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Kanazawa T, Yamazaki M, Fukuda T, Takashima Y, Okada H. Versatile nuclear localization signal-based oligopeptide as a gene vector. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 38:559-65. [PMID: 25832636 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To develop a versatile nuclear-targeted gene vector, nuclear localization signal (NLS) oligopeptides combining cysteine (C), histidine (H), and stearic acid (STR) were investigated in this study. The original SV40 sequence (SV40: Pro-Lys-Lys-Lys-Arg-Lys-Val) was selected as the NLS sequence, and physical characterizations of various NLS-based oligopeptides (CSV40C, STR-CSV40C, and STR-CH2SV40H2C), including mean diameter, zeta-potential, complex condensation, and decondensation, were evaluated. In addition, cellular and nuclear uptake of plasmid DNA (pDNA) and gene expression in COS7 and dendritic cells (JAWS II) were determined. As a result, C and STR enhanced formation of a smaller and more stable nano-complex with pDNA based on ionic interactions, the disulfide linkage and hydrophobic interactions. STR-CSV40C and STR-CH2SV40H2C had significantly higher cellular uptake ability and transfection efficiency than SV40 and CSV40C. In particular, STR-CH2SV40H2C had higher nuclear uptake and gene expression efficiency than STR-CSV40C. Furthermore, STR-CH2SV40H2C could deliver pDNA to the nuclei and had high gene expression efficiency in dendritic cells. Our results indicate that STR-CH2SV40H2C is a promising gene delivery system in non- or slow-dividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Kanazawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
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102
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Chapman CD, Gorczyca S, Robertson-Anderson RM. Crowding induces complex ergodic diffusion and dynamic elongation of large DNA molecules. Biophys J 2016; 108:1220-8. [PMID: 25762333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the ubiquity of molecular crowding in living cells, the effects of crowding on the dynamics of genome-sized DNA are poorly understood. Here, we track single, fluorescent-labeled large DNA molecules (11, 115 kbp) diffusing in dextran solutions that mimic intracellular crowding conditions (0-40%), and determine the effects of crowding on both DNA mobility and conformation. Both DNAs exhibit ergodic Brownian motion and comparable mobility reduction in all conditions; however, crowder size (10 vs. 500 kDa) plays a critical role in the underlying diffusive mechanisms and dependence on crowder concentration. Surprisingly, in 10-kDa dextran, crowder influence saturates at ∼20% with an ∼5× drop in DNA diffusion, in stark contrast to exponentially retarded mobility, coupled to weak anomalous subdiffusion, with increasing concentration of 500-kDa dextran. Both DNAs elongate into lower-entropy states (compared to random coil conformations) when crowded, with elongation states that are gamma distributed and fluctuate in time. However, the broadness of the distribution of states and the time-dependence and length scale of elongation length fluctuations depend on both DNA and crowder size with concentration having surprisingly little impact. Results collectively show that mobility reduction and coil elongation of large crowded DNAs are due to a complex interplay between entropic effects and crowder mobility. Although elongation and initial mobility retardation are driven by depletion interactions, subdiffusive dynamics, and the drastic exponential slowing of DNA, up to ∼300×, arise from the reduced mobility of larger crowders. Our results elucidate the highly important and widely debated effects of cellular crowding on genome-sized DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole D Chapman
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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103
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Neuhaus B, Tosun B, Rotan O, Frede A, Westendorf AM, Epple M. Nanoparticles as transfection agents: a comprehensive study with ten different cell lines. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25333k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The performance of transfection agents to deliver nucleic acids into cells strongly depends on the cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Neuhaus
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE)
- University of Duisburg-Essen
- 45117 Essen
- Germany
| | - Benjamin Tosun
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE)
- University of Duisburg-Essen
- 45117 Essen
- Germany
| | - Olga Rotan
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE)
- University of Duisburg-Essen
- 45117 Essen
- Germany
| | - Annika Frede
- Institute of Medical Microbiology
- University Hospital Essen
- University of Duisburg-Essen
- Essen
- Germany
| | - Astrid M. Westendorf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology
- University Hospital Essen
- University of Duisburg-Essen
- Essen
- Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE)
- University of Duisburg-Essen
- 45117 Essen
- Germany
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Qiu GH. Genome defense against exogenous nucleic acids in eukaryotes by non-coding DNA occurs through CRISPR-like mechanisms in the cytosol and the bodyguard protection in the nucleus. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 767:31-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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105
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Martin TM, Plautz SA, Pannier AK. Temporal endogenous gene expression profiles in response to lipid-mediated transfection. J Gene Med 2015; 17:14-32. [PMID: 25663588 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Design of efficient nonviral gene delivery systems is limited as a result of the rudimentary understanding of the specific molecules and processes that facilitate DNA transfer. METHODS Lipoplexes formed with Lipofectamine 2000 (LF2000) and plasmid-encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) were delivered to the HEK 293T cell line. After treating cells with lipoplexes, HG-U133 Affymetrix microarrays were used to identify endogenous genes differentially expressed between treated and untreated cells (2 h exposure) or between flow-separated transfected cells (GFP+) and treated, untransfected cells (GFP-) at 8, 16 and 24 h after lipoplex treatment. Cell priming studies were conducted using pharmacologic agents to alter endogenous levels of the identified differentially expressed genes to determine effect on transfection levels. RESULTS Relative to untreated cells 2 h after lipoplex treatment, only downregulated genes were identified ≥ 30-fold: ALMS1, ITGB1, FCGR3A, DOCK10 and ZDDHC13. Subsequently, relative to GFP- cells, the GFP+ cell population showed at least a five-fold upregulation of RAP1A and PACSIN3 (8 h) or HSPA6 and RAP1A (16 and 24 h). Pharmacologic studies altering endogenous levels for ALMS1, FCGR3A, and DOCK10 (involved in filopodia protrusions), ITGB1 (integrin signaling), ZDDHC13 (membrane trafficking) and PACSIN3 (proteolytic shedding of membrane receptors) were able to increase or decrease transgene production. CONCLUSIONS RAP1A, PACSIN3 and HSPA6 may help lipoplex-treated cells overcome a transcriptional shutdown due to treatment with lipoplexes and provide new targets for investigating molecular mechanisms of transfection or for enhancing transfection through cell priming or engineering of the nonviral gene delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Durham Research Center II, University of Nebraska-Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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106
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Martin TM, Plautz SA, Pannier AK. Temporal endogenous gene expression profiles in response to polymer-mediated transfection and profile comparison to lipid-mediated transfection. J Gene Med 2015; 17:33-53. [PMID: 25663627 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Design of efficient nonviral gene delivery systems is limited by the rudimentary understanding of specific molecules that facilitate transfection. METHODS Polyplexes using 25-kDa polyethylenimine (PEI) and plasmid-encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) were delivered to HEK 293T cells. After treating cells with polyplexes, microarrays were used to identify endogenous genes differentially expressed between treated and untreated cells (2 h of exposure) or between flow-separated transfected cells (GFP+) and treated, untransfected cells (GFP-) at 8, 16 and 24 h after lipoplex treatment. Cell priming studies were conducted using pharmacologic agents to alter endogenous levels of the identified differentially expressed genes to determine effect on transfection levels. Differentially expressed genes in polyplex-mediated transfection were compared with those differentially expressed in lipoplex transfection to identify DNA carrier-dependent molecular factors. RESULTS Differentially expressed genes were RGS1, ARHGAP24, PDZD2, SNX24, GSN and IGF2BP1 after 2 h; RAP1A and ACTA1 after 8 h; RAP1A, WDR78 and ACTA1 after 16 h; and RAP1A, SCG5, ATF3, IREB2 and ACTA1 after 24 h. Pharmacologic studies altering endogenous levels for ARHGAP24, GSN, IGF2BP1, PDZD2 and RGS1 were able to increase or decrease transgene production. Comparing differentially expressed genes for polyplexes and lipoplexes, no common genes were identified at the 2-h time point, whereas, after the 8-h time point, RAP1A, ATF3 and HSPA6 were similarly expressed. SCG5 and PGAP1 were only upregulated in polyplex-transfected cells. CONCLUSIONS The identified genes and pharmacologic agents provide targets for improving transfection systems, although polyplex or lipoplex dependencies must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Durham Research Center II, University of Nebraska-Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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107
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Critical considerations for developing nucleic acid macromolecule based drug products. Drug Discov Today 2015; 21:430-44. [PMID: 26674130 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein expression therapy using nucleic acid macromolecules (NAMs) as a new paradigm in medicine has recently gained immense therapeutic potential. With the advancement of nonviral delivery it has been possible to target NAMs against cancer, immunodeficiency and infectious diseases. Owing to the complex and fragile structure of NAMs, however, development of a suitable, stable formulation for a reasonable product shelf-life and efficacious delivery is indeed challenging to achieve. This review provides a synopsis of challenges in the formulation and stability of DNA/m-RNA based medicines and probable mitigation strategies including a brief summary of delivery options to the target cells. Nucleic acid based drugs at various stages of ongoing clinical trials are compiled.
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108
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Sigwalt D, Ahlbrand S, Zhang M, Vinciguerra B, Briken V, Isaacs L. Acyclic Cucurbit[n]uril Dendrimers. Org Lett 2015; 17:5914-7. [PMID: 26593638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of acyclic cucurbit[n]uril dendrimers G1-G3 that bear four dendrons on their aromatic sidewalls via thiolate S(N)2 chemistry is reported. G1-G3 are polycationic and can bind to pEGFP plasmid DNA as shown by dynamic light scattering (DLS), gel electrophoresis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The gene delivery ability of G1-G3 is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sigwalt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sarah Ahlbrand
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Brittany Vinciguerra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Volker Briken
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lyle Isaacs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Zaro JL, Shen WC. Cationic and amphipathic cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs): Their structures and in vivo studies in drug delivery. Front Chem Sci Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-015-1538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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110
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Lawley SD, Tuft M, Brooks HA. Coarse-graining intermittent intracellular transport: Two- and three-dimensional models. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:042709. [PMID: 26565274 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.042709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Viruses and other cellular cargo that lack locomotion must rely on diffusion and cellular transport systems to navigate through a biological cell. Indeed, advances in single particle tracking have revealed that viral motion alternates between (a) diffusion in the cytoplasm and (b) active transport along microtubules. This intermittency makes quantitative analysis of trajectories difficult. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to construct mathematical methods to approximate intermittent dynamics by effective stochastic differential equations. The coarse-graining method that we develop is more accurate than existing techniques and applicable to a wide range of intermittent transport models. In particular, we apply our method to two- and three-dimensional cell geometries (disk, sphere, and cylinder) and demonstrate its accuracy. In addition to these specific applications, we also explain our method in full generality for use on future intermittent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Lawley
- Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Marie Tuft
- Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Heather A Brooks
- Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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111
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Pan D, Pham CTN, Weilbaecher KN, Tomasson MH, Wickline SA, Lanza GM. Contact-facilitated drug delivery with Sn2 lipase labile prodrugs optimize targeted lipid nanoparticle drug delivery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 8:85-106. [PMID: 26296541 PMCID: PMC4709477 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sn2 lipase labile phospholipid prodrugs in conjunction with contact-facilitated drug delivery offer an important advancement in Nanomedicine. Many drugs incorporated into nanosystems, targeted or not, are substantially lost during circulation to the target. However, favorably altering the pharmacokinetics and volume of distribution of systemic drug delivery can offer greater efficacy with lower toxicity, leading to new prolonged-release nanoexcipients. However, the concept of achieving Paul Erhlich's inspired vision of a 'magic bullet' to treat disease has been largely unrealized due to unstable nanomedicines, nanosystems achieving low drug delivery to target cells, poor intracellular bioavailability of endocytosed nanoparticle payloads, and the substantial biological barriers of extravascular particle penetration into pathological sites. As shown here, Sn2 phospholipid prodrugs in conjunction with contact-facilitated drug delivery prevent premature drug diffusional loss during circulation and increase target cell bioavailability. The Sn2 phospholipid prodrug approach applies equally well for vascular constrained lipid-encapsulated particles and micelles the size of proteins that penetrate through naturally fenestrated endothelium in the bone marrow or thin-walled venules of an inflamed microcirculation. At one time Nanomedicine was considered a 'Grail Quest' by its loyal opposition and even many in the field adsorbing the pains of a long-learning curve about human biology and particles. However, Nanomedicine with innovations like Sn2 phospholipid prodrugs has finally made 'made the turn' toward meaningful translational success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjan Pan
- Departments of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Christine T N Pham
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katherine N Weilbaecher
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael H Tomasson
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel A Wickline
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gregory M Lanza
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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112
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Novel mechanism of gene transfection by low-energy shock wave. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12843. [PMID: 26243452 PMCID: PMC4525295 DOI: 10.1038/srep12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracorporeal shock wave (SW) therapy has been studied in the transfection of naked nucleic acids into various cell lines through the process of sonoporation, a process that affects the permeation of cell membranes, which can be an effect of cavitation. In this study, siRNAs were efficiently transfected into primary cultured cells and mouse tumor tissue via SW treatment. Furthermore SW-induced siRNA transfection was not mediated by SW-induced sonoporation, but by microparticles (MPs) secreted from the cells. Interestingly, the transfection effect of the siRNAs was transferable through the secreted MPs from human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) culture medium after treatment with SW, into HUVECs in another culture plate without SW treatment. In this study, we suggest for the first time a mechanism of gene transfection induced by low-energy SW through secreted MPs, and show that it is an efficient physical gene transfection method in vitro and represents a safe therapeutic strategy for site-specific gene delivery in vivo.
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113
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Dehshahri A, Sadeghpour H. Surface decorations of poly(amidoamine) dendrimer by various pendant moieties for improved delivery of nucleic acid materials. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 132:85-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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114
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ScreenFect A: an efficient and low toxic liposome for gene delivery to mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Pharm 2015; 488:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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115
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Wang Y, Miao L, Satterlee A, Huang L. Delivery of oligonucleotides with lipid nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 87:68-80. [PMID: 25733311 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Since their inception in the 1980s, oligonucleotide-based (ON-based) therapeutics have been recognized as powerful tools that can treat a broad spectrum of diseases. The discoveries of novel regulatory methods of gene expression with diverse mechanisms of action are still driving the development of novel ON-based therapeutics. Difficulties in the delivery of this class of therapeutics hinder their in vivo applications, which forces drug delivery systems to be a prerequisite for clinical translation. This review discusses the strategy of using lipid nanoparticles as carriers to deliver therapeutic ONs to target cells in vitro and in vivo. A discourse on how chemical and physical properties of the lipid materials could be utilized during formulation and the resulting effects on delivery efficiency constitutes the major part of this review.
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Abstract
Nucleic acids show immense potential to treat cancer, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, neurological diseases and other incurable human diseases. Upon systemic administration, they encounter a series of barriers and hence barely reach the site of action, the cell. Intracellular delivery of nucleic acids is facilitated by nanovectors, both viral and non-viral. A major advantage of non-viral vectors over viral vectors is safety. Nanovectors evaluated specifically for nucleic acid delivery include polyplexes, lipoplexes and other cationic carrier-based vectors. However, more recently there is an increased interest in inorganic nanovectors for nucleic acid delivery. Nevertheless, there is no comprehensive review on the subject. The present review would cover in detail specific properties and types of inorganic nanovectors, their preparation techniques and various biomedical applications as therapeutics, diagnostics and theranostics. Future prospects are also suggested.
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Christensen MD, Elmer JJ, Eaton S, Gonzalez-Malerva L, LaBaer J, Rege K. Kinome-level screening identifies inhibition of polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) as a target for enhancing non-viral transgene expression. J Control Release 2015; 204:20-9. [PMID: 25681050 PMCID: PMC8292636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human cells contain hundreds of kinase enzymes that regulate several cellular processes, which likely include transgene delivery and expression. We identified several kinases that influence gene delivery and/or expression by performing a kinome-level screen in which, we identified small-molecule kinase inhibitors that significantly enhanced non-viral (polymer-mediated) transgene (luciferase) expression in cancer cells. The strongest enhancement was observed with several small-molecule inhibitors of Polo-like Kinase 1 (PLK 1) (e.g., HMN-214 and BI 2536), which enhanced luciferase expression up to 30-fold by arresting cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and influencing intracellular trafficking of plasmid DNA. Knockdown of PLK 1 using an shRNA-expressing lentivirus further confirmed the enhancement of polymer-mediated transgene expression. In addition, pairwise and three-way combinations of PLK1 inhibitors with the histone deacetylase-1 (HDAC-1) inhibitor Entinostat and the JAK/STAT inhibitor AG-490 enhanced luciferase expression to levels significantly higher than individual drug treatments acting alone. These findings indicate that inhibition of specific intracellular kinases (e.g., PLK1) can significantly enhance non-viral transgene expression for applications in biotechnology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Christensen
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jacob J Elmer
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Seron Eaton
- The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Laura Gonzalez-Malerva
- The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Kaushal Rege
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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118
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Balcomb B, Singh M, Singh S. Synthesis and characterization of layered double hydroxides and their potential as nonviral gene delivery vehicles. ChemistryOpen 2015; 4:137-45. [PMID: 25969811 PMCID: PMC4420585 DOI: 10.1002/open.201402074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) exhibit characteristic anion-exchange chemistry making them ideal carriers of negatively charged molecules like deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). In this study, hydrotalcite (Mg-Al) and hydrotalcite-like compounds (Mg-Fe, Zn-Al, and Zn-Fe), also known as LDHs, were evaluated for their potential application as a carrier of DNA. LDHs were prepared by coprecipitation at low supersaturation and characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR), Raman, and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). XRD patterns showed strong and sharp diffraction peaks for the (003) and (006) planes indicating well-ordered crystalline materials. TEM images yielded irregular circular to hexagonal-shaped particles of 50-250 nm in size. Varying degrees of DNA binding was observed for all the compounds, and nuclease digestion studies revealed that the LDHs afford some degree of protection to the bound DNA. Minimal toxicity was observed in human embryonic kidney (HEK293), cervical cancer (HeLa) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines with most showing a cell viability in excess of 80 %. All LDH complexes promoted significant levels of luciferase gene expression, with the DNA:Mg-Al LDHs proving to be the most efficient in all cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Balcomb
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-NatalPrivate Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, (South Africa)
| | - Moganavelli Singh
- School of Life Sciences (Biochemistry), University of KwaZulu-NatalPrivate Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, (South Africa)
| | - Sooboo Singh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-NatalPrivate Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, (South Africa)
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119
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Zhou J, Li D, Su C, Wen H, Du Q, Liang D. Peptides containing blocks of different charge densities facilitate cell uptake of oligonucleotides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:8653-9. [PMID: 25735601 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05988c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) are of great importance in drug delivery and gene therapy. The density and the distribution of the charges are key parameters of a polyelectrolyte, determining the structure of the complex and the kinetics of the complexation. Using peptides of precisely-controlled charge density as model molecules, we showed that the presence of weakly-charged peptides, (KGGG)5 or (KGKG)5, did not affect the complexation of highly-charged peptides (KKKK)5 with 21 bp oligonucleotides. However, peptide containing blocks of different charge densities, such as (KKKK)5-b-(KGGG)5 or (KKKK)5-b-(KGKG)5, exhibited superior performance during complexation. With a relatively uniform small size, the complex was also stable in serum. More importantly, the cellular uptake of the complex was greatly enhanced by a ratio of 40-60%, compared to that of the complex formed by uniformly-charged peptides. We attributed the improvement to the structure of the complex, in which the highly-charged blocks form the core with the oligonucleotide whilst the weakly-charged blocks dangle outside, preventing the complexes from further aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihan Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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de Jesus MB, Zuhorn IS. Solid lipid nanoparticles as nucleic acid delivery system: Properties and molecular mechanisms. J Control Release 2015; 201:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Martin TM, Wysocki BJ, Beyersdorf JP, Wysocki TA, Pannier AK. Integrating mitosis, toxicity, and transgene expression in a telecommunications packet-switched network model of lipoplex-mediated gene delivery. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 111:1659-71. [PMID: 25097912 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene delivery systems transport exogenous genetic information to cells or biological systems with the potential to directly alter endogenous gene expression and behavior with applications in functional genomics, tissue engineering, medical devices, and gene therapy. Nonviral systems offer advantages over viral systems because of their low immunogenicity, inexpensive synthesis, and easy modification but suffer from lower transfection levels. The representation of gene transfer using models offers perspective and interpretation of complex cellular mechanisms,including nonviral gene delivery where exact mechanisms are unknown. Here, we introduce a novel telecommunications model of the nonviral gene delivery process in which the delivery of the gene to a cell is synonymous with delivery of a packet of information to a destination computer within a packet-switched computer network. Such a model uses nodes and layers to simplify the complexity of modeling the transfection process and to overcome several challenges of existing models. These challenges include a limited scope and limited time frame, which often does not incorporate biological effects known to affect transfection. The telecommunication model was constructed in MATLAB to model lipoplex delivery of the gene encoding the green fluorescent protein to HeLa cells. Mitosis and toxicity events were included in the model resulting in simulation outputs of nuclear internalization and transfection efficiency that correlated with experimental data. A priori predictions based on model sensitivity analysis suggest that increasing endosomal escape and decreasing lysosomal degradation, protein degradation, and GFP-induced toxicity can improve transfection efficiency by three-fold. Application of the telecommunications model to nonviral gene delivery offers insight into the development of new gene delivery systems with therapeutically relevant transfection levels.
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ZHOU HAN, MA XIAOFENG, LIU YONGZE, DONG LEI, LUO YI, ZHU GUANGJIE, QIAN XIAOYUN, CHEN JIE, LU LIN, WANG JUNGUO, GAO XIA. Linear polyethylenimine-plasmid DNA nanoparticles are ototoxic to the cultured sensory epithelium of neonatal mice. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:4381-8. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Abstract
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The massive amount of human genetic
information already available
has accelerated the identification of target genes, making gene and
nucleic acid therapy the next generation of medicine. Nanoparticle
(NP)-based anticancer gene therapy treatment has received significant
interest in this evolving field. Recent advances in vector technology
have improved gene transfection efficiencies of nonviral vectors to
a level similar to viruses. This review serves as an introduction
to surface modifications of NPs based on polymeric structural improvements
and target moieties. A discussion regarding the future perspective
of multifunctional NPs in cancer therapy is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimei Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University , Jinan 250012, China
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124
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Ambattu LA, Rekha M. Betaine conjugated cationic pullulan as effective gene carrier. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 72:819-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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125
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Abstract
The key impediment to the successful application of gene therapy in clinics is not the paucity of therapeutic genes. It is rather the lack of nontoxic and efficient strategies to transfer therapeutic genes into target cells. Over the past few decades, considerable progress has been made in gene transfer technologies, and thus far, three different delivery systems have been developed with merits and demerits characterizing each system. Viral and chemical methods of gene transfer utilize specialized carrier to overcome membrane barrier and facilitate gene transfer into cells. Physical methods, on the other hand, utilize various forms of mechanical forces to enforce gene entry into cells. Starting in 1980s, physical methods have been introduced as alternatives to viral and chemical methods to overcome various extra- and intracellular barriers that limit the amount of DNA reaching the intended cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that it is quite feasible to directly translocate genes into cytoplasm or even nuclei of target cells by means of mechanical force, bypassing endocytosis, a common pathway for viral and nonviral vectors. Indeed, several methods have been developed, and the majority of them share the same underlying mechanism of gene transfer, i.e., physically created transient pores in cell membrane through which genes get into cells. Here, we provide an overview of the current status and future research directions in the field of physical methods of gene transfer.
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126
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Dong H, Parekh HS, Xu ZP. Enhanced cellular delivery and biocompatibility of a small layered double hydroxide-liposome composite system. Pharmaceutics 2014; 6:584-98. [PMID: 25431895 PMCID: PMC4279134 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics6040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The various classes of gene delivery vectors possess distinct advantages and disadvantages, each of which impacts on cargo loading, delivery and, ultimately, its function. With this in mind, herein we report on a small layered double hydroxide (sLDH)–liposome composite system, drawing upon the salient features of LDH and liposome classes of vectors, while avoiding their inherent shortfalls when used independently. sLDH–liposome composites were prepared by the hydration of freeze-dried matrix method. These composite systems, with a Z-average size of ≈200 nm, exhibited low cytotoxicity and demonstrated good suspension stability, both in water and cell culture medium after rehydration. Our studies demonstrate that short dsDNAs/ssDNAs were completely bound and protected in the composite system at an sLDH:DNA mass ratio of 20:1, regardless of the approach to DNA loading. This composite system delivered DNA to HCT-116 cells with ≈3-fold greater efficiency, when compared to sLDH alone. Our findings point towards the sLDH-liposome composite system being an effective and biocompatible gene delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Dong
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Harendra S Parekh
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Zhi Ping Xu
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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127
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Cai X, Zhu H, Dong H, Li Y, Su J, Shi D. Suppression of VEGF by reversible-PEGylated histidylated polylysine in cancer therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1818-27. [PMID: 24805287 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A reversible-PEGylated polylysine is designed and developed for efficient delivery of siRNA. In this unique structure, the ε-amino groups of disulfide linked poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and polylysine (mPEG-SS-PLL) are partially replaced by histidine groups, in order to develop the histidylated reversible-PEGylated polylysine (mPEG-SS-PLH), for enhanced endosome escape ability. The transfection efficacy of mPEG-SS-PLH is found to closely correlate with histidine substitution. Its maximum transfection efficiencies are determined, respectively, to be 75%, 42%, and 24%, against 293T, MCF-7, and PC-3 cells. These data indicate that the transfection efficiencies can equal or even outweigh PEI-25k in the corresponding cells (80%, 38.5%, and 20%). The in vivo circulation and biodistribution of the polyplexes are monitored by fluorescent imaging. The in vivo gene transfection is carried out by intravenous injection of pEGFP to BALB/c mice using the xenograft models. The in vivo experimental results show effective inhibition of tumor growth by mPEG-SS-PLH/siRNA-VEGF, indicating its high potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Cai
- Shanghai East Hospital; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science; Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University; Shanghai 200120 China
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine; Department of Prosthodontics; School of Stomatology; Tongji University; Shanghai 200072 China
| | - Haiqing Dong
- Shanghai East Hospital; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science; Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University; Shanghai 200120 China
| | - Yongyong Li
- Shanghai East Hospital; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science; Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University; Shanghai 200120 China
| | - Jiansheng Su
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine; Department of Prosthodontics; School of Stomatology; Tongji University; Shanghai 200072 China
| | - Donglu Shi
- Shanghai East Hospital; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science; Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University; Shanghai 200120 China
- Materials Science and Engineering Program; Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering; College of Engineering and Applied Science; University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati OH 10 45221 USA
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128
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Ganguly K, Chaturvedi K, More UA, Nadagouda MN, Aminabhavi TM. Polysaccharide-based micro/nanohydrogels for delivering macromolecular therapeutics. J Control Release 2014; 193:162-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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129
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Hwang HS, Hu J, Na K, Bae YH. Role of polymeric endosomolytic agents in gene transfection: a comparative study of poly(L-lysine) grafted with monomeric L-histidine analogue and poly(L-histidine). Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:3577-86. [PMID: 25144273 PMCID: PMC4195522 DOI: 10.1021/bm500843r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Endosomal entrapment is one of the main barriers that must be overcome for efficient gene expression along with cell internalization, DNA release, and nuclear import. Introducing pH-sensitive ionizable groups into the polycationic polymers to increase gene transfer efficiency has proven to be a useful method; however, a comparative study of introducing equal numbers of ionizable groups in both polymer and monomer forms, has not been reported. In this study, we prepared two types of histidine-grafted poly(L-lysine) (PLL), a stacking form of poly(L-histidine) (PLL-g-PHis) and a mono-L-histidine (PLL-g-mHis) with the same number of imidazole groups. These two types of histidine-grafted PLL, PLL-g-PHis and PLL-g-mHis, showed profound differences in hemolytic activity, cellular uptake, internalization, and transfection efficiency. Cy3-labeled PLL-g-PHis showed strong fluorescence in the nucleus after internalization, and high hemolytic activity upon pH changes was also observed from PLL-g-PHis. The arrangement of imidazole groups from PHis also provided higher gene expression than mHis due to its ability to escape the endosome. mHis or PHis grafting reduced the cytotoxicity of PLL and changed the rate of cellular uptake by changing the quantity of free ε-amines available for gene condensation. The subcellular localization of PLL-g-PHis/pDNA measured by YOYO1-pDNA intensity was highest inside the nucleus, while the lysotracker, which stains the acidic compartments was lowest among these polymers. Thus, the polymeric histidine arrangement demonstrate the ability to escape the endosome and trigger rapid release of polyplexes into the cytosol, resulting in a greater amount of pDNA available for translocation to the nucleus and enhanced gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sook Hwang
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Utah, Skaggs Research Building, Rm 2760, 30S, 2000E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jun Hu
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Utah, Skaggs Research Building, Rm 2760, 30S, 2000E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Kun Na
- Department
of Biotechnology, The Catholic University
of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Korea
| | - You Han Bae
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Utah, Skaggs Research Building, Rm 2760, 30S, 2000E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Utah-Inha Drug
Delivery Systems (DDS) and Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, 7-50 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu,
Incheon, 406-840, Korea
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130
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Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of myocardial dysfunction in the setting of congestive heart failure have created a new opportunity in developing nonpharmacological approaches to treatment. Gene therapy has emerged as a powerful tool in targeting the molecular mechanisms of disease by preventing the ventricular remodeling and improving bioenergetics in heart failure. Refinements in vector technology, including the creation of recombinant adeno-associated viruses, have allowed for safe and efficient gene transfer. These advancements have been coupled with evolving delivery methods that include vascular, pericardial, and direct myocardial approaches. One of the most promising targets, SERCA2a, is currently being used in clinical trials. The recent success of the Calcium Upregulation by Percutaneous Administration of Gene Therapy in Cardiac Disease phase 2 trials using adeno-associated virus 1-SERCA2a in improving outcomes highlights the importance of gene therapy as a future tool in treating congestive heart failure.
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131
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Sabahi Z, Samani SM, Dehshahri A. Conjugation of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers with various acrylates for improved delivery of plasmid encoding interleukin-12 gene. J Biomater Appl 2014; 29:941-53. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328214551010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a small library of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) derivatives was prepared through the conjugation of its amines with various acrylates containing 5–21 carbon chain lengths at two different conjugation degrees, and the ability of the nano-sized PAMAM-based complexes to transfer the plasmid encoding interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene into the cells was studied. As the wide clinical application of the recombinant IL-12 protein has been limited due to several deaths reported following the systemic administration of the protein, local expression of the IL-12 gene inside the tumor target has been considered as an effective alternative strategy. The idea subjacent to this type of modification was to enhance transfection efficiency by the synergistic effects of endosome buffering via the PAMAM amines and the interaction with biological membranes caused by the hydrophobic moieties grafted on the PAMAM structure. Acrylate conjugation of primary amines on PAMAM structure enhanced transfection efficiency, with the highest level of IL-12 expression occurring with the conjugates containing five to nine carbon chains on their periphery at the grafting degree of 10%. The results obtained in this study suggest that combining the cationic nature of PAMAM along with modulating the hydrophobicity of the dendrimer to achieve an appropriate hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance yields the optimal carriers for non-viral gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sabahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Shiraz School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soliman Mohammadi Samani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shiraz School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Dehshahri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Shiraz School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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132
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Yang Z, Jiang Z, Cao Z, Zhang C, Gao D, Luo X, Zhang X, Luo H, Jiang Q, Liu J. Multifunctional non-viral gene vectors with enhanced stability, improved cellular and nuclear uptake capability, and increased transfection efficiency. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:10193-10206. [PMID: 25047580 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr02395a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a new multifunctional, non-viral gene delivery platform consisting of cationic poly(amine-co-ester) (PPMS) for DNA condensation, PEG shell for nanoparticle stabilization, poly(γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA) and mTAT (a cell-penetrating peptide) for accelerated cellular uptake, and a nuclear localization signal peptide (NLS) for enhanced intracellular transport of DNA to the nucleus. In vitro study showed that coating of the binary PPMS/DNA polyplex with γ-PGA promotes cellular uptake of the polyplex particles, particularly by γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)-positive cells through the GGT-mediated endocytosis pathway. Conjugating PEG to the γ-PGA led to the formation of a ternary PPMS/DNA/PGA-g-PEG polyplex with decreased positive charges on the surface of the polyplex particles and substantially higher stability in serum-containing aqueous medium. The cellular uptake rate was further improved by incorporating mTAT into the ternary polyplex system. Addition of the NLS peptide was designed to facilitate intracellular delivery of the plasmid to the nucleus--a rate-limiting step in the gene transfection process. As a result, compared with the binary PPMS/LucDNA polyplex, the new mTAT-quaternary PPMS/LucDNA/NLS/PGA-g-PEG-mTAT system exhibited reduced cytotoxicity, remarkably faster cellular uptake rate, and enhanced transport of DNA to the nucleus. All these advantageous functionalities contribute to the remarkable gene transfection efficiency of the mTAT-quaternary polyplex both in vitro and in vivo, which exceeds that of the binary polyplex and commercial Lipofectamine™ 2000/DNA lipoplex. The multifunctional mTAT-quaternary polyplex system with improved efficiency and reduced cytotoxicity represents a new type of promising non-viral vectors for the delivery of therapeutic genes to treat tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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133
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Kaipel M, Schützenberger S, Hofmann AT, Ferguson J, Nau T, Redl H, Feichtinger GA. Evaluation of fibrin-based gene-activated matrices for BMP2/7 plasmid codelivery in a rat nonunion model. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2014; 38:2607-13. [PMID: 25192687 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-014-2499-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Treatment of large-segmental bone defects still is a challenge in clinical routine. Application of gene-activated matrices (GAMs) based on fibrin, bone morphogenic protein (BMP) 2/7 plasmids and nonviral transfection reagents (cationic polymers) could be an innovative treatment strategy to overcome this problem. The aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic efficacy of fibrin GAMs with or without additional transfection reagents for BMP2 and 7 plasmid codelivery in a femur nonunion rat model. METHODS In this experimental study, a critical-sized femoral defect was created in 27 rats. At four weeks after the surgery, animals were separated into four groups and underwent a second operation. Fibrin clots containing BMP2/7 plasmids with and without cationic polymer were implanted into the femoral defect. Fibrin clots containing recombinant human (rh) BMP2 served as positive and clots without supplement as negative controls. RESULTS At eight weeks, animals that received GAMs containing the cationic polymer and BMP2/7 plasmids showed decreased bone volume compared with animals treated with GAMs and BMP2/7 only. Application of BMP2/7 plasmids in fibrin GAMs without cationic polymer led to variable results. Animals that received rhBMP2 protein showed increased bone volume, and osseous unions were achieved in two of six animals. CONCLUSIONS Cationic polymers decrease therapeutic efficiency of fibrin GAM-based BMP2/7 plasmid codelivery in bone regeneration. Nonviral gene transfer of BMP2/7 plasmids needs alternative promoters (e.g. by sonoporation, electroporation) to produce beneficial clinical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaipel
- Orthopaedic Department, Barmherzige Brüder Hospital, Johannes von Gott-Platz 1/A-7000, Eisenstadt, Austria,
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134
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Abstract
Gene-based therapy is the intentional modulation of gene expression in specific cells to treat pathological conditions. This modulation is accomplished by introducing exogenous nucleic acids such as DNA, mRNA, small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA (miRNA) or antisense oligonucleotides. Given the large size and the negative charge of these macromolecules, their delivery is typically mediated by carriers or vectors. In this Review, we introduce the biological barriers to gene delivery in vivo and discuss recent advances in material sciences, nanotechnology and nucleic acid chemistry that have yielded promising non-viral delivery systems, some of which are currently undergoing testing in clinical trials. The diversity of these systems highlights the recent progress of gene-based therapy using non-viral approaches.
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135
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Austin LA, Mackey MA, Dreaden EC, El-Sayed MA. The optical, photothermal, and facile surface chemical properties of gold and silver nanoparticles in biodiagnostics, therapy, and drug delivery. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1391-417. [PMID: 24894431 PMCID: PMC4136654 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing area of research in part due to its integration into many biomedical applications. Within nanotechnology, gold and silver nanostructures are some of the most heavily utilized nanomaterial due to their unique optical, photothermal, and facile surface chemical properties. In this review, common colloid synthesis methods and biofunctionalization strategies of gold and silver nanostructures are highlighted. Their unique properties are also discussed in terms of their use in biodiagnostic, imaging, therapeutic, and drug delivery applications. Furthermore, relevant clinical applications utilizing gold and silver nanostructures are also presented. We also provide a table with reviews covering related topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Austin
- Laser Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - Megan A. Mackey
- Laser Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - Erik C. Dreaden
- Koch Institute for Integrative cancer Research, Department of chemical engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mostafa A. El-Sayed
- Laser Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
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136
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BMP-functionalised coatings to promote osteogenesis for orthopaedic implants. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:10150-68. [PMID: 24914764 PMCID: PMC4100145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150610150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of bone integrity can significantly compromise the aesthetics and mobility of patients and can be treated using orthopaedic implants. Over the past decades; various orthopaedic implants; such as allografts; xenografts and synthetic materials; have been developed and widely used in clinical practice. However; most of these materials lack intrinsic osteoinductivity and thus cannot induce bone formation. Consequently; osteoinductive functionalisation of orthopaedic implants is needed to promote local osteogenesis and implant osteointegration. For this purpose; bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-functionalised coatings have proven to be a simple and effective strategy. In this review; we summarise the current knowledge and recent advances regardingBMP-functionalised coatings for orthopaedic implants.
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137
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Boustta M, Leclercq L, Vert M, Vasilevskaya VV. Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Polyanion–Polycation Complexation in Salted Media in the Context of Nonviral Gene Transfection. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500447k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahfoud Boustta
- Max
Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules, UMR CNRS 5247, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Montpellier 1, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, BP
14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Laurent Leclercq
- Max
Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules, UMR CNRS 5247, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Montpellier 1, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, BP
14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Michel Vert
- Max
Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules, UMR CNRS 5247, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Montpellier 1, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, BP
14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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138
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A pH and redox dual responsive 4-arm poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(disulfide histamine) copolymer for non-viral gene transfection in vitro and in vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9067-81. [PMID: 24853287 PMCID: PMC4057775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15059067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel 4-arm poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(disulfide histamine) copolymer was synthesized by Michael addition reaction of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) vinyl sulfone and amine-capped poly(disulfide histamine) oligomer, being denoted as 4-arm PEG-SSPHIS. This copolymer was able to condense DNA into nanoscale polyplexes (<200 nm in average diameter) with almost neutral surface charge (+(5–10) mV). Besides, these polyplexes were colloidal stable within 4 h in HEPES buffer saline at pH 7.4 (physiological environment), but rapidly dissociated to liberate DNA in the presence of 10 mM glutathione (intracellular reducing environment). The polyplexes also revealed pH-responsive surface charges which markedly increased with reducing pH values from 7.4–6.3 (tumor microenvironment). In vitro transfection experiments showed that polyplexes of 4-arm PEG-SSPHIS were capable of exerting enhanced transfection efficacy in MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cells under acidic conditions (pH 6.3–7.0). Moreover, intravenous administration of the polyplexes to nude mice bearing HepG2-tumor yielded high transgene expression largely in tumor rather other normal organs. Importantly, this copolymer and its polyplexes had low cytotoxicity against the cells in vitro and caused no death of the mice. The results of this study indicate that 4-arm PEG-SSPHIS has high potential as a dual responsive gene delivery vector for cancer gene therapy.
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139
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Tang Q, Cao B, Lei X, Sun B, Zhang Y, Cheng G. Dextran-peptide hybrid for efficient gene delivery. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:5202-5208. [PMID: 24786753 DOI: 10.1021/la500905z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy has drawn significant interest in the past two decades since it provides a promising strategy to treat both genetic disorders and acquired diseases. However, the transfer of gene therapy to clinical applications is troubled with many difficulties, since many current systems are of toxicity, low transfection efficiency and low biodegradability. To address these challenges, we developed a dextran-peptide hybrid system as a safe and efficient vector for gene therapy and investigated the structure-function-cytotoxicity relationship of this dextran-peptide hybrid system. Dextrans (Dex10, Dex20, and Dex70) with different molecular weights (10, 20 and 70 kDa) were conjugated with a cationic peptide, R5H5, at various degrees of substitution. Gene expression and cytotoxicity mediated by this delivery system were evaluated against SKOV-3 human ovarian carcinoma cells and compared to 25 kDa branched poly(ethylenimine) (PEI). The results showed that Dex10-R5H5 and Dex20-R5H5 hybrids derived from low molecular weight dextrans induced higher gene expression and lower cytotoxicity than Dex70-R5H5 hybrid from higher molecular weight dextran. The best performance on gene expression was achieved by Dex10-R5H5 at 40% substitution of R5H5, which induced greater gene expression than PEI at a low N/P ratio of 5. Dex10-R5H5/DNA complexes at 40% substitution of R5H5 also showed much higher cell viability (93%) than PEI/DNA (66%) at the same N/P ratio. These results indicate that the Dex-R5H5 hybrid with the low molecular weight of dextran and the high degree of substitution of R5H5 is a very promising material for safe and efficient gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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140
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Wang Y, Wu J, Fan Q, Zhou M, Yue Z, Ma G, Su Z. Novel vaccine delivery system induces robust humoral and cellular immune responses based on multiple mechanisms. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:670-81. [PMID: 24574270 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aiming to enhance the immunogenicity of H5N1 split vaccine, the development of a novel antigen delivery system based on quaternized chitosan hydrogel microparticles (Gel MPs) with multiple mechanisms of immunity enhancement is attempted. Gel MPs based on ionic cross-linking are prepared in a simple and mild way. Gel MPs are superior as a vaccine delivery system due to their ability to: 1) enhance cellular uptake and endosomal escape of antigens in dendritic cells (DCs); 2) significantly activate DCs; 3) form an antigen depot and recruit immunity cells to improve antigen capture. Further in vivo investigation shows that Gel MPs, in comparison to aluminum salts (Alum), LPS, and covalent cross-linking quaternized chitosan MPs (GC MPs), induce higher humoral and cellular immune responses with a mixed Th1/Th2 immunity. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that Gel MPs are efficient antigen delivery vehicles based on multiple mechanisms to enhance both humoral and cellular immune responses against H5N1 split antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue‐Qi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical, Production & Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 PR China
| | - Jie Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical, Production & Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 PR China
| | - Qing‐Ze Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical, Production & Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 PR China
| | - Meng Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical, Production & Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 PR China
| | - Zhan‐Guo Yue
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical, Production & Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 PR China
| | - Guang‐Hui Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical, Production & Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 PR China
| | - Zhi‐Guo Su
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical, Production & Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 PR China
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141
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Tschiche A, Malhotra S, Haag R. Nonviral gene delivery with dendritic self-assembling architectures. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:667-93. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we outline the concept and applicability of self-assembling dendrimers for gene-delivery applications. Low-molecular-weight, well-defined cationic dendritic arrays which have been modified with hydrophobic domains can form self-organized multivalent systems that have significant advantages over nonassembling, high-molecular-weight/polymeric gene vectors. Particular structural variations have been highlighted with respect to the individual components of the displayed dendritic amphiphiles, namely, the employed amine termini, the hydrophobic segment, the size of the dendritic array, and the integration of special features such as targeting ability and cleavability/degradability, which can all have a crucial effect on gene-transfection efficiencies. Accordingly, the scientific efforts to create new synthetic gene-delivery vectors to act as promising in vivo transfection agents in the future will be presented and discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Tschiche
- Institute of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Shashwat Malhotra
- Institute of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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142
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Selective blocking of primary amines in branched polyethylenimine with biocompatible ligand alleviates cytotoxicity and augments gene delivery efficacy in mammalian cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 115:79-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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143
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Battogtokh G, Ko YT. Self-assembling micelle-like nanoparticles with detachable envelopes for enhanced delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:904-12. [PMID: 24446871 DOI: 10.1021/mp400579h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the great potential of nucleic acids as therapeutic agents, the clinical application of nucleic acid therapeutics requires the development of effective systemic delivery strategies. In an effort to develop effective nucleic acid delivery systems suitable for clinical application, we previously reported a self-assembling micelle-like nanoparticle that was based on phospholipid-polyethylenimine conjugates, i.e., "micelle-like nanoparticles" (MNPs). In this study, we aimed to improve the system by enhancing the efficiency of intracellular delivery of the payload via pH-responsive detachment of the monolayer envelope and release of the nucleic acid therapeutics upon reaching the target tissues with an acidic pH, e.g., tumors. The acid-cleavable phospholipid-polyethylenimine conjugate was synthesized via hydrazone bond, and acid-cleavable MNPs were then prepared and characterized as before. We evaluated the acid-cleavable MNP construct for in vitro and in vivo nucleic acid delivery efficiency using cultured tumor cells and tumor-bearing mice. The acid-cleavable nanocarrier showed an enhanced cellular delivery at pH 6.5 as compared to pH 7.4, whereas the noncleavable nanocarrier did not show any differences. Tail vein injections also led to enhanced intracellular uptake of the acid-cleavable nanocarrier compared to the noncleavable nanocarrier into tumor cells of tumor-bearing mice although no significant difference was observed in total tumor accumulation.
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144
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Sun D, Forsman J, Lund M, Woodward CE. Effect of arginine-rich cell penetrating peptides on membrane pore formation and life-times: a molecular simulation study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:20785-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02211d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular simulations show that arginine-rich peptides can stabilize transient membrane pores induced by lipid flip-flop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delin Sun
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Canberra ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Jan Forsman
- Theoretical Chemistry
- Chemical Centre
- Lund University
- S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mikael Lund
- Theoretical Chemistry
- Chemical Centre
- Lund University
- S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Clifford E. Woodward
- School of Physical
- Environmental and Mathematical Sciences
- University of New South Wales
- Canberra ACT 2600, Australia
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145
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Guerra J, Herrero MA, Vázquez E. Carbon nanohorns as alternative gene delivery vectors. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03251a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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146
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Gao Y, Xie J, Chen H, Gu S, Zhao R, Shao J, Jia L. Nanotechnology-based intelligent drug design for cancer metastasis treatment. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 32:761-77. [PMID: 24211475 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Traditional chemotherapy used today at clinics is mainly inherited from the thinking and designs made four decades ago when the Cancer War was declared. The potency of those chemotherapy drugs on in-vitro cancer cells is clearly demonstrated at even nanomolar levels. However, due to their non-specific effects in the body on normal tissues, these drugs cause toxicity, deteriorate patient's life quality, weaken the host immunosurveillance system, and result in an irreversible damage to human's own recovery power. Owing to their unique physical and biological properties, nanotechnology-based chemotherapies seem to have an ability to specifically and safely reach tumor foci with enhanced efficacy and low toxicity. Herein, we comprehensively examine the current nanotechnology-based pharmaceutical platforms and strategies for intelligent design of new nanomedicines based on targeted drug delivery system (TDDS) for cancer metastasis treatment, analyze the pros and cons of nanomedicines versus traditional chemotherapy, and evaluate the importance that nanomaterials can bring in to significantly improve cancer metastasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Institute, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jingjing Xie
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Institute, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Haijun Chen
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Institute, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Songen Gu
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Institute, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Rongli Zhao
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Institute, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jingwei Shao
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Institute, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lee Jia
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Institute, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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147
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Martin TM, Plautz SA, Pannier AK. Network analysis of endogenous gene expression profiles after polyethyleneimine-mediated DNA delivery. J Gene Med 2013; 15:142-54. [PMID: 23526566 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA delivery systems, which transport exogenous DNA to cells, have applications that include gene therapy, tissue engineering and medical devices. Although the cationic nonviral DNA carrier polyethyleneimine (PEI) has been widely studied, the molecular factors and pathways underlying PEI-mediated DNA transfer remain largely unknown, preventing the design of more efficient delivery systems. METHODS HEK 293 T cells were treated with polyplexes formed with PEI and pEGFPLuc encoding for green fluorescent protein (GFP). Transfected cells expressing GFP were flow-separated from treated, untransfected cells. Gene expression profiles were obtained using Affymetrix HG-U133 2.0 microarrays and differentially expressed genes were identified using R/Bioconductor. Gene network analysis using EGAN (exploratory gene association network) bioinformatics tools was then used to find interaction among genes and enriched gene ontology (GO) terms related to transfection. Genes identified by this method were perturbed using pharmacologic activators or inhibitors to assess their effect on DNA transfer. RESULTS Microarray analysis comparing transfected cells to untransfected cells revealed 215 genes to be differentially expressed, with the majority enriched to GO processes including metabolism, response to stimulus, cell cycle, biological regulation and cellular component organization or biogenesis pathways. Gene network analysis revealed a coordinated induction of RAP1A, SCG5, PGAP1, ATF3 and NEB genes implicated in cell stress, cell cycle and cytoskeletal processes. Altering pathways with pharmacologic agents confirmed the potential role of RAP1A, SCG5 and ATF3 in transfection. CONCLUSIONS Microarray and gene network analyses of the sorted, transfected cell population can identify potential mediators of transfection, providing a basis for the design of improved delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Martin
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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148
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Unzueta U, Saccardo P, Ferrer-Miralles N, García-Fruitós E, Vazquez E, Villaverde A, Cortés F, Mangues R. Improved performance of protein-based recombinant gene therapy vehicles by tuning downstream procedures. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:1458-63. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugutz Unzueta
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra; 08193 Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra; 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Department de Genètica i de Microbiologia; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra; 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Paolo Saccardo
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra; 08193 Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra; 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Department de Genètica i de Microbiologia; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra; 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Neus Ferrer-Miralles
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra; 08193 Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra; 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Department de Genètica i de Microbiologia; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra; 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Elena García-Fruitós
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra; 08193 Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra; 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Department de Genètica i de Microbiologia; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra; 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Esther Vazquez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra; 08193 Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra; 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Department de Genètica i de Microbiologia; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra; 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra; 08193 Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra; 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Department de Genètica i de Microbiologia; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra; 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Francisco Cortés
- Servei de Cultius Cel·lulars, Producció d'Anticossos i Citometria, (SCAC), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra; 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Ramón Mangues
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra; 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Oncogenesis and Antitumor Drug Group, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-SantPau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau; C/Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167 08025 Barcelona Spain
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Abstract
To improve the nuclear-targeted delivery of non-viral vectors, extensive effort has been carried out on the development of smart vectors which could overcome multiple barriers. The nuclear envelope presents a major barrier to transgene delivery. Viruses are capable of crossing the nuclear envelope to efficiently deliver their genome into the nucleus through the specialized protein components. However, non-viral vectors are preferred over viral ones because of the safety concerns associated with the latter. Non-viral delivery systems have been designed to include various types of components to enable nuclear translocation at the periphery of the nucleus. This review summarizes the progress of research regarding nuclear transport mechanisms. "Smart" non-viral vectors that have been modified by peptides and other small molecules are able to facilitate the nuclear translocation and enhance the efficacy of gene expression. The resulting technology may also enhance delivery of other macromolecules to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yao
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA and
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150
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Wegman F, Oner FC, Dhert WJA, Alblas J. Non-viral gene therapy for bone tissue engineering. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2013; 29:206-20. [PMID: 24568281 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2013.801227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The possibilities of using gene therapy for bone regeneration have been extensively investigated. Improvements in the design of new transfection agents, combining vectors and delivery/release systems to diminish cytotoxicity and increase transfection efficiencies have led to several successful in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo strategies. These include growth factor or short interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) delivery, or even enzyme replacement therapies, and have led to increased osteogenic differentiation and bone formation in vivo. These results provide optimism to consider use in humans with some of these gene-delivery strategies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Wegman
- a Department of Orthopaedics , UMC Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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