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Binding of DC-SIGN to the hemagglutinin of influenza A viruses supports virus replication in DC-SIGN expressing cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56164. [PMID: 23424649 PMCID: PMC3570528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells express lectins receptors, like DC-SIGN, which allow these cells to sense glycans that are present on various bacterial and viral pathogens. Interaction of DC-SIGN with carbohydrate moieties induces maturation of dendritic cells and promotes endocytosis of pathogens which is an important property of these professional antigen presenting cells. Uptake of pathogens by dendritic cells may lead to cross-presentation of antigens or infection of these cells, which ultimately results in activation of virus-specific T cells in draining lymph nodes. Little is known about the interaction of DC-SIGN with influenza A viruses. Here we show that a virus with a non-functional receptor binding site in its hemagglutinin, can replicate in cells expressing DC-SIGN. Also in the absence of sialic acids, which is the receptor for influenza A viruses, these viruses replicate in DC-SIGN expressing cells including human dendritic cells. Furthermore, the efficiency of DC-SIGN mediated infection is dependent on the extent of glycosylation of the viral hemagglutinin.
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102
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Gopinath SCB, Awazu K, Fujimaki M, Shimizu K. Neu5Acα2,6Gal and Neu5Acα2,3Gal receptor specificities on influenza viruses determined by a waveguide-mode sensor. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:5080-7. [PMID: 23022889 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To characterize the differences in the receptor-binding specificities of human and avian influenza viruses with glycan chains, the authors performed binding analyses using an evanescent field-coupled waveguide-mode biosensor. The experiments were performed on intact viruses and hemagglutinin proteins, using gold-nanoparticle-conjugated Neu5Acα2,6Gal and Neu5Acα2,3Gal glycan chains. Several influenza viruses belonging to subtypes H3N2 (A/Udorn/307/1972, A/Shandong/9/1993, A/Kiev/301/1994, A/Panama/2007/1999, A/Wisconsin/67/2005 and A/Brisbane/10/2007), H1N1 (A/Brisbane/59/2007 and A/California/07/2009) and H5N1 (A/chicken/India/NIV33487/2006) were used. High levels of glycan-based discrimination were observed with the H3N2 strain A/Brisbane/10/2007 due to its specificity with Neu5Acα2,6Gal, but not with Neu5Acα2,3Gal. Possible amino acid residues responsible for the discrimination of human and avian influenza viruses are discussed. These types of sensor-based discriminatory analyses would be very useful for distinguishing between influenza pandemics, especially during the transition and overlapping periods of human and avian influenza viruses with evolutionary changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C B Gopinath
- Electronics and Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology-AIST, Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
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103
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Wang YF, Lao WI, Kuo YD, Guu SY, Wang HC, Lin CH, Wang JR, Su IJ, Chang CF. Receptor binding surveillance of influenza clinical isolates. Future Virol 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aims: The outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in poultry and the influenza A pandemic have wreaked havoc on public health. Viruses alter their carbohydrate binding preferences, thereby causing pandemics all over the world. In this study, we tried to investigate the carbohydrate binding specificity of influenza clinical isolates. Materials & methods: Biotin-conjugated polyacrylamide-based glycan epitopes were immobilized on UltraBind™ membranes and used to survey the glycan-binding preference of influenza clinical isolates, including seasonal influenza A, A(H1N1)pdm09 and influenza B viruses. In addition, the DNA sequences of influenza B virus hemagglutinin were analyzed. Results: Human influenza A, especially the A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, accepted α2,6 and α2,3 sialylated glycans, sulfated glycans and α2,8 sialosides. Although all influenza B clinical isolates bound strongly to NeuAc, 6´-sialyl lactose and sialyl biantennary N-glycan, some viruses also recognized sulfated and α2,3 sialylated glycans. According to the nucleotide sequences of viral hemagglutinin, influenza B viruses that exhibited weak interaction with sulfated and α2,3 sialylated glycans showed fewer charged amino acids. Conclusion: The substrate specificities of influenza clinical isolates were surveyed. Influenza A exhibited more complicated glycan-binding patterns than influenza B viruses. Our findings provided a systematic investigation of receptor-binding specificities for influenza clinical isolates, as well as useful information for exploring viral tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fang Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science & Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease & Signaling Research, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Division of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Infectious Disease & Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Weng-I Lao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science & Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Dai Kuo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science & Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yun Guu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science & Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Chen Wang
- Division of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Infectious Disease & Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ren Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science & Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease & Signaling Research, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Division of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Infectious Disease & Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Ih-Jen Su
- Center of Infectious Disease & Signaling Research, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Division of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Infectious Disease & Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Fa Chang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science & Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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104
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The human H3N2 influenza viruses A/Victoria/3/75 and A/Hiroshima/52/2005 preferentially bind to α2-3-sialylated monosialogangliosides with fucosylated poly-N-acetyllactosaminyl chains. Glycobiology 2012; 22:1055-76. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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105
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Bateman AC, Busch MG, Karasin AI, Olsen CW. Infectivity phenotypes of H3N2 influenza A viruses in primary swine respiratory epithelial cells are controlled by sialic acid binding. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 6:424-33. [PMID: 22353399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the late 1990s, triple reassortant H3N2 influenza A viruses emerged and spread widely in the US swine population. We have shown previously that an isolate representative of this virus-lineage, A/Swine/Minnesota/593/99 (Sw/MN), exhibits phenotypic differences compared to a wholly human-lineage H3N2 virus isolated during the same time period, A/Swine/Ontario/00130/97 (Sw/ONT). Specifically, Sw/MN was more infectious for pigs and infected a significantly higher proportion of cultured primary swine respiratory epithelial cells (SRECs). In addition, reverse genetics-generated Sw/MN × Sw/ONT reassortant and point mutant viruses demonstrated that the infectivity phenotypes in SRECs were strongly dependent on three amino acids within the hemagglutinin (HA) gene. OBJECTIVES To determine the mechanism by which Sw/MN attains higher infectivity than Sw/ONT in SRECs. METHODS A/Swine/Minnesota/593/99, Sw/ONT, and mutant (reverse genetics-generated HA reassortant and point mutant) viruses were compared at various HA-mediated stages of infection: initial sialic acid binding, virus entry, and the pH of virus-endosome fusion. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Sialic acid binding was the sole stage where virus differences directly paralleled infectivity phenotypes in SRECs, indicating that binding is the primary mechanism responsible for differences in the infectivity levels of Sw/MN and Sw/ONT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen C Bateman
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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106
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Abstract
Influenza virus attachment to sialic acid-containing molecules on the cell surface initiates the infection. The spectrum of functional receptors on target cells and decoy receptors on cells and epithelial mucus varies substantially between animal species leading to variations in the receptor-binding specificity of viruses circulating in these species. Analysis of the receptor specificity of different animal and human influenza viruses can give insight into factors and mechanisms that determine viral host range, tissue and cell tropism, replication efficiency, and pathogenesis. Knowledge of viral receptor specificity may also be useful for the development of more efficient influenza vaccines and anti-influenza drugs.A majority of known receptor specificity assays measure influenza virus binding to sialic acid-containing natural and synthetic compounds (receptor analogues). Here, we describe protocols of two solid-phase enzyme-linked receptor-binding assays which are technically similar to standard ELISA. Each assay determines binding of the virus immobilized in the wells of 96-well plate to receptor analogues in solution. In the direct binding assay, the virus binds to either synthetic biotinylated sialylglycopolymers or to peroxidase-labeled sialylglycoprotein fetuin (Fet-HRP); the apparent association constants of the virus-receptor complexes are calculated from the Scatchard plots of the binding data. In the fetuin-binding inhibition assay, the virus is incubated with a mixture of unlabeled receptor analogue and standard preparation of Fet-HRP; the association constant for analogue is calculated based on the level of its competition with Fet-HRP.
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107
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Nicolson C, Harvey R, Johnson R, Guilfoyle K, Engelhardt OG, Robertson JS. An additional oligosaccharide moiety in the HA of a pandemic influenza H1N1 candidate vaccine virus confers increased antigen yield in eggs. Vaccine 2011; 30:745-51. [PMID: 22138177 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The H1N1 influenza pandemic in 2009 highlighted the need for the rapid generation of candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs) against an A/California/7/2009-like virus. The first available CVVs gave low protein yields in eggs but improved yields were achieved for second generation CVVs which contained amino acid substitutions compared to their precursor viruses. In this study, we investigated the basis for the increased virus protein yield of CVV NIBRG-121xp and whether the improved yield characteristics could be transferred between this virus and two other CVVs, NYMC X-179A and NYMC X-181. We generated variant viruses by reverse genetics to contain combinations of amino acid substitutions found in high yielding NIBRG-121xp and NYMC X-181. We found that the increase in total protein yield and functional HA yield of NIBRG-121xp in eggs is attributable to the single amino acid substitution K119N in the HA. We also found that the glycosylation of position 119 is essential for the improved virus protein yield in eggs. However, the K119N yield-enhancing effect was not transferable between viruses, nor was the N129D change found in high yielding NYMC X-181. However, position 119 may be a useful locus to monitor in future for viruses and CVVs with potentially high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Nicolson
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK.
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108
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Profiling of influenza viruses by high-throughput carbohydrate membrane array. Future Med Chem 2011; 3:283-96. [PMID: 21446843 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbohydrate-protein interactions participate in many biological functions. To characterize the binding interactions represents a longstanding challenge. METHOD We developed a glycan membrane array to study the interactions of carbohydrates with lectins, proteins and viruses, including 17 lectins, four antibodies (that are specific to different Lewis antigens), one recombinant H5N1 hemagglutinin, and five influenza B clinical isolates. RESULTS The results were found to be comparable to previous reports, indicating the efficacy and reliability of our developed method. CONCLUSION This carbohydrate membrane array represents a convenient, reliable and low-cost method to examine the carbohydrate-binding features of various proteins, high-throughput drug screening and the glycan-binding surveillance of influenza viruses.
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109
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Neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility of swine influenza A viruses isolated in Germany between 1981 and 2008. Med Microbiol Immunol 2011; 201:61-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-011-0206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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110
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Bradley KC, Jones CA, Tompkins SM, Tripp RA, Russell RJ, Gramer MR, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Smith DF, Cummings RD, Steinhauer DA. Comparison of the receptor binding properties of contemporary swine isolates and early human pandemic H1N1 isolates (Novel 2009 H1N1). Virology 2011; 413:169-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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111
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Tate MD, Brooks AG, Reading PC. Receptor specificity of the influenza virus hemagglutinin modulates sensitivity to soluble collectins of the innate immune system and virulence in mice. Virology 2011; 413:128-38. [PMID: 21419468 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein of influenza virus binds to cell surface sialic acid (SA) to initiate infection. In this study, a mutant of influenza A virus strain BJx109 (H3N2) was plaque-purified from the lungs of virus-infected mice that had been depleted of airway macrophages. Sequence analysis identified a single amino acid substitution (S186I) in the vicinity of the receptor-binding site of HA. This substitution was associated with enhanced binding to α(2,3)-Gal-linked SA and an increased ability to infect murine airway epithelial cells. Mutant viruses were less sensitive to neutralization by mouse airway fluids and less efficient in their ability to infect murine macrophages. Moreover, infection of mice with viruses bearing the S186I substitution led to severe disease, characterized by enhanced virus replication, lung pathology and pulmonary edema. Together, these studies confirm that residue 186 of H3 subtype viruses is a critical determinant of virulence in a mouse model of influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Tate
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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112
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Chichlowski M, German JB, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA. The influence of milk oligosaccharides on microbiota of infants: opportunities for formulas. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2011; 2:331-51. [PMID: 22129386 PMCID: PMC7568403 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-022510-133743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In addition to a nutritive role, human milk also guides the development of a protective intestinal microbiota in the infant. Human milk possesses an overabundance of complex oligosaccharides that are indigestible by the infant yet are consumed by microbial populations in the developing intestine. These oligosaccharides are believed to facilitate enrichment of a healthy infant gastrointestinal microbiota, often associated with bifidobacteria. Advances in glycomics have enabled precise determination of milk glycan structures as well as identification of the specific glycans consumed by various gut microbes. Furthermore, genomic analysis of bifidobacteria from infants has revealed specific genetic loci related to milk oligosaccharide import and processing, suggesting coevolution between the human host, milk glycans, and the microbes they enrich. This review discusses the current understanding of how human milk oligosaccharides interact with the infant microbiota and examines the opportunities for translating this knowledge to improve the functionality of infant formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Chichlowski
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Functional Glycobiology Program, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - J. Bruce German
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Functional Glycobiology Program, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Functional Glycobiology Program, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - David A. Mills
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Functional Glycobiology Program, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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113
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Receptor binding profiles of avian influenza virus hemagglutinin subtypes on human cells as a predictor of pandemic potential. J Virol 2010; 85:1875-80. [PMID: 21106732 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01822-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The host adaptation of influenza virus is partly dependent on the sialic acid (SA) isoform bound by the viral hemagglutinin (HA). Avian influenza viruses preferentially bind the α-2,3 SA and human influenza viruses the α-2,6 isoform. Each isoform is predominantly associated with different surface epithelial cell types of the human upper airway. Using recombinant HAs and human tracheal airway epithelial cells in vitro and ex vivo, we show that many avian HA subtypes do not adhere to this canonical view of SA specificity. The propensity of avian viruses to adapt to human receptors may thus be more widespread than previously supposed.
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114
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Abstract
Considerable progress has been made toward understanding the structural basis of the interaction of the two major surface glycoproteins of influenza A virus with their common ligand/substrate: carbohydrate chains terminating in sialic acid. The specificity of virus attachment to target cells is mediated by hemagglutinin, which acquires characteristic changes in its receptor-binding site to switch its host from avian species to humans. Anti-influenza drugs mimic the natural sialic acid substrate of the virus neuraminidase enzyme but utilize the much tighter binding of the drugs for efficacy. Resistance to one of the two main antiviral drugs is differentially acquired by the two distinct subsets of neuraminidase as a consequence of structural differences in the enzyme active site between the two phylogenetic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Gamblin
- From the Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - John J. Skehel
- From the Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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115
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Glycans as receptors for influenza pathogenesis. Glycoconj J 2010; 27:561-70. [PMID: 20734133 PMCID: PMC3407351 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-010-9303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses, members of the Orthomyxoviridae family, are responsible for annual seasonal influenza epidemics and occasional global pandemics. The binding of viral coat glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) to sialylated glycan receptors on host epithelial cells is the critical initial step in the infection and transmission of these viruses. Scientists believe that a switch in the binding specificity of HA from Neu5Acα2-3Gal linked (α2-3) to Neu5Acα2-6Gal linked (α2-6) glycans is essential for the crossover of the viruses from avian to human hosts. However, studies have shown that the classification of glycan binding preference of HA based on sialic acid linkage alone is insufficient to establish a correlation between receptor specificity of HA and the efficient transmission of influenza A viruses. A recent study reported extensive diversity in the structure and composition of α2-6 glycans (which goes beyond the sialic acid linkage) in human upper respiratory epithelia and identified different glycan structural topologies. Biochemical examination of the multivalent HA binding to these diverse sialylated glycan structures also demonstrated that high affinity binding of HA to α2-6 glycans with a characteristic umbrella-like structural topology is critical for efficient human adaptation and human-human transmission of influenza A viruses. This review summarizes studies which suggest a new paradigm for understanding the role of the structure of sialylated glycan receptors in influenza virus pathogenesis.
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116
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Stevens J, Chen LM, Carney PJ, Garten R, Foust A, Le J, Pokorny BA, Manojkumar R, Silverman J, Devis R, Rhea K, Xu X, Bucher DJ, Paulson J, Cox NJ, Klimov A, Donis RO. Receptor specificity of influenza A H3N2 viruses isolated in mammalian cells and embryonated chicken eggs. J Virol 2010; 84:8287-99. [PMID: 20519409 PMCID: PMC2916524 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00058-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation of human subtype H3N2 influenza viruses in embryonated chicken eggs yields viruses with amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin (HA) that often affect binding to sialic acid receptors. We used a glycan array approach to analyze the repertoire of sialylated glycans recognized by viruses from the same clinical specimen isolated in eggs or cell cultures. The binding profiles of whole virions to 85 sialoglycans on the microarray allowed the categorization of cell isolates into two groups. Group 1 cell isolates displayed binding to a restricted set of alpha2-6 and alpha2-3 sialoglycans, whereas group 2 cell isolates revealed receptor specificity broader than that of their egg counterparts. Egg isolates from group 1 showed binding specificities similar to those of cell isolates, whereas group 2 egg isolates showed a significantly reduced binding to alpha2-6- and alpha2-3-type receptors but retained substantial binding to specific O- and N-linked alpha2-3 glycans, including alpha2-3GalNAc and fucosylated alpha2-3 glycans (including sialyl Lewis x), both of which may be important receptors for H3N2 virus replication in eggs. These results revealed an unexpected diversity in receptor binding specificities among recent H3N2 viruses, with distinct patterns of amino acid substitution in the HA occurring upon isolation and/or propagation in eggs. These findings also suggest that clinical specimens containing viruses with group 1-like receptor binding profiles would be less prone to undergoing receptor binding or antigenic changes upon isolation in eggs. Screening cell isolates for appropriate receptor binding properties might help focus efforts to isolate the most suitable viruses in eggs for production of antigenically well-matched influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Li-Mei Chen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Paul J. Carney
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Rebecca Garten
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Angie Foust
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Jianhua Le
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Barbara A. Pokorny
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Ramanunninair Manojkumar
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Jeanmarie Silverman
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Rene Devis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Karen Rhea
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Xiyan Xu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Doris J. Bucher
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - James Paulson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Alexander Klimov
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Ruben O. Donis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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117
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Nikolai Kaverin. Postreassortment amino acid substitutions in influenza A viruses. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:705-15. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of the influenza A virus consists of eight single-stranded negative sense RNA segments. Segmentation allows reassortment of genes between influenza A virus strains when two strains infect one host cell. Reassortment may lead to the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses. The process of reassortment is limited by the necessity of a functional balance among viral genes. The nature of the functional constraint on reassortment is currenty not well understood. An insight into the basis of functional matching of virus genes, its restrictions and its restoration after reassortment may be provided by the analysis of postreassortment mutations in model systems. This article summarizes the data on postreassortment amino acid changes in virus glycoproteins and polymerase proteins and their effect on the intergenic functional match.
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118
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Influenza H1N1 A/Solomon Island/3/06 virus receptor binding specificity correlates with virus pathogenicity, antigenicity, and immunogenicity in ferrets. J Virol 2010; 84:4936-45. [PMID: 20200248 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02489-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses attach to cells via a sialic acid moiety (sialic acid receptor) that is alpha2-3 linked or alpha2-6 linked to galactose (alpha2-3SAL or alpha2-6SAL); sialic acid acts as a receptor for the virus. Using lectin staining, we demonstrated that the alpha2-6SAL configuration is predominant in the respiratory tract of ferrets, including trachea, bronchus, and lung alveolus tissues. Recombinant wild-type (rWT) influenza A/Solomon Island/3/06 (SI06) (H1N1) viruses were constructed to assess the impact of the hemagglutinin (HA) variations (amino acids 190 or 226) identified in natural variants on virus replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract of ferrets, as well as virus antigenicity and immunogenicity. A single amino acid change at residue 226 (from Gln to Arg) in the HA of SI06 resulted in the complete loss of binding to alpha2-6SAL and a concomitant loss of the virus's ability to replicate in the lower respiratory tract of ferrets. In contrast, the virus with Gln226 in the HA protein has a receptor binding preference for alpha2-6SAL and replicates efficiently in the lungs. There was a good correlation between viral replication in the lungs of ferrets and disease symptoms. In addition, we also showed that the 190 and 226 residues affected viral antigenicity and immunogenicity. Our data emphasize the necessity of thoroughly assessing wild-type influenza viruses for their suitability as reference strains and for carefully selecting the HA antigen for vaccine production during annual influenza vaccine evaluation processes.
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Mochalova L, Bright R, Xu X, Korchagina E, Chinarev A, Bovin N, Klimov A. Shift in oligosaccharide specificities of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza B viruses resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors. Glycoconj J 2010; 27:321-7. [PMID: 20195900 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-010-9280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), currently used as anti-influenza drugs, can lead to the appearance of drug-resistant variants. Resistance to NAIs appears due to mutations in the active site of the neuraminidase (NA) molecule that decrease the NA enzymatic activity and sometimes in the hemagglutinin (HA) that decrease its affinity for cell receptors and, therefore, reduce the requirement for NA activity in releasing mature virions from infected cells. Using a set of sialo-oligosaccharides, we evaluated changes in the receptor-binding specificity of the HA and substrate specificity of the NA of influenza B viruses that had acquired resistance to NAIs. The oligosaccharide specificity of two pairs of field influenza B viruses, namely: i) B/Memphis/20/96 and its NAI-resistant variant, B/Memphis/20-152K/96, containing mutation R152K in the NA and 5 amino acid substitutions in the HA1, and ii) B/Hong Kong/45/2005 and its NAI-resistant variant B/Hong Kong/36/2005, containing a single R371K mutation in the NA, was evaluated. Wild type viruses bound strictly to a "human type" receptor, alpha2-6-sialo-oligosaccharide 6;SLN, but desialylated it is approximately 8 times less efficiently than the alpha2-3 sialosaccharides. Both drug-resistant viruses demonstrated the ability to bind to "avian type" receptors, alpha2-3 sialo-oligosaccharides (such as 3;SLN), whereas their affinity for 6;SLN was noticeably reduced in comparison with corresponding wild type viruses. Thus, the development of the NAI resistance in the studied influenza B viruses was accompanied by a readjustment of HA-NA oligosaccharide specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Mochalova
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
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120
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NKp46 O-glycan sequences that are involved in the interaction with hemagglutinin type 1 of influenza virus. J Virol 2010; 84:3789-97. [PMID: 20147410 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01815-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells serve as a crucial first-line defense against tumors and virus-infected cells. We previously showed that lysis of influenza virus (IV)-infected cells is mediated by the interaction between the NK receptor, NKp46, and the IV hemagglutinin (HA) type 1 expressed by the infected cells. This interaction requires the presence of sialyl groups on the NKp46-T225 O-glycoforms. In the current study, we analyzed the O-glycan sequences that are imperative for the interaction between recombinant NKp46 (rNKp46) and IV H1N1 strains. We first showed that rNKp46 binding to IV H1N1 is not mediated by a glycoform unique to the Thr225 site. We then characterized the O-glycan sequences that mediate the interaction of rNKp46 and IV H1N1; we employed rNKp46s with dissimilar glycosylation patterns and IV H1N1 strains with different sialic acid alpha2,3 and alpha2,6 linkage preferences. The branched alpha2,3-sialylated O-glycoform Neu5NAcalpha2,3-Galbeta1,4-GlcNAcbeta1,6[Neu5NAcalpha2,3-Galbeta1,3]GalNAc competently mediated the interaction of rNKp46 with IV H1N1, manifesting a preference for alpha2,3 linkage. In contrast, the linear alpha2,3-sialylated O-glycoform Neu5NAcalpha2,3-Galbeta1,3-GalNAc was not correlated with enhanced interaction between rNKp46 and IV H1N1 or a preference for alpha2,3 linkage. The branched alpha2,3- and alpha2,6-sialylated O-glycoform Neu5NAcalpha2,3-Galbeta1,3[Neu5NAcalpha2,6]GalNAc competently mediated the interaction of rNKp46 with IV H1N1, manifesting a preference for alpha2,6 linkage. Previous viral HA-binding-specificity studies were performed with glycopolymer conjugates, free synthetic sialyl oligosaccharides, and sialidase-treated cells. This study shed light on the O-glycan sequences involved in the interaction of glycoprotein and viral hemagglutinins and may help in the design of agents inhibitory to hemagglutinin for influenza treatment.
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Pillai SPS, Lee CW. Species and age related differences in the type and distribution of influenza virus receptors in different tissues of chickens, ducks and turkeys. Virol J 2010; 7:5. [PMID: 20067630 PMCID: PMC2821308 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We undertook one of the most detailed studies on the distribution of α2,3 sialic acid (SA)-galactose (gal) (avian type) and α2,6SA-gal (human type) receptors on different tissues of chickens, ducks and turkeys of varying age groups. On the tracheal epithelium, all 3 bird species expressed strong positive staining (80-90%) for α2,3SA-gal receptors in the 3 different age groups. In addition, a lesser amount of α2,6SA-gal receptors (30-90%) were observed with slight differences in distribution with age and species. The epithelium of the small and large intestine of turkeys and ducks showed negligible staining for α2,6SA-gal receptors whereas the large intestine consistently showed 40-70% positive staining for α2,3SA-gal receptors. In contrast, a greater amount of staining for α2,3SA-gal (50-80%) and α2,6SA-gal (20-50%) receptors were observed along the epithelium of small and large intestine of chickens. Kidney and esophagus sections from the 3 bird species also expressed both avian and human type receptors. In other tissues examined, brain, breast muscles, bursa, spleen, cecal tonsils and oviduct, human type receptors were absent. Though different viral and receptor components may play roles in successful viral replication and transmission, understanding the receptor types and distribution in different tissues of domestic birds might be good initial tool to understand host factors that promote successful influenza viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha P S Pillai
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
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122
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Ogata M, Murata T, Park EY, Usui T. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Glycan-arranged Polymeric Inhibitors against Influenza Virus Infection. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2010. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.57.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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123
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Shen J, Ma J, Wang Q. Evolutionary trends of A(H1N1) influenza virus hemagglutinin since 1918. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7789. [PMID: 19924230 PMCID: PMC2773012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 is spreading to numerous countries and causing many human deaths. Although the symptoms in humans are mild at present, fears are that further mutations in the virus could lead to a potentially more dangerous outbreak in subsequent months. As the primary immunity-eliciting antigen, hemagglutinin (HA) is the major agent for host-driven antigenic drift in A(H3N2) virus. However, whether and how the evolution of HA is influenced by existing immunity is poorly understood for A(H1N1). Here, by analyzing hundreds of A(H1N1) HA sequences since 1918, we show the first evidence that host selections are indeed present in A(H1N1) HAs. Among a subgroup of human A(H1N1) HAs between 1918∼2008, we found strong diversifying (positive) selection at HA1 156 and 190. We also analyzed the evolutionary trends at HA1 190 and 225 that are critical determinants for receptor-binding specificity of A(H1N1) HA. Different A(H1N1) viruses appeared to favor one of these two sites in host-driven antigenic drift: epidemic A(H1N1) HAs favor HA1 190 while the 1918 pandemic and swine HAs favor HA1 225. Thus, our results highlight the urgency to understand the interplay between antigenic drift and receptor binding in HA evolution, and provide molecular signatures for monitoring future antigenically drifted 2009 pandemic and seasonal A(H1N1) influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shen
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
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Abstract
Influenza viruses continue to pose a major global public health problem. There is a need to better understand the pathogenicity and transmission of pandemic influenza viruses so that we may develop improved methods for their prevention and control. Reconstruction of the 1918 virus and studies elucidating the exceptional virulence and transmissibility of the virus are providing exciting new insights into this devastating pandemic strain. The primary approach has been to reconstruct and analyze recombinant viruses, in which genes of the 1918 virus are replaced with genes of contemporary influenza viruses of lesser virulence. This review highlights the current status of the field and discusses the molecular determinants of the 1918 pandemic virus that may have contributed to its virulence and spread. Identifying the exact genes responsible for the high virulence of the 1918 virus will be an important step toward understanding virulent influenza strains and will allow the world to better prepare for and respond to future influenza pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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125
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Use of animal models to understand the pandemic potential of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Adv Virus Res 2009; 73:55-97. [PMID: 19695381 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(09)73002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been 40 years since the last influenza pandemic and it is generally considered that another could occur at any time. Recent introductions of influenza A viruses from avian sources into the human population have raised concerns that these viruses may be a source of a future pandemic strain. Therefore, there is a need to better understand the pathogenicity of avian influenza viruses for mammalian species so that we may be better able to predict the pandemic potential of such viruses and develop improved methods for their prevention and control. In this review, we describe the virulence of H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses in the mouse and ferret models. The use of these models is providing exciting new insights into the contribution of virus and host responses toward avian influenza viruses, virus tropism, and virus transmissibility. Identifying the role of individual viral gene products and mapping the molecular determinants that influence the severity of disease observed following avian influenza virus infection is dependent on the use of reliable animal models. As avian influenza viruses continue to cause human disease and death, animal pathogenesis studies identify avenues of investigation for novel preventative and therapeutic agents that could be effective in the event of a future pandemic.
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126
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Lugovtsev VY, Smith DF, Weir JP. Changes of the receptor-binding properties of influenza B virus B/Victoria/504/2000 during adaptation in chicken eggs. Virology 2009; 394:218-26. [PMID: 19766280 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Selection of high-growth virus variants of strain B/Victoria/504/2000 by serial passage in eggs resulted in three amino acid substitutions, G141E, R162M, and D196Y, in the vicinity of the receptor-binding pocket of viral hemagglutinin. Virus variants containing the identified amino acid substitutions, individually or in various combinations, were constructed using reverse genetics and analyzed for their receptor-binding properties using glycan microarray platform. Three different patterns of virus binding were revealed. A low-growth virus variant, corresponding to the original egg-derived virus B/Victoria/504/2000 prior to acquisition of amino acid changes G141E, R162M, and D196Y, had a clear preference for the oligosaccharide chains terminated with alpha2-6-linked sialic acid with very weak binding of the glycans terminated with alpha2-3-linked sialic acid. Amino acid substitutions R162M and D196Y had similar effects, resulting in viruses that bound with high efficiency almost all terminally sialylated glycans represented on the array regardless of the type of glycosidic linkage. In contrast, substitution of G141E alone, or in combinations with the other two amino acid substitutions, significantly restricted virus glycan-binding capabilities. All virus variants possessing this substitution lost the ability to bind glycans with alpha2-6 glycosidic linkage as well as most of the glycans with alpha2-3 glycosidic linkage. Linear penta- and heptasaccharide chains represented at the non-reducing end by alpha2-3 sialylated Type-II motif (LacNAc) were the only structures bound with high affinity by the virus variants with G141E substitution. In all cases when the effects on virus binding of individual amino acid substitutions differed, the effect of R162M was subordinate to the effect of either G141E or D196Y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Y Lugovtsev
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 29A, Room 2B17, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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127
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Memoli MJ, Tumpey TM, Jagger BW, Dugan VG, Sheng ZM, Qi L, Kash JC, Taubenberger JK. An early 'classical' swine H1N1 influenza virus shows similar pathogenicity to the 1918 pandemic virus in ferrets and mice. Virology 2009; 393:338-45. [PMID: 19733889 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The 1918 pandemic influenza virus has demonstrated significant pathogenicity in animal models and is the progenitor of 'classical' swine and modern seasonal human H1N1 lineages. Here we characterize the pathogenicity of an early 'classical' swine H1N1 influenza A virus isolated in 1931 compared to the pathogenicity of the 1918 pandemic virus and a seasonal H1N1 virus in mice and ferrets. A/Swine/Iowa/31 (Sw31) and the 1918 influenza viruses were uniformly lethal in mice at low doses and produced severe lung pathology. In ferrets, Sw31 and 1918 influenza viruses caused severe clinical disease and lung pathology with necrotizing bronchiolitis and alveolitis. The modern H1N1 virus caused little disease in either animal model. These findings revealed that in these models the virulence factors of the 1918 influenza virus are likely preserved in the Sw31 virus and suggest that early swine viruses may be a good surrogate model to study 1918 virulence and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Memoli
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3203, USA
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128
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Kirkeby S, Martel CJM, Aasted B. Infection with human H1N1 influenza virus affects the expression of sialic acids of metaplastic mucous cells in the ferret airways. Virus Res 2009; 144:225-32. [PMID: 19447147 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycans terminating in sialic acids serve as receptors for influenza viruses. In this study ferrets were infected with influenza virus A/New Caledonia/20/99, and the in situ localization of sialic acids linked alpha2-3 and alpha2-6 in the airways was investigated in infected and non-infected animals by use of sialic acid detecting lectins and a monoclonal antibody towards the Sialyl-Tn antigen. The goblet cells in the bronchi from non-infected ferrets expressed Sialyl alpha 2-6Gal glycans, while the seromucinous glands in the submucosa expressed Sialyl alpha 2-3Gal glycans. In the infected animals, the surface epithelial cells in some bronchi showed metaplasia and expressed the Sialyl-Tn antigen: Sialyl alpha 2-6GalNAc-O-Thr/Ser. The submucosal tracheal glands in these animals showed increased expression of both Sialyl alpha 2-3 and Sialyl alpha 2-6 epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kirkeby
- Dental School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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129
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Scull MA, Gillim-Ross L, Santos C, Roberts KL, Bordonali E, Subbarao K, Barclay WS, Pickles RJ. Avian Influenza virus glycoproteins restrict virus replication and spread through human airway epithelium at temperatures of the proximal airways. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000424. [PMID: 19436701 PMCID: PMC2673688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of avian influenza viruses from bird to human is a rare event even though avian influenza viruses infect the ciliated epithelium of human airways in vitro and ex vivo. Using an in vitro model of human ciliated airway epithelium (HAE), we demonstrate that while human and avian influenza viruses efficiently infect at temperatures of the human distal airways (37 degrees C), avian, but not human, influenza viruses are restricted for infection at the cooler temperatures of the human proximal airways (32 degrees C). These data support the hypothesis that avian influenza viruses, ordinarily adapted to the temperature of the avian enteric tract (40 degrees C), rarely infect humans, in part due to differences in host airway regional temperatures. Previously, a critical residue at position 627 in the avian influenza virus polymerase subunit, PB2, was identified as conferring temperature-dependency in mammalian cells. Here, we use reverse genetics to show that avianization of residue 627 attenuates a human virus, but does not account for the different infection between 32 degrees C and 37 degrees C. To determine the mechanism of temperature restriction of avian influenza viruses in HAE at 32 degrees C, we generated recombinant human influenza viruses in either the A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) or A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) genetic background that contained avian or avian-like glycoproteins. Two of these viruses, A/Victoria/3/75 with L226Q and S228G mutations in hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) from A/Chick/Italy/1347/99 and A/PR/8/34 containing the H7 and N1 from A/Chick/Italy/1347/99, exhibited temperature restriction approaching that of wholly avian influenza viruses. These data suggest that influenza viruses bearing avian or avian-like surface glycoproteins have a reduced capacity to establish productive infection at the temperature of the human proximal airways. This temperature restriction may limit zoonotic transmission of avian influenza viruses and suggests that adaptation of avian influenza viruses to efficient infection at 32 degrees C may represent a critical evolutionary step enabling human-to-human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Scull
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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130
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Ogata M, Hidari KIPJ, Murata T, Shimada S, Kozaki W, Park EY, Suzuki T, Usui T. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Sialoglycopolypeptides As Glycomimetics to Block Infection by Avian and Human Influenza Viruses. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:538-49. [DOI: 10.1021/bc800460p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ogata
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga ward, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan, Department of Biochemistry, University of Shizuoka, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Global COE Program, and Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University
| | - Kazuya I. P. J. Hidari
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga ward, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan, Department of Biochemistry, University of Shizuoka, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Global COE Program, and Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University
| | - Takeomi Murata
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga ward, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan, Department of Biochemistry, University of Shizuoka, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Global COE Program, and Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University
| | - Shizumi Shimada
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga ward, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan, Department of Biochemistry, University of Shizuoka, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Global COE Program, and Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University
| | - Wataru Kozaki
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga ward, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan, Department of Biochemistry, University of Shizuoka, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Global COE Program, and Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University
| | - Enoch Y. Park
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga ward, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan, Department of Biochemistry, University of Shizuoka, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Global COE Program, and Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga ward, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan, Department of Biochemistry, University of Shizuoka, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Global COE Program, and Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University
| | - Taichi Usui
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga ward, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan, Department of Biochemistry, University of Shizuoka, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Global COE Program, and Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University
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131
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Newburg DS. Neonatal protection by an innate immune system of human milk consisting of oligosaccharides and glycans. J Anim Sci 2008; 87:26-34. [PMID: 19028867 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the role of human milk glycans in protecting infants, but the conclusion that the human milk glycans constitute an innate immune system whereby the mother protects her offspring may have general applicability in all mammals, including species of commercial importance. Infants that are not breastfed have a greater incidence of severe diarrhea and respiratory diseases than those who are breastfed. In the past, this had been attributed primarily to human milk secretory antibodies. However, the oligosaccharides are major components of human milk, and milk is also rich in other glycans, including glycoproteins, mucins, glycosaminoglycans, and glycolipids. These milk glycans, especially the oligosaccharides, are composed of thousands of components. The milk factor that promotes gut colonization by Bifidobacterium bifidum was found to be a glycan, and such prebiotic characteristics may contribute to protection against infectious agents. However, the ability of human milk glycans to protect the neonate seems primarily to be due to their inhibition of pathogen binding to their host cell target ligands. Many such examples include specific fucosylated oligosaccharides and glycans that inhibit specific pathogens. Most human milk oligosaccharides are fucosylated, and their production depends on fucosyltransferase enzymes; mutations in these fucosyltransferase genes are common and underlie the various Lewis blood types in humans. Variable expression of specific fucosylated oligosaccharides in milk, also a function of these genes (and maternal Lewis blood type), is significantly associated with the risk of infectious disease in breastfed infants. Human milk also contains major quantities and large numbers of sialylated oligosaccharides, many of which are also present in bovine colostrum. These could similarly inhibit several common viral pathogens. Moreover, human milk oligosaccharides strongly attenuate inflammatory processes in the intestinal mucosa. These results support the hypothesis that oligosaccharides and other glycans are the major constituents of an innate immune system of human milk whereby the mother protects her infant from enteric and other pathogens through breastfeeding. These protective glycans may prove useful as a basis for the development of novel prophylactic and therapeutic agents that inhibit disease by mucosal pathogens in many species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Newburg
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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132
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Experimental evolution of human influenza virus H3 hemagglutinin in the mouse lung identifies adaptive regions in HA1 and HA2. J Virol 2008; 82:11599-608. [PMID: 18829764 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01393-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis for virulence and host switching in influenza A viruses (FLUAV) is largely unknown. Because the hemagglutinin (HA) protein is a determinant of these properties, HA evolution was mapped in an experimental model of mouse lung adaptation. Variants of prototype A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) (wild-type [wt] HK) human virus were selected in both longitudinal and parallel studies of lung adaptation. Mapping of HA mutations found in 11 independently derived mouse-adapted populations of wt HK identified 27 mutations that clustered within two distinct regions in or near the globular frameworks of the HA1 and HA2 subunits. The adaptive mutations demonstrated multiple instances of convergent evolution involving four amino acid positions (162, 210, and 218 in HA1 and 154 in HA2). By use of reverse genetics, convergent HA mutations were shown to affect cell tropism by enhancing infection and replication in primary mouse tracheal epithelial cells in vitro and mouse lung tissue in vivo. Adaptive HA mutations were multifunctional, affecting both median pH of fusion and receptor specificity. Specific mutations within both adaptive regions were shown to increase virulence in a mouse lung model. The occurrence of mutations in the HA1 and HA2 adaptive regions of natural FLUAV host range and virulent variants of avian and mammalian viruses is discussed. This study has identified adaptive sites and regions within the HA1 and HA2 subunits that may guide future studies of viral adaptation and evolution in nature.
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133
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Li J, Cardona CJ, Xing Z, Woolcock PR. Genetic and phenotypic characterization of a low-pathogenicity avian influenza H11N9 virus. Arch Virol 2008; 153:1899-908. [PMID: 18825481 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An H11N9 low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus, A/duck/WA/663/97, was isolated from a sick Mandarin duck kept in an outdoor bird exhibit. Genetic and phenotypic characterization of the virus suggested that it originated from free-flying birds, a concept supported by genetic similarity with waterfowl isolates from the same geographic area and time period. This duck-origin virus had genetic features typical of H11 and N9 viruses, including no neuraminidase stalk deletion, no differences in putative glycosylation sites in either surface protein, and no addition of basic amino acid residues at the hemagglutinin cleavage site compared to published sequences. It replicated in both avian and mammalian cells in vitro, and experimentally challenged chickens developed mild acute upper respiratory lesions but no clinical signs of disease. It elicited immune responses in chickens, resulting in seroconversion in all infected birds, although antibody titers remained low over the experimental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Li
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Surge III, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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134
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Shtyrya Y, Mochalova L, Voznova G, Rudneva I, Shilov A, Kaverin N, Bovin N. Adjustment of receptor-binding and neuraminidase substrate specificities in avian-human reassortant influenza viruses. Glycoconj J 2008; 26:99-109. [PMID: 18661232 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Balanced action of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) is an important condition of influenza virus efficient replication, but a role of HA and NA specificities at oligosaccharide level in maintaining such a balance remains poorly studied. Avian virus HA binds exclusively and NA digests efficiently alpha2-3-sialylated carbohydrate chains, while human virus HA interacts with alpha2-6 chains and low-active NA cleaves both alpha2-3- and alpha2-6-sialosides. Reassortment between viruses leading to appearance of avian virus HA and human virus NA on the virion surface often resulted in decreasing the replicative potential of the formed variants because of disturbance of a functional balance between "alien" HA and NA. A restoration of the reassortant productivity happened due to the appearance of amino acid substitutions in HA and, sometimes, NA. Here, a role of NA and HA oligosaccharide specificities in a restoration of HA-NA functional balance in high-yield passage variants was studied. Postreassortment changes in HA receptor-binding and NA substrate specificities for three reassortant/passage variant virus pairs towards 3'SiaLac, 3'SiaLacNAc, SiaLe(c), SiaLe(a), SiaLe(x), 6'SiaLac, and 6'SiaLacNAc were determined. Selection of the high-yield variants of the human-avian reassortants led either to twofold decrease in the affinity of HA for most alpha2-3-sialosides and the appearance of affinity for alpha2-6-sialosides (H3N2 reassortant), or to decreasing the HA affinity for SiaLe(c) and SiaLe(a) (H3N1 reassortant), or to enhancing the ability of NA to discriminate between alpha2-3/2-6 substrates (H4N1 reassortant). Thus, all postreassortment changes in oligosaccharide specificities of "alien" HA and NA were directed towards their adjustment to each other, but by different manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Shtyrya
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
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Gambaryan AS, Tuzikov AB, Pazynina GV, Desheva JA, Bovin NV, Matrosovich MN, Klimov AI. 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X is the common receptor determinant recognized by H5, H6, H7 and H9 influenza viruses of terrestrial poultry. Virol J 2008; 5:85. [PMID: 18652681 PMCID: PMC2515299 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A viruses of domestic birds originate from the natural reservoir in aquatic birds as a result of interspecies transmission and adaptation to new host species. We previously noticed that influenza viruses isolated from distinct orders of aquatic and terrestrial birds may differ in their fine receptor-binding specificity by recognizing the structure of the inner parts of Neu5Acα2-3Gal-terminated sialyloligosaccharide receptors. To further characterize these differences, we studied receptor-binding properties of a large panel of influenza A viruses from wild aquatic birds, poultry, pigs and horses. Results Using a competitive solid-phase binding assay, we determined viral binding to polymeric conjugates of sialyloligosaccharides differing by the type of Neu5Acα-Gal linkage and by the structure of the more distant parts of the oligosaccharide chain. Influenza viruses isolated from terrestrial poultry differed from duck viruses by an enhanced binding to sulfated and/or fucosylated Neu5Acα2-3Gal-containing sialyloligosaccharides. Most of the poultry viruses tested shared a high binding affinity for the 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X (Su-SLex). Efficient binding of poultry viruses to Su-SLex was often accompanied by their ability to bind to Neu5Acα2-6Gal-terminated (human-type) receptors. Such a dual receptor-binding specificity was demonstrated for the North American and Eurasian H7 viruses, H9N2 Eurasian poultry viruses, and H1, H3 and H9 avian-like virus isolates from pigs. Conclusion Influenza viruses of terrestrial poultry differ from ancestral duck viruses by enhanced binding to sulfated and/or fucosylated Neu5Acα2-3Gal-terminated receptors and, occasionally, by the ability to bind to Neu5Acα2-6Gal-terminated (human-type) receptors. These findings suggest that the adaptation to receptors in poultry can enhance the potential of an avian virus for avian-to-human transmission and pandemic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Gambaryan
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, RAMS, 142782 Moscow, Russia.
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Bovin NV, Tuzikov AB, Chinarev AA. Oligoglycines: Materials with unlimited potential for nanotechnologies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995078008050042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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137
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Ab initio fragment molecular orbital studies of influenza virus hemagglutinin–sialosaccharide complexes toward chemical clarification about the virus host range determination. Glycoconj J 2008; 25:805-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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138
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Amino acid 226 in the hemagglutinin of H4N6 influenza virus determines binding affinity for alpha2,6-linked sialic acid and infectivity levels in primary swine and human respiratory epithelial cells. J Virol 2008; 82:8204-9. [PMID: 18550676 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00718-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian lineage H4N6 influenza viruses previously isolated from pigs differ at hemagglutinin amino acids 226 and 228 from H4 subtype viruses isolated from birds. Using a parental H4N6 swine isolate and hemagglutinin mutant viruses (at residues 226 and/or 228), we determined that viruses which contain L226 had a higher affinity for sialic acid alpha2,6 galactose (SAalpha2,6Gal) and a higher infectivity level for primary swine and human respiratory epithelial cells, whereas viruses which contain Q226 had lower SAalpha2,6Gal affinity and lower infectivity levels for both types of cells. Using specific neuraminidases, we found that irrespective of their relative binding preferences, all of the influenza viruses examined utilized SAalpha2,6Gal to infect swine and human cells.
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139
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Infectivity studies of influenza virus hemagglutinin receptor binding site mutants in mice. J Virol 2008; 82:5079-83. [PMID: 18353965 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01958-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The replicative properties of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) mutants with altered receptor binding characteristics were analyzed following intranasal inoculation of mice. Among the mutants examined was a virus containing a Y98F substitution at a conserved position in the receptor binding site that leads to a 20-fold reduction in binding. This mutant can replicate as well as wild-type (WT) virus in MDCK cells and in embryonated chicken eggs but is highly attenuated in mice, exhibiting titers in lungs more than 1,000-fold lower than those of the WT. The capacity of the Y98F mutant to induce antibody responses and the structural locations of HA reversion mutations are examined.
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140
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Tuzikov AB, Gambaryan AS, Juneja LR, Bovin NV. Conversion of Complex Sialooligosaccharides into Polymeric Conjugates and their Anti-Influenza Virus Inhibitory Potency. J Carbohydr Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300008544143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B. Tuzikov
- a Shemyakin Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117871, Russia
- b Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides , Moscow 142 782, Russia
- c Nutritional Foods Division , Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd. , 9-5 Akahori Shinmachi, Yokkaichi, Mie 510-0825, Japan
- d Shemyakin Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117871, Russia
| | - Alexandra S. Gambaryan
- a Shemyakin Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117871, Russia
- b Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides , Moscow 142 782, Russia
- c Nutritional Foods Division , Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd. , 9-5 Akahori Shinmachi, Yokkaichi, Mie 510-0825, Japan
- d Shemyakin Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117871, Russia
| | - Lekh Raj Juneja
- a Shemyakin Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117871, Russia
- b Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides , Moscow 142 782, Russia
- c Nutritional Foods Division , Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd. , 9-5 Akahori Shinmachi, Yokkaichi, Mie 510-0825, Japan
- d Shemyakin Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117871, Russia
| | - Nicolai V. Bovin
- a Shemyakin Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117871, Russia
- b Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides , Moscow 142 782, Russia
- c Nutritional Foods Division , Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd. , 9-5 Akahori Shinmachi, Yokkaichi, Mie 510-0825, Japan
- d Shemyakin Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117871, Russia
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141
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Thacker E, Janke B. Swine Influenza Virus: Zoonotic Potential and Vaccination Strategies for the Control of Avian and Swine Influenzas. J Infect Dis 2008; 197 Suppl 1:S19-24. [DOI: 10.1086/524988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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142
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Landolt GA, Olsen CW. Up to new tricks - a review of cross-species transmission of influenza A viruses. Anim Health Res Rev 2007; 8:1-21. [PMID: 17692139 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252307001272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is a highly contagious disease that has burdened both humans and animals since ancient times. In humans, the most dramatic consequences of influenza are associated with periodically occurring pandemics. Pandemics require the emergence of an antigenically novel virus to which the majority of the population lacks protective immunity. Historically, influenza A viruses from animals have contributed to the generation of human pandemic viruses and they may do so again in the future. It is, therefore, critical to understand the epidemiological and molecular mechanisms that allow influenza A viruses to cross species barriers. This review summarizes the current knowledge of influenza ecology, and the viral factors that are thought to determine influenza A virus species specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele A Landolt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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143
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Wang Q, Tian X, Chen X, Ma J. Structural basis for receptor specificity of influenza B virus hemagglutinin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:16874-9. [PMID: 17942670 PMCID: PMC2040455 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0708363104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-binding specificity of HA, the major surface glycoprotein of influenza virus, primarily determines the host ranges that the virus can infect. Influenza type B virus almost exclusively infects humans and contributes to the annual "flu" sickness. Here we report the structures of influenza B virus HA in complex with human and avian receptor analogs, respectively. These structures provide a structural basis for the different receptor-binding properties of influenza A and B virus HA molecules and for the ability of influenza B virus HA to distinguish human and avian receptors. The structure of influenza B virus HA with avian receptor analog also reveals how mutations in the region of residues 194 to 196, which are frequently observed in egg-adapted and naturally occurring variants, directly affect the receptor binding of the resultant virus strains. Furthermore, these structures of influenza B virus HA are compared with known structures of influenza A virus HAs, which suggests the role of the residue at 222 as a key and likely a universal determinant for the different binding modes of human receptor analogs by different HA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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144
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Newby CM, Sabin L, Pekosz A. The RNA binding domain of influenza A virus NS1 protein affects secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and interferon in primary murine tracheal epithelial cells. J Virol 2007; 81:9469-80. [PMID: 17596305 PMCID: PMC1951395 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00989-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary differentiated respiratory epithelial cell cultures closely model the in vivo environment and allow for studies of innate immune responses generated specifically by epithelial cells, the primary cell type infected by human influenza A virus strains. We used primary murine tracheal epithelial cell (mTEC) cultures to investigate antiviral and cytokine responses to influenza A virus infection, focusing on the contribution of the RNA binding domain of the NS1 protein. rWSN NS1 R38A replication is attenuated in mTEC cultures; however, viral antigen is detected predominantly in ciliated cells, similar to wild-type virus. NS1 and NS1 R38A proteins display a primarily cytoplasmic localization in infected mTEC cultures. Increased production of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and beta interferon is observed during rWSN NS1 R38A infection, and cytokines are secreted in a directional manner. Cytokine pretreatment of mTEC cultures and Vero cells suggest that rWSN NS1 R38A is more sensitive to the presence of antiviral/inflammatory cytokines than wild-type virus. Our results demonstrate that the RNA binding domain is a critical regulator of both cytokine production and cytokine sensitivity during influenza A virus infection of primary tracheal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste M Newby
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8230, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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145
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Kumari K, Gulati S, Smith DF, Gulati U, Cummings RD, Air GM. Receptor binding specificity of recent human H3N2 influenza viruses. Virol J 2007; 4:42. [PMID: 17490484 PMCID: PMC1876801 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-4-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human influenza viruses are known to bind to sialic acid linked α2-6 to galactose, but the binding specificity beyond that linkage has not been systematically examined. H3N2 human influenza isolates lost binding to chicken red cells in the 1990s but viruses isolated since 2003 have re-acquired the ability to agglutinate chicken erythrocytes. We have investigated specificity of binding, changes in hemagglutinin sequence of the recent viruses and the role of sialic acid in productive infection. Results Viruses that agglutinate, or do not agglutinate, chicken red cells show identical binding to a Glycan Array of 264 oligosaccharides, binding exclusively to a subset of α2-6-sialylsaccharides. We identified an amino acid change in hemagglutinin that seemed to correlate with chicken red cell binding but when tested by mutagenesis there was no effect. Recombinant hemagglutinins expressed on Sf-9 cells bound chicken red cells but the released recombinant baculoviruses agglutinated only human red cells. Similarly, an isolate that does not agglutinate chicken red cells show hemadsorption of chicken red cells to infected MDCK cells. We suggest that binding of chicken red cells to cell surface hemagglutinin but not to virions is due to a more favorable hemagglutinin density on the cell surface. We investigated whether a virus specific for α2-6 sialyloligosaccharides shows differential entry into cells that have varying proportions of α2-6 and α2-3 sialic acids, including human A549 and HeLa cells with high levels of α2-6 sialic acid, and CHO cells that have only α2-3 sialic acid. We found that the virus enters all cell types tested and synthesizes viral nucleoprotein, localized in the nucleus, and hemagglutinin, transported to the cell surface, but infectious progeny viruses were released only from MDCK cells. Conclusion Agglutination of chicken red cells does not correlate with altered binding to any oligosaccharide on the Glycan Array, and may result from increased avidity due to density of hemagglutinin and not increased affinity. Absence of α2-6 sialic acid does not protect a cell from influenza infection and the presence of high levels of α2-6-sialic acids on a cell surface does not guarantee productive replication of a virus with α2-6 receptor specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshama Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Shelly Gulati
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Consortium for Functional Glycomics Core H, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, USA
| | - Upma Gulati
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry and Consortium for Functional Glycomics Core H, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, USA
| | - Gillian M Air
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Barclay WS, Jones IM, Osborn HMI, Phillipson L, Ren J, Talevera GA, Thompson CI. Probing the receptor interactions of an H5 avian influenza virus using a baculovirus expression system and functionalised poly(acrylic acid) ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4038-47. [PMID: 17451959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses attach to host cells by binding to terminal sialic acid (Neu5Ac) on glycoproteins or glycolipids. Both the linkage of Neu5Ac and the identity of other carbohydrates within the oligosaccharide are thought to play roles in restricting the host range of the virus. In this study, the receptor specificity of an H5 avian influenza virus haemagglutinin protein that has recently infected man (influenza strain A/Vietnam/1194/04) has been probed using carbohydrate functionalised poly(acrylic acid) polymers. A baculovirus expression system that allows facile and safe analysis of the Neu5Ac binding specificity of mutants of H5 HA engineered at sites that are predicted to effect a switch in host range has also been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy S Barclay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK
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147
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Rapoport EM, Mochalova LV, Gabius HJ, Romanova J, Bovin NV. Search for additional influenza virus to cell interactions. Glycoconj J 2006; 23:115-25. [PMID: 16575529 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-006-5444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sialyl oligosaccharides have long been considered to be the sole receptors for influenza virus. However, according to [1] some viruses are able to grow in sialic-free MDCK cells. Here we attempted to reveal a possible second, non-sialic receptor, hypothesizing the involvement of additional carbohydrate lectin recognition in influenza virus reception process, first of all in situations when a lectin of the host cell could recognize the viral carbohydrate ligand. We tested the presence of galactose- and sialic acid-binding lectins, as well as mannoside- and sulfo-N-acetyllactosamine-recognizing properties of MDCK and Vero cells using polyacrylamide neoglycoconjugates and antibodies. MDCK cells bind galactoside probes stronger than Vero cells, whereas Vero cells bind preferentially sialoside, mannoside and various sulfo-oligosaccharide probes. The probing of viruses with the neoglycoconjugates revealed specific 6'-HSO (3) LacNAc (but not other sulfated oligosaccharides) binding property of A and B human strains. Affinity of 6'-HSO (3) LacNAc probe was comparable with affinity of 6'-SiaLac probe but the binding was not inhibited by the sialooligosaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Rapoport
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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148
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Glaser L, Zamarin D, Acland HM, Spackman E, Palese P, García-Sastre A, Tewari D. Sequence analysis and receptor specificity of the hemagglutinin of a recent influenza H2N2 virus isolated from chicken in North America. Glycoconj J 2006; 23:93-9. [PMID: 16575526 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-006-5441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses bind host cells following an interaction between the viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein and host cell sialylated glycoproteins and glycolipids. Differences in binding affinities of the HAs for different types of sialic acid linkages (alpha2-3 vs. alpha2-6) contribute to determining the host range of an influenza virus. The ability of an avian influenza virus HA to bind the human form of the receptor may be one requirement for an avian virus to propagate in the human population. In this paper, we describe the characterization of the HA from an H2N2 virus isolated from a Pennsylvania chicken farm in 2004. Sequence analysis revealed that this HA is a member of the Eurasian clade, and receptor binding studies show that it maintains its specificity for the avian influenza virus alpha2-3 linked sialic acid receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel Glaser
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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149
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Stevens J, Blixt O, Paulson JC, Wilson IA. Glycan microarray technologies: tools to survey host specificity of influenza viruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2006; 4:857-64. [PMID: 17013397 PMCID: PMC7097745 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
New technologies are urgently required for rapid surveillance of the current H5N1 avian influenza A outbreaks to gauge the potential for adaptation of the virus to the human population, a crucial step in the emergence of pandemic influenza virus strains. Owing to the species-specific nature of the interaction between the virus and host glycans, attention has recently focused on novel glycan array technologies that can rapidly assess virus receptor specificity and the potential emergence of human-adapted H5N1 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biology,
- Glycan Array Synthesis Core-D, Consortium for Functional Glycomics,The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, 92037 California USA
| | - Ola Blixt
- Department of Molecular Biology,
- Glycan Array Synthesis Core-D, Consortium for Functional Glycomics,The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, 92037 California USA
| | - James C. Paulson
- Department of Molecular Biology,
- Glycan Array Synthesis Core-D, Consortium for Functional Glycomics,The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, 92037 California USA
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Molecular Biology,
- Glycan Array Synthesis Core-D, Consortium for Functional Glycomics,The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, 92037 California USA
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Ibricevic A, Pekosz A, Walter MJ, Newby C, Battaile JT, Brown EG, Holtzman MJ, Brody SL. Influenza virus receptor specificity and cell tropism in mouse and human airway epithelial cells. J Virol 2006; 80:7469-80. [PMID: 16840327 PMCID: PMC1563738 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02677-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent human infections caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 strains emphasize an urgent need for assessment of factors that allow viral transmission, replication, and intra-airway spread. Important determinants for virus infection are epithelial cell receptors identified as glycans terminated by an alpha2,3-linked sialic acid (SA) that preferentially bind avian strains and glycans terminated by an alpha2,6-linked SA that bind human strains. The mouse is often used as a model for study of influenza viruses, including recent avian strains; however, the selectivity for infection of specific respiratory cell populations is not well described, and any relationship between receptors in the mouse and human lungs is incompletely understood. Here, using in vitro human and mouse airway epithelial cell models and in vivo mouse infection, we found that the alpha2,3-linked SA receptor was expressed in ciliated airway and type II alveolar epithelial cells and was targeted for cell-specific infection in both species. The alpha2,6-linked SA receptor was not expressed in the mouse, a factor that may contribute to the inability of some human strains to efficiently infect the mouse lung. In human airway epithelial cells, alpha2,6-linked SA was expressed and functional in both ciliated and goblet cells, providing expanded cellular tropism. Differences in receptor and cell-specific expression in these species suggest that differentiated human airway epithelial cell cultures may be superior for evaluation of some human strains, while the mouse can provide a model for studying avian strains that preferentially bind only the alpha2,3-linked SA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Ibricevic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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