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Zhou W, Huang H, Zhu H, Zhou P, Shi X. New metabolites from the biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 by Paecilomyces bainier sp.229 and activities in inducing osteogenic differentiation by Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation. J Ginseng Res 2017; 42:199-207. [PMID: 29719467 PMCID: PMC5925613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine that has been widely used in a range of therapeutic and healthcare applications in East Asian countries. Microbial transformation is regarded as an effective and useful technology in modification of nature products for finding new chemical derivatives with potent bioactivities. In this study, three minor derivatives of ginsenoside compound K were isolated and the inducing effects in the Wingless-type MMTV integration site (Wnt) signaling pathway were also investigated. Methods New compounds were purified from scale-up fermentation of ginsenoside Rb1 by Paecilomyces bainier sp. 229 through repeated silica gel column chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography. Their structures were determined based on spectral data and X-ray diffraction. The inductive activities of these compounds on the Wnt signaling pathway were conducted on MC3T3-E1 cells by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Results The structures of a known 3-keto derivative and two new dehydrogenated metabolites were elucidated. The crystal structure of the 3-keto derivative was reported for the first time and its conformation was compared with that of ginsenoside compound K. The inductive effects of these compounds on osteogenic differentiation by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were explained for the first time. Conclusion This study may provide a new insight into the metabolic pathway of ginsenoside by microbial transformation. In addition, the results might provide a reasonable explanation for the activity of ginseng in treating osteoporosis and supply good monomer ginsenoside resources for nutraceutical or pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xunlong Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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102
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Yu S, Zhou X, Li F, Xu C, Zheng F, Li J, Zhao H, Dai Y, Liu S, Feng Y. Microbial transformation of ginsenoside Rb1, Re and Rg1 and its contribution to the improved anti-inflammatory activity of ginseng. Sci Rep 2017; 7:138. [PMID: 28273939 PMCID: PMC5428039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial transformation of ginsenosides to increase its pharmaceutical effect is gaining increasing attention in recent years. In this study, Cellulosimicrobium sp. TH-20, which was isolated from soil samples on which ginseng grown, exhibited effective ginsenoside-transforming activity. After protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenoside (Rb1) and protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides (Re and Rg1) were fed to C. sp. TH20, a total of 12 metabolites, including 6 new intermediate metabolites, were identified. Stepwise deglycosylation and dehydrogenation on the feeding precursors have been observed. The final products were confirmed to be rare ginsenosides Rd, GypXVII, Rg2 and PPT after 96 h transformation with 38–96% yields. The four products showed improved anti-inflammatory activities by using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine RAW 264.7 macrophages and the xylene-induced acute inflammatory model of mouse ear edema. The results indicated that they could dramatically attenuate the production of TNF-α more effectively than the precursors. Our study would provide an example of a unique and powerful microbial cell factory for efficiently converting both PPD-type and PPT-type ginsenosides to rare natural products, which extends the drug candidates as novel anti-inflammatory remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China. .,Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhou
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Fan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Chunchun Xu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Fei Zheng
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Jing Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Huanxi Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yulin Dai
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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103
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Jang GY, Lee YJ, Li M, Kim MY, Lee SH, Hwang IG, Lee J, Jeong HS. Changes in Ginsenoside Compositions by High Temperature Processing under Various Soaking Conditions. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.23.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gwi Yeong Jang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University
| | - Yoon Jeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University
| | - Meishan Li
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University
| | - Min Young Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Functional Food & Nutrition Division, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration
| | - In Guk Hwang
- Functional Food & Nutrition Division, Department of Agrofood Resources, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration
| | - Junsoo Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University
| | - Heon Sang Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University
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104
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Wang DD, Jin Y, Wang C, Kim YJ, Perez ZEJ, Baek NI, Mathiyalagan R, Markus J, Yang DC. Rare ginsenoside Ia synthesized from F1 by cloning and overexpression of the UDP-glycosyltransferase gene from Bacillus subtilis: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro melanogenesis inhibition activity in BL6B16 cells. J Ginseng Res 2016; 42:42-49. [PMID: 29348721 PMCID: PMC5766694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenoside F1 has been described to possess skin-whitening effects on humans. We aimed to synthesize a new ginsenoside derivative from F1 and investigate its cytotoxicity and melanogenesis inhibitory activity in B16BL6 cells using recombinant glycosyltransferase enzyme. Glycosylation has the advantage of synthesizing rare chemical compounds from common compounds with great ease. Methods UDP-glycosyltransferase (BSGT1) gene from Bacillus subtilis was selected for cloning. The recombinant glycosyltransferase enzyme was purified, characterized, and utilized to enzymatically transform F1 into its derivative. The new product was characterized by NMR techniques and evaluated by MTT, melanin count, and tyrosinase inhibition assay. Results The new derivative was identified as (20S)-3β,6α,12β,20-tetrahydroxydammar-24-ene-20-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (ginsenoside Ia), which possesses an additional glucose linked into the C-3 position of substrate F1. Ia had been previously reported; however, no in vitro biological activity was further examined. This study focused on the mass production of arduous ginsenoside Ia from accessible F1 and its inhibitory effect of melanogenesis in B16BL6 cells. Ia showed greater inhibition of melanin and tyrosinase at 100 μmol/L than F1 and arbutin. These results suggested that Ia decreased cellular melanin synthesis in B16BL6 cells through downregulation of tyrosinase activity. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study to report on the mass production of rare ginsenoside Ia from F1 using recombinant UDP-glycosyltransferase isolated from B. subtillis and its superior melanogenesis inhibitory activity in B16BL6 cells as compared to its precursor. In brief, ginsenoside Ia can be applied for further study in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Wang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Replubic of Korea
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Replubic of Korea
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Replubic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Replubic of Korea
| | | | - Nam In Baek
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Replubic of Korea
| | - Ramya Mathiyalagan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Replubic of Korea
| | - Josua Markus
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Replubic of Korea
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Replubic of Korea.,Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Replubic of Korea
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105
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Upadhyaya J, Yoon MS, Kim MJ, Ryu NS, Song YE, Kim YH, Kim MK. Purification and characterization of a novel ginsenoside Rc-hydrolyzing β-glucosidase from Armillaria mellea mycelia. AMB Express 2016; 6:112. [PMID: 27837549 PMCID: PMC5106418 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0277-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are the principal compounds responsible for the pharmacological effects and health benefits of Panax ginseng root. Among protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides, minor ginsenosides such as ginsenoside (G)-F2, G-Rh2, compound (C)-Mc1, C-Mc, C-O, C-Y, and C-K are known to be more pharmacologically active constituents than major ginsenosides such as G-Rb1, G-Rb2, G-Rc, and G-Rd. A novel ginsenoside Rc-hydrolyzing β-glucosidase (BG-1) from Armillaria mellea mycelia was purified as a single protein band with molecular weight of 121.5 kDa on SDS-PAGE and a specific activity of 17.9 U mg-1 protein. BG-1 concurrently hydrolyzed α-(1 → 6)-arabinofuranosidic linkage at the C-20 site or outer β-(1 → 2)-glucosidic linkage at the C-3 site of G-Rc to produce G-Rd and C-Mc1, respectively. The enzyme also hydrolyzed outer and inner glucosidic linkages at the C-3 site of G-Rd to produce C-K via G-F2, and inner glucosidic linkage at the C-3 site of C-Mc1 to produce C-Mc. C-Mc was also slowly hydrolyzed α-(1 → 6)-arabinofuranosidic linkage at the C-20 site to produce C-K with reaction time prolongation. Finally, the pathways for formation of C-Mc and C-K from G-Rc by BG-1 were G-Rc → C-Mc1 → C-Mc and G-Rc → G-Rd → G-F2 → C-K, respectively. The optimum reaction conditions for C-Mc and C-K formation from G-Rc by BG-1 were pH 4.0-4.5, temperature 45-60 °C, and reaction time 72-96 h. This is the first report of efficient production of minor ginsenosides, C-Mc and C-K from G-Rc by β-glucosidase purified from A. mellea mycelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Upadhyaya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Yoon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596 Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Soo Ryu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Song
- Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Iksan, 54591 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoi Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Kon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea
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106
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Fermentative transformation of ginsenoside Rb1 from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer to Rg3 and Rh2 by Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans MJM60396. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-016-0281-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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107
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Yuan Y, Luan X, Rana X, Hassan ME, Dou D. Covalent immobilization of cellulase in application of biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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108
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Chemical transformation and target preparation of saponins in stems and leaves of Panax notoginseng. J Ginseng Res 2016; 42:270-276. [PMID: 29983608 PMCID: PMC6026369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Notoginsenoside Ft1 is a promising potential candidate for cardiovascular and cancer disease therapy owing to its positive pharmacological activities. However, the yield of Ft1 is ultralow utilizing reported methods. Herein, an acid hydrolyzing strategy was implemented in the acquirement of rare notoginsenoside Ft1. Methods Chemical profiles were identified by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple-time-of-flight and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-ESI-MS). The acid hydrolyzing dynamic changes of chemical compositions and the possible transformation pathways of saponins were monitored by ultrahigh-performance LC coupled with tandem MS (UHPLC-MS/MS). Results and conclusion Notoginsenoside Ft1 was epimerized from notoginsenoside ST4, which was generated through cleaving the carbohydrate side chains at C-20 of notoginsenosides Fa and Fc, and vina-ginsenoside R7, and further converted to other compounds via hydroxylation at C-25 or hydrolysis of the carbohydrate side chains at C-3 under the acid conditions. High temperature contributed to the hydroxylation reaction at C-25 and 25% acetic acid concentration was conducive to the preparation of notoginsenoside Ft1. C-20 epimers of notoginsenoside Ft1 and ST4 were successfully separated utilizing solvent method of acetic acid solution. The theoretical preparation yield rate of notoginsenoside Ft1 was about 1.8%, which would be beneficial to further study on its bioactivities and clinical application.
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109
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Cui P, Dou TY, Sun YP, Li SY, Feng L, Zou LW, Wang P, Hao DC, Ge GB, Yang L. Efficient enzymatic preparation of esculentoside B following condition optimization by response surface methodology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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110
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Zhao Y, Lee HG, Kim SK, Yu H, Jin F, Im WT. Mucilaginibacter pocheonensis sp. nov., with ginsenoside-converting activity, isolated from soil of a ginseng-cultivating field. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66:2862-2868. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, 327 Chungang-no, Anseong-si, Kyonggi-do 456-749, South Korea
- College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggong-yuan No. 1, Ganjingzi-qu, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Hyung-Gwan Lee
- Bioenergy and Biochemical Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Ki Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongshan Yu
- College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggong-yuan No. 1, Ganjingzi-qu, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Fengxie Jin
- College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Qinggong-yuan No. 1, Ganjingzi-qu, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Wan-Taek Im
- Department of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, 327 Chungang-no, Anseong-si, Kyonggi-do 456-749, South Korea
- Genomic Informatics Center, Hankyong National University, 327 Chungang-no, Anseong-si, Kyonggi-do, 456-749, Republic of Korea
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111
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Zhao D. Challenges associated with elucidating the mechanisms of the hypocholesterolaemic activity of saponins. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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112
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Determination of American ginseng saponins and their metabolites in human plasma, urine and feces samples by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1015-1016:62-73. [PMID: 26896573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
American ginseng is a commonly consumed herbal medicine in the United States and other countries. Ginseng saponins are considered to be its active constituents. We have previously demonstrated in an in vitro experiment that human enteric microbiota metabolize ginseng parent compounds into their metabolites. In this study, we analyzed American ginseng saponins and their metabolites in human plasma, urine and feces samples by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS). Six healthy male volunteers ingested 1 g of American ginseng twice a day for 7 days. On day 7, biological samples were obtained and pretreated with solid phase extraction. The ginseng constituents and their metabolites were characterized, including 5 ginseng metabolites in plasma, 10 in urine, and 26 in feces. For the plasma, urine and feces samples, the levels of ginsenoside Rb1 (a major parent compound) were 8.6, 56.8 and 57.7 ng/mL, respectively, and the levels of compound K (a major metabolite) were 58.4 ng/mL, 109.8 ng/mL and 10.06 μg/mL, respectively. It suggested that compound K had a remarkably high level in all three samples. Moreover, in human feces, ginsenoside Rk1 and Rg5, Rk3 and Rh4, Rg6 and F4 were detected as the products of dehydration. Further studies are needed to evaluate the pharmacological activities of the identified ginseng metabolites.
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113
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Biswas T, Kalra A, Mathur AK, Lal RK, Singh M, Mathur A. Elicitors’ influenced differential ginsenoside production and exudation into medium with concurrent Rg3/Rh2 panaxadiol induction in Panax quinquefolius cell suspensions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4909-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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114
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Ge F, Huang Z, Yu H, Wang Y, Liu D. Transformation of Panax notoginsengsaponins by steaming and Trichoderma longibrachiatum. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2015.1102611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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115
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Shin KC, Choi HY, Seo MJ, Oh DK. Compound K Production from Red Ginseng Extract by β-Glycosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus Supplemented with α-L-Arabinofuranosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145876. [PMID: 26710074 PMCID: PMC4692446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside compound K (C-K) is attracting a lot of interest because of its biological and pharmaceutical activities, including hepatoprotective, antitumor, anti-wrinkling, and anti-skin aging activities. C-K has been used as the principal ingredient in skin care products. For the effective application of ginseng extracts to the manufacture of cosmetics, the PPD-type ginsenosides in ginseng extracts should be converted to C-K by enzymatic conversion. For increased yield of C-K from the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides in red-ginseng extract (RGE), the α-L-arabinofuranoside-hydrolyzing α-L-arabinofuranosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus (CS-abf) was used along with the β-D-glucopyranoside/α-L-arabinopyranoside-hydrolyzing β-glycosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus (SS-bgly) because SS-bgly showed very low hydrolytic activity on the α-L-arabinofuranoside linkage in ginsenosides. The optimal reaction conditions for C-K production were as follows: pH 6.0, 80°C, 2 U/mL SS-bgly, 3 U/mL CS-abf, and 7.5 g/L PPD-type ginsenosides in RGE. Under these optimized conditions, SS-bgly supplemented with CS-abf produced 4.2 g/L C-K from 7.5 g/L PPD-type ginsenosides in 12 h without other ginsenosides, with a molar yield of 100% and a productivity of 348 mg/L/h. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest concentration and productivity of C-K from ginseng extract ever published in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yeon Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ju Seo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Liu C, Zuo K, Yu H, Sun C, Zhang T, Xu L, Jin Y, Im WT, Jin F. Preparation of minor ginsenosides C-Mx and C-K from notoginseng leaf ginsenosides by a special ginsenosidase type-I. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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117
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Bai Y, Zhang L, Jin W, Wei M, Zhou P, Zheng G, Niu L, Nie L, Zhang Y, Wang H, Yu L. In situ high-valued utilization and transformation of sugars from Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H. Wright for clean production of diosgenin. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 196:642-647. [PMID: 26299979 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The industrial production of diosgenin in China generates a large amount of high-sugar wastes with low bioavailability, which causes serious pollution to the environment. In this study, a new clean and efficient process for the production of diosgenin was developed using sugars through in situ high-valued transformation. The sugar mixture from Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H. Wright contained abundant beneficial components. Nine typical microorganisms that produced intracellular products were evaluated. Saccharopolyspora spinosa was selected for recursive protoplast fusion to increase the spinosad yield by 46.3% compared with that of the wildtype. Diosgenin and spinosad co-production was conducted in a 100L bioreactor, with pH controlled by adding glucose. The biological oxygen demand of the effluent water decreased from 15,000mg/L to 450mg/L; hence, the proposed process is environment friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wenwen Jin
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mi Wei
- Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables of Hubei Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Pengpeng Zhou
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guihua Zheng
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lin Nie
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Longjiang Yu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan 430075, China.
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Wang WN, Yan BX, Xu WD, Qiu Y, Guo YL, Qiu ZD. Highly Selective Bioconversion of Ginsenoside Rb1 to Compound K by the Mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis under Optimized Conditions. Molecules 2015; 20:19291-309. [PMID: 26512632 PMCID: PMC6332142 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201019291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Compound K (CK), a highly active and bioavailable derivative obtained from protopanaxadiol ginsenosides, displays a wide variety of pharmacological properties, especially antitumor activity. However, the inadequacy of natural sources limits its application in the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, we firstly discovered that Cordyceps sinensis was a potent biocatalyst for the biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 into CK. After a series of investigations on the biotransformation parameters, an optimal composition of the biotransformation culture was found to be lactose, soybean powder and MgSO₄ without controlling the pH. Also, an optimum temperature of 30 °C for the biotransformation process was suggested in a range of 25 °C-50 °C. Then, a biotransformation pathway of Rb1→Rd→F2→CK was established using high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Our results demonstrated that the molar bioconversion rate of Rb1 to CK was more than 82% and the purity of CK produced by C. sinensis under the optimized conditions was more than 91%. In conclusion, the combination of C. sinensis and the optimized conditions is applicable for the industrial preparation of CK for medicinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Nan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Bing-Xiong Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Wen-Di Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Ye Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Yun-Long Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Zhi-Dong Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
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Overexpression and characterization of a glycoside hydrolase family 1 enzyme from Cellulosimicrobium cellulans sp. 21 and its application for minor ginsenosides production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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120
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Hwang E, Park SY, Jo H, Lee DG, Kim HT, Kim YM, Yin CS, Yi TH. Efficacy and Safety of Enzyme-Modified Panax ginseng for Anti-Wrinkle Therapy in Healthy Skin: A Single-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Rejuvenation Res 2015; 18:449-57. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2015.1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eunson Hwang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Material and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University Global Campus, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yong Park
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Material and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University Global Campus, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Don-Gil Lee
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Material and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University Global Campus, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Taek Kim
- College of Oriental Medicine, Semyung University, Jecheon, Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- College of Oriental Medicine, Semyung University, Jecheon, Korea
| | - Chang Shik Yin
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Hoo Yi
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Material and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University Global Campus, Yongin, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
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121
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Shin KC, Oh DK. Classification of glycosidases that hydrolyze the specific positions and types of sugar moieties in ginsenosides. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:1036-1049. [PMID: 26383974 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1083942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are the main compounds with pharmacological activities in ginseng. Deglycosylated ginsenosides, which are more pharmacologically active than glycosylated ginsenosides, can be produced by the specific or nonspecific hydrolysis of the sugar moieties in glycosylated ginsenosides using glycosidases. The enzymes that hydrolyze specifically ginsenosides with different types can be classified according to the enzymatic activity on the positions, inner and outer residues and types of sugar moieties in ginsenosides. Glycosylated ginsenosides are also hydrolyzed to deglycosylated ginsenosides with different hydrolytic pathways by cell conversion or fermentation. The biochemical properties of glycosidases involved in ginsenoside hydrolysis - ginsenosidases - were newly arranged and reviewed in accordance with different types. The combination of different-type ginsenosidases is suggested herein as an efficient tool to produce industrially important ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- a Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- a Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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122
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Kim MJ, Kim YH, Song GS, Suzuki Y, Kim MK. Enzymatic transglycosylation of ginsenoside Rg1 by rice seed α-glucosidase. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 80:318-28. [PMID: 26372017 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1083398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Six α-monoglucosyl derivatives of ginsenoside Rg1 (G-Rg1) were synthesized by transglycosylation reaction of rice seed α-glucosidase in the reaction mixture containing maltose as a glucosyl donor and G-Rg1 as an acceptor. Their chemical structures were identified by spectroscopic analysis, and the effects of reaction time, pH, and glycosyl donors on transglycosylation reaction were investigated. The results showed that rice seed α-glucosidase transfers α-glucosyl group from maltose to G-Rg1 by forming either α-1,3 (α-nigerosyl)-, α-1,4 (α-maltosyl)-, or α-1,6 (α-isomaltosyl)-glucosidic linkages in β-glucose moieties linked at the C6- and C20-position of protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type aglycone. The optimum pH range for the transglycosylation reaction was between 5.0 and 6.0. Rice seed α-glucosidase acted on maltose, soluble starch, and PNP α-D-glucopyranoside as glycosyl donors, but not on glucose, sucrose, or trehalose. These α-monoglucosyl derivatives of G-Rg1 were easily hydrolyzed to G-Rg1 by rat small intestinal and liver α-glucosidase in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ji Kim
- a Department of Food Science and Technology , Chonbuk National University , Jeonju , Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoi Kim
- a Department of Food Science and Technology , Chonbuk National University , Jeonju , Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Sup Song
- a Department of Food Science and Technology , Chonbuk National University , Jeonju , Republic of Korea
| | - Yukio Suzuki
- b Research Institute for Bioresources , Okayama University , Kurashiki , Japan
| | - Myung-Kon Kim
- a Department of Food Science and Technology , Chonbuk National University , Jeonju , Republic of Korea
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123
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Park SY, Shin YK, Kim HT, Kim YM, Lee DG, Hwang E, Cho BG, Yin CS, Kim KY, Yi TH. A single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the efficacy and safety of "enzyme-treated red ginseng powder complex (BG11001)" for antiwrinkle and proelasticity in individuals with healthy skin. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:260-8. [PMID: 27616902 PMCID: PMC5005355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the aging process, skin shows visible changes, characterized by a loss of elasticity and the appearance of wrinkles due to reduced collagen production and decreased elasticity of elastin fibers. Panax ginseng Meyer has been used as a traditional medicine for various diseases due to its wide range of biological activities including skin protective effects. Ginsenosides are the main components responsible for the biological activities of ginseng. However, the protective activities of an enzymatic preparation of red ginseng against human skin aging have not been investigated. METHODS The efficacy of an enzyme-treated powder complex of red ginseng (BG11001) in preventing human skin aging was evaluated by oral administration to 78 randomized individuals. All patients were requested to take three daily capsules containing either 750 mg of BG11001 or a placebo vehicle for 24 wk; at the end of the testing period, skin roughness, elasticity, and skin water content were measured. RESULTS BG11001 significantly reduced the average roughness of eye wrinkles and the Global Photo Damage Score compared with the placebo, although there were no significant differences in arithmetic roughness average between the groups. In addition, gross elasticity and net elasticity values increased, and transepidermal water loss level decreased, indicating improved skin elasticity and moisture content. CONCLUSION In conclusion, enzyme-treated red ginseng extract significantly improved eye wrinkle roughness, skin elasticity, and moisture content. Moreover, enzyme-treated red ginseng extract would be useful substance as a bio-health skin care product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yong Park
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Yu-Kyong Shin
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Hee-Taek Kim
- College of Oriental Medicine, Semyung University, Jecheon, Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- College of Oriental Medicine, Semyung University, Jecheon, Korea
| | - Don-Gil Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Eunson Hwang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Byung-Goo Cho
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chang Shik Yin
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Young Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Tae Hoo Yi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
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124
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Enrichment of ginsenoside Rd in Panax ginseng extract with combination of enzyme treatment and high hydrostatic pressure. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-014-0857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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125
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Kim JK, Kang MS, Park SC, Kim KM, Choi K, Yoon MH, Im WT. Sphingosinicella ginsenosidimutans sp. nov., with ginsenoside converting activity. J Microbiol 2015; 53:435-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-015-5087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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126
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Enzymatic formation of compound-K from ginsenoside Rb1 by enzyme preparation from cultured mycelia of Armillaria mellea. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:105-12. [PMID: 27158230 PMCID: PMC4845050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Minor saponins or human intestinal bacterial metabolites, such as ginsenosides Rg3, F2, Rh2, and compound K, are more pharmacologically active than major saponins, such as ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, and Rc. In this work, enzymatic hydrolysis of ginsenoside Rb1 was studied using enzyme preparations from cultured mycelia of mushrooms. Methods Mycelia of Armillaria mellea, Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus linteus, Elfvingia applanata, and Pleurotus ostreatus were cultivated in liquid media at 25°C for 2 wk. Enzyme preparations from cultured mycelia of five mushrooms were obtained by mycelia separation from cultured broth, enzyme extraction, ammonium sulfate (30–80%) precipitation, dialysis, and freeze drying, respectively. The enzyme preparations were used for enzymatic hydrolysis of ginsenoside Rb1. Results Among the mushrooms used in this study, the enzyme preparation from cultured mycelia of A. mellea (AMMEP) was found to convert ginsenoside Rb1 into compound K with a high yield, while those from G. lucidum, P. linteus, E. applanata, and P. ostreatus produced remarkable amounts of ginsenoside Rd from ginsenoside Rb1. The enzymatic hydrolysis pathway of ginsenoside Rb1 by AMMEP was Rb1 → Rd → F2 → compound K. The optimum reaction conditions for compound K formation from ginsenoside Rb1 were as follows: reaction time 72–96 h, pH 4.0–4.5, and temperature 45–55°C. Conclusion AMMEP can be used to produce the human intestinal bacterial metabolite, compound K, from ginsenoside Rb1 with a high yield and without food safety issues.
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127
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Lim TG, Lee CC, Dong Z, Lee KW. Ginsenosides and their metabolites: a review of their pharmacological activities in the skin. Arch Dermatol Res 2015; 307:397-403. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-015-1569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Gao J, Hu Y, Meng Y, Meng F, Guo X, Wang N, Wei M, Zhou Y. Simple and efficient preparation of ginsenoside (S)-Rg2 from ginsenoside Re by biotransformation withCellulosimicrobiumsp. 21. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2015.1018192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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129
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Yang H, Lee DY, Kang KB, Kim JY, Kim SO, Yoo YH, Sung SH. Identification of ginsenoside markers from dry purified extract of Panax ginseng by a dereplication approach and UPLC-QTOF/MS analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 109:91-104. [PMID: 25767906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A dry purified extract of Panax ginseng (PEG) was prepared using a manufacturing process that includes column chromatography, acid hydrolysis, and an enzyme reaction. During the manufacturing process, the more polar ginsenosides were altered into less polar forms via cleavage of their sugar chains and structural modifications of the aglycones, such as hydroxylation and dehydroxylation. The structural changes of ginsenosides during the intermediate steps from dried ginseng extract (DGE) to PEG were monitored by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (UPLC-QTOF/MS). 22 ginsenosides isolated from PEG were used as the reference standards for determining of unknown ginsenosides and further suggesting of the metabolic markers. The elution order of 22 ginsenosides based on the type of aglycones, and the location and number of sugar chains can be used for the structural elucidation of unknown ginsenosides. This information could be used in a dereplication process for quick and efficient identification of ginsenoside derivatives in ginseng preparations. A dereplication approach helped the identification of the metabolic markers in the UPLC-QTOF/MS chromatograms during the conversion process with multivariate analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) plots. These metabolic markers were identified by comparing with the dereplication information of the reference standards of 22 ginsenosides, or they were assigned using the pattern of the MS/MS fragmented ions. Consequently, the developed metabolic profiling approach using UPLC-QTOF/MS and multivariate analysis represents a new method for providing quality control as well as useful criteria for a similarity evaluation of the manufacturing process of ginseng preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejung Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo Bin Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeom Yong Kim
- Green Cross Health Science, Suntechcity, Sangdaewon-Dong, Jungwon-Gu, Sungnam 513-15, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ok Kim
- Green Cross Health Science, Suntechcity, Sangdaewon-Dong, Jungwon-Gu, Sungnam 513-15, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hyo Yoo
- Green Cross Health Science, Suntechcity, Sangdaewon-Dong, Jungwon-Gu, Sungnam 513-15, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Sung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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Wang RF, Zheng MM, Cao YD, Li H, Li CX, Xu JH, Wang ZT. Enzymatic transformation of vina-ginsenoside R₇ to rare notoginsenoside ST-4 using a new recombinant glycoside hydrolase from Herpetosiphon aurantiacus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:3433-42. [PMID: 25676336 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An eco-friendly and convenient preparation method for notoginsenoside ST-4 has been established by completely transforming vina-ginsenoside R7 using a recombinant glycosidase hydrolyzing enzyme (HaGH03) from Herpetosiphon aurantiacus. This enzyme specifically hydrolyzed the glucose at the C-20 position but not the external xylose or two inner glucoses at position C-3. Protein sequence BLAST revealed that HaGH03, composed of 749 amino acids and presumptively listed as a member of the family 3 glycoside hydrolases, has highest identity (48 %) identity with a thermostable β-glucosidase B, which was not known of any functions for ginsenoside transformation. The steady state kinetic parameters for purified HaGH03 measured against p-nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside and vina-ginsenoside R7 were K M = 5.67 ± 0.24 μM and 0.59 ± 0.23 mM, and k cat = 69.2 ± 0.31/s and 2.15 ± 0.46/min, respectively. HaGH03 converted 2.5 mg/mL of vina-ginsenoside R7 to ST-4 with a molar yield of 100 % and a space-time yield of 104 mg/L/h in optimized conditions. These results underscore that HaGH03 has much potential for the effective preparation of target ginsenosides possessing valuable pharmacological activities. This is the first report identifying an enzyme that has the ability to transform vina-ginsenoside R7 and provides an approach to preparing rare notoginsenoside ST-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Feng Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210038, People's Republic of China
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131
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Gao F, Zhang JM, Wang ZG, Peng W, Hu HL, Fu CM. Biotransformation, a promising technology for anti-cancer drug development. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 14:5599-608. [PMID: 24289549 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.10.5599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
With the high morbidity and mortality caused by cancer, finding new and more effective anti-cancer drugs is very urgent. In current research, biotransformation plays a vital role in the research and development of cancer drugs and has obtained some achievements. In this review, we have summarized four applications as follows: to exploit novel anti-cancer drugs, to improve existing anti-cancer drugs, to broaden limited anti-cancer drug resources and to investigate correlative mechanisms. Three different groups of important anti-cancer compounds were assessed to clarify the current practical applications of biotransformation in the development of anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan China E-mail : ,
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Liu CY, Zhou RX, Sun CK, Jin YH, Yu HS, Zhang TY, Xu LQ, Jin FX. Preparation of minor ginsenosides C-Mc, C-Y, F2, and C-K from American ginseng PPD-ginsenoside using special ginsenosidase type-I from Aspergillus niger g.848. J Ginseng Res 2014. [PMID: 26199553 PMCID: PMC4506373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Minor ginsenosides, those having low content in ginseng, have higher pharmacological activities. To obtain minor ginsenosides, the biotransformation of American ginseng protopanaxadiol (PPD)-ginsenoside was studied using special ginsenosidase type-I from Aspergillus niger g.848. Methods DEAE (diethylaminoethyl)-cellulose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used in enzyme purification, thin-layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used in enzyme hydrolysis and kinetics; crude enzyme was used in minor ginsenoside preparation from PPD-ginsenoside; the products were separated with silica-gel-column, and recognized by HPLC and NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance). Results The enzyme molecular weight was 75 kDa; the enzyme firstly hydrolyzed the C-20 position 20-O-β-D-Glc of ginsenoside Rb1, then the C-3 position 3-O-β-D-Glc with the pathway Rb1→Rd→F2→C-K. However, the enzyme firstly hydrolyzed C-3 position 3-O-β-D-Glc of ginsenoside Rb2 and Rc, finally hydrolyzed 20-O-L-Ara with the pathway Rb2→C-O→C-Y→C-K, and Rc→C-Mc1→C-Mc→C-K. According to enzyme kinetics, Km and Vmax of Michaelis–Menten equation, the enzyme reaction velocities on ginsenosides were Rb1 > Rb2 > Rc > Rd. However, the pure enzyme yield was only 3.1%, so crude enzyme was used for minor ginsenoside preparation. When the crude enzyme was reacted in 3% American ginseng PPD-ginsenoside (containing Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd) at 45°C and pH 5.0 for 18 h, the main products were minor ginsenosides C-Mc, C-Y, F2, and C-K; average molar yields were 43.7% for C-Mc from Rc, 42.4% for C-Y from Rb2, and 69.5% for F2 and C-K from Rb1 and Rd. Conclusion Four monomer minor ginsenosides were successfully produced (at low-cost) from the PPD-ginsenosides using crude enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ying Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China ; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Xin Zhou
- College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Kai Sun
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Hua Jin
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Shan Yu
- College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Long-Quan Xu
- College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Xie Jin
- College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
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133
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Shin KC, Lee HJ, Oh DK. Substrate specificity of β-glucosidase from Gordonia terrae for ginsenosides and its application in the production of ginsenosides Rg₃, Rg₂, and Rh₁ from ginseng root extract. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 119:497-504. [PMID: 25457989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A β-glucosidase from Gordonia terrae was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme with a specific activity of 16.4 U/mg for ginsenoside Rb1 was purified using His-trap chromatography. The purified enzyme specifically hydrolyzed the glucopyranosides at the C-20 position in protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides and hydrolyzed the glucopyranoside at the C-6 or C-20 position in protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides. The reaction conditions for the high-level production of Rg3 from Rb1 by the enzyme were pH 6.5, 30°C, 20 mg/ml enzyme, and 4 mg/ml Rb1. Under these conditions, G. terrae β-glucosidase completely converted Rb1 and Re to Rg3 and Rg2, respectively, after 2.5 and 8 h, respectively. Moreover, the enzyme converted Rg1 to Rh1 at 1 h with a molar conversion yield of 82%. The enzyme at 10 mg/ml produced 1.16 mg/ml Rg3, 1.47 mg/ml Rg2, and 1.17 mg/ml Rh1 from Rb1, Re, and Rg1, respectively, in 10% (w/v) ginseng root extract at pH 6.5 and 30°C after 33 h with molar conversion yields of 100%, 100%, and 77%, respectively. The combined molar conversion yield of Rg2, Rg3, and Rh1 from total ginsenosides in 10% (w/v) ginseng root extract was 68%. These above results suggest that this enzyme is useful for the production of ginsenosides Rg3, Rg2, and Rh1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ji Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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134
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Biotransformation of the Principal Ginsenosides of Panax ginseng Into Minor Glycosides Through the Action of Bacterium Paenibacillus sp. BG134. Chem Nat Compd 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-014-1054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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135
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Oh HJ, Shin KC, Oh DK. Production of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rh1 by hydrolyzing the outer glycoside at the C-6 position in protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides using β-glucosidase from Pyrococcus furiosus. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:113-9. [PMID: 24078126 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The specific activity of a recombinant β-glucosidase from Pyrococcus furiosus for protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides followed the order Rf > R1 > Re > R2 > Rg2, which were converted to Rh1, Rg1, Rg1, Rh1, and Rh1, respectively. No activity was observed with Rg1 and Rh1. Thus, P. furiosus β-glucosidase hydrolyzed the outer glycoside at the C-6 position in PPT-type ginsenosides whereas the enzyme did not hydrolyze the inner glucoside at the C-6 position and the glucoside at the C-20 position. The activity for Rf was optimal at 95 °C, pH 5.5, 5 mM ginsenoside, and 32 U enzyme l−1. Under these conditions, P. furiosus β-glucosidase completely converted from R1 to Rg1 after 10 h, with a productivity of 0.4 g l−1 h−1 and completely converted Rf to Rh1 after 1.2 h, with a productivity of 2.74 g l−1 h−1.
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136
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Han J, Li P, Cai W, Shao X. Fast determination of ginsenosides in ginseng by high-performance liquid chromatography with chemometric resolution. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2126-30. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, and Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin China
| | - Pao Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, and Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin China
| | - Wensheng Cai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, and Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin China
| | - Xueguang Shao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, and Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin China
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137
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Du J, Cui CH, Park SC, Kim JK, Yu HS, Jin FX, Sun C, Kim SC, Im WT. Identification and characterization of a ginsenoside-transforming β-glucosidase from Pseudonocardia sp. Gsoil 1536 and its application for enhanced production of minor ginsenoside Rg2(S). PLoS One 2014; 9:e96914. [PMID: 24911166 PMCID: PMC4049585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ginsenoside Rg2(S), which is one of the pharmaceutical components of ginseng, is known to have neuroprotective, anti-inflammation, and anti-diabetic effects. However, the usage of ginsenoside Rg2(S) is restricted owing to the small amounts found in white and red ginseng. To enhance the production of ginsenoside Rg2(S) as a 100 gram unit with high specificity, yield, and purity, an enzymatic bioconversion method was developed to adopt the recombinant glycoside hydrolase (BglPC28), which is a ginsenoside-transforming recombinant β-glucosidase from Pseudonocardia sp. strain Gsoil 1536. The gene, termed bglPC28, encoding β-glucosidase (BglPC28) belonging to the glycoside hydrolase family 3 was cloned. bglPC28 consists of 2,232 bp (743 amino acid residues) with a predicted molecular mass of 78,975 Da. This enzyme was overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) using a GST-fused pGEX 4T-1 vector system. The optimum conditions of the recombinant BglPC28 were pH 7.0 and 37°C. BglPC28 can effectively transform the ginsenoside Re to Rg2(S); the Km values of PNPG and Re were 6.36±1.10 and 1.42±0.13 mM, respectively, and the Vmax values were 40.0±2.55 and 5.62±0.21 µmol min−1 mg−1 of protein, respectively. A scaled-up biotransformation reaction was performed in a 10 L jar fermenter at pH 7.0 and 30°C for 12 hours with a concentration of 20 mg/ml of ginsenoside Re from American ginseng roots. Finally, 113 g of Rg2(S) was produced from 150 g of Re with 84.0±1.1% chromatographic purity. These results suggest that this enzymatic method could be usefully exploited in the preparation of ginsenoside Rg2(S) in the cosmetics, functional food, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- KAIST Institute for Biocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Ganjingzi-qu, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Hao Cui
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Park
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kwang Kim
- KAIST Institute for Biocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Shan Yu
- College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Ganjingzi-qu, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Xie Jin
- College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Ganjingzi-qu, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Changkai Sun
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Sun-Chang Kim
- KAIST Institute for Biocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Taek Im
- Department of Biotechnology, Hankyoung National University, Chungang-no Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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138
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Yang H, Kim JY, Kim SO, Yoo YH, Sung SH. Complete (1)H-NMR and (13)C-NMR spectral analysis of the pairs of 20(S) and 20(R) ginsenosides. J Ginseng Res 2014; 38:194-202. [PMID: 25378994 PMCID: PMC4213847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginsenosides, the major ingredients of Panax ginseng, have been studied for many decades in Asian countries as a result of their wide range of pharmacological properties. The less polar ginsenosides, with one or two sugar residues, are not present in nature and are produced during manufacturing processes by methods such as heating, steaming, acid hydrolysis, and enzyme reactions. (1)H-NMR and (13)C-NMR spectroscopic data for the identification of the less polar ginsenosides are often unavailable or incomplete. METHODS We isolated 21 compounds, including 10 pairs of 20(S) and 20(R) less polar ginsenosides (1-20), and an oleanane-type triterpene (21) from a processed ginseng preparation and obtained complete (1)H-NMR and (13)C-NMR spectroscopic data for the following compounds, referred to as compounds 1-21 for rapid identification: 20(S)-ginsenosides Rh2 (1), 20(R)-Rh2 (2), 20(S)-Rg3 (3), 20(R)-Rg3 (4), 6'-O-acetyl-20(S)-Rh2 [20(S)-AcetylRh2] (5), 20(R)-AcetylRh2 (6), 25-hydroxy-20(S)-Rh2 (7), 25-hydroxy-20(S)-Rh2 (8), 20(S)-Rh1 (9), 20(R)-Rh1 (10), 20(S)-Rg2 (11), 20(R)-Rg2 (12), 25-hydroxy-20(S)-Rh1 (13), 25-hydroxy-20(R)-Rh1 (14), 20(S)-AcetylRg2 (15), 20(R)-AcetylRg2 (16), Rh4 (17), Rg5 (18), Rk1 (19), 25-hydroxy-Rh4 (20), and oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (21).
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejung Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | | | - Sun Ok Kim
- Greencrosshs, Suntech City, Sungnam, Korea
| | | | - Sang Hyun Sung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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139
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Choi HS, Kim SY, Park Y, Jung EY, Suh HJ. Enzymatic transformation of ginsenosides in Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) extract prepared by Spezyme and Optidex. J Ginseng Res 2014; 38:264-9. [PMID: 25379006 PMCID: PMC4213822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this study, we examined the effects of various enzymes on chemical conversions of ginsenosides in ginseng extract prepared by amylases. Methods Rapidase, Econase CE, Viscozyme, Ultraflo L, and Cytolase PCL5 were used for secondary enzymatic hydrolysis after amylase treatment of ginseng extract, and ginsenoside contents, skin permeability, and chemical compositions including total sugar, acidic polysaccharide, and polyphenols were determined on the hydrolyzed ginseng extract. Results Rapidase treatment significantly elevated total ginsenoside contents compared with the control (p < 0.05). In particular, deglycosylated ginsenosides including Rg3, which are known as bioactive compounds, were significantly increased after Rapidase treatment (p < 0.05). The Rapidase-treated group also increased the skin permeability of polyphenols compared with the control, showing the highest level of total sugar content among the enzyme treatment groups. Conclusion This result showed that Rapidase induced the conversion of ginsenoside glycosides to aglycones. Meanwhile, Cytolase PCL5 and Econase treatments led to a significant increase of uronic acid (acidic polysaccharide) level. Taken together, our data showed that the treatments of enzymes including Rapidase are useful for the conversion and increase of ginsenosides in ginseng extracts or products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Son Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Department of Efficacy Screening, Hongcheon Institute of Medicinal Herb, Hongcheon, Korea
| | - Yooheon Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Young Jung
- Department of Home Economic Education, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul, Korea ; Department of Public Health Science, School of Graduate, Seoul, Korea
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140
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Simultaneous Enrichment of Deglycosylated Ginsenosides and Monacolin K in Red Ginseng by Fermentation withMonascus pilosus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:1490-5. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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141
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Park MK, Cui CH, Park SC, Park SK, Kim JK, Jung MS, Jung SC, Kim SC, Im WT. Characterization of recombinant β-glucosidase from Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus and biotransformation of ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd. J Microbiol 2014; 52:399-406. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-3601-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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142
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Liu C, Jin Y, Yu H, Sun C, Gao P, Xiao Y, Zhang T, Xu L, Im WT, Jin F. Biotransformation pathway and kinetics of the hydrolysis of the 3-O- and 20-O-multi-glucosides of PPD-type ginsenosides by ginsenosidase type I. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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143
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Grishko VV, Nogovitsina YM, Ivshina IB. Bacterial transformation of terpenoids. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2014v083n04abeh004396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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144
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Cui CH, Kim JK, Kim SC, Im WT. Characterization of a ginsenoside-transforming β-glucosidase from Paenibacillus mucilaginosus and its application for enhanced production of minor ginsenoside F₂. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85727. [PMID: 24475050 PMCID: PMC3903488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel β-glucosidase (BglPm) was identified from Paenibacillus mucilaginosus KCTC 3870(T) which has ginsenoside converting activity. The gene, termed bglPm, consists of 1,260 bp and belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1). After being overexpressed and purified from Escherichia coli, the enzymatic properties of BglPm were investigated. The enzyme exhibited an optimal activity at 45°C and pH 7.5 and showed high bioconversion ability for major ginsenoside Rb1 and Rd into ginsenoside F2. Thus, it was used for mass production of relatively high pure F2 from relatively abundant protopanaxadiol type ginsenosides mixture (PPDGM) with combined usage of ginsenoside Rc-hydrolyzing enzyme. Scale-up of production using 250 g of the PPDGM resulted in 152 g of F2 with 80.1% chromatography purity and 95.7% recovery. These results suggest that this enzyme would be useful in the preparation of pharmacologically active ginsenoside F2 in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hao Cui
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kwang Kim
- KAIST Institute for Biocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Chang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Biocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SK); (WI)
| | - Wan-Taek Im
- KAIST Institute for Biocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SK); (WI)
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145
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Biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 into F-2 and compound K by bacterium Sphingomonas sp. BG 25. Chem Nat Compd 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-014-0853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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146
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Hwang E, Lee TH, Park SY, Yi TH, Kim SY. Enzyme-modified Panax ginseng inhibits UVB-induced skin aging through the regulation of procollagen type I and MMP-1 expression. Food Funct 2014; 5:265-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60418g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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147
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Guo N, Ablajan K, Fan B, Yan H, Yu Y, Dou D. Simultaneous determination of seven ginsenosides in Du Shen Tang decoction by rapid resolution liquid chromatography (RRLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2013; 141:4046-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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148
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Luo SL, Dang LZ, Li JF, Zou CG, Zhang KQ, Li GH. Biotransformation of Saponins by Endophytes Isolated fromPanax notoginseng. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:2021-31. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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149
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Hwang E, Sun ZW, Lee TH, Shin HS, Park SY, Lee DG, Cho BG, Sohn H, Kwon OW, Kim SY, Yi TH. Enzyme-processed Korean Red Ginseng extracts protects against skin damage induced by UVB irradiation in hairless mice. J Ginseng Res 2013; 37:425-34. [PMID: 24233239 PMCID: PMC3825857 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
UV irradiation is the main factor contributing to skin damages that are associated with an excessive production of matrix-degrading metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and a deficient expression of collagens. To date, red ginseng has been revealed to possess many biomedical effects, such as anti-aging, anti-oxidation, and anti-inflammatory. In this study, we prepared the Korean Red Ginseng extracts treated with enzyme (KRGE) and investigated the effects of dietary KRGE on the formation of wrinkles generated by UVB irradiation in hairless mice. It was found that KRGE inhibited the UVB-induced formation of wrinkles, epidermal thickness, and skin dryness in hairless mice. Further results also showed that KRGE attenuated UVB-induced MMP-1 level, while accelerated procollagen type I, transforming growth factor-β1 secretion. Interestingly, the expression of profilaggrin and filaggrin in both the epidermis and dermis were decreased due to UVB exposure and reversed by KRGE. The KRGE 0.06% was prior to KRGE 0.24%. In view of these results, which indicated that KRGE protected skin from UVB-induced photodamages, which may not only mediated by regulating of MMP-1 and procollagen type I, but also by increasing the production of profilaggrin and filaggrin. In conclusion, our results suggest that KRGE may be a promising agent for the treatment of skin photodamages. The challenge of KRGE will be expected as cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals in order to intervene in aging-related degenerative skin changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunson Hwang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Material and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
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150
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Production of aglycone protopanaxatriol from ginseng root extract using Dictyoglomus turgidum β-glycosidase that specifically hydrolyzes the xylose at the C-6 position and the glucose in protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:3659-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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