101
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Novel Mechanism of the Pericyte-Myofibroblast Transition in Renal Interstitial Fibrosis: Core Fucosylation Regulation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16914. [PMID: 29209018 PMCID: PMC5717002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17193-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pericytes have been identified as a major source of myofibroblasts in renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF). The overactivation of several signaling pathways, mainly the TGF-β and PDGF pathways, initiates the pericyte-myofibroblast transition during RIF. Key receptors in these two pathways have been shown to be modified by fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), the enzyme that catalyzes core fucosylation. This study postulated that core fucosylation might play an important role in regulating the pericyte transition in RIF. The data showed that core fucosylation increased with the extent of RIF in patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Similarly, core fucosylation of pericytes increased in both a unilateral ureteral occlusion (UUO) mouse model and an in vitro model of pericyte transition. Inhibition of core fucosylation by adenoviral-mediated FUT8 shRNA in vivo and FUT8 siRNA in vitro significantly reduced pericyte transition and RIF. In addition, the activation of both the TGF-β/Smad and PDGF/ERK pathways was blocked by core fucosylation inhibition. In conclusion, core fucosylation may regulate the pericyte transition in RIF by modifying both the TGF-β/Smad and PDGF/ERK pathways. Glycosylation might be a novel "hub" target to prevent RIF.
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102
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Diabetes Aggravates Post-ischaemic Renal Fibrosis through Persistent Activation of TGF-β 1 and Shh Signalling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16782. [PMID: 29196746 PMCID: PMC5711892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16977-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a risk factor for acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Diabetic patients are easy to progress to CKD after AKI. Currently, activation of fibrotic signalling including transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is recognized as a key mechanism in CKD. Here, we investigated the influence of diabetes on CKD progression after AKI by using a unilateral renal ischaemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) model in diabetic mice. IRI induced extensive tubular injury, fibrosis and lymphocyte recruitment at 3 weeks after IRI, irrespective of diabetes. However, diabetes showed sustained tubular injury and markedly increased fibrosis and lymphocyte recruitment compared with non-diabetes at 5 week after IRI. The mRNAs and proteins related to TGF-β1 and sonic hedgehog (Shh) signalling were significantly higher in diabetic versus non-diabetic IRI kidneys. During the in vitro study, the hyperglycaemia induced the activation of TGF-β1 and Shh signalling and also increased profibrogenic phenotype change. However, hyperglycaemic control with insulin did not improve the progression of renal fibrosis and the activation of TGF-β1 and Shh signalling. In conclusion, diabetes promotes CKD progression of AKI via activation of the TGF-β1 and Shh signalling pathways, but insulin treatment was not enough for preventing the progression of renal fibrosis.
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103
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Cannito S, Novo E, Parola M. Therapeutic pro-fibrogenic signaling pathways in fibroblasts. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 121:57-84. [PMID: 28578015 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myofibroblasts (MFs) play a critical role in the progression of chronic inflammatory and fibroproliferative diseases in different tissues/organs, whatever the etiology. Fibrosis is preceded and sustained by persistent injury and inflammatory response in a profibrogenic scenario involving mutual interactions, operated by several mediators and pathways, of MFs and related precursor cells with innate immunity cells and virtually any cell type in a defined tissue. These interactions, mediators and related signaling pathways are critical in initiating and perpetuating the differentiation of precursor cells into MFs that in different tissues share peculiar traits and phenotypic responses, including the ability to proliferate, produce ECM components, migrate and contribute to the modulation of inflammatory response and tissue angiogenesis. Literature studies related to liver, lung and kidney fibrosis have outlined a number of MF-related core regulatory fibrogenic signaling pathways conserved across these different organs and potentially targetable in order to develop effective antifibrotic therapeutic strategies.
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104
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Abstract
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a chronic and progressive process affecting kidneys during aging and in chronic kidney disease (CKD), regardless of cause. CKD and renal fibrosis affect half of adults above age 70 and 10% of the world's population. Although no targeted therapy yet exists to slow renal fibrosis, a number of important recent advances have clarified the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the disease. In this review, I highlight these advances with a focus on cells and pathways that may be amenable to therapeutic targeting. I discuss pathologic changes regulating interstitial myofibroblast activation, including profibrotic and proinflammatory paracrine signals secreted by epithelial cells after either acute or chronic injury. I conclude by highlighting novel therapeutic targets and approaches with particular promise for development of new treatments for patients with fibrotic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
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105
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Lipphardt M, Song JW, Matsumoto K, Dadafarin S, Dihazi H, Müller G, Goligorsky MS. The third path of tubulointerstitial fibrosis: aberrant endothelial secretome. Kidney Int 2017; 92:558-568. [PMID: 28476555 PMCID: PMC5557669 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The secretome, defined as a portion of proteins secreted by specific cells to the extracellular space, secures a proper microenvironmental niche not only for the donor cells, but also for the neighboring cells, thus maintaining tissue homeostasis. Communication via secretory products exists between endothelial cells and fibroblasts, and this local mechanism maintains the viability and density of each compartment. Endothelial dysfunction, apart from obvious cell-autonomous defects, leads to the aberrant secretome, which predisposes fibroblasts to acquire a myofibroblastic fibrogenic phenotype. In our recent profiling of the secretome of such dysfunctional profibrogenic renal microvascular endothelial cells, we identified unique profibrogenic signatures, among which we detected ligands of Notch and Wnt-β-catenin pathways. Here, we stress the role of reprogramming cues in the immediate microenvironment of (myo)fibroblasts and the contribution of the endothelial secretome to the panoply of instructive signals in the vicinity of fibroblasts. We hope that this brief overview of endothelial-fibroblast communication in health and disease will lead to eventual unbiased proteomic mapping of individual secretomes of glomerular and tubular epithelial cells, pericytes, and podocytes through reductionist approaches to allow for the synthetic creation of a complex network of secretomic signals acting as reprogramming factors on individual cell types in the kidney. Knowledge of profibrogenic and antifibrogenic signatures in the secretome may garner future therapeutic efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lipphardt
- Renal Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, New York Medical College at Touro University, Valhalla, New York, USA; Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Göttingen University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jong W Song
- Renal Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, New York Medical College at Touro University, Valhalla, New York, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kei Matsumoto
- Renal Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, New York Medical College at Touro University, Valhalla, New York, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sina Dadafarin
- Renal Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, New York Medical College at Touro University, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Hassan Dihazi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Göttingen University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Müller
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Göttingen University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael S Goligorsky
- Renal Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, New York Medical College at Touro University, Valhalla, New York, USA.
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106
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Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Tafelmeyer P, Golshayan D. Fibroblast activation protein-α in fibrogenic disorders and cancer: more than a prolyl-specific peptidase? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:977-991. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1370455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- CHUV and UNIL, University Institute of Pathology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra Tafelmeyer
- Hybrigenics Services, Laboratories and Headquarters, Paris, France
- Hybrigenics Corporation, Cambridge Innovation Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dela Golshayan
- Transplantation Center and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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107
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Jimi S, Kimura M, De Francesco F, Riccio M, Hara S, Ohjimi H. Acceleration Mechanisms of Skin Wound Healing by Autologous Micrograft in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081675. [PMID: 28767054 PMCID: PMC5578065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A micrograft technique, which minces tissue into micro-fragments >50 μm, has been recently developed. However, its pathophysiological mechanisms in wound healing are unclear yet. We thus performed a wound healing study using normal mice. A humanized mouse model of a skin wound with a splint was used. After total skin excision, tissue micro-fragments obtained by the Rigenera protocol were infused onto the wounds. In the cell tracing study, GFP-expressing green mice and SCID mice were used. Collagen stains including Picrosirius red (PSR) and immunohistological stains for α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), CD31, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and neutrophils were evaluated for granulation tissue development. GFP-positive cells remained in granulation tissue seven days after infusion, but vanished after 13 days. Following the infusion of the tissue micrograft solution onto the wound, TGF-β1 expression was transiently upregulated in granulation tissue in the early phase. Subsequently, αSMA-expressing myofibroblasts increased in number in thickened granulation tissue with acceleration of neovascularization and collagen matrix maturation. On such granulation tissue, regenerative epithelial healing progressed, resulting in wound area reduction. Alternative alteration after the micrograft may have increased αSMA-expressing myofibroblasts in granulation tissue, which may act on collagen accumulation, neovascularization and wound contraction. All of these changes are favorable for epithelial regeneration on wound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Jimi
- Central Laboratory for Pathology and Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 8140180, Japan.
| | - Masahiko Kimura
- Department of Drug Informatics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 8140180, Japan.
| | - Francesco De Francesco
- Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery-Hand Surgery, AOU "Ospedali Riuniti", 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Michele Riccio
- Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery-Hand Surgery, AOU "Ospedali Riuniti", 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Shuuji Hara
- Department of Drug Informatics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 8140180, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Ohjimi
- Departments of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 8140180, Japan.
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108
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Endothelial cell-specific activation of transforming growth factor-β signaling in mice induces cutaneous, visceral, and microvascular fibrosis. J Transl Med 2017; 97:806-818. [PMID: 28346399 PMCID: PMC6530474 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we tested the hypothesis that constitutive endothelial cell-specific activation of TGF-β signaling induces tissue fibrosis and vasculopathy resembling the characteristic fibrotic and vascular alterations of systemic sclerosis. Transgenic mice with inducible expression of a constitutively active TGF-β receptor I specifically in endothelial cells were generated by intercrossing mice harboring a constitutively active TGF-β receptor I with a mouse strain containing the endothelial cell-specific Cdh5 gene promoter directing the tamoxifen-inducible expression of the Cre-ERT2 cassette. Administration of tamoxifen to these mice would result in constitutive TGF-β activation and signaling confined to endothelial lineage cells. The effects of constitutive TGF-β endothelial cell activation were assessed by histopathological examination of skin and various internal organs, tissue hydroxyproline analysis, and assessment of expression of myofibroblast differentiation and TGF-β signaling genes employing real-time PCR and immunohistochemical staining of lung vessels for endothelial- and myofibroblast-specific proteins. Constitutive TGFβ-1 signaling in endothelial cells resulted in cutaneous and visceral fibrosis with prominent fibrotic involvement of the lungs and severe perivascular and subendothelial fibrosis of small arterioles. A marked increase in the expression of fibrosis-associated genes and of genes indicative of myofibroblast activation was also found. Confocal microscopy of lung vessels showed evidence consistent with the induction of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). Taken together, our data indicate that transgenic mice with constitutive endothelial cell-specific activation of TGF-β signaling display severe cutaneous, pulmonary, and microvascular fibrosis resembling the fibrotic and microvascular alterations characteristic of systemic sclerosis.
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109
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Wang L, Zhu Y, Wang L, Hou J, Gao Y, Shen L, Zhang J. Effects of chronic alcohol exposure on ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury in mice: the role of β-arrestin 2 and glycogen synthase kinase 3. Exp Mol Med 2017. [PMID: 28642577 PMCID: PMC5519017 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of chronic alcohol intake on the outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI). Hence, we examined the effects of chronic alcohol intake on the development of renal fibrosis following AKI in an animal model of bilateral renal ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury. We first found that chronic alcohol exposure exacerbated bilateral IR-induced renal fibrosis and renal function impairment. This phenomenon was associated with increased bilateral IR-induced extracellular matrix deposition and an increased myofibroblast population as well as increased bilateral IR-induced expression of fibrosis-related genes in the kidneys. To explore the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, we showed that chronic alcohol exposure enhanced β-arrestin 2 (Arrb2) expression and Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3)β activation in the kidneys. Importantly, pharmacological GSK3 inhibition alleviated bilateral IR-induced renal fibrosis and renal function impairment. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Arrb2−/− mice exhibited resistance to IR-induced renal fibrosis and renal function impairment following chronic alcohol exposure, and these effects were associated with attenuated GSK3β activation in the kidneys. Taken together, our results suggest that chronic alcohol exposure may potentiate AKI via β-arrestin 2/Akt/GSK3β-mediated signaling in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wang
- Division of Blood Purification, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yifei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Division of Blood Purification, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingjing Hou
- Division of Blood Purification, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yongning Gao
- Division of Blood Purification, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lei Shen
- Division of Blood Purification, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hematology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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110
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The mighty fibroblast and its utility in scleroderma research. JOURNAL OF SCLERODERMA AND RELATED DISORDERS 2017; 2:69-134. [PMID: 29270465 DOI: 10.5301/jsrd.5000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are the effector cells of fibrosis characteristic of systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma) and other fibrosing conditions. The excess production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins is the hallmark of fibrosis in different organs, such as skin and lung. Experiments designed to assess the pro-fibrotic capacity of factors, their signaling pathways, and potential inhibitors of their effects that are conducted in fibroblasts have paved the way for planning clinical trials in SSc. As such, fibroblasts have proven to be valuable tools in the search for effective anti-fibrotic therapies for fibrosis. Herein we highlight the characteristics of fibroblasts, their role in the etiology of fibrosis, utility in experimental assays, and contribution to drug development and clinical trials in SSc.
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111
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Iron suppresses erythropoietin expression via oxidative stress-dependent hypoxia-inducible factor-2 alpha inactivation. J Transl Med 2017; 97:555-566. [PMID: 28263291 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal anemia is a major complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Iron supplementation, as well as erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, are widely used for treatment of renal anemia. However, excess iron causes oxidative stress via the Fenton reaction, and iron supplementation might damage remnant renal function including erythropoietin (EPO) production in CKD. EPO gene expression was suppressed in mice following direct iron treatment. Hypoxia-inducible factor-2 alpha (HIF-2α), a positive regulator of the EPO gene, was also diminished in the kidney of mice following iron treatment. Anemia-induced increase in renal EPO and HIF-2α expression was inhibited by iron treatment. In in vitro experiments using EPO-producing HepG2 cells, iron stimulation reduced the expression of the EPO gene, as well as HIF-2α. Moreover, iron treatment augmented oxidative stress, and iron-induced reduction of EPO and HIF-2α expression was restored by tempol, an antioxidant compound. HIF-2α interaction with the Epo promoter was inhibited by iron treatment, and was restored by tempol. These findings suggested that iron supplementation reduced EPO gene expression via an oxidative stress-HIF-2α-dependent signaling pathway.
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112
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Schneider RK, Mullally A, Dugourd A, Peisker F, Hoogenboezem R, Van Strien PMH, Bindels EM, Heckl D, Büsche G, Fleck D, Müller-Newen G, Wongboonsin J, Ventura Ferreira M, Puelles VG, Saez-Rodriguez J, Ebert BL, Humphreys BD, Kramann R. Gli1 + Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Are a Key Driver of Bone Marrow Fibrosis and an Important Cellular Therapeutic Target. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 20:785-800.e8. [PMID: 28457748 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow fibrosis (BMF) develops in various hematological and non-hematological conditions and is a central pathological feature of myelofibrosis. Effective cell-targeted therapeutics are needed, but the cellular origin of BMF remains elusive. Here, we show using genetic fate tracing in two murine models of BMF that Gli1+ mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are recruited from the endosteal and perivascular niche to become fibrosis-driving myofibroblasts in the bone marrow. Genetic ablation of Gli1+ cells abolished BMF and rescued bone marrow failure. Pharmacological targeting of Gli proteins with GANT61 inhibited Gli1+ cell expansion and myofibroblast differentiation and attenuated fibrosis severity. The same pathway is also active in human BMF, and Gli1 expression in BMF significantly correlates with the severity of the disease. In addition, GANT61 treatment reduced the myofibroblastic phenotype of human MSCs isolated from patients with BMF, suggesting that targeting of Gli proteins could be a relevant therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka K Schneider
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ann Mullally
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aurelien Dugourd
- Joint Research Centre for Computational Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Peisker
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Remco Hoogenboezem
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paulina M H Van Strien
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric M Bindels
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Heckl
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Guntram Büsche
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - David Fleck
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Müller-Newen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Janewit Wongboonsin
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 10700 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Monica Ventura Ferreira
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Victor G Puelles
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- Joint Research Centre for Computational Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Benjamin L Ebert
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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113
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Fibrosis development in early-onset muscular dystrophies: Mechanisms and translational implications. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 64:181-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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114
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Wang D, Wang A, Wu F, Qiu X, Li Y, Chu J, Huang WC, Xu K, Gong X, Li S. Sox10 + adult stem cells contribute to biomaterial encapsulation and microvascularization. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40295. [PMID: 28071739 PMCID: PMC5223127 DOI: 10.1038/srep40295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Implanted biomaterials and biomedical devices generally induce foreign body reaction and end up with encapsulation by a dense avascular fibrous layer enriched in extracellular matrix. Fibroblasts/myofibroblasts are thought to be the major cell type involved in encapsulation, but it is unclear whether and how stem cells contribute to this process. Here we show, for the first time, that Sox10+ adult stem cells contribute to both encapsulation and microvessel formation. Sox10+ adult stem cells were found sparsely in the stroma of subcutaneous loose connective tissues. Upon subcutaneous biomaterial implantation, Sox10+ stem cells were activated and recruited to the biomaterial scaffold, and differentiated into fibroblasts and then myofibroblasts. This differentiation process from Sox10+ stem cells to myofibroblasts could be recapitulated in vitro. On the other hand, Sox10+ stem cells could differentiate into perivascular cells to stabilize newly formed microvessels. Sox10+ stem cells and endothelial cells in three-dimensional co-culture self-assembled into microvessels, and platelet-derived growth factor had chemotactic effect on Sox10+ stem cells. Transplanted Sox10+ stem cells differentiated into smooth muscle cells to stabilize functional microvessels. These findings demonstrate the critical role of adult stem cells in tissue remodeling and unravel the complexity of stem cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,School of Optometry and Vision Science Program, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Aijun Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Xuefeng Qiu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ye Li
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Julia Chu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Wen-Chin Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Kang Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Xiaohua Gong
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Program, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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115
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Rosenbloom J, Macarak E, Piera-Velazquez S, Jimenez SA. Human Fibrotic Diseases: Current Challenges in Fibrosis Research. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1627:1-23. [PMID: 28836191 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7113-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human fibrotic diseases constitute a major health problem worldwide owing to the large number of affected individuals, the incomplete knowledge of the fibrotic process pathogenesis, the marked heterogeneity in their etiology and clinical manifestations, the absence of appropriate and fully validated biomarkers, and, most importantly, the current void of effective disease-modifying therapeutic agents. The fibrotic disorders encompass a wide spectrum of clinical entities including systemic fibrotic diseases such as systemic sclerosis (SSc), sclerodermatous graft vs. host disease, and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, as well as numerous organ-specific disorders including radiation-induced fibrosis and cardiac, pulmonary, liver, and kidney fibrosis. Although their causative mechanisms are quite diverse and in several instances have remained elusive, these diseases share the common feature of an uncontrolled and progressive accumulation of fibrotic tissue in affected organs causing their dysfunction and ultimate failure. Despite the remarkable heterogeneity in the etiologic mechanisms responsible for the development of fibrotic diseases and in their clinical manifestations, numerous studies have identified activated myofibroblasts as the common cellular element ultimately responsible for the replacement of normal tissues with nonfunctional fibrotic tissue. Critical signaling cascades, initiated primarily by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), but also involving numerous cytokines and signaling molecules which stimulate profibrotic reactions in myofibroblasts, offer potential therapeutic targets. Here, we briefly review the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of tissue fibrosis and point out some of the most important challenges to research in the fibrotic diseases and to the development of effective therapeutic approaches for this often fatal group of disorders. Efforts to further clarify the complex pathogenetic mechanisms of the fibrotic process should be encouraged to attain the elusive goal of developing effective therapies for these serious, untreatable, and often fatal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Rosenbloom
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases and The Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward Macarak
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases and The Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sonsoles Piera-Velazquez
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases and The Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sergio A Jimenez
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases and The Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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116
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Stribos EG, Hillebrands JL, Olinga P, Mutsaers HA. Renal fibrosis in precision-cut kidney slices. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 790:57-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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117
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Wermuth PJ, Li Z, Mendoza FA, Jimenez SA. Stimulation of Transforming Growth Factor-β1-Induced Endothelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition and Tissue Fibrosis by Endothelin-1 (ET-1): A Novel Profibrotic Effect of ET-1. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161988. [PMID: 27583804 PMCID: PMC5008786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) is a newly recognized source of profibrotic activated myofibroblasts and has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of various fibrotic processes. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been implicated in the development of tissue fibrosis but its participation in TGF-β-induced EndoMT has not been studied. Here we evaluated the role of ET-1 on TGF-β1-induced EndoMT in immunopurified CD31+/CD102+ murine lung microvascular endothelial cells. The expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), of relevant profibrotic genes, and of various transcription factors involved in the EndoMT process were assessed employing quantitative RT-PCR, immunofluorescence histology and Western blot analysis. TGF-β1 caused potent induction of EndoMT whereas ET-1 alone had a minimal effect. However, ET-1 potentiated TGF-β1-induced EndoMT and TGF-β1-stimulated expression of mesenchymal cell specific and profibrotic genes and proteins. ET-1 also induced expression of the TGF-β receptor 1 and 2 genes, suggesting a plausible autocrine mechanism to potentiate TGF-β-mediated EndoMT and fibrosis. Stimulation of TGF-β1-induced skin and lung fibrosis by ET-1 was confirmed in vivo in an animal model of TGF-β1-induced tissue fibrosis. These results suggest a novel role for ET-1 in the establishment and progression of tissue fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Wermuth
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Zhaodong Li
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Fabian A. Mendoza
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Sergio A. Jimenez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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118
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Swonger JM, Liu JS, Ivey MJ, Tallquist MD. Genetic tools for identifying and manipulating fibroblasts in the mouse. Differentiation 2016; 92:66-83. [PMID: 27342817 PMCID: PMC5079827 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of mouse genetic tools to track and manipulate fibroblasts has provided invaluable in vivo information regarding the activities of these cells. Recently, many new mouse strains have been described for the specific purpose of studying fibroblast behavior. Colorimetric reporter mice and lines expressing Cre are available for the study of fibroblasts in the organs prone to fibrosis, including heart, kidney, liver, lung, and skeletal muscle. In this review we summarize the current state of the models that have been used to define tissue resident fibroblast populations. While these complex genetic reagents provide unique insights into the process of fibrosis, they also require a thorough understanding of the caveats and limitations. Here, we discuss the specificity and efficiency of the available genetic models and briefly describe how they have been used to document the mechanisms of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Swonger
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Jocelyn S Liu
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Malina J Ivey
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Michelle D Tallquist
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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119
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Spatial expression of components of a calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRL) signalling system (CRL, calcitonin gene-related peptide, adrenomedullin, adrenomedullin-2/intermedin) in mouse and human heart valves. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 366:587-599. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2473-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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120
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Composition and Function of the Interstitial Fluid. Protein Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315374307-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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121
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Takaori K, Yanagita M. Insights into the Mechanisms of the Acute Kidney Injury-to-Chronic Kidney Disease Continuum. Nephron Clin Pract 2016; 134:172-176. [PMID: 27398799 DOI: 10.1159/000448081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an increasingly common clinical problem with significant impact on long-term patient outcome. Recent clinical trials demonstrate that AKI is closely related to the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease, though the precise mechanisms linking AKI to CKD remain unclear. While inflammation, microvascular rarefaction and hypoxia are involved in the AKI-to-CKD continuum, proximal tubule injury seems to play an important role in the progression of CKD. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of the AKI-to-CKD continuum, especially the mechanism by which injury to the proximal tubules triggers progression to CKD. Elucidating the mechanisms involved in the AKI-to-CKD continuum will support the development of therapeutic options to prevent progression from AKI to CKD. © 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Takaori
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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122
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Heindryckx F, Binet F, Ponticos M, Rombouts K, Lau J, Kreuger J, Gerwins P. Endoplasmic reticulum stress enhances fibrosis through IRE1α-mediated degradation of miR-150 and XBP-1 splicing. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:729-44. [PMID: 27226027 PMCID: PMC4931288 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ER stress results in activation of the unfolded protein response and has been implicated in the development of fibrotic diseases. In this study, we show that inhibition of the ER stress-induced IRE1α signaling pathway, using the inhibitor 4μ8C, blocks TGFβ-induced activation of myofibroblasts in vitro, reduces liver and skin fibrosis in vivo, and reverts the fibrotic phenotype of activated myofibroblasts isolated from patients with systemic sclerosis. By using IRE1α(-/-) fibroblasts and expression of IRE1α-mutant proteins lacking endoribonuclease activity, we confirmed that IRE1α plays an important role during myofibroblast activation. IRE1α was shown to cleave miR-150 and thereby to release the suppressive effect that miR-150 exerted on αSMA expression through c-Myb. Inhibition of IRE1α was also demonstrated to block ER expansion through an XBP-1-dependent pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that ER stress could be an important and conserved mechanism in the pathogenesis of fibrosis and that components of the ER stress pathway may be therapeutically relevant for treating patients with fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Heindryckx
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - François Binet
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Markella Ponticos
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University College London, London, UK
| | - Krista Rombouts
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joey Lau
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Kreuger
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pär Gerwins
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Department of Radiology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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123
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Pleyer L, Valent P, Greil R. Mesenchymal Stem and Progenitor Cells in Normal and Dysplastic Hematopoiesis-Masters of Survival and Clonality? Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071009. [PMID: 27355944 PMCID: PMC4964385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are malignant hematopoietic stem cell disorders that have the capacity to progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Accumulating evidence suggests that the altered bone marrow (BM) microenvironment in general, and in particular the components of the stem cell niche, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their progeny, play a pivotal role in the evolution and propagation of MDS. We here present an overview of the role of MSCs in the pathogenesis of MDS, with emphasis on cellular interactions in the BM microenvironment and related stem cell niche concepts. MSCs have potent immunomodulatory capacities and communicate with diverse immune cells, but also interact with various other cellular components of the microenvironment as well as with normal and leukemic stem and progenitor cells. Moreover, compared to normal MSCs, MSCs in MDS and AML often exhibit altered gene expression profiles, an aberrant phenotype, and abnormal functional properties. These alterations supposedly contribute to the “reprogramming” of the stem cell niche into a disease-permissive microenvironment where an altered immune system, abnormal stem cell niche interactions, and an impaired growth control lead to disease progression. The current article also reviews molecular targets that play a role in such cellular interactions and possibilities to interfere with abnormal stem cell niche interactions by using specific targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Pleyer
- 3rd Medical Department with Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
- Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials at Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
- 3rd Medical Department, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology & Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Richard Greil
- 3rd Medical Department with Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
- Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials at Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
- 3rd Medical Department, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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124
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Kirita Y, Kami D, Ishida R, Adachi T, Tamagaki K, Matoba S, Kusaba T, Gojo S. Preserved Nephrogenesis Following Partial Nephrectomy in Early Neonates. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26792. [PMID: 27244673 PMCID: PMC4886582 DOI: 10.1038/srep26792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstitution of total nephron segments after resection in the adult kidney has not been achieved; however, whether the neonatal kidney can maintain the capacity for neo-nephrogenesis after resection is unknown. We performed partial resection of the kidney in neonatal rats on postnatal days 1 (P1x kidney) and 4 (P4x kidney) and examined morphological changes and relevant factors. The P1x kidney bulged into the newly formed cortex from the wound edge, while nephrogenesis failure was prominent in the P4x kidney. Twenty-eight days post-resection, the glomerular number, cortex area, and collecting duct were preserved in the P1x kidney, whereas these parameters were markedly decreased in the P4x kidney. During normal development, Six2 expression and Six2+ nephron progenitor cells in the cap mesenchyme both rapidly disappear after birth. However, time course analysis for the P1x kidney showed that Six2 expression and Six2+ cells were well preserved in the tissue surrounding the resected area even 2 days after resection. In conclusion, our results indicate that kidneys in early neonate rats retain the capability for neo-nephrogenesis after resection; however, this ability is lost soon after birth, which may be attributed to a declining amount of Six2+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Kirita
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii cho, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kami
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii cho, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ryo Ishida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii cho, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takaomi Adachi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii cho, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tamagaki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii cho, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Satoaki Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii cho, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kusaba
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii cho, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Satoshi Gojo
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii cho, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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125
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Kramann R. Hedgehog Gli signalling in kidney fibrosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2016; 31:1989-1995. [PMID: 27229466 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis is the common final pathway of virtually all progressive injury to the kidney and a promising therapeutic target in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The Hedgehog pathway has been reported to be critical in kidney development, and recent evidence suggests a role in kidney injury and fibrosis. This review provides an overview of recent data suggesting an important role of Gli transcriptional activators in kidney injury and repair. We have reported that the hedgehog transcriptional activator Gli1 specifically marks perivascular mesenchymal stem cells, which are an important source of kidney myofibroblasts. Genetic ablation of these cells ameliorated kidney and heart fibrosis and stabilized organ function after injury. Recent data suggest that Gli2 is an important driver of myofibroblast cell cycle progression and a promising therapeutic target in kidney fibrosis progression and CKD. However, the non-canonical mechanism of Gli activation in kidney fibrosis remains an open question, and further studies are needed to elucidate the role of Hedgehog Gli and Gli1+ perivascular cells in human kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Kramann
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelstr 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
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126
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Jadhav S, Ajay AK, Trivedi P, Seematti J, Pellegrini K, Craciun F, Vaidya VS. RNA-binding Protein Musashi Homologue 1 Regulates Kidney Fibrosis by Translational Inhibition of p21 and Numb mRNA. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:14085-14094. [PMID: 27129280 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.713289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are recognized as key posttranscriptional regulators that not only modulate the spatiotemporal expression of genes during organism development but also regulate disease pathogenesis. Very limited information exists on the potential role of RBPs in modulating kidney fibrosis, which is a major hallmark of chronic kidney disease. Here, we report a novel mechanism in kidney fibrosis involving a RBP, Musashi homologue 1 (Msi1), which is expressed in tubular epithelial cells. Using two mechanistically distinct mouse models of kidney fibrosis, we show that Msi1 protein levels are significantly down-regulated in the kidneys following fibrosis. We found that Msi1 functions by negatively regulating the translation of its target mRNAs, p21 and Numb, whose protein levels are markedly increased in kidney fibrosis. Also, Msi1 overexpression and knockdown in kidney epithelial cells cause p21- and Numb-mediated cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, we observed that Numb looses its characteristic membrane localization in fibrotic kidneys and therefore is likely unable to inhibit Notch resulting in tubular cell death. Oleic acid is a known inhibitor of Msi1 and injecting oleic acid followed by unilateral ureteral obstruction surgery in mice resulted in enhanced fibrosis compared with the control group, indicating that inhibiting Msi1 activity renders the mice more susceptible to fibrosis. Given that deregulated fatty acid metabolism plays a key role in kidney fibrosis, these results demonstrate a novel connection between fatty acid and Msi1, an RNA-binding protein, in kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas Jadhav
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Amrendra K Ajay
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Priyanka Trivedi
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jenifer Seematti
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Kathryn Pellegrini
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Florin Craciun
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Vishal S Vaidya
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,; Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
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127
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Vascular Remodelling and Mesenchymal Transition in Systemic Sclerosis. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:4636859. [PMID: 27069480 PMCID: PMC4812480 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4636859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis of the skin and of internal organs, autoimmunity, and vascular inflammation are hallmarks of Systemic Sclerosis (SSc). The injury and activation of endothelial cells, with hyperplasia of the intima and eventual obliteration of the vascular lumen, are early features of SSc. Reduced capillary blood flow coupled with deficient angiogenesis leads to chronic hypoxia and tissue ischemia, enforcing a positive feed-forward loop sustaining vascular remodelling, further exacerbated by extracellular matrix accumulation due to fibrosis. Despite numerous developments and a growing number of controlled clinical trials no treatment has been shown so far to alter SSc natural history, outlining the need of further investigation in the molecular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. We review some processes potentially involved in SSc vasculopathy, with attention to the possible effect of sustained vascular inflammation on the plasticity of vascular cells. Specifically we focus on mesenchymal transition, a key phenomenon in the cardiac and vascular development as well as in the remodelling of injured vessels. Recent work supports the role of transforming growth factor-beta, Wnt, and Notch signaling in these processes. Importantly, endothelial-mesenchymal transition may be reversible, possibly offering novel cues for treatment.
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128
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Rinella L, Marano F, Berta L, Bosco O, Fraccalvieri M, Fortunati N, Frairia R, Catalano MG. Extracorporeal shock waves modulate myofibroblast differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 24:275-86. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ornella Bosco
- Department of Medical Sciences; University of Turin; Italy
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129
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Yee A, Lam MPY, Tam V, Chan WCW, Chu IK, Cheah KSE, Cheung KMC, Chan D. Fibrotic-like changes in degenerate human intervertebral discs revealed by quantitative proteomic analysis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:503-13. [PMID: 26463451 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) can lead to symptomatic conditions including sciatica and back pain. The purpose of this study is to understand the extracellular matrix (ECM) changes in disc biology through comparative proteomic analysis of degenerated and non-degenerated human intervertebral disc (IVD) tissues of different ages. DESIGN Seven non-degenerated (11-46 years of age) and seven degenerated (16-53 years of age) annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) samples were used. Proteins were extracted using guanidine hydrochloride, separated from large proteoglycans (PGs) by caesium chloride (CsCl) density gradient ultracentrifugation, and identified using liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). For quantitative comparison, proteins were labeled with iTRAQ reagents. Collagen fibrils in the NP were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS In the AF, quantitative analysis revealed increased levels of HTRA1, COMP and CILP in degeneration when compared with samples from older individuals. Fibronectin showed increment with age and degeneration. In the NP, more CILP and CILP2 were present in degenerated samples of younger individuals. Reduced protein solubility was observed in degenerated and older non-degenerated samples correlated with an accumulation of type I collagen in the insoluble fibers. Characterization of collagen fibrils in the NP revealed smaller mean fibril diameters and decreased porosity in the degenerated samples. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified distinct matrix changes associated with aging and degeneration in the intervertebral discs (IVDs). The nature of the ECM changes, together with observed decreased in solubility and changes in fibril diameter is consistent with a fibrotic-like environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - M P Y Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - V Tam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - W C W Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - I K Chu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - K S E Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - K M C Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
| | - D Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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130
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Chen X, Wei SY, Li JS, Zhang QF, Wang YX, Zhao SL, Yu J, Wang C, Qin Y, Wei QJ, Lv GX, Li B. Overexpression of Heme Oxygenase-1 Prevents Renal Interstitial Inflammation and Fibrosis Induced by Unilateral Ureter Obstruction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147084. [PMID: 26765329 PMCID: PMC4713170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis plays an important role in the onset and progression of chronic kidney diseases. Many studies have demonstrated that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is involved in diverse biological processes as a cytoprotective molecule, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory effects. However, the mechanisms of HO-1 prevention in renal interstitial fibrosis remain unknown. In this study, HO-1 transgenic (TG) mice were employed to investigate the effect of HO-1 on renal fibrosis using a unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO) model and to explore the potential mechanisms. We found that HO-1 was adaptively upregulated in kidneys of both TG and wild type (WT) mice after UUO. The levels of HO-1 mRNA and protein were increased in TG mice compared with WT mice under normal conditions. HO-1 expression was further enhanced after UUO and remained high during the entire experimental process. Renal interstitial fibrosis in the TG group was significantly attenuated compared with that in the WT group after UUO. Moreover, overexpression of HO-1 inhibited the loss of peritubular capillaries. In addition, UUO-induced activation and proliferation of myofibroblasts were suppressed by HO-1 overexpression. Furthermore, HO-1 restrained tubulointerstitial infiltration of macrophages and regulated the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in UUO mice. We also found that high expression of HO-1 inhibited reactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which could play a crucial role in attenuating renal fibrosis. In conclusion, these data suggest that HO-1 prevents renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis possibly by regulating the inflammatory response and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. This study provides evidence that augmentation of HO-1 levels may be a therapeutic strategy against renal interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Nephrology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shi-Yao Wei
- Department of Nephrology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian-Si Li
- Department of Nephrology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qing-Fang Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu-Xiao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shi-Lei Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Qin
- Department of Nephrology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiu-Ju Wei
- Department of Nephrology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Gui-Xiang Lv
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (BL); (G-XL)
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Nephrology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (BL); (G-XL)
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131
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Role of Epithelial-Mesenchyme Transition in Chlamydia Pathogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145198. [PMID: 26681200 PMCID: PMC4683008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection in women causes serious adverse reproductive complications, and is a strong co-factor for human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated cervical epithelial carcinoma. We tested the hypothesis that Chlamydia induces epithelial-mesenchyme transition (EMT) involving T cell-derived TNF-alpha signaling, caspase activation, cleavage inactivation of dicer and dysregulation of micro-RNA (miRNA) in the reproductive epithelium; the pathologic process of EMT causes fibrosis and fertility-related epithelial dysfunction, and also provides the co-factor function for HPV-related cervical epithelial carcinoma. Using a combination of microarrays, immunohistochemistry and proteomics, we showed that chlamydia altered the expression of crucial miRNAs that control EMT, fibrosis and tumorigenesis; specifically, miR-15a, miR-29b, miR-382 and MiR-429 that maintain epithelial integrity were down-regulated, while miR-9, mi-R-19a, miR-22 and miR-205 that promote EMT, fibrosis and tumorigenesis were up-regulated. Chlamydia induced EMT in vitro and in vivo, marked by the suppression of normal epithelial cell markers especially E-cadherin but up-regulation of mesenchymal markers of pathological EMT, including T-cadherin, MMP9, and fibronectin. Also, Chlamydia upregulated pro-EMT regulators, including the zinc finger E-box binding homeobox protein, ZEB1, Snail1/2, and thrombospondin1 (Thbs1), but down-regulated anti-EMT and fertility promoting proteins (i.e., the major gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43), Mets1, Add1Scarb1 and MARCKSL1). T cell-derived TNF-alpha signaling was required for chlamydial-induced infertility and caspase inhibitors prevented both infertility and EMT. Thus, chlamydial-induced T cell-derived TNF-alpha activated caspases that inactivated dicer, causing alteration in the expression of reproductive epithelial miRNAs and induction of EMT. EMT causes epithelial malfunction, fibrosis, infertility, and the enhancement of tumorigenesis of HPV oncogene-transformed epithelial cells. These findings provide a novel understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of chlamydia-associated diseases, which may guide a rational prevention strategy.
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132
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Chang-Panesso M, Humphreys BD. CD248/Endosialin: A Novel Pericyte Target in Renal Fibrosis. Nephron Clin Pract 2015; 131:262-4. [PMID: 26673786 DOI: 10.1159/000440890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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133
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Mendoza FA, Mansoor M, Jimenez SA. Treatment of Rapidly Progressive Systemic Sclerosis: Current and Futures Perspectives. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2015; 4:31-47. [PMID: 27812432 PMCID: PMC5087809 DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2016.1114454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by severe and often progressive cutaneous, pulmonary, cardiac and gastrointestinal tract fibrosis, cellular and humoral immunologic alterations, and pronounced fibroproliferative vasculopathy. There is no effective SSc disease modifying therapy. Patients with rapidly progressive SSc have poor prognosis with frequent disability and very high mortality. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews currently available therapeutic approaches for rapidly progressive SSc and discuss novel drugs under study for SSc disease modification. EXPERT OPINION The extent, severity, and rate of progression of SSc skin and internal organ involvement determines the optimal therapeutic interventions for SSc. Cyclophosphamide for progressive SSc-associated interstitial lung disease and mycophenolate for rapidly progressive cutaneous involvement have shown effectiveness. Methotrexate has been used for less severe skin progression and for patients unable to tolerate mycophenolate. Rituximab was shown to induce improvement in SSc-cutaneous and lung involvement. Autologous bone marrow transplantation is reserved for selected cases in whom poor survival risk outweighs the high mortality rate of the procedure. Novel agents capable of modulating fibrotic and inflammatory pathways involved in SSc pathogenesis, including tocilizumab, pirfenidone, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, lipid lysophosphatidic acid 1, and NOX4 inhibitors are currently under development for the treatment of rapidly progressive SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A. Mendoza
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Scleroderma Center, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Maryah Mansoor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Sergio A. Jimenez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Scleroderma Center, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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134
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Intratracheal Cell Transfer Demonstrates the Profibrotic Potential of Resident Fibroblasts in Pulmonary Fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2939-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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135
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Peacock HM, Gilbert EAB, Vickaryous MK. Scar-free cutaneous wound healing in the leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius. J Anat 2015; 227:596-610. [PMID: 26360824 PMCID: PMC4609196 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous wounds heal with two possible outcomes: scarification or near-perfect integumentary restoration. Whereas scar formation has been intensively investigated, less is known about the tissue-level events characterising wounds that spontaneously heal scar-free, particularly in non-foetal amniotes. Here, a spatiotemporal investigation of scar-free cutaneous wound healing following full-thickness excisional biopsies to the tail and body of leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) is provided. All injuries healed without scarring. Cutaneous repair involves the development of a cell-rich aggregate within the wound bed, similar to scarring wounds. Unlike scar formation, scar-free healing involves a more rapid closure of the wound epithelium, and a delay in blood vessel development and collagen deposition within the wound bed. It was found that, while granulation tissue of scarring wounds is hypervascular, scar-free wound healing conspicuously does not involve a period of exuberant blood vessel formation. In addition, during scar-free wound healing the newly formed blood vessels are typically perivascular cell-supported. Immunohistochemistry revealed widespread expression of both the pro-angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor A and the anti-angiogenic factor thrombospondin-1 within the healing wound. It was found that scar-free wound healing is an intrinsic property of leopard gecko integument, and involves a modulation of the cutaneous scar repair program. This proportional revascularisation is an important factor in scar-free wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M Peacock
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Emily A B Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew K Vickaryous
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
- Correspondence, Matthew K. Vickaryous, Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1. T: 1-519-760-2374 x 53871; E:
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136
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Gao L, Tang H, He H, Liu J, Mao J, Ji H, Lin H, Wu T. Glycyrrhizic acid alleviates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:215. [PMID: 26483688 PMCID: PMC4589765 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive and lethal form of interstitial lung disease that lacks effective therapies at present. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a natural compound extracted from a traditional Chinese herbal medicine Glycyrrhiza glabra, was recently reported to benefit lung injury and liver fibrosis in animal models, yet whether GA has a therapeutic effect on pulmonary fibrosis is unknown. In this study, we investigated the potential therapeutic effect of GA on pulmonary fibrosis in a rat model with bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. The results indicated that GA treatment remarkably ameliorated BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis and attenuated BLM-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and activation of transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway in the lungs. Further, we demonstrated that GA treatment inhibited proliferation of 3T6 fibroblast cells, induced cell cycle arrest and promoted apoptosis in vitro, implying that GA-mediated suppression of fibroproliferation may contribute to the anti-fibrotic effect against BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis. In summary, our study suggests a therapeutic potential of GA in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian China
| | - Haiying Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian China
| | - Huanyu He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian China
| | - Jingwei Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian China
| | - Hong Ji
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian China
| | - Hongli Lin
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian China
| | - Taihua Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian China
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137
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Kramann R, Fleig SV, Schneider RK, Fabian SL, DiRocco DP, Maarouf O, Wongboonsin J, Ikeda Y, Heckl D, Chang SL, Rennke HG, Waikar SS, Humphreys BD. Pharmacological GLI2 inhibition prevents myofibroblast cell-cycle progression and reduces kidney fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2935-51. [PMID: 26193634 PMCID: PMC4563736 DOI: 10.1172/jci74929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis and proliferation of scar-secreting myofibroblasts, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. The hedgehog (Hh) pathway transcriptional effectors GLI1 and GLI2 are expressed in myofibroblast progenitors; however, the role of these effectors during fibrogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that GLI2, but not GLI1, drives myofibroblast cell-cycle progression in cultured mesenchymal stem cell-like progenitors. In animals exposed to unilateral ureteral obstruction, Hh pathway suppression by expression of the GLI3 repressor in GLI1+ myofibroblast progenitors limited kidney fibrosis. Myofibroblast-specific deletion of Gli2, but not Gli1, also limited kidney fibrosis, and induction of myofibroblast-specific cell-cycle arrest mediated this inhibition. Pharmacologic targeting of this pathway with darinaparsin, an arsenical in clinical trials, reduced fibrosis through reduction of GLI2 protein levels and subsequent cell-cycle arrest in myofibroblasts. GLI2 overexpression rescued the cell-cycle effect of darinaparsin in vitro. While darinaparsin ameliorated fibrosis in WT and Gli1-KO mice, it was not effective in conditional Gli2-KO mice, supporting GLI2 as a direct darinaparsin target. The GLI inhibitor GANT61 also reduced fibrosis in mice. Finally, GLI1 and GLI2 were upregulated in the kidneys of patients with high-grade fibrosis. Together, these data indicate that GLI inhibition has potential as a therapeutic strategy to limit myofibroblast proliferation in kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Kramann
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Susanne V. Fleig
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rebekka K. Schneider
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven L. Fabian
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Derek P. DiRocco
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Omar Maarouf
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janewit Wongboonsin
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yoichiro Ikeda
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dirk Heckl
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Helmut G. Rennke
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sushrut S. Waikar
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Humphreys
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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138
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Barret M, Beye B, Leblanc S, Beuvon F, Chaussade S, Batteux F, Prat F. Systematic review: the prevention of oesophageal stricture after endoscopic resection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 42:20-39. [PMID: 25982288 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive endoscopic resections for the treatment of early oesophageal neoplasia can result in fibro-inflammatory strictures that require repeated interventions, which significantly alter the patients' quality of life. AIMS To review current evidence about the prevention of oesophageal strictures following endoscopic resections. METHODS Systematic search of PubMed and Embase from inception to March 2015 using appropriate keywords. All original publications in English were included, and articles on the treatment of oesophageal stricture were excluded. RESULTS Of the 461 hits, 62 studies were included in the analysis. Among the wound-protective strategies, polyglycolic acid sheets showed the most convincing evidence with a 37.5% stricture rate and excellent safety. Regenerative medicine, using cell sheets of autologous keratinocytes, resulted in a 25% stricture rate, although with cost and availability concerns. Among anti-proliferative treatment modalities, steroid treatment, either endoscopically injected triamcinolone in the resection wound or orally administered prednisolone, proved effective with an overall stricture rate of 13.5%, with safety concerns regarding late oesophageal perforations and infectious morbidity. Among mechanical treatment options, poorly effective and high-risk preventive balloon dilation tend to be replaced by prophylactic covered stent, with 18-28% stricture rates. CONCLUSIONS Although oral or locally injected steroids are promising options, no currently available technique is sufficiently efficient and devoid of significant safety concerns to recommend its routine use for the prevention of strictures after extensive endoscopic resection. Improving our knowledge in the mechanisms of oesophageal wound healing will guide the development of novel methods for stricture prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barret
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,UI 1016, Faculté Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - B Beye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,UI 1016, Faculté Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - S Leblanc
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - F Beuvon
- Department of Pathology, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - S Chaussade
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - F Batteux
- UI 1016, Faculté Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Department of Immunology, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - F Prat
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,UI 1016, Faculté Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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139
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Luzina IG, Todd NW, Sundararajan S, Atamas SP. The cytokines of pulmonary fibrosis: Much learned, much more to learn. Cytokine 2015; 74:88-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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140
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Goc A, Sabbineni H, Abdalla M, Somanath PR. p70 S6-kinase mediates the cooperation between Akt1 and Mek1 pathways in fibroblast-mediated extracellular matrix remodeling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1853:1626-35. [PMID: 25843685 PMCID: PMC4428983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated both synergistic and opposing effects of Akt and Mek1/2 in various cell functions and disease states. Furthermore, Akt has been reported to inhibit and activate cRaf/Mek pathway, suggesting that their mutual interaction and cooperation may be cell type, stimuli and/or context specific. While PI3-kinase/Akt and cRaf/Mek pathways have been implicated in the regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, mutual interactions between these two pathways and their specific contributions to the events leading to ECM synthesis and assembly is not clear. We investigated the specific role of Akt1 and Mek1 in ECM synthesis and assembly by NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and how these effects were reconciled to mediate overall ECM remodeling. Our study identified that cooperation between Akt1 and Mek1 is necessary to mediate ECM synthesis. Whereas Akt1 activation resulted in Mek1 activation as evidenced by increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation, Mek1 inhibition using U0126 or DN-Mek1 resulted in enhanced Akt1 phosphorylation. Interestingly, both Akt1 and Mek1 activities were needed for the synthesis and assembly of ECM. The effect of Akt1 and Mek1 on ECM synthesis was reconciled through the activation of p70 S6-kinase via phosphorylation at T421/S424 and S411, respectively. Furthermore, Akt1 and Mek1 cooperated in mediating ECM assembly via activation of integrin β1. Together, we show for the first time that Akt1 and Mek1 pathways cooperate in the regulation of ECM remodeling by the fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Goc
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Harika Sabbineni
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Maha Abdalla
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Payaningal R Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Medicine and Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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141
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Singh SP, Tao S, Fields TA, Webb S, Harris RC, Rao R. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition attenuates fibroblast activation and development of fibrosis following renal ischemia-reperfusion in mice. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:931-40. [PMID: 26092126 PMCID: PMC4527294 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that plays an important role in renal tubular injury and regeneration in acute kidney injury. However, its role in the development of renal fibrosis, often a long-term consequence of acute kidney injury, is unknown. Using a mouse model of renal fibrosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury, we demonstrate increased GSK3β expression and activity in fibrotic kidneys, and its presence in myofibroblasts in addition to tubular epithelial cells. Pharmacological inhibition of GSK3 using TDZD-8 starting before or after ischemia-reperfusion significantly suppressed renal fibrosis by reducing the myofibroblast population, collagen-1 and fibronectin deposition, inflammatory cytokines, and macrophage infiltration. GSK3 inhibition in vivo reduced TGF-β1, SMAD3 activation and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels. Consistently in vitro, TGF-β1 treatment increased GSK3β expression and GSK3 inhibition abolished TGF-β1-induced SMAD3 activation and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression in cultured renal fibroblasts. Importantly, overexpression of constitutively active GSK3β stimulated α-SMA expression even in the absence of TGF-β1 treatment. These results suggest that TGF-β regulates GSK3β, which in turn is important for TGF-β–SMAD3 signaling and fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation. Overall, these studies demonstrate that GSK3 could promote renal fibrosis by activation of TGF-β signaling and the use of GSK3 inhibitors might represent a novel therapeutic approach for progressive renal fibrosis that develops as a consequence of acute kidney injury. Summary: GSK3 promotes renal fibrosis by activation of TGF-β signaling, and the use of GSK3 inhibitors might represent a novel therapeutic approach for progressive renal fibrosis that develops as a consequence of acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra P Singh
- The Kidney Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160-3018, USA
| | - Shixin Tao
- The Kidney Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160-3018, USA
| | - Timothy A Fields
- The Kidney Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160-3018, USA
| | - Sydney Webb
- The Kidney Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160-3018, USA
| | - Raymond C Harris
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Reena Rao
- The Kidney Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160-3018, USA
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142
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Nilotinib reduces muscle fibrosis in chronic muscle injury by promoting TNF-mediated apoptosis of fibro/adipogenic progenitors. Nat Med 2015; 21:786-94. [PMID: 26053624 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Depending on the inflammatory milieu, injury can result either in a tissue's complete regeneration or in its degeneration and fibrosis, the latter of which could potentially lead to permanent organ failure. Yet how inflammatory cells regulate matrix-producing cells involved in the reparative process is unknown. Here we show that in acutely damaged skeletal muscle, sequential interactions between multipotent mesenchymal progenitors and infiltrating inflammatory cells determine the outcome of the reparative process. We found that infiltrating inflammatory macrophages, through their expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), directly induce apoptosis of fibro/adipogenic progenitors (FAPs). In states of chronic damage, however, such as those in mdx mice, macrophages express high levels of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), which prevents the apoptosis of FAPs and induces their differentiation into matrix-producing cells. Treatment with nilotinib, a kinase inhibitor with proposed anti-fibrotic activity, can block the effect of TGF-β1 and reduce muscle fibrosis in mdx mice. Our findings reveal an unexpected anti-fibrotic role of TNF and suggest that disruption of the precisely timed progression from a TNF-rich to a TGF-β-rich environment favors fibrotic degeneration of the muscle during chronic injury.
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Hydrogen Sulfide Donor GYY4137 Protects against Myocardial Fibrosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:691070. [PMID: 26078813 PMCID: PMC4442292 DOI: 10.1155/2015/691070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gasotransmitter which regulates multiple cardiovascular functions. However, the precise roles of H2S in modulating myocardial fibrosis in vivo and cardiac fibroblast proliferation in vitro remain unclear. We investigated the effect of GYY4137, a slow-releasing H2S donor, on myocardial fibrosis. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were administrated with GYY4137 by intraperitoneal injection daily for 4 weeks. GYY4137 decreased systolic blood pressure and inhibited myocardial fibrosis in SHR as evidenced by improved cardiac collagen volume fraction (CVF) in the left ventricle (LV), ratio of perivascular collagen area (PVCA) to lumen area (LA) in perivascular regions, reduced hydroxyproline concentration, collagen I and III mRNA expression, and cross-linked collagen. GYY4137 also inhibited angiotensin II- (Ang II-) induced neonatal rat cardiac fibroblast proliferation, reduced the number of fibroblasts in S phase, decreased collagen I and III mRNA expression and protein synthesis, attenuated oxidative stress, and suppressed α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression as well as Smad2 phosphorylation. These results indicate that GYY4137 improves myocardial fibrosis perhaps by a mechanism involving inhibition of oxidative stress, blockade of the TGF-β1/Smad2 signaling pathway, and decrease in α-SMA expression in cardiac fibroblasts.
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144
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Kim KR, Sung CO, Kwon TJ, Lee J, Robboy SJ. Defective pericyte recruitment of villous stromal vessels as the possible etiologic cause of hydropic change in complete hydatidiform mole. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122266. [PMID: 25849742 PMCID: PMC4388658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenetic mechanism underlying the hydropic change in complete hydatidiform moles (CHMs) is poorly understood. A growing body of data suggests that pericytes play a role in vascular maturation. Since maturation of villous stromal vessels in CHMs is markedly impaired at early stages, we postulated that a defect in pericytes around stromal vessels in chorionic villi might cause vascular immaturity and subsequent hydropic change. To investigate this, we examined several markers of pericytes, namely, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β), and desmin, in 61 normally developing placentas and 41 CHMs with gestational ages of 4-12 weeks. The ultrastructure of villous stromal vessels was also examined. Mature blood vessels from normal placentas show patent vascular lumens and formed hematopoietic components in the villous stroma. α-SMA and PDGFR-β expression in the villous stroma gradually increased and extended from the chorionic plate to peripheral villous branches. The labeled cells formed a reticular network in the villous stroma and, after week 7, encircled villous stromal vessels. In comparison, α-SMA and PDGFR-β expression in the villous stroma and stromal vessels of CHMs was significantly lower (p<0.05). Ultrastructurally, endothelial cells in villous stromal vessels in normal placentas were consistently attached by pericytes after week 7 when the vessels formed distinct lumen, whereas the villous stromal vessels in CHMs consisted of linear chains of endothelial cells, often disclosing primitive clefts without hematopoietic cells inside, and neither pericytes nor basal lamina surrounded the endothelial cells at any gestational age studied. This suggests that pericytes recruitment around villous stromal vessels is defective in CHMs and links to the persistent vascular immaturity of the villous stroma in CHMs, which in turns leads to hydropic villi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Rae Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Chang Ohk Sung
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Jeong Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Myong-JI General Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeongi-do, Korea
| | - JungBok Lee
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Stanley J. Robboy
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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145
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Abstract
Type I collagen is a fibrillar protein, a member of a large family of collagen proteins. It is present in most body tissues, usually in combination with other collagens and other components of extracellular matrix. Its synthesis is increased in various pathological situations, in healing wounds, in fibrotic tissues and in many tumors. After extraction from collagen-rich tissues it is widely used in studies of cell behavior, especially those of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Cells cultured in a classical way, on planar plastic dishes, lack the third dimension that is characteristic of body tissues. Collagen I forms gel at neutral pH and may become a basis of a 3D matrix that better mimics conditions in tissue than plastic dishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kanta
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry; Medical Faculty in Hradec Králové; Charles University ; Prague , Czech Republic
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146
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Abstract
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) encompasses a large and diverse group of pathological conditions that share similar clinical, radiological and pathological manifestations, despite potentially having quite different aetiologies and comorbidities. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) represents probably the most aggressive form of ILD and systemic sclerosis is a multiorgan fibrotic disease frequently associated with ILD. Although the aetiology of these disorders remains unknown, in this review we analyse the pathogenic mechanisms by cell of interest (fibroblast, fibrocyte, myofibroblast, endothelial and alveolar epithelial cells and immune competent cells). New insights into the complex cellular contributions and interactions will be provided, comparing the role of cell subsets in the pathogenesis of IPF and systemic sclerosis. Distinct cell populations contribute to the complex pathogenesis of IPF and systemic sclerosis-associated ILDhttp://ow.ly/AjFaz
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147
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Formigli L, Paternostro F, Tani A, Mirabella C, Quattrini Li A, Nosi D, D'Asta F, Saccardi R, Mazzanti B, Lo Russo G, Zecchi-Orlandini S. MSCs seeded on bioengineered scaffolds improve skin wound healing in rats. Wound Repair Regen 2015; 23:115-23. [PMID: 25571903 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence has shown the promise of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for the treatment of cutaneous wound healing. We have previously demonstrated that MSCs seeded on an artificial dermal matrix, Integra (Integra Lifesciences Corp., Plainsboro, NJ) enriched with platelet-rich plasma (Ematrix) have enhanced proliferative potential in vitro as compared with those cultured on the scaffold alone. In this study, we extended the experimentation by evaluating the efficacy of the MSCs seeded scaffolds in the healing of skin wounds in an animal model in vivo. It was found that the presence of MSCs within the scaffolds greatly ameliorated the quality of regenerated skin, reduced collagen deposition, enhanced reepithelization, increased neo-angiogenesis, and promoted a greater return of hair follicles and sebaceous glands. The mechanisms involved in these beneficial effects were likely related to the ability of MSCs to release paracrine factors modulating the wound healing response. MSC-seeded scaffolds, in fact, up-regulated matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression in the extracellular matrix and enhanced the recruitment of endogenous progenitors during tissue repair. In conclusion, the results of this study provide evidence that the treatment with MSC-seeded scaffolds of cutaneous wounds contributes to the recreation of a suitable microenvironment for promoting tissue repair/regeneration at the implantation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Formigli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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148
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Ferulic acid suppresses activation of hepatic stellate cells through ERK1/2 and Smad signaling pathways in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 93:49-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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149
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Yang SS, Tan JL, Liu DS, Loreni F, Peng X, Yang QQ, He WF, Yao ZH, Zhang XR, Dal Prà I, Luo GX, Wu J. eIF6 modulates myofibroblast differentiation at TGF-β1 transcription level via H2A.Z occupancy and Sp1 recruitment. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3977-89. [PMID: 26395397 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.174870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic initiation factor 6 (eIF6) is a pivotal regulator of ribosomal function, participating in translational control. Previously our data suggest that eIF6 acts as a key binding protein of P311 (a hypertrophic scar-related protein). However, a comprehensive investigation of its functional role and the underlying mechanisms in modulation myofibroblast (a key effector of hypertrophic scar formation) differentiation remains unclear. Here, we identified that eIF6 is a novel regulator of the TGF-β1 expression at transcription level, which has a key role in myofibroblast differentiation. Mechanistically, this effect is associated with eIF6 altering the occupancy of the TGF-β1 promoter by H2A.Z and Sp1. Accordingly, modulation of eIF6 expression in myofibroblasts significantly affects their differentiation via the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway, which was verified in vivo by the observation that heterozygote eIF6+/− mice exhibited enhanced TGF-β1 production coupled with increased α-SMA+ myofibroblasts after skin injury. Overall, our data reveal that a novel transcriptional regulatory mechanism of eIF6 that acts on facilitating Sp1 recruitment to TGF-β1 promoter via H2A.Z depletion and thus results in increased TGF-β1 transcription, which contributes to myofibroblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-si Yang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jiang-lin Tan
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Dai-song Liu
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Fabrizio Loreni
- Department of Biology, University ‘Tor Vergata’, Via Ricerca Scientifica, Roma 00133, Italy
| | - Xu Peng
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qing-qing Yang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wei-feng He
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhi-hui Yao
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiao-rong Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ilaria Dal Prà
- Histology and Embryology Section, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Venetia, Italy
| | - Gao-xing Luo
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing 400038, China
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150
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Kramann R, Schneider RK, DiRocco DP, Machado F, Fleig S, Bondzie PA, Henderson JM, Ebert BL, Humphreys BD. Perivascular Gli1+ progenitors are key contributors to injury-induced organ fibrosis. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 16:51-66. [PMID: 25465115 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 658] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) reside in the perivascular niche of many organs, including kidney, lung, liver, and heart, although their roles in these tissues are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Gli1 marks perivascular MSC-like cells that substantially contribute to organ fibrosis. In vitro, Gli1(+) cells express typical MSC markers, exhibit trilineage differentiation capacity, and possess colony-forming activity, despite constituting a small fraction of the platelet-derived growth factor-β (PDGFRβ)(+) cell population. Genetic lineage tracing analysis demonstrates that tissue-resident, but not circulating, Gli1(+) cells proliferate after kidney, lung, liver, or heart injury to generate myofibroblasts. Genetic ablation of these cells substantially ameliorates kidney and heart fibrosis and preserves ejection fraction in a model of induced heart failure. These findings implicate perivascular Gli1(+) MSC-like cells as a major cellular origin of organ fibrosis and demonstrate that these cells may be a relevant therapeutic target to prevent solid organ dysfunction after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Kramann
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology and Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Rebekka K Schneider
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Derek P DiRocco
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Flavia Machado
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Susanne Fleig
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip A Bondzie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Joel M Henderson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Benjamin L Ebert
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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