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102
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An efficient green synthesis of proline-based cyclic dipeptides under water-mediated catalyst-free conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.12.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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103
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Manning MC, Chou DK, Murphy BM, Payne RW, Katayama DS. Stability of protein pharmaceuticals: an update. Pharm Res 2010; 27:544-75. [PMID: 20143256 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-0045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 751] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In 1989, Manning, Patel, and Borchardt wrote a review of protein stability (Manning et al., Pharm. Res. 6:903-918, 1989), which has been widely referenced ever since. At the time, recombinant protein therapy was still in its infancy. This review summarizes the advances that have been made since then regarding protein stabilization and formulation. In addition to a discussion of the current understanding of chemical and physical instability, sections are included on stabilization in aqueous solution and the dried state, the use of chemical modification and mutagenesis to improve stability, and the interrelationship between chemical and physical instability.
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104
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Campbell J, Blackwell HE. Efficient construction of diketopiperazine macroarrays through a cyclative-cleavage strategy and their evaluation as luminescence inhibitors in the bacterial symbiont Vibrio fischeri. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 11:1094-9. [PMID: 19831384 DOI: 10.1021/cc900115x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diketopiperazines (DKPs) are a well-known class of heterocycles that have emerged as promising biologically active scaffolds. Solid-phase organic synthesis has become an important tool in the combinatorial exploration of these privileged structures, expediting the synthesis and, often, the discovery of active compounds. We recently identified several DKPs that are capable of inhibiting the luminescence response of the bacterial symbiont Vibrio fischeri, and we sought to further test the scope of this biological activity. Herein, we report the synthesis of DKP macroarrays using a SPOT-synthesis approach based on an Ugi/DeBoc/Cyclize strategy. Neither a spacer nor a linker was required for macroarray construction on cellulose support, and the cyclative cleavage produced high purity DKPs in good yields. Using this protocol, we prepared a library of 400 DKPs on cellulose support and evaluated its members as luminescence inhibitors in V. fischeri. We found six DKPs capable of inhibiting luminescence by at least 80% at 500 muM. Collectively, this work serves to further highlight the utility of the small molecule macroarray platform for the synthesis and evaluation of focused libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, USA
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105
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Rhoden CRB, Rivera DG, Kreye O, Bauer AK, Westermann B, Wessjohann LA. Rapid Access to N-Substituted Diketopiperazines by One-Pot Ugi-4CR/Deprotection+Activation/Cyclization (UDAC). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:1078-82. [DOI: 10.1021/cc900106u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano R. B. Rhoden
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany, and Institute of Chemistry, University of Halle, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Daniel G. Rivera
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany, and Institute of Chemistry, University of Halle, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Oliver Kreye
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany, and Institute of Chemistry, University of Halle, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anne K. Bauer
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany, and Institute of Chemistry, University of Halle, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bernhard Westermann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany, and Institute of Chemistry, University of Halle, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ludger A. Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany, and Institute of Chemistry, University of Halle, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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106
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Efficient microwave assisted syntheses of 2,5-diketopiperazines in aqueous media. Molecules 2009; 14:2836-49. [PMID: 19701127 PMCID: PMC6254787 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14082836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqueous in situ one-pot N-Boc-deprotection-cyclization of Nα-Boc-dipeptidyl-tert-butyl and methyl esters under microwave irradiation afforded 2,5-diketopiperazines (DKPs) in excellent yields. This protocol is rapid, safe, environmentally friendly, and highly efficient, and showed that the tert-butoxy moiety is also an excellent leaving group for these cyclizations.
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107
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Boas
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bulowsvej 27, DK-1790 Copenhagen, Denmark
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108
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Campo VL, Martins MB, da Silva CH, Carvalho I. Novel and facile solution-phase synthesis of 2,5-diketopiperazines and O-glycosylated analogs. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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109
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Farran D, Echalier D, Martinez J, Dewynter G. Regioselective and sequential reactivity of activated 2,5-diketopiperazines. J Pept Sci 2009; 15:474-8. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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110
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Goren L, Pappo D, Goldberg I, Kashman Y. Acyclic and cyclic thioenamino peptides: solution- and solid-phase synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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111
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Scott WL, Alsina J, Audu CO, Babaev E, Cook L, Dage JL, Goodwin LA, Martynow JG, Matosiuk D, Royo M, Smith JG, Strong AT, Wickizer K, Woerly EM, Zhou Z, O'Donnell MJ. Distributed Drug Discovery, Part 2: global rehearsal of alkylating agents for the synthesis of resin-bound unnatural amino acids and virtual D(3) catalog construction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:14-33. [PMID: 19105725 PMCID: PMC2651687 DOI: 10.1021/cc800184v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
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Distributed Drug Discovery (D3) proposes solving large drug discovery problems by breaking them into smaller units for processing at multiple sites. A key component of the synthetic and computational stages of D3 is the global rehearsal of prospective reagents and their subsequent use in the creation of virtual catalogs of molecules accessible by simple, inexpensive combinatorial chemistry. The first section of this article documents the feasibility of the synthetic component of Distributed Drug Discovery. Twenty-four alkylating agents were rehearsed in the United States, Poland, Russia, and Spain, for their utility in the synthesis of resin-bound unnatural amino acids 1, key intermediates in many combinatorial chemistry procedures. This global reagent rehearsal, coupled to virtual library generation, increases the likelihood that any member of that virtual library can be made. It facilitates the realistic integration of worldwide virtual D3 catalog computational analysis with synthesis. The second part of this article describes the creation of the first virtual D3 catalog. It reports the enumeration of 24 416 acylated unnatural amino acids 5, assembled from lists of either rehearsed or well-precedented alkylating and acylating reagents, and describes how the resulting catalog can be freely accessed, searched, and downloaded by the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Scott
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-3274, USA.
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112
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Gellerman G, Hazan E, Kovaliov M, Albeck A, Shatzmiler S. Synthesis of orthogonally protected optically pure ketopiperazine, diketopiperazine, ketodiazepane, and 3-aminopyrrolidone building blocks for peptidomimetic combinatorial chemistry. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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113
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Kong XJ, Zhuang GL, Ren YP, Long LS, Huang RB, Zheng LS. In situ cyclodehydration of iminodiacetic acid into 2,5-diketopiperazine-1,4-diacetate in lanthanide-based coordination polymers. Dalton Trans 2009:1707-9. [PMID: 19240902 DOI: 10.1039/b819792j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Jian Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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114
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Scott WL, O'Donnell MJ. Distributed Drug Discovery, Part 1: linking academia and combinatorial chemistry to find drug leads for developing world diseases. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2009; 11:3-13. [PMID: 19105724 PMCID: PMC2651689 DOI: 10.1021/cc800183m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William L Scott
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-3274, USA.
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115
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Deveau AM, Costa NE, Joshi EM, Macdonald TL. Synthesis of diketopiperazine-based carboline homodimers and in vitro growth inhibition of human carcinomas. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3522-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 05/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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116
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Garcia-Martin F, Cruz LJ, Rodriguez-Mias RA, Giralt E, Albericio F. Design and Synthesis of FAJANU: a de Novo C2 Symmetric Cyclopeptide Family. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3194-202. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800047b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fayna Garcia-Martin
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis J. Cruz
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard A. Rodriguez-Mias
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ernest Giralt
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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117
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Facile Synthesis of Orthogonally Protected Optically Pure Keto- and Diketopiperazine Building Blocks for Combinatorial Chemistry. Int J Pept Res Ther 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-008-9129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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118
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Hirano S, Ichikawa S, Matsuda A. Design and synthesis of diketopiperazine and acyclic analogs related to the caprazamycins and liposidomycins as potential antibacterial agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:428-36. [PMID: 17904373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A systematic simplification methodology of a class of 6'-N-alkyl-5'-O-aminoribosyl-glycyluridine antibiotics was shown to produce potential antibacterial agents having a novel mechanism of action. Diketopiperazines and acyclic analogs of the caprazamycins (CPZs) and liposidomycins (LPMs) were efficiently synthesized, and their antibacterial activity was evaluated. The diketopiperazine analog 11a and the acyclic analogs 12a and 16a having a palmitoyl group as a lipophilic side chain exhibited moderate antibacterial activities with MICs of 12.5-50 microg/mL. This approach could provide ready access to a range of analogs for the development of potential antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinpei Hirano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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119
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Ichikawa S. Fine Synthetic Nucleoside Chemistry Based on Nucleoside Natural Products Synthesis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2008; 56:1059-72. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.56.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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120
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Ressurreição ASM, Bordessa A, Civera M, Belvisi L, Gennari C, Piarulli U. Synthesis and Conformational Studies of Peptidomimetics Containing a New Bifunctional Diketopiperazine Scaffold Acting as a β-Hairpin Inducer. J Org Chem 2007; 73:652-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jo702072z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia M. Ressurreição
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany, and Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale and Centro di Eccellenza C.I.S.I., Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Bordessa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany, and Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale and Centro di Eccellenza C.I.S.I., Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Civera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany, and Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale and Centro di Eccellenza C.I.S.I., Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany, and Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale and Centro di Eccellenza C.I.S.I., Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany, and Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale and Centro di Eccellenza C.I.S.I., Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany, and Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale and Centro di Eccellenza C.I.S.I., Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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121
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O'Neill J, Blackwell HE. Solid-phase and microwave-assisted syntheses of 2,5-diketopiperazines: small molecules with great potential. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2007; 10:857-76. [PMID: 18288948 PMCID: PMC2585775 DOI: 10.2174/138620707783220365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diketopiperazines (DKPs) are a well-known class of heterocycles that have recently emerged as a promising biologically active scaffold. Solid-phase organic synthesis has become an important tool in the combinatorial exploration of these privileged structures, expediting the synthesis and, therefore, the discovery of active compounds. To date, certain DKPs have shown potent activities against a range of diseases and biological phenomena, including bacterial infections, various cancers, asthma, infertility, premature labor, and HIV. Recent applications of solid-phase DKP synthesis, with a particular focus on cyclative cleavage and microwave-assisted reactions, are highlighted herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.C. O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - H. E. Blackwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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122
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Transannular Rearrangement of Activated Lactams: Stereoselective Synthesis of Substituted Pyrrolidine-2,4-diones from Diketopiperazines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200702132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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123
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124
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Farran D, Parrot I, Martinez J, Dewynter G. Transannular Rearrangement of Activated Lactams: Stereoselective Synthesis of Substituted Pyrrolidine-2,4-diones from Diketopiperazines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:7488-90. [PMID: 17722139 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200702132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Farran
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Université Montpellier, 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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125
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Abstract
We have developed second-generation monomers 1 and 2 and improved conditions for rapidly and simultaneously closing multiple diketopiperazines on solid support. These new conditions involve either the microwave heating of a suspension of solid-supported amino-tetrafluoropropyl esters in acetic acid/triethylamine catalyst solution or continuous flow of catalyst solution through the resin, heated in a flow cell apparatus. We demonstrate that the new monomers 1 and 2 can be combined with the new conditions easily to synthesize previously inaccessible hetero and homo spiro ladder oligomers 3 and 4 and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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126
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Dixon MJ, Bourré L, MacRobert AJ, Eggleston IM. Novel prodrug approach to photodynamic therapy: Fmoc solid-phase synthesis of a cell permeable peptide incorporating 5-aminolaevulinic acid. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4518-22. [PMID: 17587577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The first example of the synthesis of a peptide incorporating 5-aminolaevulinic acid (5-ALA) using standard Fmoc solid-phase chemistry is reported. The synthesised peptide contains residues 52-58 of the cell-permeable peptide Penetratin and represents a prototype for the enhanced topical delivery of 5-ALA using such oligopeptide vectors. Effective intracellular conversion of the peptide to the endogenous photosensitiser, protoporphyrin IX, is observed in PAM212 cells, thus demonstrating the potential of this approach for the development of novel peptide prodrugs for use in photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Dixon
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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127
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Zhang SS, Wen YH, Tang XF, Li XM. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of 1,4-Di(2-methoxyphenyl)-2,5-piperazinedione. CHINESE J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200790134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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128
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Studies on the reduction and reductive alkylation of amino acid-derived spirocyclic 2,6-dioxopiperazines. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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129
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Tullberg M, Luthman K, Grøtli M. Microwave-assisted solid-phase synthesis of 2,5-diketopiperazines: solvent and resin dependence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 8:915-22. [PMID: 17096581 DOI: 10.1021/cc0600876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase synthesis of diketopiperazines (DKPs) was preformed using various combinations of resins (polystyrene, TentaGel, ArgoGel, and PEGA) and solvents (toluene, tert-butyl alcohol, water, and toluene/2-butanol (1:4, v/v). The DKPs were synthesized from solid-phase bound dipeptides via intramolecular aminolysis. Both thermal and microwave-assisted solid-phase synthesis of DKPs gave high yields of products independently of resin and organic solvent used; however, only the PEGA resin resulted in high yields of DKPs in water independent of heating method. The short reaction times, high yields, and the possibility to run reactions in water when an appropriate resin is used makes the microwave-assisted solid-phase synthesis the method of choice. The method should be suitable for solid-phase synthesis of diketopiperazine-based libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Tullberg
- Department of Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, Göteborg University, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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130
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Lena G, Lallemand E, Gruner AC, Boeglin J, Roussel S, Schaffner AP, Aubry A, Franetich JF, Mazier D, Landau I, Briand JP, Didierjean C, Rénia L, Guichard G. 1,3,5-Triazepan-2,6-diones as Structurally Diverse and Conformationally Constrained Dipeptide Mimetics: Identification of Malaria Liver Stage Inhibitors from a Small Pilot Library. Chemistry 2006; 12:8498-512. [PMID: 16927352 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of the 1,3,5-triazepane-2,6-dione system as a novel, conformationally restricted, and readily accessible class of dipeptidomimetics is reported. The synthesis of the densely functionalized 1,3,5-triazepane-2,6-dione skeleton was achieved in only four steps from a variety of simple linear dipeptide precursors. To extend the practical value of 1,3,5-triazepane-2,6-diones, a general polymer-assisted solution-phase synthesis approach amenable to library production in a multiparallel format was developed. The conformational preferences of the 1,3,5-triazepane-2,6-dione skeleton were investigated in detail by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The ring exhibits a characteristic folded conformation which was compared to that of related dipeptide-derived scaffolds including the more planar 2,5-diketopiperazine (DKP). Molecular and structural diversity was increased further through post-cyclization appending operations at urea nitrogens. Preliminary biological screens of a small collection of 1,3,5-triazepane-2,6-diones revealed inhibitors of the underexplored malaria liver stage and suggest strong potential for this dipeptide-derived scaffold to interfere with and to modulate biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gersande Lena
- Immunologie et Chimie Thérapeutiques (ICT), UPR CNRS 9021, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 15 rue Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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131
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Spengler J, Böttcher C, Albericio F, Burger K. Hexafluoroacetone as Protecting and Activating Reagent: New Routes to Amino, Hydroxy, and Mercapto Acids and Their Application for Peptide and Glyco- and Depsipeptide Modification. Chem Rev 2006; 106:4728-46. [PMID: 17091933 DOI: 10.1021/cr0509962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Spengler
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 1-5, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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132
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Cain JP, Mayorov AV, Cai M, Wang H, Tan B, Chandler K, Lee Y, Petrov RR, Trivedi D, Hruby VJ. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new class of small molecule peptide mimetics targeting the melanocortin receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5462-7. [PMID: 16931008 PMCID: PMC1810397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new bicyclic template has been developed for the synthesis of peptide mimetics. Straightforward synthetic steps, starting from amino acids, allow the facile construction of a wide range of analogs. This system was designed to target the melanocortin receptors (MCRs), with functional group selection based on a known pharmacophore and guidance from molecular modeling to rationally identify positional and stereochemical isomers likely to be active. The functions of hMCRs are critical to myriad biological activities, including pigmentation, steroidogenesis, energy homeostasis, erectile activity, and inflammation. These G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are targets for drug discovery in a number of areas, including cancer, pain, and obesity therapeutics. All compounds from this series tested to date are antagonists which bind with high affinity. Importantly, many are highly selective for a particular MCR subtype, including some of the first completely hMC5R-selective antagonists reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Cain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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133
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Brackmann F, Colombo N, Cabrele C, de Meijere A. An Improved Synthesis of 3,4-(Aminomethano)proline and Its Incorporation into Small Oligopeptides. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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134
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Habashita H, Kokubo M, Hamano SI, Hamanaka N, Toda M, Shibayama S, Tada H, Sagawa K, Fukushima D, Maeda K, Mitsuya H. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of the combinatorial library with a new spirodiketopiperazine scaffold. Discovery of novel potent and selective low-molecular-weight CCR5 antagonists. J Med Chem 2006; 49:4140-52. [PMID: 16821774 DOI: 10.1021/jm060051s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the discovery of several spirodiketopiperazine derivatives as potent CCR5 antagonists with anti-HIV activity. Herein, we describe in detail the identification of these lead compounds using a combinatorial chemistry approach. A novel spirodiketopiperazine scaffold was designed on the basis of the concept of the privileged structure of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This new framework was obtained in acceptable yield with high purity from the readily prepared isonitrile resin through the Ugi reaction, sequential transformations, and cyclative cleavage. By measuring the inhibitory activity of each compound in the initial library against the intracellular calcium mobilization stimulated by MIP-1alpha, several compounds were found to show modest but selective CCR5 antagonistic activity. After the rapid evaluation of these hit compounds, several single-digit nanomolar, low-molecular-weight CCR5 antagonists that can potently block the infectivity and replication of laboratory and clinical strains of HIV as well as those of highly drug-resistant HIV variants with minimal cytotoxicity have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Habashita
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka 618-8585, Japan.
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135
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136
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] Following the discovery of callynormine A, a marine metabolite of a new class, the cyclic endiamino peptides, and the synthesis of compounds of this group, we have now prepared an analogue group of compounds, i.e., cyclic thioenamine peptides. The latter peptides contain the alpha-amino-beta-thioacrylamide functionality, a potential new type of beta-turn mimic. The superiority of the SH group over the NH(2) group in the reaction with enol-tosylates was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Pappo
- School of Chemistry, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
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137
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Mihala N, Csámpai A, Ilas J, Kikelj D, Kiss R, Süli-Vargha H. The synthesis of alternative diketopiperazines as potential RGD mimetics. J Pept Sci 2006; 12:663-9. [PMID: 16835887 DOI: 10.1002/psc.776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alternative RGD mimetics-with the exception of glycine-c(Arg-Asp) 1, c(Arg-Glu) 2 and c[Arg-Asp(Phe-OH)] 3 were synthesized. The DKPs were prepared on solid phase with orthogonal protection allowing further derivatization in solution. During solution phase cyclization in NH(3)/methanol, the side chain benzyl ester group of H-Arg(Tos)-Asp(OBzl)-OMe and H-Arg(Tos)-Glu(OBzl)-OMe suffer transesterification, while beta-t-butyl or beta-cyclohexyl esters are stable under the same conditions. In spite of the simple structure, all compounds bind selectively to the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin receptor, 3 showing the highest affinity with an IC(50) value of 0.74 microM value. On the other hand only 3 binds with measurable activity to the alpha(IIb)beta(3) receptor (IC(50) 159 microM). The binding affinities seem to be in accordance with the distances between the arginine guanidino and the aspartic acid carboxyl group in extended conformation determined by semiempirical geometry optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett Mihala
- Research Group for Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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138
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139
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Danalev DL, Vezenkov LT, Grigorova B. Design, synthesis and structure–activity relationship of a series of fragment analogues of antistasin (ATS) and ghilantens (GLS). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4217-20. [PMID: 16084083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Revised: 06/18/2005] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of low molecular weight peptide inhibitors of Factor Xa, fragment analogues of ATS and GLS, was designed and synthesized by the SPPS method. The new analogues included different basic amino acids in 109 position. In order to investigate the role of these factors, the newly synthesized peptides were tested for anticoagulant activity. To investigate the change in anticoagulant activity, new peptides were synthesized by replacement of the C-terminal COOH function with CONH2. The biological activity of all compounds was measured in respect to APTT (activated partial thromboplastin time) and IC50 values (the concentrations for doubling APTT clotting times of human plasma) were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dancho L Danalev
- University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Organic Chemistry, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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140
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Abstract
Amide bonds -NH-CO- preferentially exist in trans conformations, the cis conformation being thermodynamically unfavored with respect to the trans by about 2 kcal/mol. Yet, the main reason most proteins or peptides cannot be made from cis-peptide plaques only lies in that connecting them into open chains appears to be sterically impracticable. It is possible, however, to build all-cis cyclic peptides in which all cis-plaques are efficiently locked. The present work examines, through quantum calculations, the structural and energetic issues associated with these peculiar arrangements. Systematic exploration at DFT-B3LYP level of the potential-energy surfaces for all-cis cyclopolyglycines cG(n)(c) (n = 2-10,15), and to a lesser extent, for all-cis cyclopolyalanines and all-cis cyclopolyphenylalanines confirms that all these structures are true minima. Optimal ring size occurs around eight peptide units, resulting in planar cG7(c), cG8(c), and cG9(c). In smaller systems, the ring strain is relieved through nonplanar cup-like distortions, particularly in cG6(c). From 10 peptide units and beyond, the ring framework distorts into a saddle-edge shape. These molecules disclose some molecular flexibility, as combinatorial tilting of the plaques may give sets of minima close in energy. Indexes based on isodesmic reactions are used to estimate the energy for joining all-cis or all-trans plaques into cyclic peptides. One of them, the mean plaque-junction energy (MPJE) suggests that within sensible sizes from six peptide units and beyond, all-cis plaque association is almost equally favorable as all-trans one. The frame of radiating cis-amide bonds can be considered as defining a new kind of peptidic material, endowed with specific self-assembling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romuald Poteau
- Laboratoire de Physique Quantique (CNRS, UMR5626), IRSAMC, Université Paul-Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France.
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141
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Andersen OA, Dixon MJ, Eggleston IM, van Aalten DMF. Natural product family 18 chitinase inhibitors. Nat Prod Rep 2005; 22:563-79. [PMID: 16193156 DOI: 10.1039/b416660b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ole A Andersen
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland DD1 5EH
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142
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143
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Sollis SL. Short and novel stereospecific synthesis of trisubstituted 2,5-diketopiperazines. J Org Chem 2005; 70:4735-40. [PMID: 15932312 DOI: 10.1021/jo0501137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel syntheses of chiral trisubstituted 2,5-diketopiperazines using multicomponent Ugi reactions were developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Sollis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular and Urogenital CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, United Kingdom.
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144
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Faisal M, Sato N, Quitain AT, Daimon H, Fujie K. Hydrolysis and Cyclodehydration of Dipeptide under Hydrothermal Conditions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0500568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faisal
- Department of Ecological Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan, Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, NAD 23111, Indonesia, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Yayoi- cho, Chiba 263-0022, Japan, and Research Institute for Solvothermal Technology, 2217-43 Hayashi, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0301, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Sato
- Department of Ecological Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan, Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, NAD 23111, Indonesia, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Yayoi- cho, Chiba 263-0022, Japan, and Research Institute for Solvothermal Technology, 2217-43 Hayashi, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0301, Japan
| | - Armando T. Quitain
- Department of Ecological Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan, Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, NAD 23111, Indonesia, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Yayoi- cho, Chiba 263-0022, Japan, and Research Institute for Solvothermal Technology, 2217-43 Hayashi, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0301, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Daimon
- Department of Ecological Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan, Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, NAD 23111, Indonesia, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Yayoi- cho, Chiba 263-0022, Japan, and Research Institute for Solvothermal Technology, 2217-43 Hayashi, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0301, Japan
| | - Koichi Fujie
- Department of Ecological Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan, Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, NAD 23111, Indonesia, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Yayoi- cho, Chiba 263-0022, Japan, and Research Institute for Solvothermal Technology, 2217-43 Hayashi, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0301, Japan
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145
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Hamel AR, Hubler F, Carrupt A, Wenger RM, Mutter M. Cyclosporin A prodrugs: design, synthesis and biophysical properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 63:147-54. [PMID: 15009536 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2003.00111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic undecapeptide cyclosporin A (CsA) has a remarkable spectrum of diverse biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiparasitic as well as immunosuppressive activities. However, the low water solubility of this drug is a serious problem causing undesirable pharmacological properties such as erratic oral absorption. In order to overcome this problem, the design and synthesis of water-soluble prodrugs of CsA are described. Using the OH-MeBmt-1-group as attachment site, we investigate dipeptide systems exhibiting differential tendencies for intramolecular cyclization [diketopiperazine (DKP) formation] for tailoring the chemoreversible release of the parent CsA. In modulating the chemical and structural features of the dipeptide esters (N-alkylation, side chains, C-terminal Pro), we find conversion rates at physiological conditions ranging from minutes to several days. Together with their thermodynamic stability in the solid state and strongly enhanced solubility in water, these chemoreversible CsA prodrugs represent versatile candidates for therapeutical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Hamel
- Institute of Molecular and Biological Chemistry (ICMB), EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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146
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Gruenewald S, Mootz HD, Stehmeier P, Stachelhaus T. In vivo production of artificial nonribosomal peptide products in the heterologous host Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:3282-91. [PMID: 15184122 PMCID: PMC427719 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.6.3282-3291.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonribosomal peptide synthetases represent the enzymatic assembly lines for the biosynthesis of pharmacologically relevant natural peptides, e.g., cyclosporine, vancomycin, and penicillin. Due to their modular organization, in which every module accounts for the incorporation of a single amino acid, artificial assembly lines for the production of novel peptides can be constructed by biocombinatorial approaches. Once transferred into an appropriate host, these hybrid synthetases could facilitate the bioproduction of basically any peptide-based molecule. In the present study, we describe the fermentative production of the cyclic dipeptide D-Phe-Pro-diketopiperazine, as a prototype for the exploitation of the heterologous host Escherichia coli, and the use of artificial nonribosomal peptide synthetases. E. coli provides a tremendous potential for genetic engineering and was manipulated in our study by stable chromosomal integration of the 4'-phosphopantetheine transferase gene sfp to ensure heterologous production of fully active holoenzmyes. D-Phe-Pro-diketopiperazine is formed by the TycA/TycB1 system, whose components represent the first two modules for tyrocidine biosynthesis in Bacillus brevis. Coexpression of the corresponding genes in E. coli gave rise to the production of the expected diketopiperazine product, demonstrating the functional interaction of both modules in the heterologous environment. Furthermore, the cyclic dipeptide is stable and not toxic to E. coli and is secreted into the culture medium without the need for any additional factors. Parameters affecting the productivity were comprehensively investigated, including various genetic setups, as well as variation of medium composition and temperature. By these means, the overall productivity of the artificial system could be enhanced by over 400% to yield about 9 mg of D-Phe-Pro-diketopiperazine/liter. As a general tool, this approach could allow the sustainable bioproduction of peptides, e.g., those used as pharmaceuticals or fine chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Gruenewald
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, Philipps University Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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147
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Timmer MSM, Verdoes M, Sliedregt LAJM, van der Marel GA, van Boom JH, Overkleeft HS. The Use of a Mannitol-Derived Fused Oxacycle as a Combinatorial Scaffold. J Org Chem 2003; 68:9406-11. [PMID: 14629165 DOI: 10.1021/jo0349429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and high-yielding solid-phase synthesis of a small library of compounds containing a cis-fused pyranofuran structural motive is described. With use of the cheap and readily available D-(+)-mannitol, a highly functionalized sugar template was synthesized and immobilized on a solid support via an olefinic linker. Modification of this two-point molecular scaffold and subsequent ring-closing metathesis/cleavage gave access to a series of functionalized conformationally constrained fused oxacycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattie S M Timmer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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148
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Shannon SK, Peacock MJ, Kates SA, Barany G. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Lidocaine and Procainamide Analogues Using Backbone Amide Linker (BAL) Anchoring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 5:860-8. [PMID: 14606816 DOI: 10.1021/cc034014n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New solid-phase strategies have been developed for the synthesis of lidocaine (1) and procainamide (2) analogues, using backbone amide linker (BAL) anchoring. Both sets were prepared starting from a common resin-bound intermediate, followed by four general steps: (i) attachment of a primary aliphatic or aromatic amine to the solid support via reductive amination (as monitored by a novel test involving reaction of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine with residual aldehyde groups); (ii) acylation of the resultant secondary amine; (iii) displacement of halide with an amine; and (iv) trifluoroacetic acid-mediated release from the support. A manual parallel strategy was followed to provide 60 novel compounds, of which two dozen have not been previously described. In most cases, initial crude purities were >80%, and overall isolated yields were in the 40-88% range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon K Shannon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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149
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Horvat S, Jakas A. Peptide and amino acid glycation: new insights into the Maillard reaction. J Pept Sci 2003; 10:119-37. [PMID: 15113085 DOI: 10.1002/psc.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nonenzymatic glycation of proteins, peptides and other macromolecules (the Maillard reaction) has been implicated in a number of pathologies, most clearly in diabetes mellitus. but also in the normal processes of aging and neurodegenerative amyloid diseases such as Alzheimer's. In the early stage, glycation results in the formation of Amadori-modified proteins. In the later stages, advanced glycation end products (AGE) are irreversibly formed from Amadori products leading to the formation of reactive intermediates, crosslinking of proteins, and the formation of brown and fluorescent polymeric materials. Although, the glycation of structural proteins has been attributed a key role in the complications of diabetes, recent attention has been devoted to the physiological significance of glycated peptide hormones. This review focuses on the physico-chemical properties of the Amadori compounds of bioactive peptides of endogenous and exogenous origin, such as Leu-enkephalin and morphiceptin, investigated under different conditions as well as on novel pathways in the Maillard reaction observed from investigating intramolecular events in ester-linked glycopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefica Horvat
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruder Bosković Institute, POB 180, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia.
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150
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Abstract
Constricting the peptide backbone into a more defined conformational form through cyclization is an activity evolved in nature and in synthetic work, the latter straddling only the most recent decades. The resulting conformational constraints increase the probability of an optimum response with bio-receptors. The purpose of this review is to highlight developments that have proved to be reasonably efficient in the macrocyclization of linear precursors into cyclic peptides and depsipeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wales, Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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