101
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Lai WF. In vivonucleic acid delivery with PEI and its derivatives: current status and perspectives. Expert Rev Med Devices 2014; 8:173-85. [DOI: 10.1586/erd.10.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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102
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Li H, Qiang Y, Wang L, Wang G, Yi J, Jing H, Wu H. Repair of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice by endothelial progenitor cells, alone and in combination with simvastatin. Chest 2014; 144:876-886. [PMID: 23539119 DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are involved in endothelium repair of acute lung injury (ALI). Numerous studies have demonstrated that statins can promote EPC function in vitro and in vivo; therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether simvastatin enhances the function of EPCs participating in the repair of ALI. METHODS BALB/C mice were initially pretreated with simvastatin by intraperitoneal administration 24 h before, and again at the time of, intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and subsequently treated with EPCs by i.v. transplantation 2 h later. The effects of capillary permeability, endothelium repair, and inflammatory cytokines were measured. RESULTS This study revealed that both simvastatin administration and EPC transplantation can reduce the severity of LPS-induced ALI in mice, and the effect can be further improved by combining the two therapies. CONCLUSIONS The administration of simvastatin and EPC transplantation can reduce the severity of LPS-induced ALI in mice, and improvement is moderately enhanced in some respects when EPC transplantation is combined with simvastatin administration. The beneficial role of simvastatin on EPCs may be a component of its pleiotropic effects. Although the exact mechanism remains unknown, the combined administration of simvastatin and EPC transplantation may be a potentially important, cell-based, inflammation-mediated therapy for patients with ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing
| | - Yong Qiang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing
| | - Gaoming Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jun Yi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing
| | - Hua Jing
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing
| | - Haiwei Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing.
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Qin ZH, Xu JF, Qu JM, Zhang J, Sai Y, Chen CM, Wu L, Yu L. Intrapleural delivery of MSCs attenuates acute lung injury by paracrine/endocrine mechanism. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 16:2745-53. [PMID: 22697354 PMCID: PMC4118243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Two different repair mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are suggested to participate in the repair of acute lung injury (ALI): (i) Cell engraftment mechanism, (ii) Paracrine/endocrine mechanism. However, the exact roles they play in the repair remain unclear. The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of paracrine/endocrine mechanism using a novel intrapleural delivery method of MSCs. Either 1 × 106 MSCs in 300 μl of PBS or 300 μl PBS alone were intrapleurally injected into rats with endotoxin-induced ALI. On days 1, 3 or 7 after injections, samples of lung tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected from each rat for assessment of lung injury, biochemical analysis and histology. The distribution of MSCs was also traced by labelling the cells with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI). MSCs intrapleural injection significantly improved LPS-induced lung histopathology compared with PBS-treated group at day 3. There was also a significant decrease in total cell counts and protein concentration in BALF at day 7 in the MSCs -treated rats compared to PBS control group. Tracking the DAPI-marked MSCs showed that there were no exotic MSCs in the lung parenchyma. MSCs administration resulted in a down-regulation of pro-inflammatory response to endotoxin by reducing TNF-α both in the BALF and in the lung, while up-regulating the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the lung. In conclusion, treatment with intrapleural MSCs administration markedly attenuates the severity of endotoxin-induced ALI. This role is mediated by paracrine/endocrine repair mechanism of MSCs rather than by the cell engraftment mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-hui Qin
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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104
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Chen J, Li C, Gao X, Li C, Liang Z, Yu L, Li Y, Xiao X, Chen L. Keratinocyte growth factor gene delivery via mesenchymal stem cells protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83303. [PMID: 24367590 PMCID: PMC3867420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are associated with high morbidity and mortality, and have no specific therapy. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a critical factor for pulmonary epithelial repair and acts via the stimulation of epithelial cell proliferation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been proved as good therapeutic vectors. Thus, we hypothesized that MSC-based KGF gene therapy would have beneficial effects on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced lung injury. After two hours of intratracheal LPS administration to induce lung injury, mice received saline, MSCs alone, empty vector-engineered MSCs (MSCs-vec) or KGF-engineered MSCs (MSCs-kgf) via the tail vein. The MSCs-kgf could be detected in the recipient lungs and the level of KGF expression significantly increased in the MSCs-kgf mice. The MSC-mediated administration of KGF not only improved pulmonary microvascular permeability but also mediated a down-regulation of proinflammatory responses (reducing IL-1β and TNF-α) and an up-regulation of anti-inflammatory responses (increasing cytokine IL-10). Furthermore, the total severity scores of lung injury were significantly reduced in the MSCs-kgf group compared with the other three groups. The underlying mechanism of the protective effect of KGF on ALI may be attributed to the promotion of type II lung epithelial cell proliferation and the enhancement of surfactant synthesis. These findings suggest that MSCs-based KGF gene therapy may be a promising strategy for ALI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunsun Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofang Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chonghui Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixin Liang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqin Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Xiao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liangan Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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105
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Bustos ML, Huleihel L, Meyer EM, Donnenberg AD, Donnenberg VS, Sciurba JD, Mroz L, McVerry BJ, Ellis BM, Kaminski N, Rojas M. Activation of human mesenchymal stem cells impacts their therapeutic abilities in lung injury by increasing interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-1RN levels. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:884-95. [PMID: 24089414 PMCID: PMC3808203 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, with no currently effective therapies. Several preclinical studies have shown that human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have therapeutic potential for patients with ARDS because of their immunomodulatory properties. The clinical use of hMSCs has some limitations, such as the extensive manipulation required to isolate the cells from bone marrow aspirates and the heterogeneity in their anti-inflammatory effect in animal models and clinical trials. The objective of this study was to improve the protective anti-inflammatory capacity of hMSCs by evaluating the consequences of preactivating hMSCs before use in a murine model of ARDS. We injected endotoxemic mice with minimally manipulated hMSCs isolated from the bone marrow of vertebral bodies with or without prior activation with serum from ARDS patients. Minimally manipulated hMSCs were more efficient at reducing lung inflammation compared with isolated and in vitro expanded hMSCs obtained from bone marrow aspirates. Where the most important effect was observed was with the activated hMSCs, independent of their source, which resulted in increased expression of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-1 receptor antagonist (RN), which was associated with enhancement of their protective capacity by reduction of the lung injury score, development of pulmonary edema, and accumulation of bronchoalveolar lavage inflammatory cells and cytokines compared with nonactivated cells. This study demonstrates that a low manipulation during hMSC isolation and expansion increases, together with preactivation prior to the therapeutic use of hMSCs, would ensure an appropriate immunomodulatory phenotype of the hMSCs, reducing the heterogeneity in their anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha L. Bustos
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- the Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Luai Huleihel
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- the Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ernest M. Meyer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Albert D. Donnenberg
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vera S. Donnenberg
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Thoracic and Foregut Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph D. Sciurba
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- the Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lyle Mroz
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- the Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bryan J. McVerry
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Bryon M. Ellis
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- the Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- the Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy on the Time Course of Pulmonary Remodeling Depend on the Etiology of Lung Injury in Mice. Crit Care Med 2013; 41:e319-33. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31828a663e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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107
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Jin HJ, Bae YK, Kim M, Kwon SJ, Jeon HB, Choi SJ, Kim SW, Yang YS, Oh W, Chang JW. Comparative analysis of human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord blood as sources of cell therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:17986-8001. [PMID: 24005862 PMCID: PMC3794764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140917986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Various source-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been considered for cell therapeutics in incurable diseases. To characterize MSCs from different sources, we compared human bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue (AT), and umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs (UCB-MSCs) for surface antigen expression, differentiation ability, proliferation capacity, clonality, tolerance for aging, and paracrine activity. Although MSCs from different tissues have similar levels of surface antigen expression, immunosuppressive activity, and differentiation ability, UCB-MSCs had the highest rate of cell proliferation and clonality, and significantly lower expression of p53, p21, and p16, well known markers of senescence. Since paracrine action is the main action of MSCs, we examined the anti-inflammatory activity of each MSC under lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. Co-culture of UCB-MSCs with LPS-treated rat alveolar macrophage, reduced expression of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-6, and IL-8 via angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1). Using recombinant Ang-1 as potential soluble paracrine factor or its small interference RNA (siRNA), we found that Ang-1 secretion was responsible for this beneficial effect in part by preventing inflammation. Our results demonstrate that primitive UCB-MSCs have biological advantages in comparison to adult sources, making UCB-MSCs a useful model for clinical applications of cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Jin
- Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST Co., Ltd., Seoul 137-874, Korea; E-Mails: (H.J.J.); (Y.K.B.); (M.K.); (S.-J.K.); (H.B.J.); (S.J.C.); (Y.S.Y.); (W.O.)
- Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Yun Kyung Bae
- Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST Co., Ltd., Seoul 137-874, Korea; E-Mails: (H.J.J.); (Y.K.B.); (M.K.); (S.-J.K.); (H.B.J.); (S.J.C.); (Y.S.Y.); (W.O.)
| | - Miyeon Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST Co., Ltd., Seoul 137-874, Korea; E-Mails: (H.J.J.); (Y.K.B.); (M.K.); (S.-J.K.); (H.B.J.); (S.J.C.); (Y.S.Y.); (W.O.)
| | - Soon-Jae Kwon
- Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST Co., Ltd., Seoul 137-874, Korea; E-Mails: (H.J.J.); (Y.K.B.); (M.K.); (S.-J.K.); (H.B.J.); (S.J.C.); (Y.S.Y.); (W.O.)
| | - Hong Bae Jeon
- Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST Co., Ltd., Seoul 137-874, Korea; E-Mails: (H.J.J.); (Y.K.B.); (M.K.); (S.-J.K.); (H.B.J.); (S.J.C.); (Y.S.Y.); (W.O.)
| | - Soo Jin Choi
- Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST Co., Ltd., Seoul 137-874, Korea; E-Mails: (H.J.J.); (Y.K.B.); (M.K.); (S.-J.K.); (H.B.J.); (S.J.C.); (Y.S.Y.); (W.O.)
| | - Seong Who Kim
- Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Yoon Sun Yang
- Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST Co., Ltd., Seoul 137-874, Korea; E-Mails: (H.J.J.); (Y.K.B.); (M.K.); (S.-J.K.); (H.B.J.); (S.J.C.); (Y.S.Y.); (W.O.)
| | - Wonil Oh
- Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST Co., Ltd., Seoul 137-874, Korea; E-Mails: (H.J.J.); (Y.K.B.); (M.K.); (S.-J.K.); (H.B.J.); (S.J.C.); (Y.S.Y.); (W.O.)
| | - Jong Wook Chang
- Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST Co., Ltd., Seoul 137-874, Korea; E-Mails: (H.J.J.); (Y.K.B.); (M.K.); (S.-J.K.); (H.B.J.); (S.J.C.); (Y.S.Y.); (W.O.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-2-3465-6771; Fax: +82-2-475-1991
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108
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Mesenchymal stromal (stem) cell therapy fails to improve outcomes in experimental severe influenza. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71761. [PMID: 23967240 PMCID: PMC3744455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale Severe influenza remains a major public health threat and is responsible for thousands of deaths annually. Increasing antiviral resistance and limited effectiveness of current therapies highlight the need for new approaches to influenza treatment. Extensive pre-clinical data have shown that mesenchymal stromal (stem) cell (MSC) therapy can induce anti-inflammatory effects and enhance repair of the injured lung. We hypothesized that MSC therapy would improve survival, dampen lung inflammation and decrease acute lung injury (ALI) in a murine model of severe influenza. Methods C57Bl/6 mice were infected with influenza A/PuertoRico/8/34 (mouse-adapted H1N1) or influenza A/Mexico/4108/2009 (swine-origin pandemic H1N1) and administered human or mouse MSCs via the tail vein, either pre- or post- infection. MSC efficacy was evaluated as both an independent and adjunctive treatment strategy in combination with the antiviral agent, oseltamivir. Weight loss and survival were monitored. Inflammatory cells, cytokine/chemokines (IFN-γ, CXCL10, CCL2 and CCL5) and markers of ALI (total protein and IgM), were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung parenchyma. Results Administration of murine MSCs or human MSCs in a prophylactic or therapeutic regimen failed to improve survival, decrease pulmonary inflammation/inflammatory cell counts or prevent ALI in influenza virus-infected mice. MSCs administered in combination with oseltamivir also failed to improve outcomes. Conclusions Despite similarities in the clinical presentation and pathobiology of ALI and severe influenza, our findings suggest that MSC therapy may not be effective for prevention and/or treatment of acute severe influenza.
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109
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Mesenchymal stem cell: does it work in an experimental model with acute respiratory distress syndrome? Stem Cell Rev Rep 2013; 9:80-92. [PMID: 22810359 PMCID: PMC9516527 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-012-9395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) would have a possible role in the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ARDS disease model was developed in Wistar albino male rats by intratracheal instillation of physiological saline solution. Anesthezied and tracheotomized rats (n = 8) with ARDS were pressure-controlled ventilated. Isolated and characterized rat (r-) BM-MSCs were labeled with GFP gene, and introduced in the lungs of the ARDS rat-model. After applying of MSCs, the life span of each rat was recorded. When rats died, their lung tissues were removed for histopathological examination. Also the tissue sections were analyzed for GFP labeled rBM-MSCs and stained for vimentin, CK19, proinflammatory (MPO, IL-1β, IL-6 and MIP-2) and anti-inflammatory [IL-1ra and prostaglandin E2 receptor (EP3)] cytokines. The histopathological signs of rat-model ARDS were similar to the acute phase of ARDS in humans. rBM-MSCs were observed to home in lung paranchyma. Although the infiltration of neutrophils slightly decreased in the interalveolar, peribronchial and perivascular area, a notable improvement was determined in the degree of hemorrhage, edema and hyaline membrane formation in rats treated with rBM-MSCs. Also decreased proinflammatory cytokines levels and increased the intensity of anti-inflammatory cytokines were established. Therefore MSCs could promote alveolar epithelial repair by mediating of cytokines from a proinflammatory to an anti-inflammatory response. As a novel therapeutic approach, mesenchymal stem cell treatment with intratracheal injection could be helpful in the management of critically ill patients with ARDS.
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110
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Paracrine activity of stem cells in therapy for acute lung injury and adult respiratory distress syndrome. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013; 74:1351-6. [PMID: 23609289 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e318283d942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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111
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The angiopoietin:Tie 2 interaction: a potential target for future therapies in human vascular disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:579-92. [PMID: 23838360 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Angiopoietin-1 and -2 are endogenous ligands for the vascular endothelial receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2. Signalling by angiopoietin-1 promotes vascular endothelial cell survival and the sprouting and reorganisation of blood vessels, as well as inhibiting activation of the vascular endothelial barrier to reduce leakage and leucocyte migration into tissues. Angiopoietin-2 generally has an opposing action, and is released naturally at times of vascular growth and inflammation. There is a significant body of emerging evidence that promoting the actions of angiopoietin-1 through Tie2 is of benefit in pathologies of vascular activation, such as sepsis, stroke, diabetic retinopathy and asthma. Similarly, methods to inhibit the actions of angiopoietin-2 are emerging and have been demonstrated to be of preclinical and clinical benefit in reducing tumour angiogenesis. Here the author reviews the evidence for potential benefits of modulation of the interaction of angiopoietins with Tie2, and the potential applications. Additionally, methods for delivery of the complex protein angiopoietin-1 are discussed, as well as potentially deleterious consequences of administering angiopoietin-1.
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112
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Lee JW, Krasnodembskaya A, McKenna DH, Song Y, Abbott J, Matthay MA. Therapeutic effects of human mesenchymal stem cells in ex vivo human lungs injured with live bacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187:751-60. [PMID: 23292883 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201206-0990oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Mesenchymal stem cells secrete paracrine factors that can regulate lung permeability and decrease inflammation, making it a potentially attractive therapy for acute lung injury. However, concerns exist whether mesenchymal stem cells' immunomodulatory properties may have detrimental effects if targeted toward infectious causes of lung injury. OBJECTIVES Therefore, we tested the effect of mesenchymal stem cells on lung fluid balance, acute inflammation, and bacterial clearance. METHODS We developed an Escherichia coli pneumonia model in our ex vivo perfused human lung to test the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells on bacterial-induced acute lung injury. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Clinical-grade human mesenchymal stem cells restored alveolar fluid clearance to a normal level, decreased inflammation, and were associated with increased bacterial killing and reduced bacteremia, in part through increased alveolar macrophage phagocytosis and secretion of antimicrobial factors. Keratinocyte growth factor, a soluble factor secreted by mesenchymal stem cells, duplicated most of the antimicrobial effects. In subsequent in vitro studies, we discovered that human monocytes expressed the keratinocyte growth factor receptor, and that keratinocyte growth factor decreased apoptosis of human monocytes through AKT phosphorylation, an effect that increased bacterial clearance. Inhibition of keratinocyte growth factor by a neutralizing antibody reduced the antimicrobial effects of mesenchymal stem cells in the ex vivo perfused human lung and monocytes grown in vitro injured with E. coli bacteria. CONCLUSIONS In E. coli-injured human lungs, mesenchymal stem cells restored alveolar fluid clearance, reduced inflammation, and exerted antimicrobial activity, in part through keratinocyte growth factor secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae W Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California-San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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113
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Conese M, Carbone A, Castellani S, Di Gioia S. Paracrine effects and heterogeneity of marrow-derived stem/progenitor cells: relevance for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 197:445-73. [PMID: 23652321 DOI: 10.1159/000348831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based treatment may represent a hope for the treatment of acute lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis, and other chronic lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is well established in preclinical models that bone marrow-derived stem and progenitor cells exert beneficial effects on inflammation, immune responses and repairing of damage in virtually all lung-borne diseases. While it was initially thought that the positive outcome was due to a direct engraftment of these cells into the lung as endothelial and epithelial cells, paracrine factors are now considered the main mechanism through which stem and progenitor cells exert their therapeutic effect. This knowledge has led to the clinical use of marrow cells in pulmonary hypertension with endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and in COPD with mesenchymal stromal (stem) cells (MSCs). Bone marrow-derived stem cells, including hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, MSCs, EPCs and fibrocytes, encompass a wide array of cell subsets with different capacities of engraftment and injured tissue-regenerating potential. The characterization/isolation of the stem cell subpopulations represents a major challenge to improve the efficacy of transplantation protocols used in regenerative medicine and applied to lung disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Conese
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
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114
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Paracrine activity of stem cells in therapy for acute lung injury and adult respiratory distress syndrome. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013. [DOI: 10.1097/01586154-201305000-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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115
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Waterer GW, Rello J. Acute respiratory distress syndrome and stem cells: a small beginning or a strategy doomed to never gestate? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187:674-5. [PMID: 23540875 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201301-0170ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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dos Santos CC, Murthy S, Hu P, Shan Y, Haitsma JJ, Mei SHJ, Stewart DJ, Liles WC. Network analysis of transcriptional responses induced by mesenchymal stem cell treatment of experimental sepsis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 181:1681-92. [PMID: 23083833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) systemic administration reduces sepsis-associated inflammation, organ injury, and mortality in clinically relevant models of polymicrobial sepsis, the cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating beneficial effects are controversial. This study identifies the molecular mechanisms of MSC-conferred protection in sepsis by interrogating transcriptional responses of target organs to MSC therapy. Sepsis was induced in C57Bl/6J mice by cecal ligation and puncture, followed 6 hours later by an i.v. injection of either MSCs or saline. Total RNA from lungs, hearts, kidneys, livers, and spleens harvested 28 hours after cecal ligation and puncture was hybridized to mouse expression bead arrays. Common transcriptional responses were analyzed using a network knowledge-based approach. A total of 4751 genes were significantly changed between placebo- and MSC-treated mice (adjusted P ≤ 0.05). Transcriptional responses identified three common effects of MSC administration in all five organs examined: i) attenuation of sepsis-induced mitochondrial-related functional derangement, ii down-regulation of endotoxin/Toll-like receptor innate immune proinflammatory transcriptional responses, and iii) coordinated expression of transcriptional programs implicated in the preservation of endothelial/vascular integrity. Transcriptomic analysis indicates that the protective effect of MSC therapy in sepsis is not limited to a single mediator or pathway but involves a range of complementary activities affecting biological networks playing critical roles in the control of host cell metabolism and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C dos Santos
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, The Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Cárdenes N, Cáceres E, Romagnoli M, Rojas M. Mesenchymal stem cells: a promising therapy for the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respiration 2013; 85:267-78. [PMID: 23428562 DOI: 10.1159/000347072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a pulmonary syndrome with growing prevalence and high mortality and morbidity that increase with age. There is no current therapy able to restore pulmonary function in ARDS patients. Preclinical models of ARDS have demonstrated that intratracheal or systemic administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) protects the lung against injury. The mechanisms responsible for the protective effects are multiple, including the secretion of multiple paracrine factors capable of modulating the immune response and restoring epithelial and endothelial integrity. Recent studies have demonstrated that MSCs can also control oxidative stress, transfer functional mitochondria to the damaged cells, and control bacterial infection by secretion of antibacterial peptides. These characteristics make MSCs promising candidates for ARDS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayra Cárdenes
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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118
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Vosdoganes P, Lim R, Moss TJM, Wallace EM. Cell therapy: a novel treatment approach for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics 2012; 130:727-37. [PMID: 22945412 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-2576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a major cause of substantial lifelong morbidity in preterm infants. Despite a better understanding of the pathophysiology of BPD and significant research effort into its management, there remains today no effective treatment. Cell-based therapy is a novel approach that offers much promise in the prevention and treatment of BPD. Recent research supports a therapeutic role for cell transplantation in the management of a variety of acute and chronic adult and childhood lung diseases, with potential of such therapy to reduce inflammation and prevent acute lung injury. However, considerable uncertainties remain regarding cell therapies before they can be established as safe and effective clinical treatments for BPD. This review summarizes the current literature investigating cell therapies in lung disease, with particular focus on the various types of cells available and their specific properties in the context of a future therapy for BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Vosdoganes
- Ritchie Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, Australia 3168
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119
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Alphonse RS, Rajabali S, Thébaud B. Lung injury in preterm neonates: the role and therapeutic potential of stem cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:1013-40. [PMID: 22400813 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Continuous improvements in perinatal care have allowed the survival of ever more premature infants, making the task of protecting the extremely immature lung from injury increasingly challenging. Premature infants at risk of developing chronic lung disease or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) are now born at the late canalicular stage of lung development, just when the airways become juxtaposed to the lung vasculature and when gas-exchange becomes possible. Readily available strategies, including improved antenatal management (education, regionalization, steroids, and antibiotics), together with exogenous surfactant and exclusive/early noninvasive ventilatory support, will likely decrease the incidence/severity of BPD over the next few years. Nonetheless, because of the extreme immaturity of the developing lung, the extent to which disruption of lung growth after prematurity and neonatal management lead to an earlier or more aggravated decline in respiratory function in later life is a matter of concern. Consequently, much more needs to be learned about the mechanisms of lung development, injury, and repair. Recent insight into stem cell biology has sparked interest for stem cells to repair damaged organs. This review summarizes the exciting potential of stem cell-based therapies for lung diseases in general and BPD in particular.
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120
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Li J, Li D, Liu X, Tang S, Wei F. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells reduce systemic inflammation and attenuate LPS-induced acute lung injury in rats. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2012; 9:33. [PMID: 22974286 PMCID: PMC3502090 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-9-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess potent immunomodulatory properties and simultaneously lack the ability to illicit immune responses. Hence, MSCs have emerged as a promising candidate for cellular therapeutics for inflammatory diseases. Within the context of this study, we investigated whether human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) could ameliorate lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced acute lung injury (ALI) in a rat model. Methods ALI was induced via injection of LPS. Rats were divided into three groups: (1) saline group(control), (2) LPS group, and (3) MSC + LPS group. The rats were sacrificed at 6, 24, and 48 hours after injection. Serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lungs were collected for cytokine concentration measurements, assessment of lung injury, and histology. Results UC-MSCs increased survival rate and suppressed LPS-induced increase of serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 without decreasing the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The MSC + LPS group exhibited significant improvements in lung inflammation, injury, edema, lung wet/dry ratio, protein concentration, and neutrophil counts in the BALF, as well as improved myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the lung tissue. Furthermore, UC-MSCs decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) production and increased Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein production and activity in the lung tissue. Conclusion UC-MSCs noticeably increased the survival rate of rats suffering from LPS-induced lung injury and significantly reduced systemic and pulmonary inflammation. Promoting anti-inflammatory homeostasis and reducing oxidative stress might be the therapeutic basis of UC-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Li
- Department of Stomatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, PR China.
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121
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O'Reilly M, Thébaud B. Cell-based strategies to reconstitute lung function in infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Clin Perinatol 2012; 39:703-25. [PMID: 22954277 PMCID: PMC7112346 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of stem/progenitor cells and their potential to repair damaged organs offer the possibility of cell-based treatments for neonatal lung injury. This review summarizes basic concepts of stem/progenitor cell biology and discusses the recent advances and challenges of cell-based therapies for lung diseases, with a particular focus on bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a form of chronic lung disease that primarily affects very preterm infants. Despite advances in perinatal care, BPD still remains the most common complication of extreme prematurity, and there is no specific treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan O'Reilly
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Children Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, 87 Avenue, T6G 1C9, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bernard Thébaud
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Children Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, 87 Avenue, T6G 1C9, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Alberta, 87 Avenue, T6G 2S2, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, 87 Avenue, T6G 2H7, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Corresponding author. University of Alberta, 3020 Katz Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
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Abstract
The pulmonary vasculature comprises a complex network of branching arteries and veins all functioning to reoxygenate the blood for circulation around the body. The cell types of the pulmonary artery are able to respond to changes in oxygen tension in order to match ventilation to perfusion. Stem and progenitor cells in the pulmonary vasculature are also involved, be it in angiogenesis, endothelial dysfunction or formation of vascular lesions. Stem and progenitor cells may be circulating around the body, residing in the pulmonary artery wall or stimulated for release from a central niche like the bone marrow and home to the pulmonary vasculature along a chemotactic gradient. There may currently be some controversy over the pathogenic versus therapeutic roles of stem and progenitor cells and, indeed, it is likely both chains of evidence are correct due to the specific influence of the immediate environmental niche a progenitor cell may be in. Due to their great plasticity and a lack of specific markers for stem and progenitor cells, they can be difficult to precisely identify. This review discusses the methodological approaches used to validate the presence of and subtype of progenitors cells in the pulmonary vasculature while putting it in context of the current knowledge of the therapeutic and pathogenic roles for such progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Firth
- The Salk Institute of Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
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123
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Islam MN, Das SR, Emin MT, Wei M, Sun L, Westphalen K, Rowlands DJ, Quadri SK, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharya J. Mitochondrial transfer from bone-marrow-derived stromal cells to pulmonary alveoli protects against acute lung injury. Nat Med 2012; 18:759-65. [PMID: 22504485 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1019] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) protect against acute lung injury (ALI). To determine the role of BMSC mitochondria in this protection, we airway-instilled mice first with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and then with either mouse BMSCs (mBMSCs) or human BMSCs (hBMSCs). Live optical studies revealed that the mBMSCs formed connexin 43 (Cx43)-containing gap junctional channels (GJCs) with the alveolar epithelia in these mice, releasing mitochondria-containing microvesicles that the epithelia engulfed. The presence of BMSC-derived mitochondria in the epithelia was evident optically, as well as by the presence of human mitochondrial DNA in mouse lungs instilled with hBMSCs. The mitochondrial transfer resulted in increased alveolar ATP concentrations. LPS-induced ALI, as indicated by alveolar leukocytosis and protein leak, inhibition of surfactant secretion and high mortality, was markedly abrogated by the instillation of wild-type mBMSCs but not of mutant, GJC-incompetent mBMSCs or mBMSCs with dysfunctional mitochondria. This is the first evidence, to our knowledge, that BMSCs protect against ALI by restituting alveolar bioenergetics through Cx43-dependent alveolar attachment and mitochondrial transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Naimul Islam
- Lung Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Systemic human orbital fat-derived stem/stromal cell transplantation ameliorates acute inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury. Crit Care Med 2012; 40:1245-53. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31823bc89a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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125
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126
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Lau AN, Goodwin M, Kim CF, Weiss DJ. Stem cells and regenerative medicine in lung biology and diseases. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1116-30. [PMID: 22395528 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of novel approaches for repair and regeneration of injured lung have developed over the past several years. These include a better understanding of endogenous stem and progenitor cells in the lung that can function in reparative capacity as well as extensive exploration of the potential efficacy of administering exogenous stem or progenitor cells to function in lung repair. Recent advances in ex vivo lung engineering have also been increasingly applied to the lung. The current status of these approaches as well as initial clinical trials of cell therapies for lung diseases are reviewed below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison N Lau
- Department of Genetics, Stem Cell Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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127
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Hsiao STF, Asgari A, Lokmic Z, Sinclair R, Dusting GJ, Lim SY, Dilley RJ. Comparative analysis of paracrine factor expression in human adult mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, adipose, and dermal tissue. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2189-203. [PMID: 22188562 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) support the engineering of functional tissue constructs by secreting angiogenic and cytoprotective factors, which act in a paracrine fashion to influence cell survival and vascularization. MSCs have been isolated from many different tissue sources, but little is known about how paracrine factor secretion varies between different MSC populations. We evaluated paracrine factor expression patterns in MSCs isolated from adipose tissue (ASCs), bone marrow (BMSCs), and dermal tissues [dermal sheath cells (DSCs) and dermal papilla cells (DPCs)]. Specifically, mRNA expression analysis identified insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) to be expressed at higher levels in ASCs compared with other MSC populations whereas VEGF-A, angiogenin, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and nerve growth factor (NGF) were expressed at comparable levels among the MSC populations examined. Analysis of conditioned media (CM) protein confirmed the comparable level of angiogenin and VEGF-A secretion in all MSC populations and showed that DSCs and DPCs produced significantly higher concentrations of leptin. Functional assays examining in vitro angiogenic paracrine activity showed that incubation of endothelial cells in ASC(CM) resulted in increased tubulogenic efficiency compared with that observed in DPC(CM). Using neutralizing antibodies we concluded that VEGF-A and VEGF-D were 2 of the major growth factors secreted by ASCs that supported endothelial tubulogenesis. The variation in paracrine factors of different MSC populations contributes to different levels of angiogenic activity and ASCs maybe preferred over other MSC populations for augmenting therapeutic approaches dependent upon angiogenesis.
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Hayes M, Curley G, Laffey JG. Mesenchymal stem cells - a promising therapy for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. F1000 MEDICINE REPORTS 2012; 4:2. [PMID: 22238514 PMCID: PMC3251316 DOI: 10.3410/m4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) constitutes a spectrum of severe acute respiratory failure in response to a variety of inciting stimuli that is the leading cause of death and disability in the critically ill. Despite decades of research, there are no therapies for ARDS, and management remains supportive. A growing understanding of the complexity of the pathophysiology of ARDS, coupled with advances in stem cell biology, has lead to a renewed interest in the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells for ARDS. Recent evidence suggests that mesenchymal stem cells can modulate the immune response to reduce injury and also increase resistance to infection, while also facilitating regeneration and repair of the injured lung. This unique combination of effects has generated considerable excitement. We review the biological characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells that underlie their therapeutic potential for ARDS. We also summarise existing pre-clinical evidence, evaluate the potential and pitfalls of using mesenchymal stem cells for treatment, and examine the likely future directions for mesenchymal stem cells in ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairead Hayes
- Lung Biology Group, Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of IrelandGalway
- Department of Anaesthesia, Galway University Hospitals
| | - Gerard Curley
- Lung Biology Group, Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of IrelandGalway
- Department of Anaesthesia, Galway University Hospitals
| | - John G. Laffey
- Lung Biology Group, Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of IrelandGalway
- Department of Anaesthesia, Galway University Hospitals
- School of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of IrelandGalway, GalwayIRELAND
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129
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Dissecting paracrine effectors for mesenchymal stem cells. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 129:137-52. [PMID: 22968371 DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in the application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in regenerative medicine in recent years. In this context, the beneficial effects of MSCs have been ascribed mainly to a paracrine action rather than to direct replacement of the injured tissue. Indeed, MSCs produce a great variety of trophic and immunomodulatory factors. In this chapter, we provide an overview of growth factors and chemokines involved in stimulation of cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, enhancement of angiogenesis, and suppression of inflammatory and immune response. In addition, we discuss the emerging role of the extracellular vesicles released from MSCs as possible paracrine mediators.
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130
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Gao Z, Zhang Q, Han Y, Cheng X, Lu Y, Fan L, Wu Z. Mesenchymal stromal cell-conditioned medium prevents radiation-induced small intestine injury in mice. Cytotherapy 2011; 14:267-73. [PMID: 21958222 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2011.616194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Effective therapy for radiation-induced intestinal injury is currently unavailable. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are expected to be useful in repairing intestinal damage caused by irradiation. We determined whether the MSC-derived bioactive components could protect radiation-induced small intestine injury in mice. METHODS Human umbilical cord (UC)-derived MSC were isolated, expanded and exposed to hypoxic conditions in vitro. The hypoxia-conditioned medium was ultrafiltrated with a 3-kDa molecular weight cut-off to prepare the high molecular weight fraction (HMWF). The effect of HMWF on the viability of irradiated rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) was examined by MTT(methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium) assay. HMWF was also delivered to BALB/C male mice by tail intravenous injection immediately after receiving local abdominal irradiation at a selected dose of 10 Gy. Animal body weight, survival and diarrhea were monitored for 30 days. The improvement of mice intestine structure, including epithelium thickness and villus height, was examined by histology. RESULTS HMWF enhanced the viability of irradiated IEC-6 cells in vitro. Repeated infusion of HMWF for 7 days immediately after abdominal irradiation of 10 Gy ((60)Coγ-ray) increased the survival rate, decreased diarrhea occurrence and improved the small intestinal structural integrity of irradiated mice. CONCLUSIONS MSC-derived bioactive components could be a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of radiation-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimai Gao
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing , People's Republic of China
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131
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Lee JW, Fang X, Krasnodembskaya A, Howard JP, Matthay MA. Concise review: Mesenchymal stem cells for acute lung injury: role of paracrine soluble factors. Stem Cells 2011; 29:913-9. [PMID: 21506195 DOI: 10.1002/stem.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality have declined only modestly in patients with clinical acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), despite extensive research into the pathophysiology. Current treatment remains primarily supportive with lung-protective ventilation and a fluid conservative strategy. Pharmacologic therapies that reduce the severity of lung injury in preclinical models have not yet been translated to effective clinical treatment options. Consequently, further research in translational therapies is needed. Cell-based therapy with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is one attractive new therapeutic approach. MSCs have the capacity to secrete multiple paracrine factors that can regulate endothelial and epithelial permeability, decrease inflammation, enhance tissue repair, and inhibit bacterial growth. This review will focus on recent studies, which support the potential therapeutic use of MSCs in ALI/ARDS, with an emphasis on the role of paracrine soluble factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae W Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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132
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Xu JF, Qu JM, Li HP. N-Acetylcysteine modulates acute lung injury induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 38:345-51. [PMID: 21401696 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
1. In critically ill patients, Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced pneumonia and the lung injury associated with infection are major causes of mortality. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective properties of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in rats infected with P. aeruginosa and the role of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) protein in this process. 2. Pneumonia was induced in rats by infecting them with P. aeruginosa intratracheally. One group of rats was treated with NAC (150 mg/kg per day, i.p., for 7 days). An untreated group served as the control. Samples were collected both before (0 h) and after infection (24 h). Bacterial loads in lung tissue, the lung wet : dry (W/D) ratio and pulmonary vascular permeability were assessed. Total cell and polymorphonuclear leucocyte cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were determined. The expression of inducible (i) NOS and endothelial (e) NOS protein was analysed and correlated with indices of lung injury using Pearson's correlation analysis. 3. Bacterial load, lung injury indices and NOS expression increased after infection. Pretreatment with NAC mitigated lung injury although it did not significantly change bacterial loads. Furthermore, NAC treatment increased eNOS protein expression, but decreased iNOS expression, in lung tissues after infection. The expression of iNOS protein was positively correlated with indices of lung injury, whereas there was a negative correlation between eNOS expression and lung injury indices. 4. N-Acetylcysteine modulated P. aeruginosa-induced lung injury in rats. The results suggest that this effect maybe due to regulation of iNOS and eNOS protein expression by NAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Fu Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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133
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Kim ES, Chang YS, Choi SJ, Kim JK, Yoo HS, Ahn SY, Sung DK, Kim SY, Park YR, Park WS. Intratracheal transplantation of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuates Escherichia coli-induced acute lung injury in mice. Respir Res 2011; 12:108. [PMID: 21843339 PMCID: PMC3166924 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human umbilical cord blood (UCB)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) attenuate hyperoxic neonatal lung injury primarily through anti-inflammatory effects. We hypothesized that intratracheal transplantation of human UCB-derived MSCs could attenuate Escherichia coli (E. coli)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice by suppressing the inflammatory response. METHODS Eight-week-old male ICR mice were randomized to control or ALI groups. ALI was induced by intratracheal E. coli instillation. Three-hours after E. coli instillation, MSCs, fibroblasts or phosphate-buffered saline were intratracheally administered randomly and survival was analyzed for 7 days post-injury. Lung histology including injury scores, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and protein levels of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 as well as the wet-dry lung ratio and bacterial counts from blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were evaluated at 1, 3, and 7 days post-injury. Levels of inflammatory cytokines in the lung were also profiled using protein macroarrays at day 3 post-injury which showed peak inflammation. RESULTS MSC transplantation increased survival and attenuated lung injuries in ALI mice, as evidenced by decreased injury scores on day 3 post-injury and reduced lung inflammation including increased MPO activity and protein levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and MIP-2 on day 3 and 7 post-injury. Inflammatory cytokine profiles in the lungs at day 3 post-injury were attenuated by MSC transplantation. MSCs also reduced the elevated lung water content at day 3 post-injury and bacterial counts in blood and BAL on day 7 post-injury. CONCLUSIONS Intratracheal transplantation of UCB-derived MSCs attenuates E. coli-induced ALI primarily by down-modulating the inflammatory process and enhancing bacterial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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van der Heijden M, van Nieuw Amerongen GP, van Bezu J, Paul MA, Groeneveld ABJ, van Hinsbergh VWM. Opposing effects of the angiopoietins on the thrombin-induced permeability of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23448. [PMID: 21858121 PMCID: PMC3156229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) is associated with lung injury in ALI/ARDS. As endothelial activation by thrombin plays a role in the permeability of acute lung injury and Ang-2 may modulate the kinetics of thrombin-induced permeability by impairing the organization of vascular endothelial (VE-)cadherin, and affecting small Rho GTPases in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVECs), we hypothesized that Ang-2 acts as a sensitizer of thrombin-induced hyperpermeability of HPMVECs, opposed by Ang-1. Methodology/Principal Findings Permeability was assessed by measuring macromolecule passage and transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Angiopoietins did not affect basal permeability. Nevertheless, they had opposing effects on the thrombin-induced permeability, in particular in the initial phase. Ang-2 enhanced the initial permeability increase (passage, P = 0.010; TEER, P = 0.021) in parallel with impairment of VE-cadherin organization without affecting VE-cadherin Tyr685 phosphorylation or increasing RhoA activity. Ang-2 also increased intercellular gap formation. Ang-1 preincubation increased Rac1 activity, enforced the VE-cadherin organization, reduced the initial thrombin-induced permeability (TEER, P = 0.027), while Rac1 activity simultaneously normalized, and reduced RhoA activity at 15 min thrombin exposure (P = 0.039), but not at earlier time points. The simultaneous presence of Ang-2 largely prevented the effect of Ang-1 on TEER and macromolecule passage. Conclusions/Significance Ang-1 attenuated thrombin-induced permeability, which involved initial Rac1 activation-enforced cell-cell junctions, and later RhoA inhibition. In addition to antagonizing Ang-1, Ang-2 had also a direct effect itself. Ang-2 sensitized the initial thrombin-induced permeability accompanied by destabilization of VE-cadherin junctions and increased gap formation, in the absence of increased RhoA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie van der Heijden
- Department of Intensive Care, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geerten P. van Nieuw Amerongen
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Jan van Bezu
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus A. Paul
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. B. Johan Groeneveld
- Department of Intensive Care, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Victor W. M. van Hinsbergh
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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135
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Novel interventional approaches for ALI/ARDS: cell-based gene therapy. Mediators Inflamm 2011; 2011:560194. [PMID: 21785528 PMCID: PMC3139183 DOI: 10.1155/2011/560194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and its more severe
form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS),
continue to be a major cause of morbidity and
mortality in critically ill patients. The present
therapeutic strategies for ALI/ARDS including
supportive care, pharmacological treatments, and
ventilator support are still controversial. More
scientists are focusing on therapies involving
stem cells, which have self-renewing capabilities
and differentiate into multiple cell lineages,
and, genomics therapy which has the potential to
upregulate expression of anti-inflammatory
mediators. Recently, the combination of cell and
gene therapy which has been demonstrated to
provide additive benefit has opened up a new
chapter in therapeutic strategy and provides a
basis for the development of an innovative
approach for the prevention and treatment of
ALI/ARDS.
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136
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Wu H, Ye Z, Mahato RI. Genetically modified mesenchymal stem cells for improved islet transplantation. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1458-70. [PMID: 21707070 DOI: 10.1021/mp200135e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of adult stem cells for therapeutic purposes has met with great success in recent years. Among several types of adult stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow (BM) and other sources have gained popularity for basic research and clinical applications because of their therapeutic potential in treating a variety of diseases. Because of their tissue regeneration potential and immune modulation effect, MSCs were recently used as cell-based therapy to promote revascularization, increase pancreatic β-cell proliferation, and avoid allograft rejection in islet transplantation. Taking advantage of the recent progress in gene therapy, genetically modified MSCs can further enhance and expand the therapeutic benefit of primary MSCs while retaining their stem-cell-like properties. This review aims to gain a thorough understanding of the current obstacles to successful islet transplantation and discusses the potential role of primary MSCs before or after genetic modification in islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
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137
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Hoffman AM, Paxson JA, Mazan MR, Davis AM, Tyagi S, Murthy S, Ingenito EP. Lung-derived mesenchymal stromal cell post-transplantation survival, persistence, paracrine expression, and repair of elastase-injured lung. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:1779-92. [PMID: 21585237 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells have been recently isolated from adult lung (L-MSCs), there is very limited data on their biological properties and therapeutic potential in vivo. How L-MSCs compare with bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) is also unclear. In this study, we characterized L-MSC phenotype, clonogenicity, and differentiation potential, and compared L-MSCs to BM-MSCs in vivo survival, retention, paracrine gene expression, and repair or elastase injury after transplantation. L-MSCs were highly clonogenic, frequently expressed aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, and differentiated into osteocytes, chondrocytes, adipocytes, myofibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells. After intravenous injection (2 h), L-MSCs showed greater survival than BM-MSCs; similarly, L-MSCs were significantly more resistant than BM-MSCs to anchorage independent culture (4 h) in vitro. Long after transplantation (4 or 32 days), a significantly higher number of CD45(neg) L-MSCs were retained than BM-MSCs. By flow cytometry, L-MSCs expressed more intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα), and integrin α2 than BM-MSCs; these proteins were found to modulate endothelial adherence, directional migration, and migration across Matrigel in L-MSCs. Further, L-MSCs with low ICAM-1 showed poorer lung retention and higher phagocytosis in vivo. Compared with BM-MSCs, L-MSCs expressed higher levels of several transcripts (e.g., Ccl2, Cxcl2, Cxcl10, IL-6, IL-11, Hgf, and Igf2) in vitro, although gene expression in vivo was increased by L-MSCs and BM-MSCs equivalently. Accordingly, both L-MSCs and BM-MSCs reduced elastase injury to the same extent. This study demonstrates that tissue-specific L-MSCs possess mechanisms that enhance their lung retention after intravenous transplantation, and produce substantial healing of elastase injury comparable to BM-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Hoffman
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA.
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138
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Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a clinical syndrome of acute respiratory failure presenting with hypoxemia and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, most often in the setting of pneumonia, sepsis, or major trauma. The pathogenesis of ARDS involves lung endothelial injury, alveolar epithelial injury, and the accumulation of protein-rich fluid and cellular debris in the alveolar space. No pharmacologic therapy has so far proved effective. A potential strategy involves cell-based therapies, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Herein we review basic properties of MSCs, their use in preclinical models of lung injury and ARDS, and potential therapeutic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Gotts
- Department of Medicine Anesthesiology, The Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, 505 Parnassus Avenue, Moffitt Hospital, Room M-917, San Francisco, CA 94143-0624, USA.
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139
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Critical illnesses continue to be major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent investigations show that stem cells may be beneficial as prognostic biomarkers and novel therapeutic strategies in these syndromes. This article reviews the use of stem cells in sepsis and acute lung injury as prognostic biomarkers and also as a potential for exogenous cell-based therapy. METHODS A directed search of the medical literature was done using PubMed and OVID to evaluate topics related to pathophysiology of sepsis and acute lung injury, in addition to the characterization and utilization of stem cells in these diseases. CONCLUSIONS Stem cells have shown significant promise in the field of critical care medicine both for prognostication and treatment strategies. Although recent studies have been done to describe the mechanistic pathways of stem cells in critical illness, further investigation is necessary to fully delineate the mechanisms behind a stem cell's immunomodulatory characteristics and its ability to mobilize and engraft in tissues.
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140
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Intrapleural delivery of mesenchymal stem cells: a novel potential treatment for pleural diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:581-90. [PMID: 21532612 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop a method to deliver mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into the pleural cavity for the treatment of pleural diseases. METHODS MSCs were isolated from rat bone marrow of rats and labeled with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) or green fluorescent protein (GFP) using a lentiviral vector. Eighteen Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were inoculated intrapleurally with 1×10(6) MSCs-DAPI. The distribution of the fluorescent cells was observed using fluorescent microscopy for the following 30 d. Another 12 rats inoculated intrapleurally with 1×10(6) MSCs-GFP were observed for 14 d. RESULTS The isolated cells were typical MSC phenotypes and could differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondroblasts in vitro. Microscopic analysis revealed that the labeled cells adhered to the surface of the pleural cavity. The highest number of the labeled cells was found to be adhered to all specimens from the mediastinal pleura, but no labeled cells were detected in the lung parenchyma or other tissues/organs, such as the liver, kidney, spleen, and mesenterium. Incidentally, stomas were found in the mediastinal pleura. The recovered MSCs-GFP from the pleural cavity retained their ability to adhere and proliferate. CONCLUSION We have established a novel method for intrapleural delivery of MSCs. The distribution of intrapleurally delivered MSCs was found to be limited to the pleurae and the pleural cavity, thereby providing us with a new approach to further investigation of the therapeutic roles of MSCs in pleural diseases.
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141
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Toya SP, Malik AB. Role of endothelial injury in disease mechanisms and contribution of progenitor cells in mediating endothelial repair. Immunobiology 2011; 217:569-80. [PMID: 21513999 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent research on the endothelium demonstrates complex interactions of endothelial cells with circulating immune cells, mediators such as cytokines, hormones and growth factors, and with the underlying parenchymal cells. These disparate interactions are involved in promotion of vascular development; maintenance of tissue homeostasis; and regulation of vascular repair. Injury to the endothelial monolayer is the sine qua non of organ dysfunction with endothelial repair the necessary first step needed for recovery. Thus, the capacity of the endothelium to regenerate itself is a key determinant of organ repair and survival after injury. Using the example of the lung, we will review the current state of knowledge regarding the importance of endothelium in the above mentioned processes with a focus on the role of stem cells, both endogenous (i.e., localized within the vessel wall) as well as exogenous (i.e., arriving in the vessel wall from distant sites such as the bone marrow) in promoting endothelial repair and regeneration. The subject of endothelial regeneration and the ways in which stem and progenitor cells contribute to this process has promise in treating vascular diseases. As we will highlight in this review, some questions have been addressed but many more remain and need to be addressed before cell-based therapies become a viable option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie P Toya
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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142
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Sánchez-Martín D, Sanz L, Álvarez-Vallina L. Engineering human cells for in vivo secretion of antibody and non-antibody therapeutic proteins. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 22:924-30. [PMID: 21435857 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Purified proteins such as antibodies are widely used as therapeutic agents in clinical medicine. However, clinical-grade proteins for therapeutic use require sophisticated technologies and are extremely expensive to produce. In vivo secretion of therapeutic proteins by genetically engineered human cells may advantageously replace injection of highly purified proteins. The use of gene transfer methods circumvents problems related to large-scale production and purification and offers additional benefits by achieving sustained concentrations of therapeutic protein with a syngenic glycosylation pattern that make the protein potentially less immunogenic. The feasibility of the in vivo production of therapeutic proteins by diverse cells/tissues has now been demonstrated using different techniques, such as ex vivo genetically modified cells and in vivo gene transfer mediated by viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sánchez-Martín
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, 28222 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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143
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Chen H, Bai C, Wang X. The value of the lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury model in respiratory medicine. Expert Rev Respir Med 2011; 4:773-83. [PMID: 21128752 DOI: 10.1586/ers.10.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) is a syndrome characterized by pulmonary edema and acute inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component in Gram-negative bacteria, has been used to induce ALI/ARDS. LPS-induced animal models highlight ways to explore mechanisms of multiple diseases and provide useful information on the discovery of novel biomarkers and drug targets. However, each model has its own merits and drawbacks. The goal of this article is to summarize and evaluate the results of experimental findings in LPS-induced ALI/ARDS, and the possible mechanisms and treatments elucidated. Advantages and disadvantages of such models in pulmonary research and new directions for future investigations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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144
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Knight DA, Rossi FM, Hackett TL. Mesenchymal stem cells for repair of the airway epithelium in asthma. Expert Rev Respir Med 2011; 4:747-58. [PMID: 21128750 DOI: 10.1586/ers.10.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The airway epithelium is constantly faced with inflammatory and potentially injurious stimuli. Following damage, rapid repair mechanisms involving proliferation and differentiation of resident progenitor and stem cell pools are necessary in order to maintain a protective barrier. In asthma, evidence pointing to a compromised ability of the epithelium to properly repair and regenerate is rapidly accumulating. The consequences of this are presently unknown but are likely to have a significant impact on lung function. Mesenchymal stem cells have the potential to serve as a universal source for replacement of specific cells in several diseases and thus offer hope as a potential therapeutic intervention for the treatment of the chronic remodeling changes that occur in the asthmatic epithelium. However, controversy exists regarding whether these cells can actually home to and engraft within the airways and contribute to tissue function or whether this mechanism is necessary, since they can have potent paracrine immunomodulatory effects. This article focuses on the current knowledge about specific stem cell populations that may contribute to airway epithelial regeneration and discusses the use of mesenchymal stem cells as a potential therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl A Knight
- Providence Heart and Lung Institute at St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
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145
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Myers TJ, Granero-Molto F, Longobardi L, Li T, Yan Y, Spagnoli A. Mesenchymal stem cells at the intersection of cell and gene therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 10:1663-79. [PMID: 21058931 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.531257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Mesenchymal stem cells have the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes. Along with differentiation, MSCs can modulate inflammation, home to damaged tissues and secrete bioactive molecules. These properties can be enhanced through genetic-modification that would combine the best of both cell and gene therapy fields to treat monogenic and multigenic diseases. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Findings demonstrating the immunomodulation, homing and paracrine activities of MSCs followed by a summary of the current research utilizing MSCs as a vector for gene therapy, focusing on skeletal disorders, but also cardiovascular disease, ischemic damage and cancer. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN MSCs are a possible therapy for many diseases, especially those related to the musculoskeletal system, as a standalone treatment, or in combination with factors that enhance the abilities of these cells to migrate, survive or promote healing through anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, differentiation, angiogenesis or delivery of cytolytic or anabolic agents. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Genetically-modified MSCs are a promising area of research that would be improved by focusing on the biology of MSCs that could lead to identification of the natural and engrafting MSC-niche and a consensus on how to isolate and expand MSCs for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Myers
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Pediatrics, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7239, USA
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146
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MOODLEY Y, MANUELPILLAI U, WEISS DJ. Cellular therapies for lung disease: A distant horizon. Respirology 2011; 16:223-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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147
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Abstract
Several experimental studies have suggested that mesenchymal stem cells may have value for the treatment of clinical disorders, including myocardial infarction, diabetes, acute renal failure, sepsis, and acute lung injury. In preclinical studies, mesenchymal stem cells have been effective in reducing lung injury from endotoxin, live bacteria, bleomycin, and hyperoxia. In some studies, the cultured medium from mesenchymal stem cells has been as effective as the mesenchymal stem cells themselves. Several paracrine mediators that can mediate the effect of mesenchymal stem cells have been identified, including interleukin-10, interleukin-1ra, keratinocyte growth factor, and prostaglandin E2. Further preclinical studies are needed, as is planning for clinical trials for acute lung injury.
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148
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Drzewiecki BA, Thomas JC, Tanaka ST. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells: current and future applications in the urinary bladder. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2010:765167. [PMID: 21253479 PMCID: PMC3022195 DOI: 10.4061/2010/765167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells can be isolated from almost any adult tissue. In this paper we focus on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells which have captured the interest of researchers since their introduction because of the promising potential of tissue regeneration and repair. They are known for their ability to self-renew and differentiate into diverse lineages while maintaining low immunogenicity. The exact mechanisms behind how these cells work still remain unclear, and there is a continuing shift in the paradigms that support them. There has been extensive research in multiple organ systems; however, the genitorurinary system has been vastly underrepresented. This article discusses the background behind bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and they are currently being applied to the urinary bladder in the realm of tissue engineering. We also postulate on their future applications based on the current literature in other organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A. Drzewiecki
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Monroe Carell, Jr. Children's Hospital, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John C. Thomas
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Monroe Carell, Jr. Children's Hospital, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Stacy T. Tanaka
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Monroe Carell, Jr. Children's Hospital, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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149
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Abstract
Increasing numbers of regenerative approaches now involve use of adult stem cells, like the bone marrow MSC or the adipose-derived ASC. With their ease of in vitro manipulation and successful tissue integration in vivo, the ASC makes an attractive candidate for gene delivery in vivo using viral-based gene therapy strategies. As such, this chapter describes methods for the transduction of human ASCs with two popular types of recombinant viruses: adenovirus and lentivirus.
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150
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Jungebluth P, Macchiarini P. Stem cell-based therapy and regenerative approaches to diseases of the respiratory system. Br Med Bull 2011; 99:169-87. [PMID: 21725086 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldr028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite treatment advances in many diseases of the respiratory system, outcome remains poor. SOURCES OF DATA This systematic review (PubMed and Ovid) 'analyses stem cell (SC)-based therapy and regenerative medicine (RM) approaches as potential novel strategies for diseases of the respiratory system. Current preclinical research and ongoing clinical trials are presented and their potential clinical impact and routine application discussed. AREAS OF AGREEMENT These approaches may represent a promising alternative therapy for otherwise irreversible respiratory diseases. Several experimental and initial clinical data now exist. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Type of SC, limits of tissue engineering, route of delivery, cell behaviour (differentiation, growth, co-stimulation or immunomodulation) and interaction with the human microenvironment upon implantation. GROWING POINTS Investigating underlying pathways and mechanisms. Evaluating gene, epigenetic and protein regulation. Interaction with the environment under diseased and healthy conditions. Detecting approaches with significant scientific and clinical impact. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH The potential capacity of SC-based therapy and RM should be carefully investigated before their translation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Jungebluth
- Advanced Center for Translational REGenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobel Allé 8, Huddinge S-14186, Stockholm
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