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113
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Levandowski ML, Viola TW, Tractenberg SG, Teixeira AL, Brietzke E, Bauer ME, Grassi-Oliveira R. Adipokines during early abstinence of crack cocaine in dependent women reporting childhood maltreatment. Psychiatry Res 2013; 210:536-40. [PMID: 23896356 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment has been associated with addiction and immune dysregulation, although neurobiological substrates underlying this association remain largely unknown. The aim of the study was to compare plasma levels of adipokines during early abstinence in crack cocaine dependent women with (CM+) and without history of childhood maltreatment (CM-). One hundred four crack cocaine female users were followed for 20 days in a detoxification inpatient treatment unit. Plasma levels of adiponectin, resistin and leptin were assessed every 7 days during 3 weeks of follow-up. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) retrospectively assessed childhood maltreatment history. A healthy control group was included to provide adipokines reference values (HC). All crack users increased leptin plasma levels during early abstinence despite concentrations remained lower in comparison with non-users group. Crack users reporting childhood maltreatment exhibited a significant reduction in plasma levels of adiponectin and resistin when compared to CM- group. In addition, only CM- participants increased plasma levels of adiponectin during detoxification. This is the first study evaluating adipokines during crack cocaine abstinence. Our results suggest a modulator effect of childhood maltreatment on inflammatory status in treatment-seeking crack cocaine dependents during early abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus L Levandowski
- Centre of Studies and Research in Traumatic Stress, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6681 Prédio 11 Sala 936, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900, Brazil
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114
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Kiluk BD, Babuscio TA, Nich C, Carroll KM. Smokers versus snorters: do treatment outcomes differ according to route of cocaine administration? Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2013; 21:490-8. [PMID: 24364538 PMCID: PMC3943602 DOI: 10.1037/a0034173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Smoking cocaine achieves maximal concentration and effect far more rapidly than through the intranasal ("snorting") route, and it is associated with greater propensity for dependence and more severe consequences. However, very little is known about differences in treatment outcome according to route of administration. This study compared treatment outcomes, such as frequency of cocaine use and Addiction Severity Index (ASI) composite scores, by primary route of cocaine administration (smoking vs. intranasal) among a pooled sample of 412 cocaine-dependent individuals participating in 1 of 5 randomized clinical trials. The majority (80%) reported smoking as their primary route of cocaine administration. Overall, results indicated better cocaine use outcomes both during the treatment phase and through a 12-month follow-up period for intranasal users compared to smokers, although not all differences reached statistical significance. Intranasal users remained in treatment longer, F(1, 408) = 3.55, p < .05, and showed a trend toward achieving longer periods of sustained abstinence within treatment, F(1, 378) = 2.68, p = .08, as well as less use over time during the follow-up period than smokers (Time × Route: t = 1.87, p = .06). Also, intranasal users' ASI cocaine composite score decreased more than smokers, but there were overall decreases in the other ASI domains for all participants over the course of the study period. These results suggest that intranasal users may achieve better cocaine use outcomes than smokers, yet this doesn't appear to translate to differential changes in the severity of problems experienced in other life areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charla Nich
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry
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115
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Llorente-Berzal A, Assis MA, Rubino T, Zamberletti E, Marco EM, Parolaro D, Ambrosio E, Viveros MP. Sex-dependent changes in brain CB1R expression and functionality and immune CB2R expression as a consequence of maternal deprivation and adolescent cocaine exposure. Pharmacol Res 2013; 74:23-33. [PMID: 23680694 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Early life stress has been associated with several psychiatric disorders, including drug addiction. Actually, maternal deprivation (MD) alters the endocannabinoid system, which participates in motivation and reward for drugs, including cocaine. At youth, the rate of cocaine abuse is alarmingly increasing. Herein, we have investigated the consequences of MD and/or adolescent cocaine exposure in brain CB1Rs and CB2Rs in immune tissues. Control and maternally deprived (24h on postnatal day, pnd, 9) male and female Wistar rats were administered cocaine (8mg/kg/day) or saline during adolescence (pnd 28-42). At adulthood, [(3)H]-CP-55,940 autoradiographic binding was employed for the analysis of CB1R density and CP-55,940-stimulated [(35)S]-GTPgammaS binding for CB1R functionality; CB2R expression was analyzed by Western blotting. Sex differences in CB1R expression and functionality were found, and MD induced important and enduring sex-dependent changes. In addition, the plastic changes induced by adolescent cocaine administration in brain CB1Rs were differentially influenced by early life events. MD increased spleen CB2R expression while adolescent cocaine administration attenuated this effect; cocaine exposure also diminished CB2R expression in bone marrow. Present findings provide evidence for changes in brain CB1R expression and functionality and immune CB2R expression as a consequence of early life stress and adolescent cocaine exposure, and indicate functional interactions between both treatments, which in many regions differ between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Llorente-Berzal
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
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116
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Loftis JM, Huckans M. Substance use disorders: psychoneuroimmunological mechanisms and new targets for therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 139:289-300. [PMID: 23631821 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An estimated 76.4 million people worldwide meet criteria for alcohol use disorders, and 15.3 million meet criteria for drug use disorders. Given the high rates of addiction and the associated health, economic, and social costs, it is essential to develop a thorough understanding of the impact of substance abuse on mental and physical health outcomes and to identify new treatment approaches for substance use disorders (SUDs). Psychoneuroimmunology is a rapidly expanding, multidisciplinary area of research that may be of particular importance to addiction medicine, as its focus is on the dynamic and complex interactions among behavioral factors, the central nervous system, and the endocrine and immune systems (Ader, 2001). This review, therefore, focuses on: 1) the psychoneuroimmunologic effects of SUDs by substance type and use pattern, and 2) the current and future treatment strategies, including barriers that can impede successful recovery outcomes. Evidence-based psychosocial and pharmacotherapeutic treatments are reviewed. Psychological factors and central nervous system correlates that impact treatment adherence and response are discussed. Several novel therapeutic approaches that are currently under investigation are introduced; translational data from animal and human studies is presented, highlighting immunotherapy as a promising new direction for addiction medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Loftis
- Research and Development Service, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA.
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117
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Narvaez JCM, Magalhães PV, Fries GR, Colpo GD, Czepielewski LS, Vianna P, Chies JAB, Rosa AR, Von Diemen L, Vieta E, Pechansky F, Kapczinski F. Peripheral toxicity in crack cocaine use disorders. Neurosci Lett 2013; 544:80-4. [PMID: 23597759 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that crack cocaine misuse has widespread systemic and cognitive consequences, but little attention has been given to its systemic pathophysiology. We report here changes in inflammation markers, oxidative damage and brain derived neurotrophic factor in a sample of outpatients with crack cocaine use disorders. Fifty-three outpatients were recruited for this cross-sectional study and matched with fifty control subjects. The focus of this report is in between group differences in cytokines, oxidative damage and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Crack cocaine use was associated with higher BDNF levels when compared to controls, present only in those who used crack cocaine in the last month. Patients also had higher circulating levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10 when compared to controls. There were no significant differences in oxidative damage between patients and controls. These results represent a first demonstration that crack cocaine use disorders entail an activation of the reward, immune and inflammatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana C M Narvaez
- Bipolar Disorders Program & INCT Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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118
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Taylor SB, Lewis CR, Olive MF. The neurocircuitry of illicit psychostimulant addiction: acute and chronic effects in humans. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2013; 4:29-43. [PMID: 24648786 PMCID: PMC3931688 DOI: 10.2147/sar.s39684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Illicit psychostimulant addiction remains a significant problem worldwide, despite decades of research into the neural underpinnings and various treatment approaches. The purpose of this review is to provide a succinct overview of the neurocircuitry involved in drug addiction, as well as the acute and chronic effects of cocaine and amphetamines within this circuitry in humans. Investigational pharmacological treatments for illicit psychostimulant addiction are also reviewed. Our current knowledge base clearly demonstrates that illicit psychostimulants produce lasting adaptive neural and behavioral changes that contribute to the progression and maintenance of addiction. However, attempts at generating pharmacological treatments for psychostimulant addiction have historically focused on intervening at the level of the acute effects of these drugs. The lack of approved pharmacological treatments for psychostimulant addiction highlights the need for new treatment strategies, especially those that prevent or ameliorate the adaptive neural, cognitive, and behavioral changes caused by chronic use of this class of illicit drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B Taylor
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Candace R Lewis
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - M Foster Olive
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA ; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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119
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Taylor SB, Lewis CR, Olive MF. The neurocircuitry of illicit psychostimulant addiction: acute and chronic effects in humans. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2013. [PMID: 24648786 DOI: 10.2147/sar.s39684.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Illicit psychostimulant addiction remains a significant problem worldwide, despite decades of research into the neural underpinnings and various treatment approaches. The purpose of this review is to provide a succinct overview of the neurocircuitry involved in drug addiction, as well as the acute and chronic effects of cocaine and amphetamines within this circuitry in humans. Investigational pharmacological treatments for illicit psychostimulant addiction are also reviewed. Our current knowledge base clearly demonstrates that illicit psychostimulants produce lasting adaptive neural and behavioral changes that contribute to the progression and maintenance of addiction. However, attempts at generating pharmacological treatments for psychostimulant addiction have historically focused on intervening at the level of the acute effects of these drugs. The lack of approved pharmacological treatments for psychostimulant addiction highlights the need for new treatment strategies, especially those that prevent or ameliorate the adaptive neural, cognitive, and behavioral changes caused by chronic use of this class of illicit drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B Taylor
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Candace R Lewis
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - M Foster Olive
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA ; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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120
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Parrott AC, Murphy P, Scholey AB. Applied human psychopharmacology: the practical psychobiological consequences of some novel and ancient psychoactive drugs. Hum Psychopharmacol 2012; 27:103-5. [PMID: 22389074 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AC Parrott
- Department of Psychology; Swansea University; Swansea; UK
| | - P Murphy
- Evidence-based Practice Research Centre and Department of Psychology; Edge Hill University; Ormskirk; UK
| | - AB Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University; Melbourne; Australia
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