101
|
Whitehead CL, McNamara H, Walker SP, Alexiadis M, Fuller PJ, Vickers DK, Hannan NJ, Hastie R, Tuohey L, Kaitu'u-Lino TJ, Tong S. Identifying late-onset fetal growth restriction by measuring circulating placental RNA in the maternal blood at 28 weeks' gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214:521.e1-521.e8. [PMID: 26880734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.01.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late-onset fetal growth restriction (FGR) is often undetected prior to birth, which puts the fetus at increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes including stillbirth. OBJECTIVE Measuring RNA circulating in the maternal blood may provide a noninvasive insight into placental function. We examined whether measuring RNA in the maternal blood at 26-30 weeks' gestation can identify pregnancies at risk of late-onset FGR. We focused on RNA highly expressed in placenta, which we termed "placental-specific genes." STUDY DESIGN This was a case-control study nested within a prospective cohort of 600 women recruited at 26-30 weeks' gestation. The circulating placental transcriptome in maternal blood was compared between women with late-onset FGR (<5th centile at >36+6 weeks) and gestation-matched well-grown controls (20-95th centile) using microarray (n = 12). TaqMan low-density arrays, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and digital PCR were used to validate the microarray findings (FGR n = 40, controls n = 80). RESULTS Forty women developed late-onset FGR (birthweight 2574 ± 338 g, 2nd centile) and were matched to 80 well-grown controls (birthweight 3415 ± 339 g, 53rd centile, P < .05). Operative delivery and neonatal admission were higher in the FGR cohort (45% vs 23%, P < .05). Messenger RNA coding 137 placental-specific genes was detected in the maternal blood and 37 were differentially expressed in late-onset FGR. Seven were significantly dysregulated with PCR validation (P < .05). Activating transcription factor-3 messenger RNA transcripts were the most promising single biomarker at 26-30 weeks: they were increased in fetuses destined to be born FGR at term (2.1-fold vs well grown at term, P < .001) and correlated with the severity of FGR. Combining biomarkers improved prediction of severe late-onset FGR (area under the curve, 0.88; 95% CI 0.80-0.97). A multimarker gene expression score had a sensitivity of 79%, a specificity of 88%, and a positive likelihood ratio of 6.2 for subsequent delivery of a baby <3rd centile at term. CONCLUSION A unique placental transcriptome is detectable in maternal blood at 26-30 weeks' gestation in pregnancies destined to develop late-onset FGR. Circulating placental RNA may therefore be a promising noninvasive test to identify pregnancies at risk of developing FGR at term.
Collapse
|
102
|
Miller SL, Huppi PS, Mallard C. The consequences of fetal growth restriction on brain structure and neurodevelopmental outcome. J Physiol 2016; 594:807-23. [PMID: 26607046 PMCID: PMC4753264 DOI: 10.1113/jp271402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a significant complication of pregnancy describing a fetus that does not grow to full potential due to pathological compromise. FGR affects 3-9% of pregnancies in high-income countries, and is a leading cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity. Placental insufficiency is the principal cause of FGR, resulting in chronic fetal hypoxia. This hypoxia induces a fetal adaptive response of cardiac output redistribution to favour vital organs, including the brain, and is in consequence called brain sparing. Despite this, it is now apparent that brain sparing does not ensure normal brain development in growth-restricted fetuses. In this review we have brought together available evidence from human and experimental animal studies to describe the complex changes in brain structure and function that occur as a consequence of FGR. In both humans and animals, neurodevelopmental outcomes are influenced by the timing of the onset of FGR, the severity of FGR, and gestational age at delivery. FGR is broadly associated with reduced total brain volume and altered cortical volume and structure, decreased total number of cells and myelination deficits. Brain connectivity is also impaired, evidenced by neuronal migration deficits, reduced dendritic processes, and less efficient networks with decreased long-range connections. Subsequent to these structural alterations, short- and long-term functional consequences have been described in school children who had FGR, most commonly including problems in motor skills, cognition, memory and neuropsychological dysfunctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne L Miller
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and The Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Petra S Huppi
- Division of Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carina Mallard
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Chmait RH, Chon AH, Schrager SM, Llanes A, Hamilton A, Vanderbilt DL. Fetal brain-sparing after laser surgery for twin-twin transfusion syndrome appears associated with two-year neurodevelopmental outcomes. Prenat Diagn 2015; 36:63-7. [PMID: 26515250 DOI: 10.1002/pd.4713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) is a semi-quantitative marker for fetal brain-sparing. Our purpose was to measure the CPR at the time of treatment with selective laser photocoagulation of communicating vessels in gestations with twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) to test its association with neurological outcomes at approximately 2 years. METHODS One-hundred children treated for TTTS with laser surgery underwent neurodevelopmental assessment at age 2 years (within 6 weeks) via the Battelle Developmental Inventory 2nd Edition (BDI-2). The CPR was obtained 24 h before and after laser surgery. An abnormal CPR was categorically defined at <1.0. Multilevel linear regression was used to evaluate associations between CPR and neurodevelopment as assessed by the BDI-2. RESULTS Ninety-nine children had data available for analysis: 55 (56%) had normal CPR prior to laser surgery, and 62 (63%) had normal CPR following surgery. Post-laser CPR <1.0 was a risk factor for lower BDI-2 scores at age 2 years [98.1 (SD 11.5) vs 103.4 (SD 12.3) vs β = -0.23, p = 0.01]; this relationship remained significant after controlling for pre-surgical CPR and Quintero stage (adjusted β = -0.25, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS In this population, an abnormal CPR was associated with poorer 2-year neurodevelopmental outcomes. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramen H Chmait
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Andrew H Chon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | | | - Arlyn Llanes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Anita Hamilton
- Division of Pediatric Neuropsychology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, USA
| | - Douglas L Vanderbilt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Khalil A, Morales-Roselló J, Thilaganathan B. Re: Differential effect of intrauterine growth restriction on childhood neurodevelopment: a systematic review. BJOG 2015; 122:1850. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Khalil
- Fetal Medicine Unit; St George's, University of London; London UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
105
|
Triunfo S, Parra-Saavedra M, Rodriguez-Sureda V, Crovetto F, Dominguez C, Gratacós E, Figueras F. Angiogenic Factors and Doppler Evaluation in Normally Growing Fetuses at Routine Third-Trimester Scan: Prediction of Subsequent Low Birth Weight. Fetal Diagn Ther 2015; 40:13-20. [DOI: 10.1159/000440650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate in normally growing fetuses at routine 32-36 weeks scan the performance of maternal angiogenic factors, Doppler and ultrasound indices in predicting smallness for gestational age (SGA) at birth. Methods: A cohort of 1,000 singleton pregnancies with normal estimated fetal weight (EFW, ≥10th centile) at 32-36 weeks scan was included. At inclusion, Doppler indices (mean uterine artery pulsatility index [mUtA-PI], cerebroplacental ratio and normalized umbilical vein blood flow by EFW (ml/min/kg) were evaluated, and blood samples were collected and frozen. Nested in this cohort, maternal circulating placental growth factor (PlGF) and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in all cases with a birth weight <10th centile by customized standards and in an equivalent number of controls (birth weight ≥10th centile). Results: 160 cases were included (80 SGA and 80 controls). EFW (2,128 vs. 2,279 g, p < 0.001), mUtA-PI z-values (-0.25 vs. -0.65, p = 0.034) and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio (11.10 vs. 6.74, p < 0.005) were lower in SGA. The combination of sFlt-1/PlGF ratio and EFW resulted in a 66.3% detection rate for subsequent SGA, with 20% of false-positives. Fetal Doppler indices were not predictive of SGA. Conclusions: In normally growing fetuses, maternal angiogenic factors add to ultrasound parameters in predicting subsequent SGA at birth. This supports further research to investigate composite scores in order to improve the definition and identification of fetal growth restriction.
Collapse
|
106
|
Meher S, Hernandez-Andrade E, Basheer SN, Lees C. Impact of cerebral redistribution on neurodevelopmental outcome in small-for-gestational-age or growth-restricted babies: a systematic review. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2015; 46:398-404. [PMID: 25683973 DOI: 10.1002/uog.14818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review systematically the evidence on impact of cerebral redistribution, as assessed by fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) Doppler, on neurological outcomes in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) or growth-restricted fetuses. METHODS For this systematic review, MEDLINE was searched for all controlled studies reporting neurological outcomes in SGA or growth-restricted babies with cerebral redistribution based on MCA Doppler indices, from inception to September 2013. We used relative risk or odds ratios, with 95% CI, to identify the association of cerebral redistribution with neurological outcomes. RESULTS The search yielded 1180 possible citations, of which nine studies were included in the review, with a total of 1198 fetuses. Definitions of SGA and cerebral redistribution were variable, as was study quality. Data could not be synthesized in meta-analyses because of heterogeneity in outcome reporting. Cerebral redistribution was not associated with increased risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in neonates (five studies; n = 806). When present in preterm fetuses, cerebral redistribution was associated with normal Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) scores at 40 weeks (one study; n = 62) but abnormal psychomotor development at 1 year of age on the Bayley scale (one study; n = 172). When present in term SGA fetuses, cerebral redistribution was associated with increased risk of motor and state organizational problems on NBAS (two studies; n = 158), and lower mean percentile scores in communication and problem solving at 2 years of age on the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (one study; n = 125). CONCLUSIONS SGA fetuses with cerebral redistribution may be at higher risk of neurodevelopmental problems. More data are needed from adequately controlled studies with long-term follow-up before conclusions can be drawn. If these findings are true, there is a need to re-evaluate timing of delivery in the management of SGA fetuses, particularly when cerebral redistribution is found at term gestation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Meher
- Centre for Fetal Care, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - E Hernandez-Andrade
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - S N Basheer
- Department of Paediatric Neurology and Neonatal Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - C Lees
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Patient-specific estimates of vascular and placental properties in growth-restricted fetuses based on a model of the fetal circulation. Placenta 2015; 36:981-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.07.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
108
|
Simões RV, Cruz-Lemini M, Bargalló N, Gratacós E, Sanz-Cortés M. Brain metabolite differences in one-year-old infants born small at term and association with neurodevelopmental outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 213:210.e1-210.e11. [PMID: 25891998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed brain metabolite levels by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in 1-year-old infants born small at term, as compared with infants born appropriate for gestational age (AGA), and their association with neurodevelopment at 2 years of age. STUDY DESIGN A total of 40 infants born small (birthweight <10th centile for gestational age) and 30 AGA infants underwent brain MRS at age 1 year on a 3-T scanner. Small-born infants were subclassified as late intrauterine growth restriction or as small for gestational age, based on the presence or absence of prenatal Doppler and birthweight predictors of an adverse perinatal outcome, respectively. Single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) data were acquired from the frontal lobe at short echo time. Neurodevelopment was evaluated at 2 years of age using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition, assessing cognitive, language, motor, social-emotional, and adaptive behavior scales. RESULTS As compared with AGA controls, infants born small showed significantly higher levels of glutamate and total N-acetylaspartate (NAAt) to creatine (Cr) ratio at age 1 year, and lower Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition scores at 2 years. The subgroup with late intrauterine growth restriction further showed lower estimated glutathione levels at age 1 year. Significant correlations were observed for estimated glutathione levels with adaptive scores, and for myo-inositol with language scores. Significant associations were also noticed for NAA/Cr with cognitive scores, and for glutamate/Cr with motor scores. CONCLUSION Infants born small show brain metabolite differences at 1 year of age, which are correlated with later neurodevelopment. These results support further research on MRS to develop imaging biomarkers of abnormal neurodevelopment.
Collapse
|
109
|
Akolekar R, Syngelaki A, Gallo DM, Poon LC, Nicolaides KH. Umbilical and fetal middle cerebral artery Doppler at 35-37 weeks' gestation in the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2015; 46:82-92. [PMID: 25779696 DOI: 10.1002/uog.14842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential value of cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) at 36 weeks' gestation in the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome. METHODS This was a screening study in 6178 singleton pregnancies at 35-37 weeks' gestation. Umbilical artery (UA) and fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) pulsatility index (PI) were measured and the values were converted to multiples of the median (MoM) after adjustment from variables in maternal characteristics and medical history that affect the measurements. CPR was calculated by dividing MCA-PI MoM by UA-PI MoM. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine if measuring CPR improved the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome provided by maternal characteristics, medical history and obstetric factors. The detection rate (DR) and false-positive rate (FPR) of screening by CPR were estimated for stillbirth, Cesarean section for fetal distress, umbilical arterial cord blood pH ≤ 7.0, umbilical venous cord blood pH ≤ 7.1, 5-min Apgar score < 7 and admission to the neonatal unit (NNU) and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). RESULTS There was a linear association between CPR and both birth-weight Z-score and arterial or venous umbilical cord blood pH, but the steepness of the regression lines was inversely related to the interval from assessment to delivery. The performance of low CPR < 5(th) percentile in screening for each adverse outcome was poor, with DRs of 6-15% and a FPR of about 6%. In the small subgroup of the population delivering within 2 weeks of assessment, the DRs improved to 14-50%, but with a simultaneous increase in FPR, to about 10%. CONCLUSION The performance of CPR in routine screening for adverse perinatal outcome at 36 weeks' gestation is poor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Akolekar
- Department of Fetal Medicine, Medway Maritime Hospital, Gillingham, Kent, UK
- Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - A Syngelaki
- Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - D M Gallo
- Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - L C Poon
- Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - K H Nicolaides
- Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Fogel MA, Li C, Wilson F, Pawlowski T, Nicolson SC, Montenegro LM, Diaz Berenstein L, Spray TL, Gaynor JW, Fuller S, Keller MS, Harris MA, Whitehead KK, Clancy R, Elci O, Bethel J, Vossough A, Licht DJ. Relationship of cerebral blood flow to aortic-to-pulmonary collateral/shunt flow in single ventricles. Heart 2015; 101:1325-31. [PMID: 26048877 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-307311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with single ventricle can develop aortic-to-pulmonary collaterals (APCs). Along with systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunts, these structures represent a direct pathway from systemic to pulmonary circulations, and may limit cerebral blood flow (CBF). This study investigated the relationship between CBF and APC flow on room air and in hypercarbia, which increases CBF in patients with single ventricle. METHODS 106 consecutive patients with single ventricle underwent 118 cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) scans in this cross-sectional study; 34 prior to bidirectional Glenn (BDG) (0.50±0.30 years old), 50 prior to Fontan (3.19±1.03 years old) and 34 3-9 months after Fontan (3.98±1.39 years old). Velocity mapping measured flows in the aorta, cavae and jugular veins. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple linear regression were used. Significance was p<0.05. RESULTS A strong inverse correlation was noted between CBF and APC/shunt both on room air and with hypercarbia whether CBF was indexed to aortic flow or body surface area, independent of age, cardiopulmonary bypass time, Po2 and Pco2 (R=-0.67--0.70 for all patients on room air, p<0.01 and R=-0.49--0.90 in hypercarbia, p<0.01). Correlations were not different between surgical stages. CBF was lower, and APCs/shunt flow was higher prior to BDG than in other stages. CONCLUSIONS There is a strong inverse relationship between CBF and APC/shunt flow in patients with single ventricle throughout surgical reconstruction on room air and in hypercarbia independent of other factors. We speculate that APC/shunt flow may have a negative impact on cerebral development and neurodevelopmental outcome. Interventions on APC may modify CBF, holding out the prospect for improving neurodevelopmental trajectory. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02135081.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Fogel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christine Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Felice Wilson
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tom Pawlowski
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Susan C Nicolson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa M Montenegro
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laura Diaz Berenstein
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas L Spray
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J William Gaynor
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephanie Fuller
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marc S Keller
- Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew A Harris
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin K Whitehead
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert Clancy
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Arastoo Vossough
- Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel J Licht
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Bakalis S, Akolekar R, Gallo DM, Poon LC, Nicolaides KH. Umbilical and fetal middle cerebral artery Doppler at 30-34 weeks' gestation in the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2015; 45:409-420. [PMID: 25684172 DOI: 10.1002/uog.14822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential value of cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) at 30-34 weeks' gestation in the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome. METHODS This was a screening study in 30 780 singleton pregnancies at 30-34 weeks' gestation. Umbilical artery (UA) and fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) pulsatility index (PI) were measured and the values were converted to multiples of the median (MoM) after adjustment from variables in maternal characteristics and medical history that affect the measurements. CPR was calculated by dividing MCA-PI MoM by UA-PI MoM. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine if measuring CPR improved the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome provided by screening with maternal characteristics, medical history and obstetric factors. The detection rate (DR) and false-positive rate (FPR) of screening by CPR were estimated for stillbirth, Cesarean section for fetal distress, umbilical arterial cord blood pH ≤ 7.0, umbilical venous cord blood pH ≤ 7.1, 5-min Apgar score < 7 and admission to the neonatal unit (NNU) and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). RESULTS There was a significant association between CPR and birth-weight Z-score. In addition to maternal characteristics, medical history and obstetric factors, measuring CPR provided a significant contribution to the prediction of arterial cord blood pH ≤ 7.0, venous cord blood pH ≤ 7.1 and admission to NNU. The performance of CPR in screening for each adverse outcome was poor, with DR of 5-11% and a FPR of about 5%. In the small subgroup of the population delivering within 2 weeks following assessment, the DR improved to 20-50%, but with a simultaneous increase in FPR to 10-23%. CONCLUSION The performance of CPR in routine screening for adverse perinatal outcome at 30-34 weeks' gestation is poor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Bakalis
- Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Cruz-Martinez R, Savchev S, Cruz-Lemini M, Mendez A, Gratacos E, Figueras F. Clinical utility of third-trimester uterine artery Doppler in the prediction of brain hemodynamic deterioration and adverse perinatal outcome in small-for-gestational-age fetuses. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2015; 45:273-278. [PMID: 25346413 DOI: 10.1002/uog.14706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the clinical value of third-trimester uterine artery (UtA) Doppler ultrasound in the prediction of hemodynamic deterioration and adverse perinatal outcome in term small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses. METHODS UtA Doppler parameters, cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) and fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) pulsatility index (PI) were evaluated weekly, starting from the time of SGA diagnosis until 24 h before induction of labor, in a cohort of 327 SGA fetuses with normal umbilical artery PI (< 95th centile), delivered at > 37 weeks' gestation. Differences in the sequence of CPR and MCA-PI changes < 5th centile, between the group with normal UtA Doppler indices at diagnosis and those with abnormal UtA indices, were analyzed by survival analysis. In addition, the use of UtA Doppler value, alone or in combination with a brain Doppler scan before delivery, to predict the risk of Cesarean section, Cesarean section for non-reassuring fetal status (NRFS), neonatal acidosis and neonatal hospitalization was evaluated by logistic regression analysis, adjusted for gestational age at birth and birth-weight percentile. RESULTS Abnormal UtA Doppler at diagnosis of SGA was associated with a higher risk of developing abnormal brain Doppler indices before induction of labor than in those with a normal UtA at diagnosis (62.7% vs 34.6%, respectively; P < 0.01). Compared to those with normal UtA Doppler indices, those with abnormal UtA Doppler findings were associated with a higher risk of intrapartum Cesarean section (52.2% vs 37.3%, respectively; P = 0.03), Cesarean section for NRFS (35.8% vs 23.1%, respectively; P = 0.03), neonatal acidosis (10.4% vs 7.7%, respectively; P = 0.47) and neonatal hospitalization (23.9% vs 16.5%, respectively; P = 0.16). Logistic regression analysis indicated that UtA Doppler findings were not significantly associated with adverse perinatal outcome independent of brain Doppler findings. CONCLUSION UtA Doppler indices predict adverse perinatal outcome, but do not help to improve the predictive value of brain Doppler indices. However, at the time of SGA diagnosis they identify the subgroup of fetuses at highest risk of progression to abnormal brain Doppler findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Cruz-Martinez
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Institute Clínic of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology (ICGON), Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona and Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Fetal Medicine and Surgery, Children's and Women's Specialty Hospital of Queretaro, Querétaro, Mexico; Unidad de Investigación en Neurodesarrollo 'Dr Augusto Fernández Guardiola', Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
113
|
Morales-Roselló J. Re: correlation between histological signs of placental underperfusion and perinatal morbidity in late-onset small-for-gestational-age fetuses. M. Parra-Saavedra, S. Simeone, S. Triunfo, F. Crovetto, F. Botet, A. Nadal, E. Gratacos and F. Figueras. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015; 45: 149-155. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2015; 45:130. [PMID: 25627094 DOI: 10.1002/uog.14757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Morales-Roselló
- Servicio de Obstetricia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Morales-Roselló J, Khalil A, Morlando M, Bhide A, Papageorghiou A, Thilaganathan B. Poor neonatal acid-base status in term fetuses with low cerebroplacental ratio. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2015; 45:156-161. [PMID: 25123254 DOI: 10.1002/uog.14647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether small- and appropriate-for-gestational-age (SGA and AGA) term fetuses with a low cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) have worse neonatal acid-base status than those with normal CPR. METHODS This was a retrospective study of 2927 term fetuses divided into groups according to birth-weight centile and CPR multiple of the median. The acid-base status at birth as determined by arterial and venous umbilical cord blood pH was compared between weight-centile groups with and without low CPR. RESULTS CPR was better correlated with umbilical cord blood pH (arterial pH, r(2) = 0.008, P < 0.0001 and venous pH, r(2) = 0.01, P < 0.0001) than was birth weight (arterial pH, r(2) = 0.001, P =0.180 and venous pH, r(2) = 0.005, P < 0.001). AGA fetuses with low CPR were more academic than were those with normal CPR (P = 0.0359 and 0.0006, respectively, for arterial and venous pH). CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study demonstrate that low CPR in AGA fetuses is an equally important marker of low neonatal pH secondary to placental underperfusion as is being SGA. Although the relative importance of low CPR and birth weight in identifying pregnancies at risk of placental hypoxemia and adverse fetal and neonatal outcome remains to be determined, this finding may be of particular value in the prediction and prevention of stillbirth and long-term neurodevelopmental disability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Morales-Roselló
- Servicio de Obstetricia y Ginecologia, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Votava-Smith JK, Habli M, Cnota JF, Divanovic A, Polzin W, Lim FY, Michelfelder EC. Diastolic dysfunction and cerebrovascular redistribution precede overt recipient twin cardiomyopathy in early-stage twin-twin transfusion syndrome. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2015; 28:533-40. [PMID: 25577184 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indications for intervention in early-stage (Quintero I and II) twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) are not standardized. Fetal echocardiography can be used to guide the management of early-stage patients. The aim of this study was to identify early cardiovascular findings that may precede progression to overt recipient twin (RT) cardiomyopathy in early-stage TTTS. METHODS This was a retrospective review of pregnancies evaluated from 2004 to 2010. Subjects were included when initial evaluation identified Quintero I or II TTTS without evidence of "overt" RT cardiomyopathy, defined on the basis of atrioventricular valve regurgitation, ventricular hypertrophy, and abnormal Doppler myocardial performance indices. Patients elected management with observation or amnioreduction. Pregnancies were grouped by whether the RT developed overt cardiomyopathy. Initial values, including myocardial performance index, diastolic filling time corrected for heart rate (Doppler inflow duration/cardiac cycle length), pulsatility indices of the ductus venosus, umbilical artery, and middle cerebral artery, and cerebroplacental ratio (middle cerebral artery PI/umbilical artery PI), were compared. RESULTS Of 174 pregnancies evaluated with early-stage TTTS, 45 (26%) did not show evidence of RT cardiomyopathy. Follow-up echocardiography identified cardiomyopathy in 20 of 45 RTs (44%). Those RTs with subsequent cardiomyopathy had shorter diastolic filling times corrected for heart rate, higher ductus venosus PIs, lower middle cerebral artery PIs, and lower cerebroplacental ratios on initial echocardiography. CONCLUSION Diastolic dysfunction and cerebroplacental redistribution precede findings of overt cardiomyopathy in RTs with early-stage TTTS. Assessment of these parameters may allow earlier identification of RTs with cardiac disease and help guide management. Prospective studies are needed to assess the role of echocardiography in patient selection for the treatment of early-stage TTTS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jodie K Votava-Smith
- Fetal Heart Program, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mounira Habli
- Fetal Care Center of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - James F Cnota
- Fetal Heart Program, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Allison Divanovic
- Fetal Heart Program, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - William Polzin
- Fetal Care Center of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Foong-Yen Lim
- Fetal Care Center of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Erik C Michelfelder
- Fetal Heart Program, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Cohen E, Baerts W, van Bel F. Brain-Sparing in Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Considerations for the Neonatologist. Neonatology 2015; 108:269-76. [PMID: 26330337 DOI: 10.1159/000438451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is most commonly caused by placental insufficiency, in response to which the fetus adapts its circulation to preserve oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain ('brain-sparing'). Currently, little is known about the postnatal course and consequences of this antenatal adaptation of the cerebral circulation. The altered cerebral haemodynamics may persist after birth, which would imply a different approach with regard to cerebral monitoring and clinical management of IUGR preterm neonates than their appropriately grown peers. Few studies are available with regard to this topic, and the small body of evidence shows controversy. This review discusses the cerebral circulatory adaptations of IUGR fetuses and appraises the available literature on their postnatal cerebral circulation with potential clinical consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Cohen
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/Utrecht University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
117
|
Parra-Saavedra M, Crovetto F, Triunfo S, Savchev S, Peguero A, Nadal A, Gratacós E, Figueras F. Association of Doppler parameters with placental signs of underperfusion in late-onset small-for-gestational-age pregnancies. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2014; 44:330-337. [PMID: 24615982 DOI: 10.1002/uog.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the association between Doppler parameters and histological signs of placental underperfusion in late-onset small-for-gestational-age (SGA) babies. METHODS Umbilical, fetal middle cerebral and uterine artery pulsatility indices and umbilical vein blood flow (UVBF), which had been recorded within 7 days prior to delivery, were analyzed from a cohort of SGA singleton pregnancies delivered after 34 weeks' gestation and confirmed as having a birth weight < 10(th) percentile by local standards. In each case, the placenta was histologically evaluated for signs of placental underperfusion using a hierarchical and standardized classification system. The independent association of the Doppler parameters with placental underperfusion was evaluated using logistic regression and decision tree analysis. RESULTS In 51 cases (53.7%), there were 61 placental histological findings indicative of placental underperfusion. These cases had a significantly higher incidence of Cesarean section for non-reassuring fetal status (52.1% vs 11.9%; P < 0.001) and neonatal metabolic acidosis at birth (21.6% vs 0%; P = 0.001). Significant and independent contributions to the presence of placental underperfusion lesions were provided by increased mean UtA pulsatility index (PI) (P = 0.018; odds ratio (OR) 2 (95% CI, 1.1-3.7)) and decreased UVBF normalized to estimated fetal weight (P = 0.027; OR 0.97 (95% CI, 0.95-0.99)). The combination of both parameters revealed three groups with differing risks for placental underperfusion: normalized UVBF > 82 mL/min/kg (risk 31.3%), normalized UVBF ≤ 82 mL/min/kg and mean UtA-PI ≤ 95(th) percentile (risk 65.5%), and normalized UVBF ≤ 82 mL/min/kg and UtA-PI > 95(th) percentile (risk 94.4%). CONCLUSIONS In late-onset SGA pregnancies, uterine Doppler and UVBF are surrogates for placental underperfusion. These findings facilitate phenotypic profiling of cases of fetal growth restriction among the general population of late-onset SGA babies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Parra-Saavedra
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Institute Clínic of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology (ICGON), Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona and Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain; Maternal-Fetal Unit, CEDIFETAL, Centro de Diagnóstico de Ultrasonido e Imágenes, CEDIUL, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
Egaña-Ugrinovic G, Sanz-Cortes M, Figueras F, Couve-Perez C, Gratacós E. Fetal MRI insular cortical morphometry and its association with neurobehavior in late-onset small-for-gestational-age fetuses. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2014; 44:322-329. [PMID: 24616027 DOI: 10.1002/uog.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate insular cortical morphometry assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in late-onset small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses compared with controls, and its association with neurobehavioral outcomes. METHODS MRI was performed in 65 late-onset SGA and 59 normally-grown fetuses at 37 weeks' gestation. T2-weighted half Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin echo (HASTE) anatomical and diffusion-weighted images were acquired. Insular cortical thickness, volume and fractional anisotropy values were assessed, and asymmetry indices were constructed. At 42 weeks of age, a Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) test was performed on the SGA neonates. RESULTS Late-onset SGA fetuses had significantly thinner insular cortical thickness and smaller insular cortical volume than did controls. SGA fetuses also presented a more pronounced left asymmetry in the posterior cortex and significantly lower fractional anisotropy values in the left insula. Insular measurements in the SGA group were significantly correlated with neurobehavior as assessed by NBAS scores. CONCLUSIONS Insular cortical morphometry was significantly different in late-onset SGA fetuses and correlated with poorer neurobehavioral performance. These data support the impact of growth restriction on brain development and the potential value of cortical assessment as a biomarker of neurodevelopment in at-risk fetuses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Egaña-Ugrinovic
- BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), and University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
119
|
Sanz-Cortes M, Simoes RV, Bargallo N, Masoller N, Figueras F, Gratacos E. Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Assessment of Fetal Brain Metabolism in Late-Onset ‘Small for Gestational Age' versus ‘Intrauterine Growth Restriction' Fetuses. Fetal Diagn Ther 2014; 37:108-16. [DOI: 10.1159/000365102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to evaluate brain metabolic differences in small fetuses near term as compared to appropriate for gestational age (AGA) fetuses. Study Design: 71 term small fetuses (estimated fetal weight <10th centile for gestational age with normal umbilical artery Doppler sonography) were subclassified as late intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) (n = 50) or small for gestational age (SGA) (n = 21), and compared with 65 AGA fetuses. IUGR was defined by either abnormal middle cerebral artery, abnormal uterine artery Doppler sonography or estimated fetal weight <3rd centile. All participants underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging at 37 weeks of gestation, and single-voxel magnetic resonance spectra were obtained from the frontal lobe on a 3-tesla scanner. N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/choline (Cho), NAA/creatine (Cr) and Cho/Cr ratios were calculated and compared between cases and controls. The association of the metabolic ratios with the study groups was tested. Results: After MRS processing and applying quality control criteria, 31 spectra from late-onset IUGR, 11 from SGA and 30 from AGA fetuses were selected for further analysis. Both SGA and late-onset IUGR fetuses showed significantly reduced NAA/Cho levels when compared to AGA fetuses. This decrease followed a linear trend across the three clinical groups that were considered. Conclusions: Both SGA and late-onset IUGR fetuses showed differences in MRS brain metabolic ratios. The findings suggest that despite near-normal perinatal outcomes, SGA fetuses are not constitutionally small and may represent a form of growth disorder that needs to be clarified.
Collapse
|
120
|
López M, Palacio M, Goncé A, Hernàndez S, Barranco FJ, García L, Loncà M, Coll JO, Gratacós E, Figueras F. Risk of intrauterine growth restriction among HIV-infected pregnant women: a cohort study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 34:223-30. [PMID: 25107626 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to study the risk of intrauterine growth restriction in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women and to describe the associated risk factors. A cohort study was performed among HIV-infected women who delivered in a single tertiary centre in Barcelona, Spain, from January 2006 to December 2011. Consecutive singleton pregnancies delivered beyond 22 weeks of pregnancy were included. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) was defined as a birth weight below the 10th customised centile for gestational age and IUGR babies were compared to non-IUGR newborns. Intrauterine Doppler findings were described among IUGR foetuses. Baseline characteristics, HIV infection data and perinatal outcome were compared between groups. The results were adjusted for potential confounders. A total of 156 singleton pregnancies were included. IUGR occurred in 23.4 % of cases (38/156). In two-thirds of the cases detected before birth, Doppler abnormalities compatible with placental insufficiency were observed. IUGR pregnancies presented a worse perinatal outcome, mainly due to a higher risk of iatrogenic preterm delivery [adjusted odds ratio 6.9, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.4-33.5]. IUGR foetuses also had a higher risk of emergent Caesarean section and neonatal intensive care unit admission. No cases of intrauterine foetal death occurred. A high rate of IUGR was observed among HIV pregnancies, and it was associated with adverse perinatal outcomes, mainly iatrogenic preterm and very preterm birth due to placental insufficiency. Our results support that ultrasound detection and follow-up of IUGR foetuses should be part of routine antenatal care in this high-risk population to improve antenatal management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M López
- BCNatal - Barcelona Center of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, and Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), C/Sabino de Arana, 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
121
|
Garcia-Canadilla P, Rudenick PA, Crispi F, Cruz-Lemini M, Palau G, Camara O, Gratacos E, Bijens BH. A computational model of the fetal circulation to quantify blood redistribution in intrauterine growth restriction. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003667. [PMID: 24921933 PMCID: PMC4055406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) due to placental insufficiency is associated with blood flow redistribution in order to maintain delivery of oxygenated blood to the brain. Given that, in the fetus the aortic isthmus (AoI) is a key arterial connection between the cerebral and placental circulations, quantifying AoI blood flow has been proposed to assess this brain sparing effect in clinical practice. While numerous clinical studies have studied this parameter, fundamental understanding of its determinant factors and its quantitative relation with other aspects of haemodynamic remodeling has been limited. Computational models of the cardiovascular circulation have been proposed for exactly this purpose since they allow both for studying the contributions from isolated parameters as well as estimating properties that cannot be directly assessed from clinical measurements. Therefore, a computational model of the fetal circulation was developed, including the key elements related to fetal blood redistribution and using measured cardiac outflow profiles to allow personalization. The model was first calibrated using patient-specific Doppler data from a healthy fetus. Next, in order to understand the contributions of the main parameters determining blood redistribution, AoI and middle cerebral artery (MCA) flow changes were studied by variation of cerebral and peripheral-placental resistances. Finally, to study how this affects an individual fetus, the model was fitted to three IUGR cases with different degrees of severity. In conclusion, the proposed computational model provides a good approximation to assess blood flow changes in the fetal circulation. The results support that while MCA flow is mainly determined by a fall in brain resistance, the AoI is influenced by a balance between increased peripheral-placental and decreased cerebral resistances. Personalizing the model allows for quantifying the balance between cerebral and peripheral-placental remodeling, thus providing potentially novel information to aid clinical follow up. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is one of the leading causes of perinatal mortality and can be defined as a low birth weight together with signs of chronic hypoxia or malnutrition. It is mostly due to placental insufficiency resulting in a chronic restriction of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus. IUGR leads to cardiac dysfunction in utero which can persist postnatally. Under these altered conditions, IUGR fetuses redistribute their blood in order to maintain delivery of oxygenated blood to the brain, known as brain sparing. Given that, in the fetus the aortic isthmus (AoI) is a key arterial connection between the cerebral and placental circulations, quantifying AoI blood flow has been proposed to assess this brain sparing effect in clinical practice. However, which remodeling or redistribution processes in the cardiovascular systems induce the observed changes in AoI flow in IUGR fetuses is not fully understood. We developed a computational model of the fetal circulation, including the key elements related to fetal blood redistribution. Using measured cardiac outflow profiles to allow personalization, we can recreate and better understand the blood flow changes in individual IUGR fetuses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Garcia-Canadilla
- BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, and Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain
- Physense, DTIC, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Paula A. Rudenick
- University Hospital and Research Institute Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fatima Crispi
- BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, and Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Cruz-Lemini
- BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, and Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georgina Palau
- Physense, DTIC, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Camara
- Physense, DTIC, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Gratacos
- BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, and Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bart H. Bijens
- Physense, DTIC, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Figueras F, Gratacos E. Stage-based approach to the management of fetal growth restriction. Prenat Diagn 2014; 34:655-9. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Figueras
- Barcelona Center of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Neonatology (Hospital Clinic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), IDIBAPS; University of Barcelona, and Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER); Barcelona Spain
| | - Eduard Gratacos
- Barcelona Center of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Neonatology (Hospital Clinic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), IDIBAPS; University of Barcelona, and Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER); Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Savchev S, Figueras F, Gratacos E. Survey on the current trends in managing intrauterine growth restriction. Fetal Diagn Ther 2014; 36:129-35. [PMID: 24852178 DOI: 10.1159/000360419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a snapshot of the current trends in managing intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and to assess the agreement on the gestational age and the way of delivery in different clinical scenarios. METHODS A PubMed search was performed to identify all original articles on IUGR in the last 6 years. The most active 20 authors were selected as experts and were invited to respond to a survey on their preferred gestational age for elective delivery in several IUGR cases depending on Doppler measurements (including umbilical artery (UA), middle cerebral artery, cerebroplacental ratio, uterine artery and ductus venosus), biophysical profile and cardiotocography. RESULTS 15 of the 20 selected experts agreed to participate in the survey, of which 3 failed to meet the deadline to complete the survey. Management of IUGR was relatively uniform for abnormal UA, uterine artery or cerebroplacental ratio. Although average gestational age at delivery reflected a clear progression with accepted markers of severity, discrepancies of up to 4 weeks were found for abnormal middle cerebral artery Doppler and absent end-diastolic velocity in the UA, and of up to 8 weeks for reverse end-diastolic velocity in the UA and abnormalities in the ductus venosus Doppler. CONCLUSIONS Management of IUGR is still far from being uniform among centers, with most controversy surrounding the management of early-onset IUGR. There is a need of prospective studies to address this issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Savchev
- Fetal and Perinatal Research Centre, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
124
|
Egaña-Ugrinovic G, Sanz-Cortés M, Couve-Pérez C, Figueras F, Gratacós E. Corpus callosum differences assessed by fetal MRI in late-onset intrauterine growth restriction and its association with neurobehavior. Prenat Diagn 2014; 34:843-9. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Egaña-Ugrinovic
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department, Institut Clínic de Ginecologia, Obstetrícia i Neonatologia (ICGON); Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Hospital Clínic; Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Magdalena Sanz-Cortés
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department, Institut Clínic de Ginecologia, Obstetrícia i Neonatologia (ICGON); Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Hospital Clínic; Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Constanza Couve-Pérez
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department, Institut Clínic de Ginecologia, Obstetrícia i Neonatologia (ICGON); Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Hospital Clínic; Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Francesc Figueras
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department, Institut Clínic de Ginecologia, Obstetrícia i Neonatologia (ICGON); Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Hospital Clínic; Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Eduard Gratacós
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department, Institut Clínic de Ginecologia, Obstetrícia i Neonatologia (ICGON); Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Hospital Clínic; Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Lobmaier SM, Figueras F, Mercade I, Perello M, Peguero A, Crovetto F, Ortiz JU, Crispi F, Gratacós E. Angiogenic factors vs Doppler surveillance in the prediction of adverse outcome among late-pregnancy small-for- gestational-age fetuses. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2014; 43:533-540. [PMID: 24203115 DOI: 10.1002/uog.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the value of Doppler surveillance with maternal blood angiogenic factors at diagnosis for the prediction of adverse outcome in late-pregnancy small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses. METHODS In a cohort of 198 SGA fetuses we evaluated the association of Doppler indices (mean uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA-PI) and cerebroplacental ratio (CPR)) and angiogenic factors (maternal serum levels of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and placental growth factor (PlGF)) with the development of pre-eclampsia and adverse perinatal outcome (operative delivery for non-reassuring fetal status or neonatal metabolic acidosis). RESULTS In SGA fetuses subsequently developing pre-eclampsia, mean UtA-PI (P < 0.001), sFlt-1 MoM (P < 0.001) and sFlt-1/PlGF MoM ratio (P < 0.001) were higher, while PlGF MoM was lower (P = 0.004). In SGA fetuses with adverse perinatal outcome, CPR (P < 0.002) and PlGF MoM (P < 0.001) were lower, and sFlt-1/PlGF MoM ratio was higher (P = 0.001). For predicting pre-eclampsia, the areas under the receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves for mean UtA-PI, sFlt-1 MoM and the combination of both were 0.852, 0.839 and 0.860, respectively. For adverse perinatal outcome, the areas under the ROC curves for CPR, PlGF MoM and the combination of both were 0.652, 0.656 and 0.684, respectively. The combination of Doppler indices and angiogenic factors did not significantly improve prediction of either pre-eclampsia (P = 0.851) or adverse outcome (P = 0.579). CONCLUSIONS In SGA fetuses, angiogenic factors at diagnosis and follow-up with Doppler ultrasound both predict adverse outcome with a similar performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Lobmaier
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department, Institut Clínic de Ginecologia, Obstetrícia i Neonatologia, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain; Frauenklinik und Poliklinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
126
|
Papastefanou I, Pilalis A, Chrelias C, Kassanos D, Souka AP. Screening for birth weight deviations by second and third trimester ultrasound scan. Prenat Diagn 2014; 34:759-64. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Papastefanou
- Fetal Medicine Unit, 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University Hospital; Athens Greece
| | - Athanasios Pilalis
- Fetal Medicine Unit, 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University Hospital; Athens Greece
| | - Charalampos Chrelias
- Fetal Medicine Unit, 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University Hospital; Athens Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kassanos
- Fetal Medicine Unit, 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University Hospital; Athens Greece
| | - Athena P. Souka
- Fetal Medicine Unit, 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University Hospital; Athens Greece
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Figueras F, Gratacós E. Update on the Diagnosis and Classification of Fetal Growth Restriction and Proposal of a Stage-Based Management Protocol. Fetal Diagn Ther 2014; 36:86-98. [DOI: 10.1159/000357592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
128
|
Oros D, Altermir I, Elia N, Tuquet H, Pablo LE, Fabre E, Pueyo V. Pathways of neuronal and cognitive development in children born small-for-gestational age or late preterm. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2014; 43:41-47. [PMID: 23836499 DOI: 10.1002/uog.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of late small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth and late prematurity on cognitive outcomes and structural changes in the central nervous system at primary school age, using a novel approach to examine changes in neuronal integrity of the retina. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of 347 children aged 6-13 years, including in the analysis only infants born after 34 weeks' gestation. We recorded all perinatal outcomes through a survey of parents. Neuronal damage was evaluated using optical coherence tomography of the retina. In a subgroup of 112 children aged 6-8 years, visuospatial perception was evaluated with the Children's Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test. RESULTS The proportions of SGA and late preterm children were 11.8 and 6.3%, respectively. Prematurity and SGA were simultaneously present in five children. When compared with controls, SGA children showed significantly lower than average retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness (94.1 vs 98.8 μm; P = 0.007) and an increased percentage of abnormal Bender scores (27.3 vs 6.2%; P = 0.017) (odds ratio 5.6 (95% CI, 1.2-26.8)). These differences increased when late SGA infants with a birth weight below the 3(rd) percentile were compared with SGA infants with a birth weight between the 3(rd) and 10(th) percentiles and with controls, for RNFL thickness (92.5 vs 94.6 and 98.8 μm, respectively; P = 0.021) and abnormal Bender tests (33.3 vs 25.0 and 6.2%, respectively; P = 0.036). However, no differences were found in retinal structure and visuomotor performance between late preterm and term infants. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that late SGA and late prematurity induce a distinct neuronal pattern of structural changes that persist at school age. Late-onset SGA infants are at increased risk for axonal loss in the retina and present specific visuomotor difficulties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Oros
- Obstetrics Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa Zaragoza, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
129
|
Metabolomic profile of umbilical cord blood plasma from early and late intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) neonates with and without signs of brain vasodilation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80121. [PMID: 24312458 PMCID: PMC3846503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To characterize via NMR spectroscopy the full spectrum of metabolic changes in umbilical vein blood plasma of newborns diagnosed with different clinical forms of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Methods 23 early IUGR cases and matched 23 adequate-for-gestational-age (AGA) controls and 56 late IUGR cases with 56 matched AGAs were included in this study. Early IUGR was defined as a birth weight <10th centile, abnormal umbilical artery (UA) Doppler and delivery <35 weeks. Late IUGR was defined as a birth weight <10th centile with normal UA Doppler and delivery >35 weeks. This group was subdivided in 18 vasodilated (VD) and 38 non-VD late IUGR fetuses. All AGA patients had a birth weight >10th centile. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics of the blood samples collected from the umbilical vein at delivery was obtained. Multivariate statistical analysis identified several metabolites that allowed the discrimination between the different IUGR subgroups, and their comparative levels were quantified from the NMR data. Results The NMR-based analysis showed increased unsaturated lipids and VLDL levels in both early and late IUGR samples, decreased glucose and increased acetone levels in early IUGR. Non-significant trends for decreased glucose and increased acetone levels were present in late IUGR, which followed a severity gradient when the VD and non-VD subgroups were considered. Regarding amino acids and derivatives, early IUGR showed significantly increased glutamine and creatine levels, whereas the amounts of phenylalanine and tyrosine were decreased in early and late-VD IUGR samples. Valine and leucine were decreased in late IUGR samples. Choline levels were decreased in all clinical subforms of IUGR. Conclusions IUGR is not associated with a unique metabolic profile, but important changes are present in different clinical subsets used in research and clinical practice. These results may help in characterizing comprehensively specific alterations underlying different IUGR subsets.
Collapse
|
130
|
Batalle D, Muñoz-Moreno E, Figueras F, Bargallo N, Eixarch E, Gratacos E. Normalization of similarity-based individual brain networks from gray matter MRI and its association with neurodevelopment in infants with intrauterine growth restriction. Neuroimage 2013; 83:901-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
|
131
|
Senat MV, Tsatsaris V. Surveillance anténatale, prise en charge et indications de naissance en cas de RCIU vasculaire isolé. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 42:941-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
132
|
Benavides-Serralde JA, Hernandez-Andrade E, Cruz-Martinez R, Cruz-Lemini M, Scheier M, Figueras F, Mancilla J, Gratacos E. Doppler evaluation of the posterior cerebral artery in normally grown and growth restricted fetuses. Prenat Diagn 2013; 34:115-20. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Andres Benavides-Serralde
- Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Technological University of Pereira; Pereira Colombia
- National Institute of Perinatal Medicine (INPer) Mexico City; Mexico
| | - Edgar Hernandez-Andrade
- Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- National Institute of Perinatal Medicine (INPer) Mexico City; Mexico
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hutzel Women's Hospital; Wayne State University; Detroit MI USA
| | - Rogelio Cruz-Martinez
- Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Mónica Cruz-Lemini
- Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Matthias Scheier
- Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Ambulatorium fuer Fetalmedizin; Feldkirch Austria
| | - Francesc Figueras
- Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Javier Mancilla
- National Institute of Perinatal Medicine (INPer) Mexico City; Mexico
| | - Eduard Gratacos
- Fetal and Perinatal Medicine Research Group, Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Morales Roselló J, Hervás Marín D, Perales Marín A. The vertebral artery Doppler might be an alternative to the middle cerebral artery Doppler in the follow-up of the early onset growth-restricted fetus. Prenat Diagn 2013; 34:109-14. [PMID: 24185713 DOI: 10.1002/pd.4263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this article is to show the clinical utility of the vertebral artery Doppler as an alternative to the middle cerebral artery Doppler in the follow-up of fetuses affected with early-onset growth restriction [fetal growth restriction (FGR)]. METHODS We present a group of fetuses with early-onset FGR in which the vertebral artery resistance index (VA RI) and pulsatility index (VA PI) were measured and plotted along with their references earlier calculated using 1980 Doppler examinations. In addition, the VA and middle cerebral artery (MCA) performance was compared using values converted into multiples of the median. RESULTS Similar to that of the MCA, VA RI and VA PI percentiles showed curve shapes with higher values at the beginning of the third trimester. The majority of growth-restricted fetuses showed a notorious decrease in the VA impedance, which was not statistically different to that of the MCA. CONCLUSION Vertebral artery Doppler values can be obtained throughout the second half of pregnancy. Preliminary data suggest a clinical application in the management of early-onset FGR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Morales Roselló
- Servicio de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
134
|
Vijgen SM, Boers KE, Opmeer BC, Bijlenga D, Bekedam DJ, Bloemenkamp KW, de Boer K, Bremer HA, le Cessie S, Delemarre FM, Duvekot JJ, Hasaart TH, Kwee A, van Lith JM, van Meir CA, van Pampus MG, van der Post JA, Rijken M, Roumen FJ, van der Salm PC, Spaanderman ME, Willekes C, Wijnen EJ, Mol BW, Scherjon SA. Economic analysis comparing induction of labour and expectant management for intrauterine growth restriction at term (DIGITAT trial). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 170:358-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
135
|
Baschat AA. Neurodevelopment after fetal growth restriction. Fetal Diagn Ther 2013; 36:136-42. [PMID: 23886893 DOI: 10.1159/000353631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) can emerge as a complication of placental dysfunction and increases the risk for neurodevelopmental delay. Marked elevations of umbilical artery (UA) Doppler resistance that set the stage for cardiovascular and biophysical deterioration with subsequent preterm birth characterize early-onset FGR. Minimal, or absent UA Doppler abnormalities and isolated cerebral Doppler changes with subtle deterioration and a high risk for unanticipated term stillbirth are characteristic for late-onset FGR. Nutritional deficiency manifested in lagging head growth is the most powerful predictor of developmental delay in all forms of FGR. Extremes of blood flow resistance and cardiovascular deterioration, prematurity and intracranial hemorrhage increase the risks for psychomotor delay and cerebral palsy. In late-onset FGR, regional cerebral vascular redistribution correlates with abnormal behavioral domains. Irrespective of the phenotype of FGR, prenatal tests that provide precise and independent stratification of risks for adverse neurodevelopment have yet to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet A Baschat
- Center for Advanced Fetal Care, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., USA
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Souka AP, Papastefanou I, Pilalis A, Michalitsi V, Panagopoulos P, Kassanos D. Performance of the ultrasound examination in the early and late third trimester for the prediction of birth weight deviations. Prenat Diagn 2013; 33:915-20. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Athena P. Souka
- Fetal Medicine Unit, 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University Hospital; Athens Greece
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Leto Maternity Hospital; Athens Greece
| | - Ioannis Papastefanou
- Fetal Medicine Unit, 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University Hospital; Athens Greece
| | - Athanasios Pilalis
- Fetal Medicine Unit, 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University Hospital; Athens Greece
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Leto Maternity Hospital; Athens Greece
| | - Vasiliki Michalitsi
- Fetal Medicine Unit, 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University Hospital; Athens Greece
| | - Perikles Panagopoulos
- Fetal Medicine Unit, 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University Hospital; Athens Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kassanos
- Fetal Medicine Unit, 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University Hospital; Athens Greece
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
|
138
|
Cerebral blood flow studies in the diagnosis and management of intrauterine growth restriction. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2013; 25:138-44. [DOI: 10.1097/gco.0b013e32835e0e9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
139
|
Llurba E, Baschat AA, Turan OM, Harding J, McCowan LM. Childhood cognitive development after fetal growth restriction. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2013; 41:383-389. [PMID: 23288449 DOI: 10.1002/uog.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between prenatal umbilical artery (UA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) Doppler findings and cognitive development at 3 and 6 years in low-birth-weight children. METHODS This was a study of 209 low-birth-weight (< 10(th) centile) children born after 28 gestational weeks with UA resistance index (RI) measured within 2 weeks before delivery. Children with normal UA- and ICA-RI were defined as small-for-gestational age (SGA) and those with abnormal UA or ICA Doppler findings as having fetal growth restriction (FGR). Cognitive ability at 3 and 6 years' corrected age was assessed using the fourth edition of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (SBIS) and compared between SGA and FGR groups. An SBIS score < 85 was considered to indicate delayed development. RESULTS The median gestational age at diagnosis of abnormal fetal growth was 36.6 (range, 28-41) weeks. There were 87 (41.6%) children classified as having FGR and 122 (58.4%) as SGA. The mean global SBIS score at 3 years was 109.4 (SD, 22.8) and at 6 years it was 110.5 (SD, 13.9). Overall, 22 (10.5%) children had delayed development at 3 years. Total SBIS scores and individual domain scores did not differ between FGR and SGA groups at 3 or 6 years and similar proportions in each group had delayed development. CONCLUSION Abnormal prenatal UA and ICA Doppler findings are not associated with lower developmental scores in low-birth-weight children delivered in the third trimester of pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Llurba
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Prior T, Wild M, Mullins E, Bennett P, Kumar S. Sex specific differences in fetal middle cerebral artery and umbilical venous Doppler. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56933. [PMID: 23437275 PMCID: PMC3577689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of several adverse pregnancy outcomes including fetal growth restriction are higher in pregnancies where the fetus is male, leading to suggestions that placental insufficiency is more common in these fetuses. Placental insufficiency associated with fetal growth restriction may be identified by multi-vessel Doppler assessment, but little evidence exists regarding sex specific differences in these Doppler indices or placental function. This study aims to investigate sex specific differences in fetal and placental perfusion and to correlate these changes with intra-partum outcome. Methods and Findings This is a prospective cohort study. We measured Doppler indices of 388 term pregnancies immediately prior to the onset of active labour (≤3 cm dilatation). Fetal sex was unknown at the time of the ultrasound assessment. Information from the ultrasound scan was not made available to clinical staff. Case notes and electronic records were reviewed following delivery. We report significantly lower Middle Cerebral artery pulsatility index (1.34 vs. 1.43, p = 0.004), Middle Cerebral artery peak velocity (53.47 cm/s vs. 58.10 cm/s, p = <0.001), and Umbilical venous flow/kg (56 ml/min/kg vs. 61 ml/min/kg, p = 0.02) in male fetuses. These differences however, were not associated with significant differences in intra-partum outcome. Conclusion Sex specific differences in feto-placental perfusion indices exist. Whilst the physiological relevance of these is currently unknown, the identification of these differences adds to our knowledge of the physiology of male and female fetuses in utero. A number of disease processes have now been shown to have an association with changes in fetal haemodynamics in-utero, as well as having a sex bias, making further investigation of the sex specific differences present during fetal life important. Whilst the clinical application of these findings is currently limited, the results from this study do provide further insight into the gender specific circulatory differences present in the fetal period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Prior
- Centre for Fetal Care, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne Wild
- Centre for Fetal Care, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Mullins
- Centre for Fetal Care, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip Bennett
- Centre for Fetal Care, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sailesh Kumar
- Centre for Fetal Care, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Sanz-Cortés M, Figueras F, Bonet-Carne E, Padilla N, Tenorio V, Bargalló N, Amat-Roldan I, Gratacós E. Fetal Brain MRI Texture Analysis Identifies Different Microstructural Patterns in Adequate and Small for Gestational Age Fetuses at Term. Fetal Diagn Ther 2013; 33:122-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000346566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
142
|
Mula R, Savchev S, Parra M, Arranz A, Botet F, Costas-Moragas C, Gratacos E, Figueras F. Increased Fetal Brain Perfusion and Neonatal Neurobehavioral Performance in Normally Grown Fetuses. Fetal Diagn Ther 2013; 33:182-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000350699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
143
|
Unterscheider J, Geary MP, Daly S, McAuliffe FM, Kennelly MM, Dornan J, Morrison JJ, Burke G, Francis A, Gardosi J, Malone FD. The customized fetal growth potential: a standard for Ireland. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012; 166:14-7. [PMID: 23068999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify maternal and pregnancy-related physiological and pathological variables associated with fetal growth and birthweight in Ireland and to develop customized birthweight centile charts for the Irish population that will aid in appropriate identification and selection of growth-restricted fetuses requiring increased antenatal surveillance. STUDY DESIGN Prospectively collected outcome data of 11,973 consecutive ultrasound-dated singleton pregnancies between 2008 and 2009 from six maternity units in Ireland (Dublin, Galway, Limerick and Belfast) were included for analysis. Maternal weight and height at booking, parity and ethnicity were recorded and combined with birthweight, fetal gender and pregnancy outcomes. Coefficients were derived by backward multiple regression using a stepwise backward elimination approach. RESULTS A total of 11,973 ultrasound-dated singleton pregnancies were included in the analysis. Over 90% of women (n=10,850) were of Irish or European descent, 3.4% (n=407) were African or African Caribbean, 1.7% (n=208) were Indian; 42.2% (n=5057) were nulliparous, 32.8% (n=3923) had one previous delivery after 24 weeks' gestation, 15.6% (n=1872) had two previous deliveries and 9.4% (n=1121) had three or more previous deliveries. Mean term birthweight for a standard Irish mother was 3491 grams. Babies of all other ethnic origins were smaller than their Irish counterparts. African Caribbean, Bangladeshi, Indian and Pakistani babies were on average 237 g, 196 g, 181 g and 181 g lighter, respectively, when compared to the average Irish offspring. Pathological factors significantly affecting term birthweight were pre-gestational diabetes (+137 g; p<0.001), smoking (-225 g; p<0.001), pregnancy-induced hypertension (-37.6g; p=0.009) and maternal obesity (-41.6g; p=0.012). CONCLUSION Birthweight in this Irish maternity population is subject to similar influences to those observed in studies from the UK, Sweden, USA and Australasia. The derived coefficients can be used for customized assessment of fetal growth potential in Ireland. The implementation of these customized centile charts and their free online availability will aid clinicians in Ireland in the interpretation of fetal weight estimation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Unterscheider
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Rotunda Hospital, Parnell Square, Dublin 1, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
144
|
Hernandez-Andrade E, Serralde JAB, Cruz-Martinez R. Can anomalies of fetal brain circulation be useful in the management of growth restricted fetuses? Prenat Diagn 2012; 32:103-12. [PMID: 22418951 DOI: 10.1002/pd.2913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of the fetal cerebral circulation provides important information on the hemodynamic changes associated with chronic hypoxia and intrauterine growth restriction. Despite the incorporation of new US parameters, the landmark for the fetal brain hemodynamic evaluation is still the middle cerebral artery. However, new vascular territories, such as the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries, might provide additional information on the onset of the brain sparing effect. The fractional moving blood volume estimation and three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound indices are new techniques that seem to be promising in identifying cases at earlier stages of vascular deterioration; still, they are not available for clinical application and more information is needed on the reproducibility and advantages of three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound blood flow indices. In the past, the brain sparing effect was considered as a protective mechanism; however, recent information challenges this concept. There is growing evidence of an association between brain sparing effect and increased risk of abnormal neurodevelopment after birth. Even in mild late-onset intrauterine growth restriction affected fetuses with normal umbilical artery blood flow, increased cerebral blood perfusion can be associated with a substantial risk of abnormal neuroadaptation and neurodevelopment during childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Hernandez-Andrade
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Department, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
145
|
Arcangeli T, Thilaganathan B, Hooper R, Khan KS, Bhide A. Neurodevelopmental delay in small babies at term: a systematic review. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2012; 40:267-75. [PMID: 22302630 DOI: 10.1002/uog.11112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Being small for gestational age (SGA) or having fetal growth restriction (FGR) may be associated with poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes compared to being appropriate for gestational age (AGA). The aim of this paper was to evaluate the existence and magnitude of decrease in neurodevelopmental scores in SGA and FGR infants born at term from a systematic review of the existing literature. METHODS Studies of neurodevelopment in SGA/FGR babies were identified from a search of the internet scientific databases. Studies that included preterm births and those that did not define absolute indices of standardized cognitive outcome were excluded. SGA was defined as birth weight below the 10(th) centile for gestation and FGR as the same birth-weight standard with abnormal umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound or evidence of abnormal placentation on pathology specimen studies. Effect size was calculated as the standardized mean difference between neurodevelopment scores of controls and SGA/FGR children. RESULTS There were 28 studies of SGA, with a total of 7861 SGA and 91 619 control AGA babies, and three studies of FGR, with a total of 119 FGR and 49 control AGA babies. Data synthesis showed that standardized neurodevelopmental scores in SGA babies were 0.32 SD (95% CI, 0.25-0.38) below those for normal controls, though with heterogeneity between studies (I(2) = 68.3%). Insufficient data were available for FGR babies. CONCLUSION The findings of the study demonstrate that among babies born at term, being SGA is associated with lower scores on neurodevelopmental outcomes compared to AGA controls. A trial designed to evaluate the effects of intervention in small fetuses born at term in order to improve the neurodevelopmental outcome is urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Arcangeli
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
146
|
Pueyo V, Oros D, Valle S, Tuquet H, Güerri N, Argüelles M, Ventura P. Axonal loss and cognitive deficits in term infants with normal umbilical artery Doppler born small-for-gestational age. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2012; 40:297-303. [PMID: 22740299 DOI: 10.1002/uog.11215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess cognitive outcomes and structural changes in the central nervous system, the latter using a novel approach to examine changes in neuronal integrity of the optic nerve, in children at 5-6½ years of age who were born small-for-gestational age (SGA) at term having shown normal umbilical artery (UA) Doppler. METHODS We compared neuronal damage, cognitive deficits and visuospatial perception in two cohorts of infants, one born SGA (n = 40) and one born appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) (n = 39) in weight. Neuronal damage was evaluated using optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the optic nerve. Cognitive deficits were assessed with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) test. Visuospatial perception was evaluated with Rey-Osterreich Complex Figure (ROCF) tasks. RESULTS Children from the SGA group had a significantly thinner average retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) compared with those from the AGA group (98.2 vs 104.5 µm, P = 0.012). Children from the SGA group exhibited impaired performance in copy tasks on the ROCF (3.27 vs 3.56, P = 0.036) and a higher rate of suboptimal WPPSI test performance intelligence quotient scores (15% vs 0%; P = 0.025) compared with those from the AGA group. CONCLUSION Term infants with normal UA Doppler born SGA are at increased risk for cognitive deficits and axonal loss in the RNFL at the age of 5-6½ years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Pueyo
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
147
|
Crispi F, Figueras F, Cruz-Lemini M, Bartrons J, Bijnens B, Gratacos E. Cardiovascular programming in children born small for gestational age and relationship with prenatal signs of severity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 207:121.e1-9. [PMID: 22717268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to evaluate cardiovascular function in children who were small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses. STUDY DESIGN This was a prospective study including 100 controls and 50 children diagnosed in utero as SGA after 34 weeks subdivided into the following categories: SGA and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) according to the absence or presence, respectively, of weight centile less than 3 or abnormal cerebroplacental Doppler. Postnatal cardiovascular outcome was evaluated at 3-6 years of age by echocardiography, blood pressure, and carotid ultrasound. RESULTS Both SGA and IUGR presented in childhood more globular hearts, reduced longitudinal motion, and impaired relaxation with an increase in radial function. Both groups showed increased blood pressure and carotid intima-media thickness. There was a linear tendency to worse cardiovascular results in IUGR as compared with SGA. CONCLUSION Fetal cardiovascular programming occurs in SGA, regardless of Doppler and weight centile. These findings challenge the concept of constitutionally small and warrant further investigation to identify predictors of cardiovascular outcome in SGA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Crispi
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Institut Clinic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia, i Neonatologia, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
148
|
Abstract
Doppler analysis of the umbilical and uterine arteries has long been performed in perinatal medicine to assess fetal health and maternal risk for preeclampsia. Several other vessels can be interrogated to obtain additional, vital information. Velocimetry in the fetal middle cerebral artery can yield evidence of the presence or absence of anemia and, in cases of delayed growth, of the risk of hypoxic damage. Ductus venosus waveforms are a very good indicator of impeding fetal jeopardy and should be used when umbilical artery waveforms become abnormal. Early pregnancy uterine artery Doppler reflects the status of the placental vasculature and, as such, is an excellent tool for predicting the risk of preeclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction.
Collapse
|
149
|
Lepomäki V, Paavilainen T, Matomäki J, Hurme S, Haataja L, Lapinleimu H, Liisa Lehtonen L, Komu M, Parkkola R. Effect of antenatal growth and prematurity on brain white matter: diffusion tensor study. Pediatr Radiol 2012; 42:692-8. [PMID: 22421990 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-012-2352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White matter maturation is characterised by increasing fractional anisotropy (FA) and decreasing mean diffusivity (MD). Contradictory results have been published on the effect of premature birth on white matter maturation at term-equivalent age. OBJECTIVE To assess the association of gestational age and low birth-weight-for-gestational-age (z-score) with white matter maturation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Infants (n = 76, 53 males) born at different gestational ages were imaged at term-equivalent age. Gestational age and birth weight z-score were used as continuous variables and the effect on diffusion parameters was assessed. Brain maturation was studied using regions-of-interest analysis in several white matter areas. RESULTS Gestational age showed no significant effect on white matter maturation at term-equivalent age. Children with low birth weight z-score had lower FA in the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum (regression, P = 0.012 and P = 0.032; correlation, P = 0.009 and P = 0.006, respectively), and higher MD in the splenium of the corpus callosum (regression, P = 0.002; correlation, P = 0.0004) compared to children whose birth weight was appropriate for gestational age. CONCLUSION Children with low birth weight relative to gestational age show delay and/or anomaly in white matter maturation at term-equivalent age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Lepomäki
- Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
150
|
Crispi F, Gratacós E. Fetal cardiac function: technical considerations and potential research and clinical applications. Fetal Diagn Ther 2012; 32:47-64. [PMID: 22614129 DOI: 10.1159/000338003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fetal echocardiography was initially used to detect structural anomalies but has more recently also been proposed to assess fetal cardiac function. This review summarizes technical issues and limitations in fetal cardiac function evaluation, as well as its potential research and clinical applications. Functional echocardiography has been demonstrated to select high-risk populations and to be associated with outcome in several fetal conditions including intrauterine growth restriction, twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, maternal diabetes, and congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Fetal heart evaluation is challenging due to the smallness and high heart rate of the fetus and restricted access to the fetus far from the transducer. Due to these limitations and differences in cardiac function which are related to fetal maturation, cardiovascular parameters should be validated in the fetus and used with caution. Despite these precautions, in expert hands and with appropriate ultrasound equipment, evaluation of cardiac function is feasible in most fetuses. Functional fetal echocardiography is a promising tool that may soon be incorporated into clinical practice. Research is warranted to further refine the contribution of fetal cardiac assessment to the diagnosis, monitoring, or prediction of outcomes in various fetal conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Crispi
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Institut Clínic de Ginecologia, Obstetrícia i Neonatologia, Hospital Clinic - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|