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Mehrabi M, Amini F, Mehrabi S. Kill and Clearance in HCC: An Approach Based on NK Cells and Macrophages. Front Oncol 2021; 11:693076. [PMID: 34557407 PMCID: PMC8453146 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.693076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shima Mehrabi
- Internal Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Deust A, Chobert MN, Demontant V, Gricourt G, Denaës T, Thiolat A, Ruiz I, Rodriguez C, Pawlotsky JM, Teixeira-Clerc F. Macrophage autophagy protects against hepatocellular carcinogenesis in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18809. [PMID: 34552122 PMCID: PMC8458469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway of cellular components that regulates macrophage properties. Macrophages are critically involved in tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis and immune suppression. Here, we investigated whether macrophage autophagy may protect against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Experiments were performed in mice with deletion of the autophagy gene Atg5 in the myeloid lineage (ATG5Mye-/- mice) and their wild-type (WT) littermates. As compared to WT, ATG5Mye-/- mice were more susceptible to diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, as shown by enhanced tumor number and volume. Moreover, DEN-treated ATG5Mye-/- mice exhibited compromised immune cell recruitment and activation in the liver, suggesting that macrophage autophagy invalidation altered the antitumoral immune response. RNA sequencing showed that autophagy-deficient macrophages sorted from DEN mice are characterized by an enhanced expression of immunosuppressive markers. In vitro studies demonstrated that hepatoma cells impair the autophagy flux of macrophages and stimulate their expression of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), a major regulator of the immune checkpoint. Moreover, pharmacological activation of autophagy reduces hepatoma cell-induced PD-L1 expression in cultured macrophages while inhibition of autophagy further increases PD-L1 expression suggesting that autophagy invalidation in macrophages induces an immunosuppressive phenotype. These results uncover macrophage autophagy as a novel protective pathway regulating liver carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Deust
- INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France.,Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, Créteil, France
| | - Marie-Noële Chobert
- INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France.,Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, Créteil, France
| | - Vanessa Demontant
- INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France.,Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, Créteil, France.,Plateforme de Génomique, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | | | - Timothé Denaës
- INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France.,Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, Créteil, France
| | - Allan Thiolat
- INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France.,Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, Créteil, France
| | - Isaac Ruiz
- INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France.,Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, Créteil, France
| | - Christophe Rodriguez
- INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France.,Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, Créteil, France.,Plateforme de Génomique, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Michel Pawlotsky
- INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France.,Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, Créteil, France.,Département de Virologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Fatima Teixeira-Clerc
- INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France. .,Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, Créteil, France. .,INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Hôpital Henri Mondor, 94000, Créteil, France.
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Łukasiewicz S, Czeczelewski M, Forma A, Baj J, Sitarz R, Stanisławek A. Breast Cancer-Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification, Prognostic Markers, and Current Treatment Strategies-An Updated Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174287. [PMID: 34503097 PMCID: PMC8428369 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. It is estimated that 2.3 million new cases of BC are diagnosed globally each year. Based on mRNA gene expression levels, BC can be divided into molecular subtypes that provide insights into new treatment strategies and patient stratifications that impact the management of BC patients. This review addresses the overview on the BC epidemiology, risk factors, classification with an emphasis on molecular types, prognostic biomarkers, as well as possible treatment modalities. Abstract Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide with more than 2 million new cases in 2020. Its incidence and death rates have increased over the last three decades due to the change in risk factor profiles, better cancer registration, and cancer detection. The number of risk factors of BC is significant and includes both the modifiable factors and non-modifiable factors. Currently, about 80% of patients with BC are individuals aged >50. Survival depends on both stage and molecular subtype. Invasive BCs comprise wide spectrum tumors that show a variation concerning their clinical presentation, behavior, and morphology. Based on mRNA gene expression levels, BC can be divided into molecular subtypes (Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-enriched, and basal-like). The molecular subtypes provide insights into new treatment strategies and patient stratifications that impact the management of BC patients. The eighth edition of TNM classification outlines a new staging system for BC that, in addition to anatomical features, acknowledges biological factors. Treatment of breast cancer is complex and involves a combination of different modalities including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or biological therapies delivered in diverse sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiusz Łukasiewicz
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Center of Oncology of the Lublin Region St. Jana z Dukli, 20-091 Lublin, Poland; (S.Ł.); (A.S.)
| | - Marcin Czeczelewski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Alicja Forma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Robert Sitarz
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Center of Oncology of the Lublin Region St. Jana z Dukli, 20-091 Lublin, Poland; (S.Ł.); (A.S.)
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrzej Stanisławek
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Center of Oncology of the Lublin Region St. Jana z Dukli, 20-091 Lublin, Poland; (S.Ł.); (A.S.)
- Department of Oncology, Chair of Oncology and Environmental Health, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
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104
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Veluvolu S, Pellin M, Vos N. Evaluation of neutrophilia as a prognostic factor in dogs with multicentric lymphoma treated with a cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone-based chemotherapy protocol. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:494-502. [PMID: 34388019 DOI: 10.2460/javma.259.5.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether, in dogs with naïve multicentric lymphoma, neutrophilia at the time of initial diagnosis was associated with progression-free survival time (PFST) or overall response rate (ie, percentage of dogs with a complete or partial remission) and whether the initial neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was associated with PFST. ANIMALS 30 dogs with multicentric lymphoma and neutrophilia (including 16 treated with a cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone [CHOP]-based protocol) and 37 historical control dogs without neutrophilia treated with a CHOP-based protocol. PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed, and PFSTs and responses were documented. RESULTS Median PFST for the 16 dogs with neutrophilia treated with a CHOP-based protocol (70 days; range, 0 to 296 days) was significantly shorter than that for the 37 control dogs without neutrophilia (184.5 days; range, 23 to 503 days), and the overall response rate for dogs with neutrophilia (12/16 [75%]) was significantly lower than the rate for dogs without neutrophilia (36/37 [97%]). However, when all dogs in the study and control populations were considered together, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio at the time of diagnosis was not significantly associated with PFST. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that neutrophilia at the time of initial diagnosis may suggest a poorer prognosis in dogs with multicentric lymphoma. Prospective investigation into the role of neutrophils in the peripheral circulation and tumor microenvironment of cancer-bearing patients is warranted.
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Nowicka M, Hilton LK, Ashton-Key M, Hargreaves CE, Lee C, Foxall R, Carter MJ, Beers SA, Potter KN, Bolen CR, Klein C, Knapp A, Mir F, Rose-Zerilli M, Burton C, Klapper W, Scott DW, Sehn LH, Vitolo U, Martelli M, Trneny M, Rushton CK, Slack GW, Farinha P, Strefford JC, Oestergaard MZ, Morin RD, Cragg MS. Prognostic significance of FCGR2B expression for the response of DLBCL patients to rituximab or obinutuzumab treatment. Blood Adv 2021; 5:2945-2957. [PMID: 34323958 PMCID: PMC8361458 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fc γ receptor IIB (FcγRIIB) is an inhibitory molecule capable of reducing antibody immunotherapy efficacy. We hypothesized its expression could confer resistance in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treated with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) chemoimmunotherapy, with outcomes varying depending on mAb (rituximab [R]/obinutuzumab [G]) because of different mechanisms of action. We evaluated correlates between FCGR2B messenger RNA and/or FcγRIIB protein expression and outcomes in 3 de novo DLBCL discovery cohorts treated with R plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) reported by Arthur, Schmitz, and Reddy, and R-CHOP/G-CHOP-treated patients in the GOYA trial (NCT01287741). In the discovery cohorts, higher FCGR2B expression was associated with significantly shorter progression-free survival (PFS; Arthur: hazard ratio [HR], 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.19; P = .0360; Schmitz: HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.02-1.26; P = .0243). Similar results were observed in GOYA with R-CHOP (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.00-1.58; P = .0455), but not G-CHOP (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.69-1.20; P = .50). A nonsignificant trend that high FCGR2B expression favored G-CHOP over R-CHOP was observed (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.44-1.02; P = .0622); however, low FCGR2B expression favored R-CHOP (HR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.00-2.50; P = .0503). In Arthur and GOYA, FCGR2B expression was associated with tumor FcγRIIB expression; correlating with shorter PFS for R-CHOP (HR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.04-4.50; P = .0378), but not G-CHOP (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.66-2.87; P = .3997). This effect was independent of established prognostic biomarkers. High FcγRIIB/FCGR2B expression has prognostic value in R-treated patients with DLBCL and may confer differential responsiveness to R-CHOP/G-CHOP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura K Hilton
- BC Cancer Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Margaret Ashton-Key
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Southampton University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Chantal E Hargreaves
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Chern Lee
- Southampton University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Russell Foxall
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Carter
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen N Potter
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Farheen Mir
- Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Rose-Zerilli
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Cathy Burton
- St James's Institute of Oncology, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfram Klapper
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - David W Scott
- BC Cancer Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Laurie H Sehn
- BC Cancer Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Umberto Vitolo
- Multidisciplinary Oncology Outpatient Clinic, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Martelli
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Hematology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marek Trneny
- 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; and
| | - Christopher K Rushton
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; and
| | - Graham W Slack
- BC Cancer Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pedro Farinha
- BC Cancer Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jonathan C Strefford
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ryan D Morin
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; and
| | - Mark S Cragg
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Tang LJW, Zaseela A, Toh CCM, Adine C, Aydar AO, Iyer NG, Fong ELS. Engineering stromal heterogeneity in cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113817. [PMID: 34087326 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Based on our exponentially increasing knowledge of stromal heterogeneity from advances in single-cell technologies, the notion that stromal cell types exist as a spectrum of unique subpopulations that have specific functions and spatial distributions in the tumor microenvironment has significant impact on tumor modeling for drug development and personalized drug testing. In this Review, we discuss the importance of incorporating stromal heterogeneity and tumor architecture, and propose an overall approach to guide the reconstruction of stromal heterogeneity in vitro for tumor modeling. These next-generation tumor models may support the development of more precise drugs targeting specific stromal cell subpopulations, as well as enable improved recapitulation of patient tumors in vitro for personalized drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Jia Wei Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ayshath Zaseela
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Christabella Adine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Abdullah Omer Aydar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - N Gopalakrishna Iyer
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
| | - Eliza Li Shan Fong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Jin R, Hao J, Yi Y, Sauter E, Li B. Regulation of macrophage functions by FABP-mediated inflammatory and metabolic pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158964. [PMID: 33984518 PMCID: PMC8169605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are almost everywhere in the body, where they serve pivotal functions in maintaining tissue homeostasis, remodeling, and immunoregulation. Macrophages are traditionally thought to differentiate from bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Emerging studies suggest that some tissue macrophages at steady state originate from embryonic precursors in the yolk sac or fetal liver and are maintained in situ by self-renewal, but bone marrow-derived monocytes can give rise to tissue macrophages in pathogenic settings, such as inflammatory injuries and cancer. Macrophages are popularly classified as Th1 cytokine (e.g. IFNγ)-activated M1 macrophages (the classical activation) or Th2 cytokine (e.g. IL-4)-activated M2 macrophages (the alternative activation). However, given the myriad arrays of stimuli macrophages may encounter from local environment, macrophages exhibit notorious heterogeneity in their phenotypes and functions. Determining the underlying metabolic pathways engaged during macrophage activation is critical for understanding macrophage phenotypic and functional adaptivity under different disease settings. Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) represent a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins facilitating lipid transport, metabolism and responses inside cells. More specifically, adipose-FABP (A-FABP) and epidermal-FABP (E-FABP) are highly expressed in macrophages and play a central role in integrating metabolic and inflammatory pathways. In this review we highlight how A-FABP and E-FABP are respectively upregulated in different subsets of activated macrophages and provide a unique perspective in defining macrophage phenotypic and functional heterogeneity through FABP-regulated lipid metabolic and inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqing Hao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yanmei Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Edward Sauter
- Division of Cancer Prevention, NIH/NCI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Umbelliprenin Increases the M1/M2 Ratio of Macrophage Polarization and Improves the M1 Macrophage Activity in THP-1 Cells Cocultured with AGS Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9927747. [PMID: 34335844 PMCID: PMC8294985 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9927747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Gastric adenocarcinoma is the fifth most diagnosed malignancy in the world. The immune system consists of a heterogeneous mixture of macrophages that defense the body through phagocytosis and the production of different cytokines and chemokines. Tumors cause macrophages to polarize differently in the manner of their favorite growth and angiogenesis. Umbelliprenin, a natural sesquiterpene coumarin, has been shown to have anticancer properties against some tumors, including gastric adenocarcinoma. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of umbelliprenin on the polarization of macrophages in addition to the measurement of some of the soluble factors they produce. Method The values of IC5 and IC50 for umbelliprenin in the AGS and THP-1 cells were estimated using the MTT assay. THP-1 cells were treated with 10 μM umbelliprenin, either alone or cocultured with AGS cells. Flow cytometry analysis of treated THP-1 cells was performed for CD68, CD86, and CD206 markers to evaluate M0, M1, and M2 macrophages polarization, respectively. AGS cells were assessed for apoptosis and necrosis by flow cytometry after labeling with Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide. Interleukin- (IL-) 10 and IL-12 contents were measured in the supernatant by the ELISA method. Griess Reaction assay technique was used to determine nitric oxide (NO) concentration. Results The results of the MTT showed lower toxicity of umbelliprenin in THP-1 (IC50 = 75.79) compared to the AGS cell line (IC50 = 48.81). Umbelliprenin significantly increased the M1/M2 ratio. IL-10 content decreased significantly in the supernatant of M1 and M2 cells after umbelliprenin treatment, while IL-12 increased in the supernatant of M1 cells and decreased in the supernatant of the M2 cells. Umbelliprenin caused an increase in the NO in the supernatant of the M1 cells. Conclusion Umbelliprenin alters the macrophage's secretions and its phenotypes in favor of tumor suppression.
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Moraes JA, Encarnação C, Franco VA, Xavier Botelho LG, Rodrigues GP, Ramos-Andrade I, Barja-Fidalgo C, Renovato-Martins M. Adipose Tissue-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and the Tumor Microenvironment: Revisiting the Hallmarks of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3328. [PMID: 34283044 PMCID: PMC8268128 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial elements that sustain the communication between tumor cells and their microenvironment, and have emerged as a widespread mechanism of tumor formation and metastasis. In obesity, the adipose tissue becomes hypertrophic and hyperplastic, triggering increased production of pro-inflammatory adipokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, interleukin 1, and leptin. Furthermore, obese adipose tissue undergoes dysregulation in the cargo content of the released EVs, resulting in an increased content of pro-inflammatory proteins, fatty acids, and oncogenic microRNAs. These alterations drive obesity-associated inflammatory responses both locally and systemically. After being ignored for a long time, adipose tissues have recently received considerable attention as a major player in tumor microenvironment-linked obesity and cancer. The role of adipose tissue in the establishment and progression of cancer is reinforced by its high plasticity and inflammatory content. Such a relationship may be established by direct contact between adipocytes and cancer cells within the microenvironment or systemically, via EV-mediated cell-to-cell communication. Here, we highlight cues evidencing the influence of adipose tissue-derived EVs on the hallmarks of cancer, which are critical for tumor malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Alfredo Moraes
- Redox Biology Laboratory, Programa de Pesquisa em Farmacologia e Inflamação, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
| | - Carol Encarnação
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Metabolism, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24210-201 Niterói, Brazil; (C.E.); (V.A.F.); (L.G.X.B.); (G.P.R.)
| | - Victor Aguiar Franco
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Metabolism, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24210-201 Niterói, Brazil; (C.E.); (V.A.F.); (L.G.X.B.); (G.P.R.)
| | - Luiz Gabriel Xavier Botelho
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Metabolism, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24210-201 Niterói, Brazil; (C.E.); (V.A.F.); (L.G.X.B.); (G.P.R.)
| | - Gabriella Pacheco Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Metabolism, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24210-201 Niterói, Brazil; (C.E.); (V.A.F.); (L.G.X.B.); (G.P.R.)
| | - Isadora Ramos-Andrade
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Departamento de Biologia Celular, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (I.R.-A.); (C.B.-F.)
| | - Christina Barja-Fidalgo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Departamento de Biologia Celular, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 20550-170 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (I.R.-A.); (C.B.-F.)
| | - Mariana Renovato-Martins
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Metabolism, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24210-201 Niterói, Brazil; (C.E.); (V.A.F.); (L.G.X.B.); (G.P.R.)
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Lavy M, Gauttier V, Poirier N, Barillé-Nion S, Blanquart C. Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators Mitigate Cancer-Related Inflammation: Role of Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702785. [PMID: 34276698 PMCID: PMC8278519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a fundamental physiological response orchestrated by innate immune cells to restore tissue homeostasis. Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are involved in active resolution of inflammation but when inflammation is incomplete, chronic inflammation creates a favorable environment that fuels carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Conventional cancer therapy also strengthens cancer-related inflammation by inducing massive tumor cell death that activate surrounding immune-infiltrating cells such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Macrophages are key actors of both inflammation and its active resolution due to their plastic phenotype. In line with this high plasticity, macrophages can be hijacked by cancer cells to support tumor progression and immune escape, or therapy resistance. Impaired resolution of cancer-associated inflammation supported by TAMs may thus reinforces tumor progression. From this perspective, recent evidence suggests that stimulating macrophage's pro-resolving functions using SPMs can promote inflammation resolution in cancer and improve anticancer treatments. Thus, TAMs' re-education toward an antitumor phenotype by using SPMs opens a new line of attack in cancer treatment. Here, we review SPMs' anticancer capacities with special attention regarding their effects on TAMs. We further discuss how this new therapeutic approach could be envisioned in cancer therapy.
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Zhang S, Li D, Zhao M, Yang F, Sang C, Yan C, Wang Z, Li Y. Exosomal miR-183-5p Shuttled by M2 Polarized Tumor-Associated Macrophage Promotes the Development of Colon Cancer via Targeting THEM4 Mediated PI3K/AKT and NF-κB Pathways. Front Oncol 2021; 11:672684. [PMID: 34249713 PMCID: PMC8267908 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.672684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal accumulation of macrophages in the colon cancer (CC) contribute to its progression. miR-183-5p has been confirmed as an oncogene in CC and this article explores the effect and mechanism of exosomal miR-183-5p enriched by M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) on CC cells. Methods The human macrophage THP1 was induced to M2 polarization through IL-4 and IL-13 treatment. Exosomes in THP1 were isolated through ultracentrifugation, and the miR-183-5p expression in macrophages and exosomes was verified by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The miR-183-5p inhibitors and mimics were applied to down-regulate and upregulate miR-183-5p in macrophages, respectively. Meanwhile, CC cell lines LoVo and SW480 were treated with the macrophage conditioned medium and exosomes, respectively. CC cells’ proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis were tested by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry (FCM), Transwell assay, and xenograft assay, respectively. The profiles of thioesterase superfamily member 4 (THEM4), Akt, and NF-κB were compared by Western blotting (WB). Results The miR-183-5p level in M2-TAM and M2-TAM-derived exosomes was significantly increased. Meanwhile, M2-TAM and M2-TAM-derived exosomes significantly facilitated CC cell proliferation and invasion and dampened apoptosis. Overexpression of miR-183-5p in M2-TAM aggravated M2-TAM-mediated promotive effects on CC cells, with down-regulating miR-183-5p reversed M2-TAM-mediated tumor-promotive effects. Mechanically, miR-183-5p targeted THEM4 and inhibited its mRNA and protein expression. Overexpressing THEM4 abated miR-183-5p-mediated carcinogenic effects and inactivates Akt and NF-κB pathways in CC cells. Overall, this article elaborated that exosomal miR-183-5p shuttled by M2-TAM mediated Akt/NF-κB pathway to accelerate CC progression through targeting THEM4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangxin Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Deguan Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Yanqing District Hospital (Peking University Third Hospital Yanqing Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Yanqing District Hospital (Peking University Third Hospital Yanqing Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Changye Sang
- Department of General Surgery, Yanqing District Hospital (Peking University Third Hospital Yanqing Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Changhong Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Yanqing District Hospital (Peking University Third Hospital Yanqing Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Zhenjun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxiang Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Nazari N, Jafari F, Ghalamfarsa G, Hadinia A, Atapour A, Ahmadi M, Dolati S, Rostamzadeh D. The emerging role of microRNA in regulating the mTOR signaling pathway in immune and inflammatory responses. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:814-832. [PMID: 33988889 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is considered to be an atypical protein kinase that plays a critical role in integrating different cellular and environmental inputs in the form of growth factors, nutrients and energy and, subsequently, in regulating different cellular events, including cell metabolism, survival, homeostasis, growth and cellular differentiation. Immunologically, mTOR is a critical regulator of immune function through integrating numerous signals from the immune microenvironment, which coordinates the functions of immune cells and T cell fate decisions. The crucial role of mTOR in immune responses has been lately even more appreciated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, small, noncoding single-stranded RNAs that act as molecular regulators involved in multiple processes during immune cells development, homeostasis, activation and effector polarization. Several studies have recently indicated that a range of miRNAs are involved in regulating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mTOR (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) signaling pathway by targeting multiple components of this signaling pathway and modulating the expression and function of these targets. Current evidence has revealed the interplay between miRNAs and the mTOR pathway circuits in various immune cell types. The expression of individual miRNA can affect the function of mTOR signaling to determine the cell fate decisions in immune responses through coordinating immune signaling and cell metabolism. Dysregulation of the mTOR pathway/miRNAs crosstalk has been reported in cancers and various immune-related diseases. Thus, expression profiles of dysregulated miRNAs could influence the mTOR pathway, resulting in the promotion of aberrant immunity. This review summarizes the latest information regarding the reciprocal role of the mTOR signaling pathway and miRNAs in orchestrating immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Nazari
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Jafari
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Hadinia
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Amir Atapour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanam Dolati
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Davood Rostamzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.,Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
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Tan Y, Wang M, Zhang Y, Ge S, Zhong F, Xia G, Sun C. Tumor-Associated Macrophages: A Potential Target for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:693517. [PMID: 34178692 PMCID: PMC8222665 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.693517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages, an important class of innate immune cells that maintain body homeostasis and ward off foreign pathogens, exhibit a high degree of plasticity and play a supportive role in different tissues and organs. Thus, dysfunction of macrophages may contribute to advancement of several diseases, including cancer. Macrophages within the tumor microenvironment are known as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which typically promote cancer cell initiation and proliferation, accelerate angiogenesis, and tame anti-tumor immunity to promote tumor progression and metastasis. Massive infiltration of TAMs or enrichment of TAM-related markers usually indicates cancer progression and a poor prognosis, and consequently tumor immunotherapies targeting TAMs have gained significant attention. Here, we review the interaction between TAMs and cancer cells, discuss the origin, differentiation and phenotype of TAMs, and highlight the role of TAMs in pro-cancer functions such as tumor initiation and development, invasive metastasis, and immunosuppression. Finally, we review therapies targeting TAMs, which are very promising therapeutic strategies for malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Tan
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengyang Ge
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Zhong
- Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guowei Xia
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanyu Sun
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Yuan Y, Wang Z, Chen M, Jing Y, Shu W, Xie Z, Li Z, Xu J, He F, Jiao P, Wang J, Xu J, Xia Y, Liu S, Du H, Li H, Dai L, Dai Y, Zhang Y. Macrophage-Derived Exosomal miR-31-5p Promotes Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Tumourigenesis Through the Large Tumor Suppressor 2-Mediated Hippo Signalling Pathway. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:822-837. [PMID: 34082869 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are thought to contribute to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) initiation and progression. However, the underlying mechanism through which TAMs foster OSCC progression is still unclear. This study intended to determine whether there are exclusively exosomal miRNAs-derived macrophages that are functionally necessary for OSCC progression. The phenotype of TAM recruitment in OSCC tissue samples was assessed, subsequently identifying the influence of M2 macrophages and exosomes derived from M2 macrophages on OSCC proliferation and tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. CD68 and CD163, the specific markers of M2 type macrophages, were upregulated in TAMs presented in intra-cancer tissues. M2 macrophages and M2 macrophage-derived exosomes (M2 exos) both can promote OSCC growth and tumorigenicity. An exosomal RNA-seq analysis was conducted to predict regulatory exosomal miRNAs related to OSCC growth, which determined miR-31-5p and LATS2 for subsequent experiments. Mechanistically, miR-31-5p was delivered to recipient OSCC cells through M2 exos and complementary pairing with the large tumor suppressor 2 (LATS2) coding sequence, thus suppressing the expression of LATS2 and inactivation the Hippo signaling pathway to support OSCC growth. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that M2 macrophage-derived exosomal miR- 31-5p can make tumor suppressor LATS2 gene inhibited and facilitate the progression of OSCC via inhibiting the Hippo signaling pathway, which possibly provides new targets for the molecular therapy of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mengqi Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yang Jing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wei Shu
- Department of Stomatology, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhuoying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhiyang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008
| | - Juanyong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Feng He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Pengfei Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jiaqing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jiamin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yan Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongming Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lu Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Youjin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Model Animal Research, Animal Core Facility of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yaqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China
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Cui X, Qin T, Zhao Z, Yang G, Sanches JGP, Zhang Q, Fan S, Cao L, Hu X. Pentraxin-3 inhibits milky spots metastasis of gastric cancer by inhibiting M2 macrophage polarization. J Cancer 2021; 12:4686-4697. [PMID: 34149932 PMCID: PMC8210545 DOI: 10.7150/jca.58698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Recent studies have indicated that Pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is related to invasion, migration and metastasis of gastric cancer cells (GCCs). However, the function of PTX3 in stemness and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) polarization in GC has not yet been revealed. Here, we investigated the role of PTX3 in TAMs polarization and stemness in gastric cancer (GC), and further explored the effect of PTX3 on milky spot metastasis of gastric cancer. Methods: PTX3 expression in human gastric cancer tissues was examined with immunohistochemistry (IHC). The influence on stemness of gastric cancer cells was examined by sphere formation assay and western blot. qRT-PCR, IHC and flow cytometry were used to evaluate M1/M2 macrophage signatures. The effects of PTX3 on TAM polarization and milky spots were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The possible mechanism of PTX3 on targeted cytokines and pathway were analyzed by qRT-PCR and western blot. Results: We found that PTX3 was low expressed in gastric carcinoma tissues and associated with stemness and polarization of macrophages. The upregulation of PTX3 inhibited the stemness of GCCs. Furthermore, PTX3 suppressed the polarization of M2 macrophages in the milky spots in vivo and in vitro and inhibited the metastasis of GC into milky spots. PTX3 restrained the expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10 via the inhibition of phosphorylation of the c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2) in GCCs. Conclusion: These results revealed a novel mechanism of PTX3 in GC, which may participate in the development and metastasis of GC by affecting stemness and macrophage polarization. PTX3 should be considered as a crucial biomarker and may be potentially used in targeted therapy in GC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Cui
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, P.R. China
| | - Tao Qin
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P. R. China
| | - Zhengdong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, P.R. China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, P.R. China
| | | | - Qingqing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, P. R. China
| | - Shujun Fan
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, P. R. China
| | - Liang Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, P.R. China
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Jin L, Duan W, Cai Z, Lim D, Feng Z. Valproic acid triggers radiation-induced abscopal effect by modulating the unirradiated tumor immune microenvironment in a rat model of breast cancer. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2021:rrab037. [PMID: 34050356 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An abscopal effect occurs when localized radiotherapy causes the regression of tumors distant from the irradiated site. However, such a clinically detectable abscopal effect from radiotherapy alone is rare. This study investigated whether valproic acid ([VPA], a histone deacetylase inhibitor [HDACi]) treatment can stimulate radiation-induced abscopal effect. We used 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, a typical environmental carcinogen, to establish a rat model with multiple breast tumors. Only one tumor received 8 Gy fractionated doses of X-rays (2 Gy daily fractions over four days) and 200 mg/kg VPA was administered intraperitoneally. We monitored the growth of both irradiated and unirradiated tumors after treatments. The unirradiated tumor was collected for hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC) (CD8, Granzyme B, Cleaved Caspase-3, BrdU, Ki67, F4/80 and CD68), double immunofluorescence (F4/80 and CD86), Western blot (Cleaved Caspase-3) and qRT-PCR (CD86, CD163, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, IL-10, TGF-β) analysis. We found ionizing radiation (IR) + VPA treatment inhibited both irradiated and unirradiated tumor growth as compared to IR alone. Such observe abscopal effect was mediated by the recruitment of activated CD8+ T cells into the unirradiated tumor sites, which released Granzyme B to cause tumor cell apoptosis. Furthermore, IR + VPA treatment led to macrophages infiltration into the unirradiated tumor sites and polarization to M1 phenotype, resulted in increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-12, and decreased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β. Our data supports the proposition that VPA may be a potential therapeutic candidate to trigger radiation-induced abscopal effect by modulating the unirradiated tumor immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Jin
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Wenhua Duan
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Zuchao Cai
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - David Lim
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown 2560, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Place 5042, Australia
| | - Zhihui Feng
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
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Gaiani F, Marchesi F, Negri F, Greco L, Malesci A, de’Angelis GL, Laghi L. Heterogeneity of Colorectal Cancer Progression: Molecular Gas and Brakes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105246. [PMID: 34063506 PMCID: PMC8156342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The review begins with molecular genetics, which hit the field unveiling the involvement of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and uncovering genetic predispositions. Then the notion of molecular phenotypes with different clinical behaviors was introduced and translated in the clinical arena, paving the way to next-generation sequencing that captured previously unrecognized heterogeneity. Among other molecular regulators of CRC progression, the extent of host immune response within the tumor micro-environment has a critical position. Translational sciences deeply investigated the field, accelerating the pace toward clinical transition, due to its strong association with outcomes. While the perturbation of gut homeostasis occurring in inflammatory bowel diseases can fuel carcinogenesis, micronutrients like vitamin D and calcium can act as brakes, and we discuss underlying molecular mechanisms. Among the components of gut microbiota, Fusobacterium nucleatum is over-represented in CRC, and may worsen patient outcome. However, any translational knowledge tracing the multifaceted evolution of CRC should be interpreted according to the prognostic and predictive frame of the TNM-staging system in a perspective of clinical actionability. Eventually, we examine challenges and promises of pharmacological interventions aimed to restrain disease progression at different disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Gaiani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (F.G.); (G.L.d.)
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, University-Hospital of Parma, via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Marchesi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (F.M.); (A.M.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Negri
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Luana Greco
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy;
| | - Alberto Malesci
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (F.M.); (A.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi de’Angelis
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (F.G.); (G.L.d.)
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, University-Hospital of Parma, via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Luigi Laghi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (F.G.); (G.L.d.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Jiang H, Guo Y, Wei C, Hu P, Shi J. Nanocatalytic Innate Immunity Activation by Mitochondrial DNA Oxidative Damage for Tumor-Specific Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008065. [PMID: 33797131 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a key role in protecting the human body from tumors, which, unfortunately, is largely counteracted by their immune-suppression function. Such an immune suppression has been reported to be induced by the immunosuppressive microenvironment, including the exhausted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and tumor-promoting M2-polarized macrophages. Here, a novel tumor-immunotherapeutic modality based on the nanocatalytic innate immunity activation by tumor-specific mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) oxidative damage is proposed. In detail, a nanocatalytic medicine, Fe2+ -Ru2+ -loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticle named as MSN-Ru2+ /Fe2+ (MRF), is constructed to induce oxidative damage in the mtDNA of tumor cells. Such an oxidative mtDNA is able to escape from the tumor cells and acts as an immunogenic damage-associated molecular pattern to M1-polarize tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), resulting in the reactivated immunoresponse of macrophages against cancer cells, and the subsequent inflammatory response of innate immunity. Most importantly, the treatment strategy based on regulating the innate immune response of TAMs not only stops the primary tumor progression, but also almost completely inhibits the growth of distant tumors in the periods of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Ding-Xi Road, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuedong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Ding-Xi Road, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chenyang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Ding-Xi Road, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
| | - Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Ding-Xi Road, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
| | - Jianlin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Ding-Xi Road, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Platform of Nanomedicine Translation, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Medical School of Tongji University, 38 Yun-xin Road, Shanghai, 200435, P. R. China
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Massari F, Rizzo A, Mollica V, Santoni M. A brand-new CAR for macrophages: is it time to fire up the engines of a new era for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma? Future Oncol 2021; 17:1839-1841. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Massari
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni – 15, Bologna, 40138, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rizzo
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni – 15, Bologna, 40138, Italy
| | - Veronica Mollica
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni – 15, Bologna, 40138, Italy
| | - Matteo Santoni
- Oncology Unit, Macerata Hospital, Macerata, 62012, Italy
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Gastaldello GH, Cazeloto ACV, Ferreira JC, Rodrigues DM, Bastos JK, Campo VL, Zoccal KF, Tefé-Silva C. Green Propolis Compounds (Baccarin and p-Coumaric Acid) Show Beneficial Effects in Mice for Melanoma Induced by B16f10. MEDICINES 2021; 8:medicines8050020. [PMID: 33946188 PMCID: PMC8146786 DOI: 10.3390/medicines8050020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Cutaneous melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, with the worst prognosis, and it affects a younger population than most cancers. The high metastatic index, in more advanced stages, and the high aggressiveness decrease the effectiveness of currently used therapies, such as surgical removal, radiotherapy, cryotherapy, and chemotherapy, used alone or in combination. Based on these disadvantages, research focused on alternative medicine offers great potential for therapeutic innovation. Medicinal plants represent a remarkable source of compounds for the treatment of various diseases. Methods: In this study, we investigated the tumoral behavior of melanoma under treatment with the compounds baccharin and p-coumaric acid, extracted from green propolis, in mice inoculated with B16F10 cells for 26 days. Results: A significant modulation in the number of inflammatory cells recruited to the tumor region and blood in the groups treated with the compounds was observed. In addition, a significant reduction in the amount of blood vessels and mitosis in the neoplastic area was noticed. Conclusions: Through our research, we confirmed that baccharin and coumaric acid, isolated substances from Brazilian green propolis, have a promising anticarcinogenic potential to be explored for the development of new antitumor agents, adhering to the trend of drugs with greater tolerance and biological effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel H. Gastaldello
- Centro Universitário Barão de Mauá (CBM), Rua Ramos de Azevedo, n 423, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14090-180, Brazil; (G.H.G.); (A.C.V.C.); (J.C.F.); (V.L.C.); (K.F.Z.)
| | - Ana Caroline V. Cazeloto
- Centro Universitário Barão de Mauá (CBM), Rua Ramos de Azevedo, n 423, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14090-180, Brazil; (G.H.G.); (A.C.V.C.); (J.C.F.); (V.L.C.); (K.F.Z.)
| | - Juliana C. Ferreira
- Centro Universitário Barão de Mauá (CBM), Rua Ramos de Azevedo, n 423, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14090-180, Brazil; (G.H.G.); (A.C.V.C.); (J.C.F.); (V.L.C.); (K.F.Z.)
| | - Débora Munhoz Rodrigues
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil; (D.M.R.); (J.K.B.)
| | - Jairo Kennup Bastos
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil; (D.M.R.); (J.K.B.)
| | - Vanessa L. Campo
- Centro Universitário Barão de Mauá (CBM), Rua Ramos de Azevedo, n 423, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14090-180, Brazil; (G.H.G.); (A.C.V.C.); (J.C.F.); (V.L.C.); (K.F.Z.)
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil; (D.M.R.); (J.K.B.)
| | - Karina F. Zoccal
- Centro Universitário Barão de Mauá (CBM), Rua Ramos de Azevedo, n 423, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14090-180, Brazil; (G.H.G.); (A.C.V.C.); (J.C.F.); (V.L.C.); (K.F.Z.)
| | - Cristiane Tefé-Silva
- Centro Universitário Barão de Mauá (CBM), Rua Ramos de Azevedo, n 423, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14090-180, Brazil; (G.H.G.); (A.C.V.C.); (J.C.F.); (V.L.C.); (K.F.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Bai C, Wang H, Dong D, Li T, Yu Z, Guo J, Zhou W, Li D, Yan R, Wang L, Wang Z, Li Y, Ren L. Urea as a By-Product of Ammonia Metabolism Can Be a Potential Serum Biomarker of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:650748. [PMID: 33869206 PMCID: PMC8047217 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.650748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is highly malignant; nearly half of the new cases and deaths are in China. The poor prognosis of HCC is mainly due to late diagnosis; many new biomarkers have been developed for HCC diagnosis. However, few markers are quickly translated into clinical practice; early and differential diagnosis of HCC from cirrhosis and/or hepatitis is still a clinical challenge. Metabolomics and biochemical methods were used to reveal specific serum biomarkers of HCC. Most of the elevated metabolites in HCC and HBV patients were overlapped compared with controls. Urea was the specifically elevated serum biomarker of HCC patients. Moreover, urea combined with AFP and CEA can improve the sensitivity of HCC diagnosis. The plasma ammonia of HCC patients was significantly higher than healthy controls. Co-culture cell model revealed normal liver cells cooperated with cancer cells to metabolize ammonia into urea. The urea metabolism in cancer cells marginally depended on the expression of CPS1. However, the expression of CPS1 did not change with ammonium chloride, which might regulate the urea cycle through enzyme activity. The urea cycle could detoxify high concentrations of ammonia to promote cancer cell proliferation. Therefore, urea was a by-product of ammonia metabolism and could be a potential serum biomarker for HCC. The combined application of metabolomics and biochemical methods can discover new biomarkers for the early diagnosis of HCC and be quickly applied to clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsen Bai
- Department of Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Dong
- Department of Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of TCM, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi Yu
- Department of Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
| | - Junfei Guo
- Department of Laboratory, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Ding Li
- Department of Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruochen Yan
- School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaosong Wang
- Department of Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer, Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Yueguo Li
- Department of Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Ren
- Department of Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
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122
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Prognostic significance and targeting tumor-associated macrophages in cancer: new insights and future perspectives. Breast Cancer 2021; 28:539-555. [PMID: 33661479 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-021-01231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are phagocytic sentinel cells of the immune system that are central to both innate and adaptive immune responses and serve as the first line of defense against pathogenic insults to tissues. In the tumor microenvironment, tumor-derived factors induce monocyte polarization towards a pro-tumor phenotype. The pro-tumor macrophages regulate key steps in tumorigenicity including tumor growth, angiogenesis, immune suppression, and metastasis. Macrophage infiltration in solid tumors correlates with poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy in most cancers. Here in this review, we will shed light on tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in regulating tumorigenicity and TAMs as a prognostic biomarker. Also, we will review the recent advances in targeting TAMs to increase the prognosis of cancer patients.
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The prospects of nanotherapeutic approaches for targeting tumor-associated macrophages in oral cancer. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 34:102371. [PMID: 33662592 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OSCC (oral squamous cell carcinoma) is currently one of the most formidable cancers plagued by challenges like low overall survivability, lymph node associated metastasis, drug resistance, and poor diagnostics. The tumor microenvironment (TME) and its constituent stromal elements are crucial modulators of tumor growth and treatment response, more specifically so with regards to resident tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and their liaison with the different stromal elements in the tumor niche (Figure 1). Interestingly, there isn't much information on TAM-targeted nanotherapy in OSCC where the first line of therapeutics for oral cancer is surgery with other therapeutics such as chemo- and radiotherapy acting only as adjuvant therapy for oral cancer. In the face of this real time situation, there have been some successful attempts at targeted therapy for OSCC cells and we believe they might elicit favorable responses against TAMs as well. Demanding our immediate attention, this review intends to provide a glimpse of the prevailing anti-TAM treatment strategies, which present great prospect for an uncharted territory like OSCC.
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124
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Kuraitis D, Rosenthal N, Boh E, McBurney E. Macrophages in dermatology: pathogenic roles and targeted therapeutics. Arch Dermatol Res 2021; 314:133-140. [PMID: 33641015 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-021-02207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The field of macrophage biology is rapidly growing. Recent studies have shifted focus from classic wound healing roles to newly identified roles in dermatologic pathology. These studies have identified pathogenic roles of macrophages in relatively common conditions, such as psoriasis, skin cancer, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Selective depletion of these cells or their associated cytokines leads to improved clinical outcome. Herein, we review recent animal and human studies that have elucidated novel pathogenic roles of macrophages in conditions frequently encountered by dermatologists and discuss clinically relevant macrophage-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Kuraitis
- Department of Dermatology, Tulane University, New Orleans, USA.
| | - Nadia Rosenthal
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, USA.,National Heart and Lung Institute and BHF Centre for Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Erin Boh
- Department of Dermatology, Tulane University, New Orleans, USA
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125
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Lin X, Wang X, Gu Q, Lei D, Liu X, Yao C. Emerging nanotechnological strategies to reshape tumor microenvironment for enhanced therapeutic outcomes of cancer immunotherapy. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 33601351 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abe7b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy was emerged as a novel cancer treatment in the last decade, however, efficacious responses to mono-immunotherapy have only been achieved in a relatively small portion of patients whereas combinational immunotherapies often lead to concurrent side effects. It has been proved that the tumor microenvironment (TME) is responsible for tumor immune escape and the ultimate treatment failure. Recently, both the understanding of the TME and the applications of nanotechnological strategies have achieved remarkable progresses, and reviewing the emerging immune-regulatory nanosystems may provide valuable information for specifically modulating the TME at different immune stages. In this review, we focus on comprehending the recently proposed T-cell-based tumor classification and identifying the most promising targets for different tumor phenotypes, and then summarizing the nanotechnological strategies to best target corresponding immune-related factors. For future precise personalized immunotherapy, the tailor-made TME modulation strategies conducted by well-designed nanosystems to alleviate the suppressive TME and then promote anti-tumor immune responses will significantly benefit the clinical outcomes of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Lin
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Life Science and Technology, NO. 28 Xianning Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, CHINA
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, NO.15 Shangdian Road, Fuzhou, 350002, CHINA
| | - Qing Gu
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Life Science and Technology, NO.28 Xianning Xi Road, Xi'an, 710049, CHINA
| | - Dongqin Lei
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, NO.28 Xianning Xi Road, Xi'an, 710049, CHINA
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, NO.312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, CHINA
| | - Cuiping Yao
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Life Science and Technology, NO.28 Xianning Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, CHINA
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Díaz Del Arco C, Ortega Medina L, Estrada Muñoz L, García Gómez de Las Heras S, Fernández Aceñero MJ. Is there still a place for conventional histopathology in the age of molecular medicine? Laurén classification, inflammatory infiltration and other current topics in gastric cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Histol Histopathol 2021; 36:587-613. [PMID: 33565601 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common cancer and the third cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In western countries, more than half of GC patients are diagnosed at advanced stages and 5-year survival rates range between 20-30%. The only curative treatment is surgery, and despite recent advances in oncological therapies, GC prognosis is still poor. The main prognostic tool for patient categorization and treatment selection is the TNM classification, but its limitations are being increasingly recognized. Early recurrences may occur in early-stage disease, and patients at the same stage show heterogeneous outcomes. Thus, there is a need to improve GC stratification and to identify new prognostic factors, which may allow us to select drug-susceptible populations, refine patient grouping for clinical trials and discover new therapeutic targets. Molecular classifications have been developed, but they have not been translated to the clinical practice. On the other hand, histological assessment is cheap and widely available, and it is still a mainstay in the era of molecular medicine. Furthermore, histological features are acquiring new roles as reflectors of the genotype-phenotype correlation, and their potential impact on patient management is currently being analyzed. The aim of this literature review is to provide a modern overview of the histological assessment of GC. In this study, we discuss recent topics on the histological diagnosis of GC, focusing on the current role of Laurén classification and the potential value of new histological features in GC, such as inflammatory infiltration and tumor budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Díaz Del Arco
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain. .,Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Ortega Medina
- Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Surgical Pathology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Mª Jesús Fernández Aceñero
- Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Surgical Pathology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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Yang H, Li L, Liu X, Zhao Y. High Expression of the Component 3a Receptor 1 (C3AR1) Gene in Stomach Adenocarcinomas Infers a Poor Prognosis and High Immune-Infiltration Levels. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e927977. [PMID: 33539329 PMCID: PMC7871482 DOI: 10.12659/msm.927977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was designed to explore the incompletely investigated role of the complement component 3a receptor 1 (C3AR1) in the prognosis of stomach adenocarcinomas (STAD). Material/Methods Using bioinformatic methods, we systematically determined the expression and prognosis value of C3AR1 in various cancers by using the TIMER (Tumor Immune Estimation Resource) database, UALCAN platform, GEPIA (Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis) server, and the OncoLnc tool. The biological processes influenced by C3AR1 were determined using the GSEA (Gene Set Enrichment Analysis) software (Copyright 2004–2020 Broad Institute, Inc., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Regents of the University of California). The correlation between C3AR1 expression and the immune-infiltrating cells as well as the correlation analysis between C3AR1 expression and the corresponding immune-marker sets were conducted using the TIMER and GEPIA databases. Results The expression of C3AR1 was significantly (P<0.001) differentially expressed on several tumor types, while its prognosis value could only be determined on STAD, with a high expression of C3AR1 closely correlated with a poor prognosis. The GSEA analysis revealed that the differential expression of C3AR1 profoundly affected the immune-related biological processes. The expression of C3AR1 was strongly and positively correlated with the infiltration of monocytes, tumor-associated macrophages, M2 macrophages, dendritic cells, and exhausted T cells. Conclusions Our results have revealed that a high expression of C3AR1 is positively correlated with a poor prognosis and increased tumor-immune infiltration. C3AR1 can promote the polarization of M2 macrophages and T cell exhaustion, leading to the immune escape of STAD. These findings suggest that C3AR1 could be used as a prognostic and immune-infiltration marker in the pathogenesis of STAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Nanchong Central Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College (University), Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
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128
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Santoni M, Massari F, Santoni G, Cimadamore A, Montironi R, Battelli N. Re: Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Macrophages for Cancer Immunotherapy. Eur Urol 2021; 79:887-889. [PMID: 33549360 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2021.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Massari
- Division of Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
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Immune Cell-Associated Protein Expression Helps to Predict Survival in Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Bladder Cancer Patients after Radical Cystectomy and Optional Adjuvant Chemotherapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010159. [PMID: 33467469 PMCID: PMC7829767 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Adjuvant chemotherapy following radical cystectomy is a common therapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients. No applicable biomarkers exist to predict which patients will benefit from chemotherapy. Three immune cell markers, the chemokine CC motif ligand 2 (CCL2), the pan macrophage marker CD68, and the M2 macrophage marker CD163, were examined using immunohistochemistry to determine their predictive value for chemotherapy responses in different nodal stage and tumor stage subgroups. The presence of tumor-infiltrating immune cells, characterized by the markers CD68, CD163, and CCL2, was associated with a superior prognosis, and chemotherapy may not add an advantage for prognosis. However, a depleted immune microenvironment, here represented as a reduction or loss of macrophages, helped to predict the benefit of chemotherapy in N1 + 2 stage patients. Altogether, it is meaningful to consider the abundance of immune cells, such as macrophages, to better predict the response to chemotherapy for bladder cancer (BCa) patients after radical treatment. Abstract Bladder cancer (BCa) is the tenth most commonly diagnosed malignant cancer worldwide. Although adjuvant chemotherapy following radical cystectomy is a common therapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer patients, no applicable biomarkers exist to predict which patients will benefit from chemotherapy. In this study, we examined three immune cell markers, the chemokine CC motif ligand 2 (CCL2), the pan macrophage marker cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68) and the M2 macrophage marker cluster of differentiation 163 (CD163), using immunohistochemistry to determine their predictive value for the chemotherapy response in different nodal stage (pN0 vs. pN1 + 2) and tumor stage subgroups (pT2 vs. pT3 + 4). The prognosis was studied in terms of the overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and recurrence-free-survival (RFS) in 168 muscle invasive BCa patients. Chemotherapy was associated with a poorer prognosis in patients with a higher expression of the immune markers CCL2 (RFS), CD68 (DSS and RFS), and CD163 (DSS and RFS) in the N0 group and with poorer survival in patients with a higher expression of the immune markers CCL2 (OS, DSS, and RFS), CD68 (OS, DSS, and RFS), and CD163 (OS, DSS, and RFS) in the pT2 group when compared with treatments without chemotherapy. In contrast, chemotherapy was associated with a better prognosis in patients with a low expression of the immune markers CCL2 (DSS and RFS), CD68 (OS, DSS, and RFS), and CD163 (OS) in the N1 + 2 group. In addition, chemotherapy was associated with improved survival in patients with a low expression of the immune marker CD68 (OS and DSS) and there was a trend for a better prognosis in patients with a low expression of CD163 (OS) in the pT3 + 4 group compared to patients not treated with chemotherapy. Interestingly, CD68 appeared to be the most applicable immune marker to stratify patients by the outcome of chemotherapy in the nodal stage and tumor stage groups. Overall, we suggest that, in addition to the clinical factors of tumor stage and nodal stage, it is also meaningful to consider the abundance of immune cells, such as macrophages, to better predict the response to chemotherapy for BCa patients after radical treatment.
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Simonaggio A, Epaillard N, Pobel C, Moreira M, Oudard S, Vano YA. Tumor Microenvironment Features as Predictive Biomarkers of Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICI) in Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (mccRCC). Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:E231. [PMID: 33435262 PMCID: PMC7827724 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the seventh most frequently diagnosed malignancy with an increasing incidence in developed countries. Despite a greater understanding of the cancer biology, which has led to an increase of therapeutic options, metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC) still have a poor prognosis with a median five-years survival rate lower than 10%. The standard of care for mccRCC has changed dramatically over the past decades with the emergence of new treatments: anti-VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, mTOR Inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) such as anti-Programmed cell-Death 1 (PD-1) and anti-anti-Programmed Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1) used as monotherapy or as a combination with anti CTLA-4 or anti angiogenic therapies. In the face of these rising therapeutic options, the question of the therapeutic sequences is crucial. Predictive biomarkers are urgently required to provide a personalized treatment for each patient. Disappointingly, the usual ICI biomarkers, PD-L1 expression and Tumor Mutational Burden, approved in melanoma or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have failed to distinguish good and poor mccRCC responders to ICI. The tumor microenvironment is known to be involved in ICI response. Innovative technologies can be used to explore the immune contexture of tumors and to find predictive and prognostic biomarkers. Recent comprehensive molecular characterization of RCC has led to the development of robust genomic signatures, which could be used as predictive biomarkers. This review will provide an overview of the components of the RCC tumor microenvironment and discuss their role in disease progression and resistance to ICI. We will then highlight the current and future ICI predictive biomarkers assessed in mccRCC with a major focus on immunohistochemistry markers and genomic signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Simonaggio
- Medical Oncology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP Centre–Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; (A.S.); (N.E.); (C.P.); (S.O.)
| | - Nicolas Epaillard
- Medical Oncology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP Centre–Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; (A.S.); (N.E.); (C.P.); (S.O.)
| | - Cédric Pobel
- Medical Oncology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP Centre–Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; (A.S.); (N.E.); (C.P.); (S.O.)
| | - Marco Moreira
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Team “Cancer, Immune Control and Escape”, University Paris Descartes Paris 5, Sorbonne Paris Cite, 75006 Paris, France;
| | - Stéphane Oudard
- Medical Oncology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP Centre–Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; (A.S.); (N.E.); (C.P.); (S.O.)
- INSERM UMR-S1147, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Yann-Alexandre Vano
- Medical Oncology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP Centre–Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; (A.S.); (N.E.); (C.P.); (S.O.)
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Team “Cancer, Immune Control and Escape”, University Paris Descartes Paris 5, Sorbonne Paris Cite, 75006 Paris, France;
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The Functional Crosstalk between Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Regulatory T Cells within the Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020210. [PMID: 33430105 PMCID: PMC7827203 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immunotherapy improved the therapeutic landscape for patients with advanced cancer diseases. However, many patients do not benefit from immunotherapy. The bidirectional crosstalk between myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and regulatory T cells (Treg) contributes to immune evasion, limiting the success of immunotherapy by checkpoint inhibitors. This review aims to outline the current knowledge of the role and the immunosuppressive properties of MDSC and Treg within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Furthermore, we will discuss the importance of the functional crosstalk between MDSC and Treg for immunosuppression, issuing particularly the role of cell adhesion molecules. Lastly, we will depict the impact of this interaction for cancer research and discuss several strategies aimed to target these pathways for tumor therapy. Abstract Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have led to profound and durable tumor regression in some patients with metastatic cancer diseases. However, many patients still do not derive benefit from immunotherapy. Here, the accumulation of immunosuppressive cell populations within the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), and regulatory T cells (Treg), contributes to the development of immune resistance. MDSC and Treg expand systematically in tumor patients and inhibit T cell activation and T effector cell function. Numerous studies have shown that the immunosuppressive mechanisms exerted by those inhibitory cell populations comprise soluble immunomodulatory mediators and receptor interactions. The latter are also required for the crosstalk of MDSC and Treg, raising questions about the relevance of cell–cell contacts for the establishment of their inhibitory properties. This review aims to outline the current knowledge on the crosstalk between these two cell populations, issuing particularly the potential role of cell adhesion molecules. In this regard, we further discuss the relevance of β2 integrins, which are essential for the differentiation and function of leukocytes as well as for MDSC–Treg interaction. Lastly, we aim to describe the impact of such bidirectional crosstalk for basic and applied cancer research and discuss how the targeting of these pathways might pave the way for future approaches in immunotherapy.
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Matsuki H, Hiroshima Y, Miyake K, Murakami T, Homma Y, Matsuyama R, Morioka D, Kurotaki D, Tamura T, Endo I. Reduction of gender-associated M2-like tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment of patients with pancreatic cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2021; 28:174-182. [PMID: 33316125 DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate gender-dependent antitumor immune response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACRT) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients. METHODS This study enrolled 58 patients (25 females and 33 males) with borderline resectable PDAC who underwent R0 surgical resection after NACRT. The resected tumor specimens were analyzed for tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs); tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (CD8+ and CD4+ T cells); regulatory T cells; and IRF-5-expressing cells using immunohistochemical staining for CD163, CD204, CD8, CD4, Foxp3, and IRF-5 antigen. The relationship between clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes was evaluated using multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis. RESULTS Females had longer overall survival (P = .044) and relapse-free survival (P = .044) than males. The CD204+ TAM number was significantly lower in females than in males (P = .009). No significant difference occurred between female and male patients in other tumor-infiltrating immune cells. IRF-5+ cell number was significantly higher in female patients (P = .002). Negative correlation occurred between CD204+ cells and IRF-5-positive cells (P = .003, r = -.385). CONCLUSIONS Female gender was an independent prognostic factor possibly due to the greater reduction in CD204+ TAM infiltration in tumors after NACRT. The beneficial effects of NACRT on TAMs' infiltration might be associated with gender-dependent IRF-5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Matsuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Hiroshima
- Department of Cancer Genomics, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Miyake
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Murakami
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Ichihara, Japan
| | - Yuki Homma
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ryusei Matsuyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Morioka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurotaki
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tamura
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.,Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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133
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Zhu S, Luo Z, Li X, Han X, Shi S, Zhang T. Tumor-associated macrophages: role in tumorigenesis and immunotherapy implications. J Cancer 2021; 12:54-64. [PMID: 33391402 PMCID: PMC7738842 DOI: 10.7150/jca.49692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) occupy an important position in the tumor microenvironment (TME), they are a highly plastic heterogeneous population with complex effects on tumorigenesis and development. TAMs secrete a variety of cytokines, chemokines, and proteases, which promote the remodeling of extracellular matrix, tumor cell growth and metastasis, tumor vessel and lymphangiogenesis, and immunosuppression. TAMs with different phenotypes have different effects on tumor proliferation and metastasis. TAMs act a pivotal part in occurrence and development of tumors, and are very attractive target to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis in tumor immunotherapy. This article reviews the interrelationship between TAMs and tumor microenvironment and its related applications in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Ziyi Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Xixi Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Xi Han
- Xiaoshan Hosptital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 311201, China
| | - Senlin Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
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134
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Long noncoding RNA: a dazzling dancer in tumor immune microenvironment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:231. [PMID: 33148302 PMCID: PMC7641842 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01727-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of endogenous, non-protein coding RNAs that are highly linked to various cellular functions and pathological process. Emerging evidence indicates that lncRNAs participate in crosstalk between tumor and stroma, and reprogramming of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). TIME possesses distinct populations of myeloid cells and lymphocytes to influence the immune escape of cancer, the response to immunotherapy, and the survival of patients. However, hitherto, a comprehensive review aiming at relationship between lncRNAs and TIME is missing. In this review, we focus on the functional roles and molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs within the TIME. Furthermore, we discussed the potential immunotherapeutic strategies based on lncRNAs and their limitations.
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135
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Werner M, Pace S, Czapka A, Jordan PM, Gerstmeier J, Koeberle A, Werz O. Communication between human macrophages and epithelial cancer cell lines dictates lipid mediator biosynthesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4365-4378. [PMID: 31894359 PMCID: PMC11104889 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03413-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In tumors, cancer cells coexist and communicate with macrophages that can promote tumorigenesis via pro-inflammatory signals. Lipid mediators (LMs), produced mainly by cyclooxygenases (COXs) or lipoxygenases (LOs), display a variety of biological functions with advantageous or deleterious consequences for tumors. Here, we investigated how the communication between human monocyte-derived M2-like macrophages (MDM) and cancer cells affects LM biosynthesis using LM metabololipidomics. Coculture of human MDM with human A549 epithelial lung carcinoma cells, separated by a semipermeable membrane, increased LM formation by MDM upon subsequent activation. Strongest effects were observed on 5-LO-derived LM. While expression of the 5-LO pathway was not altered, p38 MAPK and the downstream MAPKAPK-2 that phosphorylates and stimulates 5-LO were more susceptible for activation in MDM upon precedent coculture with A549 cells as compared to monocultures. Accordingly, the p38 MAPK inhibitor Skepinone-L selectively prevented this increase in 5-LO product formation. Also, 5-LO-/15-LO-derived LM including lipoxin A4, resolvin D2 and D5 were elevated after coculture with A549 cells, correlating to increased 15-LO-1 protein levels. In contrast to cancer cells, coincubation with non-transformed human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) did not affect LM production in MDM. Vice versa, MDM increased COX-2 protein expression and COX-mediated prostanoid formation in cancer cells. Conclusively, our data reveal that the communication between MDM and cancer cells can strikingly modulate the biosynthetic capacities to produce bioactive LM with potential relevance for tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Werner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Simona Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Anna Czapka
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Paul M Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Gerstmeier
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Michael Popp Research Institute, University of Innsbruck, Mitterweg 24, 6020, Innsbruck, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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136
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Gardell JL, Matsumoto LR, Chinn H, DeGolier KR, Kreuser SA, Prieskorn B, Balcaitis S, Davis A, Ellenbogen RG, Crane CA. Human macrophages engineered to secrete a bispecific T cell engager support antigen-dependent T cell responses to glioblastoma. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001202. [PMID: 33122397 PMCID: PMC7597484 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted and effective treatment options are needed for solid tumors, including glioblastoma (GBM), where survival rates with standard treatments are typically less than 2 years from diagnosis. Solid tumors pose many barriers to immunotherapies, including therapy half-life and persistence, tumor penetrance, and targeting. Therapeutics delivered systemically may not traffic to the tumor site. If cellular therapies or drugs are able to access the tumor site, or can be delivered directly within the tumor, treatments may not persist for the duration necessary to reduce or eliminate tumor burden. An approach that allows durable and titratable local therapeutic protein delivery could improve antitumor efficacy while minimizing toxicities or unwanted on-target, off-tissue effects. METHODS In this study, human monocyte-derived macrophages were genetically engineered to secrete a bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) specific to the mutated epidermal growth factor variant III (EGFRvIII) expressed by some GBM tumors. We investigated the ability of lentivirally modified macrophages to secrete a functional BiTE that can bind target tumor antigen and activate T cells. Secreted BiTE protein was assayed in a range of T cell functional assays in vitro and in subcutaneous and intracranial GBM xenograft models. Finally, we tested genetically engineered macrophages (GEMs) secreting BiTE and the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-12 to amplify T cell responses in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Transduced human macrophages secreted a lentivirally encoded functional EGFRvIII-targeted BiTE protein capable of inducing T cell activation, proliferation, degranulation, and killing of antigen-specific tumor cells. Furthermore, BiTE secreting macrophages reduced early tumor burden in both subcutaneous and intracranial mouse models of GBM, a response which was enhanced using macrophages that were dual transduced to secrete both the BiTE protein and single chain IL-12, preventing tumor growth in an aggressive GBM model. CONCLUSIONS The ability of macrophages to infiltrate and persist in solid tumor tissue could overcome many of the obstacles associated with systemic delivery of immunotherapies. We have found that human GEMs can locally and constitutively express one or more therapeutic proteins, which may help recruit T cells and transform the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment to better support antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Gardell
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lisa R Matsumoto
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Harrison Chinn
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kole R DeGolier
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Shannon A Kreuser
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brooke Prieskorn
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephanie Balcaitis
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Amira Davis
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Richard G Ellenbogen
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Courtney A Crane
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA .,Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Mozart Therapeutics, Seattle, WA, USE
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137
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Coste A, Karagiannis GS, Wang Y, Xue EA, Lin Y, Skobe M, Jones JG, Oktay MH, Condeelis JS, Entenberg D. Hematogenous Dissemination of Breast Cancer Cells From Lymph Nodes Is Mediated by Tumor MicroEnvironment of Metastasis Doorways. Front Oncol 2020; 10:571100. [PMID: 33194666 PMCID: PMC7649363 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.571100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In primary breast tumors, cancer cells hematogenously disseminate through doorways in the vasculature composed of three-cell complexes (known as Tumor MicroEnvironment of Metastasis) comprising a perivascular macrophage, a tumor cell overexpressing the actin-regulatory protein Mammalian Enabled (Mena), and an endothelial cell, all in direct physical contact. It has been previously shown that once tumor cells establish lymph node metastases in patients, TMEM doorways form in the metastatic tumor cell nests. However, it has not been established if such lymph node-TMEM doorways actively transit tumor cells into the peripheral circulation and on to tertiary sites. To address this question in this short report, we used a mouse model of lymph node metastasis to demonstrate that TMEM doorways: (1) exist in tumor-positive lymph nodes of mice, (2) are restricted to the blood vascular endothelium, (3) serve as a mechanism for further dissemination to peripheral sites such as to the lungs, and (4) their activity can be abrogated by a pharmaceutical intervention. Our data suggest that cancer cell dissemination via TMEM doorways is a common mechanism of breast cancer cell dissemination to distant sites and thus the pharmacological targeting of TMEM may be necessary, even after resection of the primary tumor, to suppress cancer cell dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouchka Coste
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Surgery, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - George S Karagiannis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yarong Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Emily A Xue
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yu Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mihaela Skobe
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Tisch Cancer Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joan G Jones
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maja H Oktay
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - John S Condeelis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Surgery, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - David Entenberg
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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138
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Heesch A, Maurer J, Stickeler E, Beheshti M, Mottaghy FM, Morgenroth A. Development of Radiotracers for Breast Cancer-The Tumor Microenvironment as an Emerging Target. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102334. [PMID: 33096754 PMCID: PMC7590199 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging plays an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and treatment of different malignancies. Radiolabeled probes enable the visualization of the primary tumor as well as the metastases and have been also employed in targeted therapy and theranostic approaches. With breast cancer being the most common malignancy in women worldwide it is of special interest to develop novel targeted treatments. However, tumor microenvironment and escape mechanisms often limit their therapeutic potential. Addressing tumor stroma associated targets provides a promising option to inhibit tumor growth and angiogenesis and to disrupt tumor tissue architecture. This review describes recent developments on radiolabeled probes used in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer especially in triple negative type with the focus on potential targets offered by the tumor microenvironment, like tumor associated macrophages, cancer associated fibroblasts, and endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Heesch
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.H.); (M.B.); (F.M.M.)
| | - Jochen Maurer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Aachen (UKA), 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Elmar Stickeler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Aachen (UKA), 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Mohsen Beheshti
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.H.); (M.B.); (F.M.M.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Felix M. Mottaghy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.H.); (M.B.); (F.M.M.)
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), 6202 Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Morgenroth
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (A.H.); (M.B.); (F.M.M.)
- Correspondence:
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139
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Shofolawe-Bakare OT, Stokes LD, Hossain M, Smith AE, Werfel TA. Immunostimulatory biomaterials to boost tumor immunogenicity. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:5516-5537. [PMID: 33049007 PMCID: PMC7837217 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01183e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is exhibiting great promise as a new therapeutic modality for cancer treatment. However, immunotherapies are limited by the inability of some tumors to provoke an immune response. These tumors with a 'cold' immunological phenotype are characterized by low numbers of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, high numbers of immunosuppressive leukocytes (e.g. regulatory T cells, tumor-associated macrophages), and high production of immune-dampening signals (e.g. IL-10, TGF-β, IDO-1). Strategies to boost the aptitude of tumors to initiate an immune response (i.e. boost tumor immunogenicity) will turn 'cold' tumors 'hot' and augment the anti-tumor efficacy of current immunotherapies. Approaches to boost tumor immunogenicity already show promise; however, multifaceted delivery and immunobiology challenges exist. For instance, systemic delivery of many immune-stimulating agents causes off-target toxicity and/or the development of autoimmunity, limiting the administrable dose below the threshold needed to achieve efficacy. Moreover, once administered in vivo, molecules such as the nucleic acid-based agonists for many pattern recognition receptors are either rapidly cleared or degraded, and don't efficiently traffic to the intracellular compartments where the receptors are located. Thus, these nucleic acid-based drugs are ineffective without a delivery system. Biomaterials-based approaches aim to enhance current strategies to boost tumor immunogenicity, enable novel strategies, and spare dose-limiting toxicities. Here, we review recent progress to improve cancer immunotherapies by boosting immunogenicity within tumors using immunostimulatory biomaterials.
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140
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Su Y, Chen L, Yang F, Cheung PCK. Beta-d-glucan-based drug delivery system and its potential application in targeting tumor associated macrophages. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 253:117258. [PMID: 33278940 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Use of polysaccharides as carriers in drug delivery system is a hot topic, especially those with specific recognition of immune cells, enabling them to be applied in targeting delivery system. β-d-glucans are naturally occurring non-digestible polysaccharides with immunomodulatory activities that have attracted increasing attention to serve as therapeutic agents or immune-adjuvants. Being able to be specifically recognized by immune cells like macrophages, β-d-glucans can be developed as promising carriers for targeting delivery with stability, biocompatibility and specificity when applied in immunotherapy. Targeting tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) is an emerging strategy for cancer immunotherapy since it exerts anti-cancer effects based on modulating body immunity in tumor microenvironment (TME). This new strategy does not require high concentration of drugs to kill cancer cells directly and lessen tumor recurrence by creating unique immune memory for malignant cells. In this review, construction strategies of polysaccharide-based drug delivery system of three types of β-d-glucan including non-yeast and yeast β-d-glucans as well as hyper-branched β-d-glucan are discussed with reference to their branching characteristics and conformation. The applications of these β-d-glucans as nano-carrier for drug delivery targeting TAMs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Su
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Peter C K Cheung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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141
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Leung CCT, Wong CKC. Characterization of stanniocalcin-1 expression in macrophage differentiation. Transl Oncol 2020; 14:100881. [PMID: 33074126 PMCID: PMC7568195 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) is a paracrine factor associated with inflammation and carcinogenesis. The role of STC1 in the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of differentiating macrophage, however, is not clear. In this study, our data showed that phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treatment induced human leukemia monocytic cells (ThP-1) differentiation to M0 macrophages. The differentiation was accompanied by a significant increase in the mRNA expression levels of STC1, the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα, and anti-inflammatory markers, CD163 & CD206. An intermitted removal of PMA treatment reduced the mRNA levels of STC1 and TNFα but had no noticeable effects on the anti-inflammatory markers. The correlation in the expression of STC1 and pro-inflammatory markers in differentiating macrophages was investigated, using siRNASTC1-transfected PMA-induced cells. Consistently, the transcripts levels of TNFα and IL-6 were significantly reduced. Moreover, LPS/IFNγ-induced M1-polarization showed remarkably higher expression levels of STC1 than IL-4/IL-13-induced M2-macrophages and PMA-induced M0-macrophages. Transcriptomic analysis of siRNASTC1-transfected M1-polarized cells revealed an upregulation of TBC1 domain family member 3 (TBC1D3G). The gene regulates the payload of macrophage-released extracellular vesicles to mediate inflammation. The conditioned media from siRNASTC1-transfected M1-polarized cells were found to reduce Hep3B cell motility. The data suggest that the expression of STC1 were associated with macrophage differentiation, but preferentially to M1 polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherry C T Leung
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chris K C Wong
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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142
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Oshi M, Tokumaru Y, Asaoka M, Yan L, Satyananda V, Matsuyama R, Matsuhashi N, Futamura M, Ishikawa T, Yoshida K, Endo I, Takabe K. M1 Macrophage and M1/M2 ratio defined by transcriptomic signatures resemble only part of their conventional clinical characteristics in breast cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16554. [PMID: 33024179 PMCID: PMC7538579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73624-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) play a critical role in biology of various cancers, including breast cancer. In the current study, we defined "M1" macrophage and "M1"/"M2" ratio by transcriptomic signatures using xCell. We investigated the association between high level of "M1" macrophage or "M1"/"M2" ratio and the tumor immune microenvironment by analyzing the transcriptome of publicly available cohorts, TCGA and METABRIC. We found that "M1" high tumors were not associated with prolonged survival compared with "M1" low tumors, or with the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. "M1" high tumors were associated with clinically aggressive features and "M1" high tumors enriched the cell proliferation and cell cycle related gene sets in GSEA. At the same time, "M1" high tumors were associated with high immune activity and favorable tumor immune microenvironment, as well as high expression of immune check point molecules. Strikingly, all these results were mirrored in "M1"/"M2" ratio high tumors. In conclusion, transcriptomically defined "M1" or "M1"/"M2" high tumors were associated with aggressive cancer biology and favorable tumor immune microenvironment but not with survival benefit, which resembled only part of their conventional clinical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Oshi
- Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Tokumaru
- Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Mariko Asaoka
- Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- Department of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Vikas Satyananda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Ryusei Matsuyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Matsuhashi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Manabu Futamura
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Department of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
- Department of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan.
- Department of Surgery, University At Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
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143
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The impaired anti-tumoral effect of immune surveillance cells in the immune microenvironment of gastric cancer. Clin Immunol 2020; 219:108551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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144
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Tao S, Chen Q, Lin C, Dong H. Linc00514 promotes breast cancer metastasis and M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages via Jagged1-mediated notch signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:191. [PMID: 32943090 PMCID: PMC7500027 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01676-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor cells are important components of the tumor microenvironment. M2 polarization of TAMs, which is a major actor in breast cancer malignancy and metastasis, can be induced by breast cancer cells. However, the potential mechanisms of the interaction between breast cancer cells and TAMs remain unclear. METHODS The candidate breast cancer-associated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were analyzed using the GEO database. Functional assays, including MTT assay, Transwell assay, and EdU labeling detection, were performed to investigate the oncogenic role of linc00514 in breast cancer progression. The co-culture and ELISA assays were used to assess the role of linc00514 in macrophage recruitment and M2 polarization. RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA pull-down, and luciferase reporter assays were applied to determine the mechanism of linc00514 in breast cancer metastasis. Mouse xenograft models, mouse pulmonary metastatic models, and mouse primary tumor models were used to assess the role of linc00514 in M2 macrophage polarization and breast cancer tumorigenicity. RESULTS Linc00514 was highly expressed in clinical breast cancer tissues and breast cancer cell lines. Overexpression of linc00514 promoted the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells and increased xenograft tumor volumes and pulmonary metastatic nodules. Overexpression of linc00514 also increased the percentage of macrophages expressing M2 markers CD206 and CD163. Mechanistically, linc00514 promoted Jagged1 expression in a transcriptional manner by increasing the phosphorylation of a transcription factor STAT3. Subsequently, Jagged1-mediated Notch signaling pathway promoted IL-4 and IL-6 secretions in breast cancer cells and ultimately inducing M2 polarization of macrophages. CONCLUSION Linc00514 plays an important role in regulating breast cancer tumorigenicity and M2 macrophage polarization via Jagged1-mediated Notch signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifeng Tao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiying Dong
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310009, China
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145
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Rabold K, Aschenbrenner A, Thiele C, Boahen CK, Schiltmans A, Smit JWA, Schultze JL, Netea MG, Adema GJ, Netea-Maier RT. Enhanced lipid biosynthesis in human tumor-induced macrophages contributes to their protumoral characteristics. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-000638. [PMID: 32943450 PMCID: PMC7500191 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are key components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in non-medullary thyroid carcinoma (TC) and neuroblastoma (NB), being associated with a poor prognosis for patients. However, little is known about how tumors steer the specific metabolic phenotype and function of TAMs. Methods In a human coculture model, transcriptome, metabolome and lipidome analysis were performed on TC-induced and NB-induced macrophages. The metabolic shift was correlated to functional readouts, such as cytokine production and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, including pharmacological inhibition of metabolic pathways. Results Based on transcriptome and metabolome analysis, we observed a strong upregulation of lipid biosynthesis pathways in TAMs. Subsequently, lipidome analysis revealed that tumor-induced macrophages have an increased total lipid content and enriched levels of intracellular lipids, especially phosphoglycerides and sphingomyelins. Strikingly, this metabolic shift in lipid synthesis contributes to their protumoral functional characteristics: blocking key enzymes of lipid biosynthesis in the tumor-induced macrophages reversed the increased inflammatory cytokines and the capacity to produce ROS, two well-known protumoral factors in the TME. Conclusions Taken together, our data show that tumor cells can stimulate lipid biosynthesis in macrophages to induce protumoral cytokine and ROS responses and advocate lipid biosynthesis as a potential therapeutic target to reprogram the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rabold
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands .,Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Aschenbrenner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Thiele
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Lipids, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), Bonn, Germany
| | - Collins K Boahen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Schiltmans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes W A Smit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim L Schultze
- Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), Bonn, Germany
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), Bonn, Germany
| | - Gosse J Adema
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana T Netea-Maier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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146
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Prognostic significance of tumor-associated macrophages: past, present and future. Semin Immunol 2020; 48:101408. [PMID: 32943279 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor tissues are populated by a multitude of macrophages, highly different in functional activity, localization and morphology. A clear contribution to disease progression has been shown in multiple cancer types, holding promise for the development of innovative macrophage-based prognostic tools. Current studies aimed at assessing the prognostic role of macrophages have documented the relevance of the macrophage population as a whole. However, dissecting the diversity of mononuclear phagocytes in tumor tissues has provided important information about the coexistence of distinct populations of macrophages with different prognostic significance. Here we summarize evidence of macrophage prognostic function in human cancer and focus on classical and modern strategies aimed at measuring macrophage features and deciphering their diversity. The wealth of new data generated will reshape our knowledge of macrophage complexity and hopefully foster the forthcoming development of these new metrics into prognostic tools as well as new therapeutic strategies.
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147
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Wang G, Wang D, Sun M, Liu X, Yang Q. Identification of prognostic and immune-related gene signatures in the tumor microenvironment of endometrial cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106931. [PMID: 32889237 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Uterine corpus endometrial cancer (UCEC) is one of the most prevalent female malignancies in clinical practice. Due to the lack of effective biomarkers and personalized treatments, the prognosis of advanced-stage EC remains unfavorable. Modulation of the immune microenvironment is closely related to the onset and development of endometrial cancer. In the present study, we attempt to systematically analyze the characteristics of the immune microenvironment of endometrial cancer and investigate its association with clinical features by applying bioinformatics. RNA-Seq in TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) and clinical follow-up information of patents were used for analysis. The Tumor Microenvironment (TME) score infiltration patterns of 523 endometrial cancer patients were evaluated using CIBERSORT. Random forest, multivariable cox analysis were used to build the TME score. Fisher's exact test was used to compare the genes that show significant differences in the frequency of mutations between groups. Two TME phenotypes were defined. There is a significant relationship between the TME score and grade. High TME score samples are highly expressed in immune activation, TGF pathway activation and immune checkpoint genes, and low TME score samples have high frequency mutations of PTEN, CSE1L and ITGB3. Therefore, describing the comprehensive landscape of UCEC's TME characteristics may help explain patients' response to immunotherapy and provide new strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Meige Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang 110014, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
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148
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Sala M, Ros M, Saltel F. A Complex and Evolutive Character: Two Face Aspects of ECM in Tumor Progression. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1620. [PMID: 32984031 PMCID: PMC7485352 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment, including extracellular matrix (ECM) and stromal cells, is a key player during tumor development, from initiation, growth and progression to metastasis. During all of these steps, remodeling of matrix components occurs, changing its biochemical and physical properties. The global and basic cancer ECM model is that tumors are surrounded by activated stromal cells, that remodel physiological ECM to evolve into a stiffer and more crosslinked ECM than in normal conditions, thereby increasing invasive capacities of cancer cells. In this review, we show that this too simple model does not consider the complexity, specificity and heterogeneity of each organ and tumor. First, we describe the general ECM in context of cancer. Then, we go through five invasive and most frequent cancers from different origins (breast, liver, pancreas, colon, and skin), and show that each cancer has its own specific matrix, with different stromal cells, ECM components, biochemical properties and activated signaling pathways. Furthermore, in these five cancers, we describe the dual role of tumor ECM: as a protective barrier against tumor cell proliferation and invasion, and as a major player in tumor progression. Indeed, crosstalk between tumor and stromal cells induce changes in matrix organization by remodeling ECM through invadosome formation in order to degrade it, promoting tumor progression and cell invasion. To sum up, in this review, we highlight the specificities of matrix composition in five cancers and the necessity not to consider the ECM as one general and simple entity, but one complex, dynamic and specific entity for each cancer type and subtype.
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149
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Tong Y, Gao WQ, Liu Y. Metabolic heterogeneity in cancer: An overview and therapeutic implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188421. [PMID: 32835766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent research on cancer metabolism has revealed that individual tumors have highly heterogeneous metabolic profiles that contribute to the connective metabolic networks within the tumor and its environment. Indeed, tumor-associated cells types, including tumor cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and immune cells, reprogram their metabolism in many different ways due to diverse genetic backgrounds and complex environmental stimuli. This intratumoral metabolic heterogeneity and the derived metabolic interactions play an instrumental role in cancer progression. Understanding how this heterogeneity occurs may provide promising therapeutic strategies. Here, we review the diverse metabolic profiles of several important cell subpopulations in tumors and their impact on tumor progression and discuss the consequent metabolic interactions as well as the related therapeutic concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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150
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Wu K, Lin K, Li X, Yuan X, Xu P, Ni P, Xu D. Redefining Tumor-Associated Macrophage Subpopulations and Functions in the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1731. [PMID: 32849616 PMCID: PMC7417513 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunosuppressive status of the tumor microenvironment (TME) remains poorly defined due to a lack of understanding regarding the function of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which are abundant in the TME. TAMs are crucial drivers of tumor progression, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. Intra- and inter-tumoral spatial heterogeneities are potential keys to understanding the relationships between subpopulations of TAMs and their functions. Antitumor M1-like and pro-tumor M2-like TAMs coexist within tumors, and the opposing effects of these M1/M2 subpopulations on tumors directly impact current strategies to improve antitumor immune responses. Recent studies have found significant differences among monocytes or macrophages from distinct tumors, and other investigations have explored the existence of diverse TAM subsets at the molecular level. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence highlighting the redefinition of TAM subpopulations and functions in the TME and the possibility of separating macrophage subsets with distinct functions into antitumor M1-like and pro-tumor M2-like TAMs during the development of tumors. Such redefinition may relate to the differential cellular origin and monocyte and macrophage plasticity or heterogeneity of TAMs, which all potentially impact macrophage biomarkers and our understanding of how the phenotypes of TAMs are dictated by their ontogeny, activation status, and localization. Therefore, the detailed landscape of TAMs must be deciphered with the integration of new technologies, such as multiplexed immunohistochemistry (mIHC), mass cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF), single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq), spatial transcriptomics, and systems biology approaches, for analyses of the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dakang Xu
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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