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Bang OY, Chung JW, Lee MJ, Kim SJ, Cho YH, Kim GM, Chung CS, Lee KH, Ahn MJ, Moon GJ. Cancer Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Are Associated with Coagulopathy Causing Ischemic Stroke via Tissue Factor-Independent Way: The OASIS-CANCER Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159170. [PMID: 27427978 PMCID: PMC4948859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer and stroke, which are known to be associated with one another, are the most common causes of death in the elderly. However, the pathomechanisms that lead to stroke in cancer patients are not well known. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in cancer-associated thrombosis and tumor progression. Therefore, we hypothesized that cancer cell-derived EVs cause cancer-related coagulopathy resulting in ischemic stroke. Methods Serum levels of D-dimer and EVs expressing markers for cancer cells (epithelial cell adhesion molecule [CD326]), tissue factor (TF [CD142]), endothelial cells (CD31+CD42b-), and platelets (CD62P) were measured using flow cytometry in (a) 155 patients with ischemic stroke and active cancer (116 − cancer-related, 39 − conventional stroke mechanisms), (b) 25 patients with ischemic stroke without cancer, (c) 32 cancer patients without stroke, and (d) 101 healthy subjects. Results The levels of cancer cell-derived EVs correlated with the levels of D-dimer and TF+ EVs. The levels of cancer cell-derived EVs (CD326+ and CD326+CD142+) were higher in cancer-related stroke than in other groups (P<0.05 in all the cases). Path analysis showed that cancer cell-derived EVs are related to stroke via coagulopathy as measured by D-dimer levels. Poor correlation was observed between TF+ EV and D-dimer, and path analysis demonstrated that cancer cell-derived EVs may cause cancer-related coagulopathy independent of the levels of TF+ EVs. Conclusions Our findings suggest that cancer cell-derived EVs mediate coagulopathy resulting in ischemic stroke via TF-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh Young Bang
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Translational and Stem Cell Research Laboratory on Stroke, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Jong-Won Chung
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Translational and Stem Cell Research Laboratory on Stroke, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ji Lee
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Jae Kim
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Cho
- Translational and Stem Cell Research Laboratory on Stroke, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Clinical Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Moon Kim
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chin-Sang Chung
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Ho Lee
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Ju Ahn
- Departments of Hemato-oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Joon Moon
- Translational and Stem Cell Research Laboratory on Stroke, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Clinical Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Blazejczyk A, Switalska M, Chlopicki S, Marcinek A, Gebicki J, Nowak M, Nasulewicz-Goldeman A, Wietrzyk J. 1-methylnicotinamide and its structural analog 1,4-dimethylpyridine for the prevention of cancer metastasis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:110. [PMID: 27412454 PMCID: PMC4944260 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background 1-methylnicotinamide (1-MNA), an endogenous metabolite of nicotinamide, has recently gained interest due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic activities linked to the COX-2/PGI2 pathway. Given the previously reported anti-metastatic activity of prostacyclin (PGI2), we aimed to assess the effects of 1-MNA and its structurally related analog, 1,4-dimethylpyridine (1,4-DMP), in the prevention of cancer metastasis. Methods All the studies on the anti-tumor and anti-metastatic activity of 1-MNA and 1,4-DMP were conducted using the model of murine mammary gland cancer (4T1) transplanted either orthotopically or intravenously into female BALB/c mouse. Additionally, the effect of the investigated molecules on cancer cell-induced angiogenesis was estimated using the matrigel plug assay utilizing 4T1 cells as a source of pro-angiogenic factors. Results Neither 1-MNA nor 1,4-DMP, when given in a monotherapy of metastatic cancer, influenced the growth of 4T1 primary tumors transplanted orthotopically; however, both compounds tended to inhibit 4T1 metastases formation in lungs of mice that were orthotopically or intravenously inoculated with 4T1 or 4T1-luc2-tdTomato cells, respectively. Additionally, while 1-MNA enhanced tumor vasculature formation and markedly increased PGI2 generation, 1,4-DMP did not have such an effect. The anti-metastatic activity of 1-MNA and 1,4-DMP was further confirmed when both agents were applied with a cytostatic drug in a combined treatment of 4T1 murine mammary gland cancer what resulted in up to 80 % diminution of lung metastases formation. Conclusions The results of the studies presented below indicate that 1-MNA and its structural analog 1,4-DMP prevent metastasis and might be beneficially implemented into the treatment of metastatic breast cancer to ensure a comprehensive strategy of metastasis control. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-016-0389-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Blazejczyk
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Switalska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16, 31-531, Krakow, Poland.,Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Marcinek
- Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jerzy Gebicki
- Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Nowak
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Nasulewicz-Goldeman
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Wietrzyk
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland.
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103
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Mege D, Cammilleri S, Mundler O, Dignat-George F, Dubois C, Panicot-Dubois L, Guis S. Circulating microparticles bearing Fibrin associated with whole-body 18FDG-PET: diagnostic tools to detect paraneoplastic polymyalgia rheumatica. Rheumatol Int 2016; 36:1099-103. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-016-3510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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104
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Fuentes E, Palomo I, Rojas A. Cross-talk between platelet and tumor microenvironment: Role of multiligand/RAGE axis in platelet activation. Blood Rev 2016; 30:213-21. [PMID: 26723842 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fuentes
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional, Gore Maule R09I2001, Talca, Chile.
| | - Iván Palomo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional, Gore Maule R09I2001, Talca, Chile
| | - Armando Rojas
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile.
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Kalra H, Drummen GPC, Mathivanan S. Focus on Extracellular Vesicles: Introducing the Next Small Big Thing. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:170. [PMID: 26861301 PMCID: PMC4783904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication was long thought to be regulated exclusively through direct contact between cells or via release of soluble molecules that transmit the signal by binding to a suitable receptor on the target cell, and/or via uptake into that cell. With the discovery of small secreted vesicular structures that contain complex cargo, both in their lumen and the lipid membrane that surrounds them, a new frontier of signal transduction was discovered. These “extracellular vesicles” (EV) were initially thought to be garbage bags through which the cell ejected its waste. Whilst this is a major function of one type of EV, i.e., apoptotic bodies, many EVs have intricate functions in intercellular communication and compound exchange; although their physiological roles are still ill-defined. Additionally, it is now becoming increasingly clear that EVs mediate disease progression and therefore studying EVs has ignited significant interests among researchers from various fields of life sciences. Consequently, the research effort into the pathogenic roles of EVs is significantly higher even though their protective roles are not well established. The “Focus on extracellular vesicles” series of reviews highlights the current state of the art regarding various topics in EV research, whilst this review serves as an introductory overview of EVs, their biogenesis and molecular composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Kalra
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
| | - Gregor P C Drummen
- Cellular Stress and Ageing Program, Bionanoscience and Bio-Imaging Program, Bio&Nano-Solutions, D-33647 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
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106
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Role of platelets in cancer and cancer-associated thrombosis: Experimental and clinical evidences. Thromb Res 2016; 139:65-76. [PMID: 26916298 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The primary hemostatic function of platelets has been recognized for more than a century, but increasing experimental and clinical evidences suggest that platelets are also important mediators of cancer. Cancer indeed influences platelet physiology, and activated platelets participate in each step of cancer development by promoting tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, and cancer-associated thrombosis. Based on both the results of numerous experimental models addressing the involvement of platelets in cancer progression and the results of epidemiologic studies on the use of anti-platelet drugs to prevent cancer, platelets have been proposed as a potential target to reduce the short-term risk of cancer, cancer dissemination and cancer mortality. However, the cancer-associated thrombosis and the risk of bleeding due to anti-platelet drugs are not enough evaluated in experimental models. Therefore, the interesting contribution of platelets to cancer and cancer-associated thrombosis requires the standardization of preclinical and clinical models.
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107
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Les biomarqueurs de la maladie thromboembolique veineuse chez le patient atteint de cancer. ONCOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10269-015-2579-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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108
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Geddings JE, Hisada Y, Boulaftali Y, Getz TM, Whelihan M, Fuentes R, Dee R, Cooley BC, Key NS, Wolberg AS, Bergmeier W, Mackman N. Tissue factor-positive tumor microvesicles activate platelets and enhance thrombosis in mice. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:153-66. [PMID: 26516108 PMCID: PMC4715578 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED ESSENTIALS: Cancer patients have a high rate of venous thrombosis (VT) but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Tumor-derived, tissue factor-positive microvesicles in platelet activation in vitro and in vivo were studied. Tumor-derived, tissue factor-positive microvesicles enhanced VT in mice. Platelets may contribute to VT in some cancer patients, and this could be prevented with antiplatelet drugs. BACKGROUND Cancer patients have an approximately 4-fold increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) compared with the general population, and cancer patients with VTE have reduced survival. Tumor cells constitutively release small membrane vesicles called microvesicles (MVs) that may contribute to thrombosis in cancer patients. Clinical studies have shown that levels of circulating tumor-derived, tissue factor-positive (TF(+) ) MVs in pancreatic cancer patients are associated with VTE. Objectives We tested the hypothesis that TF(+) tumor-derived MVs (TMVs) activate platelets in vitro and in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS We selected two human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines expressing high (BxPc-3) and low (L3.6pl) levels of TF as models to study the effect of TF(+) TMVs on platelets and thrombosis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We found that both types of TF(+) TMVs activated human platelets and induced aggregation in vitro in a TF and thrombin-dependent manner. Further, injection of BxPc-3 TF(+) TMVs triggered platelet activation in vivo and enhanced thrombosis in two mouse models of venous thrombosis in a TF-dependent manner. Importantly, BxPc-3 TF(+) TMV-enhanced thrombosis was reduced in Par4-deficient mice and in wild-type mice treated with clopidogrel, suggesting that platelet activation was required for enhanced thrombosis. These studies suggest that TF(+) TMV-induced platelet activation contributes to thrombosis in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E. Geddings
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yohei Hisada
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yacine Boulaftali
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Todd M. Getz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew Whelihan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rudy Fuentes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel Dee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian C. Cooley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nigel S. Key
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alisa S. Wolberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wolfgang Bergmeier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) facilitate distant metastasis of malignancies by shielding circulating tumor cells (CTC) from immune surveillance. Med Hypotheses 2015; 87:34-9. [PMID: 26826638 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of distant metastasis of malignancies largely remain unknown. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) derived from the primary cancer initiate distant metastasis by entering and traversing the bloodstream. Current methods to detect CTC are based on the notion that CTC do not express the common leukocyte antigen CD45. However, these methods neglect the fact that CTC can directly adhere to platelets and immune cells and therefore appear to be CD45-positive. The potential effects of interactions between CTC and adhesive immune cells have been largely overlooked, despite the fact that most CTC are killed by immune effector cells and only those that evade immune surveillance result in clonal expansion and metastatic lesions. It is crucial to define the characteristics that allow a select CTC population to escape immune surveillance; particularly, it must be determined whether interactions between CTC and adhesive immune cells provide a protective effect on CTC survival. If interactions between CTC and adhesive immune cells offer a selective advantage to those CTC cells, the next consideration is which characteristics of a CTC-immune cell population allow sufficient protection to facilitate immune evasion. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a large heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells that accumulate during cancer progression to induce extensively systemic and local immunosuppression, a phenomenon that has been demonstrated to facilitate cancer distant metastasis. We hypothesize, therefore, that CTC populations interacting with adhesive immune cells will have different biological behavior than CTC populations alone. Further, we hypothesize that CTC can create a defensive shield consisting of adhesive MDSC, which allows evasion of immune surveillance and therefore facilitates distant metastatic lesions. This possibility highlights the importance of direct interactions between CTC and adhesive immune cells and suggests the potential target that the CTC-MDSC cluster represents for prevention and treatment of distant metastasis of malignancies.
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110
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Mc Menamin ÚC, Cardwell CR, Hughes CM, Murray LM. Low-dose aspirin and survival from lung cancer: a population-based cohort study. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:911. [PMID: 26573580 PMCID: PMC4647502 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical evidence suggests that aspirin may inhibit lung cancer progression. In a large cohort of lung cancer patients, we investigated whether low-dose aspirin use was associated with a reduction in the risk of lung cancer-specific mortality. METHODS We identified lung cancer patients from English cancer registries diagnosed between 1998 to 2009 from the National Cancer Data Repository. Medication usage was obtained from linkages to the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink and lung cancer-specific deaths were identified from Office of National Statistics mortality data. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for the association between low-dose aspirin use (before and after diagnosis) and risk of lung cancer-specific mortality were calculated using Cox regression models. RESULTS A total of 14,735 lung cancer patients were identified during the study period. In analysis of 3,635 lung cancer patients, there was no suggestion of an association between low-dose aspirin use after diagnosis and cancer-specific mortality (adjusted HR=0.96, 95% CI: 0.85, 1.09). Similarly, no association was evident for low-dose aspirin use before diagnosis and cancer-specific mortality (adjusted HR=1.00, 95% CI: 0.95, 1.05). Associations were comparable by duration of use and for all-cause mortality. CONCLUSION Overall, we found little evidence of a protective association between low-dose aspirin use and cancer-specific mortality in a large population-based lung cancer cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Úna C Mc Menamin
- Cancer Epidemiology and Health Services Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Chris R Cardwell
- Cancer Epidemiology and Health Services Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Carmel M Hughes
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Liam M Murray
- Cancer Epidemiology and Health Services Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
- Centre of Excellence for Public Health (NI), Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
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111
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Li N. Platelets in cancer metastasis: To help the "villain" to do evil. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:2078-87. [PMID: 26356352 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progress is accompanied by platelet activation and thrombotic complications. Platelets are a dangerous alliance of cancer cells, and are a close engager in multiple processes of cancer metastasis. Platelet adhesion to cancer cells forms a protective cloak that helps cancer cells to escape immune surveillance and natural killer cell-mediated cytolysis. Platelets facilitate tethering and arrest of disseminated cancer cells in the vasculature, enhance invasive potentials and thus extravasation of cancer cells. Moreover, platelets recruit monocytes and granulocytes to the sites of cancer cell arrest, and collaborate with them to establish a pro-metastatic microenvironment and metastatic niches. Platelets also secret a number of growth factors to stimulate cancer cell proliferation, release various angiogenic regulators to regulate tumor angiogenesis and subsequently promote cancer growth and progress. Albeit platelets are helping the "villain" cancer to do evil, the close engagements of platelets in cancer metastasis and progress can be used as the intervention targets for new anti-cancer therapeutic developments. Platelet-targeted anti-cancer strategy may bring in novel anti-cancer treatments that can synergize the therapeutic effects of chemotherapies and surgical treatments of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nailin Li
- Karolinska Institutet Department of Medicine-Solna, Clinical Pharmacology Group, Karolinska University Hospital-Solna, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
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112
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Mammadova-Bach E, Mangin P, Lanza F, Gachet C. Platelets in cancer. From basic research to therapeutic implications. Hamostaseologie 2015; 35:325-36. [PMID: 26289826 DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-11-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are well-known for their major role in primary hemostasis and thrombosis. Cancer patients frequently manifest thrombotic events and present abnormalities in blood coagulation which appear to be linked to altered platelet function and turnover. Moreover, numerous studies indicate an intimate cross-talk between platelets and tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastatic dissemination. Finally, several experimental data and clinical trials suggest possible benefits of anti-platelet drugs on some cancers. Here, we will review the current state of basic biological research regarding the role of platelets in cancer progression. We also critically review the possible clinical applicability of some anti-platelet therapies to limit tumor growth and prevent metastatic dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - C Gachet
- Christian Gachet, UMR_S949 Inserm, Université de Strasbourg, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace (EFS-Alsace), 10 rue Spielmann, B.P. N° 36, 67065 Strasbourg Cedex, France, E-mail:
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113
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Hisada Y, Geddings JE, Ay C, Mackman N. Venous thrombosis and cancer: from mouse models to clinical trials. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:1372-82. [PMID: 25988873 PMCID: PMC4773200 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer patients have a ~4 fold increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) compared with the general population and this is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This review summarizes our current knowledge of VTE and cancer, from mouse models to clinical studies. Notably, the risk of VTE varies depending on the type and stage of cancer. For instance, pancreatic and brain cancer patients have a higher risk of VTE than breast and prostate cancer patients. Moreover, patients with metastatic disease have a higher risk than those with localized tumors. Tumor-derived procoagulant factors and growth factors may directly and indirectly enhance VTE. For example, increased levels of circulating tumor-derived, tissue factor-positive microvesicles may trigger VTE. In a mouse model of ovarian cancer, tumor-derived IL-6 and hepatic thrombopoietin have been linked to increased platelet production and thrombosis. In addition, mouse models of mammary and lung cancer showed that tumor-derived granulocyte colony-stimulating factor causes neutrophilia and activation of neutrophils. Activated neutrophils can release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that enhance thrombosis. Cell-free DNA in the blood derived from cancer cells, NETs and treatment with cytotoxic drugs can activate the clotting cascade. These studies suggest that there are multiple mechanisms for VTE in patients with different types of cancer. Preventing and treating VTE in cancer patients is challenging; the current recommendations are to use low-molecular-weight heparin. Understanding the underlying mechanisms may allow the development of new therapies to safely prevent VTE in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hisada
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- K.G. Jensen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - J E Geddings
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - C Ay
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - N Mackman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- K.G. Jensen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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114
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Thomas GM, Brill A, Mezouar S, Crescence L, Gallant M, Dubois C, Wagner DD. Tissue factor expressed by circulating cancer cell-derived microparticles drastically increases the incidence of deep vein thrombosis in mice. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:1310-9. [PMID: 25955268 PMCID: PMC4496280 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of thrombotic complications such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) during tumor development is well known. Tumors release into the circulation procoagulant microparticles (MPs) that can participate in thrombus formation following vessel injury. The importance of this MP tissue factor (TF) in the initiation of cancer-associated DVT remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE To investigate how pancreatic cancer MPs promote DVT in vivo. METHODS We combined a DVT mouse model in which thrombosis is induced by flow restriction in the inferior vena cava with one of subcutaneous pancreatic cancer in C57BL/6J mice. We infused high-TF and low-TF tumor MPs to determine the importance of TF in experimental cancer-associated DVT. RESULTS Both tumor-bearing mice and mice infused with tumor MPs subjected to 3 h of partial flow restriction developed an occlusive thrombus; fewer than one-third of the control mice did. We observed that MPs adhered to neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are functionally important players during DVT, whereas neither P-selectin nor glycoprotein Ib were required for MP recruitment in DVT. The thrombotic phenotype induced by MP infusion was suppressed by hirudin, suggesting the importance of thrombin generation. TF carried by tumor MPs was essential to promote DVT, as mice infused with low-TF tumor MPs had less thrombosis than mice infused with high-TF tumor MPs. CONCLUSIONS TF expressed on tumor MPs contributes to the increased incidence of cancer-associated venous thrombosis in mice in vivo. These MPs may adhere to NETs formed at the site of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Thomas
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- VRCM, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm UMR-S 1076, Marseille, France
| | - A Brill
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - S Mezouar
- VRCM, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm UMR-S 1076, Marseille, France
| | - L Crescence
- VRCM, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm UMR-S 1076, Marseille, France
| | - M Gallant
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Dubois
- VRCM, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm UMR-S 1076, Marseille, France
| | - D D Wagner
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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115
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Wang C, Chen YG, Gao JL, Lyu GY, Su J, Zhang QI, Ji X, Yan JZ, Qiu QL, Zhang YL, Li LZ, Xu HT, Chen SH. Low local blood perfusion, high white blood cell and high platelet count are associated with primary tumor growth and lung metastasis in a 4T1 mouse breast cancer metastasis model. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:754-760. [PMID: 26622565 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It was originally thought that no single routine blood test result would be able to indicate whether or not a patient had cancer; however, several novel studies have indicated that the median survival and prognosis of cancer patients were markedly associated with the systemic circulation features of cancer patients. In addition, certain parameters, such as white blood cell (WBC) count, were largely altered in malignant tumors. In the present study, routine blood tests were performed in order to observe the change of blood cells in tumor-bearing mice following the implantation of 4T1 breast cancer cells into the mammary fat pad; in addition, blood flow in breast tumor sites was measured indirectly using laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI), in an attempt to explain the relevance between the blood circulation features and the growth or metastasis of breast cancer in mice model. The LDPI and blood test results indicated that the implantation of 4T1 breast cancer cells into BALB/c mice led to thrombosis as well as high WBC count, high platelet count, high plateletcrit and low blood perfusion. Following implantation of the 4T1 cells for four weeks, the lung metastatic number was determined and the Pearson correlation coefficient revealed that the number of visceral lung metastatic sites had a marked negative association with the ratio of basophils (BASO%; r=-0.512; P<0.01) and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin was significantly correlated with primary tumor weight (r=0.425; P<0.05). In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that tumor growth led to thrombosis and acute anemia in mice; in addition, when blood BASO% was low, an increased number of lung metastases were observed in tumor-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Ge Chen
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Li Gao
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Yuan Lyu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Jie Su
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Q I Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Xin Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Zhong Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Qiao-Li Qiu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Li Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Zi Li
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Han-Ting Xu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Su-Hong Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
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116
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Abstract
The platelet P2Y12 receptor (P2Y12R) for adenosine 5'diphosphate (ADP) plays a central role in platelet function, hemostasis, and thrombosis. Patients with inherited P2Y12R defects display mild-to-moderate bleeding diatheses. Defects of P2Y12R should be suspected when ADP, even at high concentrations (≥ 10 μm), is unable to induce full, irreversible platelet aggregation. P2Y12R also plays a role in inflammation: its role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma has been well characterized. In addition, inhibition or genetic deficiency of P2Y12R has antitumor effects. Drugs inhibiting P2Y12R are potent antithrombotic drugs. Clopidogrel is the P2Y12R antagonist that is most widely used in the clinical setting. Its most important drawback is its inability to inhibit adequately P2Y12R-dependent platelet function in about one-third of patients. New drugs, such as prasugrel and ticagrelor, which effectively inhibit P2Y12R in the vast majority of patients, have proved to be more efficacious than clopdidogrel in preventing major adverse cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cattaneo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Unità di Medicina 3, Ospedale San Paolo, Milan, Italy
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