101
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Arranz CT, Costa MÁ, Tomat AL. Orígenes fetales de las enfermedades cardiovasculares en la vida adulta por deficiencia de micronutrientes. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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102
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DeToma AS, Salamekh S, Ramamoorthy A, Lim MH. Misfolded proteins in Alzheimer's disease and type II diabetes. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:608-21. [PMID: 21818468 PMCID: PMC3210870 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15112f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This tutorial review presents descriptions of two amyloidogenic proteins, amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), whose misfolding propensities are implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type II diabetes, respectively. Protein misfolding diseases share similarities, as well as some unique protein-specific traits, that could contribute to the initiation and/or development of their associated conditions. Aβ and IAPP are representative amyloidoses and are used to highlight some of the primary considerations for studying misfolded proteins associated with human diseases in this review. Among these factors, their physiological formation, aggregation, interactions with metal ions and other protein partners, and toxicity are presented. Small molecules that target and modulate the metal-Aβ interaction and neurotoxicity are included to illustrate one of the current approaches for uncovering the complexities of protein misfolding at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina S. DeToma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 (USA)
| | - Samer Salamekh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 (USA)
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 (USA)
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 (USA)
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 (USA)
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 (USA)
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103
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Woo H, You Y, Kim T, Jhon GJ, Nam W. Fluorescence ratiometric zinc sensors based on controlled energy transfer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm33366j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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104
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Dong D, Jing X, Zhang X, Hu X, Wu Y, Duan C. Gadolinium(III)–fluorescein complex as a dual modal probe for MRI and fluorescence zinc sensing. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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105
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Linkner E(L, Humphreys C. Insulin Resistance and the Metabolic Syndrome. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1793-8.00031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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106
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Abstract
With the aid of chemoselective sensors, fluorescence microscopy has emerged as an indispensable tool to visualize the distribution and dynamics of various biologically important molecules in live specimens. Motivated by our interest in understanding the chemistry and biology of mobile zinc underlying its physiological and pathological roles, over the past decade, our laboratory has developed an extensive library of zinc fluorescence probes. In this chapter, we provide essential information about our sensor toolbox in order to assist investigators interested to apply our constructs to study various aspects of mobile zinc biology. We illustrate their use with several examples of imaging both exogenous and endogenous mobile zinc in live cells and tissues using various versions of fluorescence microscopy, including confocal and two-photon microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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107
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Wong CP, Ho E. Zinc and its role in age-related inflammation and immune dysfunction. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 56:77-87. [PMID: 22076675 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient required for many cellular processes, especially for the normal development and function of the immune system. Zinc homeostasis and signaling are critical in immune activation, and an imbalance in zinc homeostasis is associated with the development of chronic diseases. Zinc deficiency causes significant impairment in both adaptive and innate immune responses, and promotes systemic inflammation. The elderly are a population particularly susceptible to zinc deficiency. National surveys indicate that a significant portion of the aged population has inadequate zinc intake, and a decline in zinc status is observed with age. There are remarkable similarities between the hallmarks of zinc deficiency and immunological dysfunction in aged individuals. Both zinc deficiency and the aging process are characterized by impaired immune responses and systemic low grade chronic inflammation. It has been hypothesized that age-related zinc deficiency may be an important factor contributing to immune dysfunction and chronic inflammation during the aging process. In this review, we discuss the effects of zinc status on aging, potential molecular and epigenetic mechanisms contributing to age-related decline in zinc status, and the role of zinc in age-related immune dysfunction and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen P Wong
- School of Biological & Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, OR 97331, USA
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108
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A polymer based fluorescent sensor for Zn2+ detection and its application for constructing logic gates. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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109
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You Y, Lee S, Kim T, Ohkubo K, Chae WS, Fukuzumi S, Jhon GJ, Nam W, Lippard SJ. Phosphorescent sensor for biological mobile zinc. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:18328-42. [PMID: 22023085 DOI: 10.1021/ja207163r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new phosphorescent zinc sensor (ZIrF) was constructed, based on an Ir(III) complex bearing two 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine (dfppy) cyclometalating ligands and a neutral 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) ligand. A zinc-specific di(2-picolyl)amine (DPA) receptor was introduced at the 4-position of the phen ligand via a methylene linker. The cationic Ir(III) complex exhibited dual phosphorescence bands in CH(3)CN solutions originating from blue and yellow emission of the dfppy and phen ligands, respectively. Zinc coordination selectively enhanced the latter, affording a phosphorescence ratiometric response. Electrochemical techniques, quantum chemical calculations, and steady-state and femtosecond spectroscopy were employed to establish a photophysical mechanism for this phosphorescence response. The studies revealed that zinc coordination perturbs nonemissive processes of photoinduced electron transfer and intraligand charge-transfer transition occurring between DPA and phen. ZIrF can detect zinc ions in a reversible and selective manner in buffered solution (pH 7.0, 25 mM PIPES) with K(d) = 11 nM and pK(a) = 4.16. Enhanced signal-to-noise ratios were achieved by time-gated acquisition of long-lived phosphorescence signals. The sensor was applied to image biological free zinc ions in live A549 cells by confocal laser scanning microscopy. A fluorescence lifetime imaging microscope detected an increase in photoluminescence lifetime for zinc-treated A549 cells as compared to controls. ZIrF is the first successful phosphorescent sensor that detects zinc ions in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin You
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.
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110
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Narayanaswamy N, Maity D, Govindaraju T. Reversible fluorescence sensing of Zn2+ based on pyridine-constrained bis(triazole-linked hydroxyquinoline) sensor. Supramol Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2011.611245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagarjun Narayanaswamy
- a Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Debabrata Maity
- a Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - T. Govindaraju
- a Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, India
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111
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Pluth MD, Tomat E, Lippard SJ. Biochemistry of mobile zinc and nitric oxide revealed by fluorescent sensors. Annu Rev Biochem 2011; 80:333-55. [PMID: 21675918 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-061009-091643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Biological mobile zinc and nitric oxide (NO) are two prominent examples of inorganic compounds involved in numerous signaling pathways in living systems. In the past decade, a synergy of regulation, signaling, and translocation of these two species has emerged in several areas of human physiology, providing additional incentive for developing adequate detection systems for Zn(II) ions and NO in biological specimens. Fluorescent probes for both of these bioinorganic analytes provide excellent tools for their detection, with high spatial and temporal resolution. We review the most widely used fluorescent sensors for biological zinc and nitric oxide, together with promising new developments and unmet needs of contemporary Zn(II) and NO biological imaging. The interplay between zinc and nitric oxide in the nervous, cardiovascular, and immune systems is highlighted to illustrate the contributions of selective fluorescent probes to the study of these two important bioinorganic analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Pluth
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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112
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Thirumoorthy N, Shyam Sunder A, Manisenthil Kumar K, Senthil Kumar M, Ganesh G, Chatterjee M. A review of metallothionein isoforms and their role in pathophysiology. World J Surg Oncol 2011; 9:54. [PMID: 21599891 PMCID: PMC3114003 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-9-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Metallothionein (MT) is a protein which has several interesting biological effects and has been demonstrated increase focus on the role of MT in various biological systems in the past three decades. The studies on the role of MT were limited with few areas like apoptosis and antioxidants in selected organs even fifty years after its discovery. Now acknowledge the exploration of various isoforms of MT such as MT-I, MT-II, MT-III and MT-IV and other isoforms in various biological systems. Strong evidence exists that MT modulates complex diseases and the immune system in the body but the primary function of MT still remains unknown. This review's main objective is to explore the capability to specifically manipulate MT levels in cells and in animals to provide answers regarding how MT could impact those complex disease scenarios. The experimental result mentioned in this review related among MT, zinc, cadmium, diabetic, heart disease, bone retardation, neuro toxicity, kidney dysfunction, cancer, and brain suggest novel method for exploration and contribute significantly to the growing scientist to research further in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Thirumoorthy
- Dept, of Pharmaceutics, Cherraan's College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore-39, TN, India.
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113
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Salamekh S, Brender JR, Hyung SJ, Nanga RPR, Vivekanandan S, Ruotolo BT, Ramamoorthy A. A two-site mechanism for the inhibition of IAPP amyloidogenesis by zinc. J Mol Biol 2011; 410:294-306. [PMID: 21616080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) is a highly amyloidogenic protein co-secreted with insulin in response to glucose levels. The formation of hIAPP amyloid plaques near islet cells has been linked to the death of insulin-secreting β-cells in humans and the progression of type II diabetes. Since both healthy individuals and those with type II diabetes produce and secrete hIAPP, it is reasonable to look for factors involved in storing hIAPP and preventing amyloidosis. We have previously shown that zinc inhibits the formation of insoluble amyloid plaques of hIAPP; however, there remains significant ambiguity in the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we show that zinc binds unaggregated hIAPP at micromolar concentrations similar to those found in the extracellular environment. By contrast, the fibrillar amyloid form of hIAPP has low affinity for zinc. The binding stoichiometry obtained from isothermal titration calorimetry experiments indicates that zinc favors the formation of hIAPP hexamers. High-resolution NMR structures of hIAPP bound to zinc reveal changes in the electron environment along residues that would be located along one face of the amphipathic hIAPP α-helix proposed as an intermediate for amyloid formation. Results from electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy investigations showed that a single zinc atom is predominantly bound to hIAPP and revealed that zinc inhibits the formation of the dimer. At higher concentrations of zinc, a second zinc atom binds to hIAPP, suggesting the presence of a low-affinity secondary binding site. Combined, these results suggest that zinc promotes the formation of oligomers while creating an energetic barrier for the formation of amyloid fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Salamekh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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114
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Buccella D, Horowitz JA, Lippard SJ. Understanding zinc quantification with existing and advanced ditopic fluorescent Zinpyr sensors. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:4101-14. [PMID: 21351756 DOI: 10.1021/ja110907m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of aqueous zinc solutions with incremental additions of a ditopic fluorescent sensor of the Zinpyr family, based on pyridine/pyrazine-containing metal recognition units, affords a fluorescence titration curve with a sharp maximum at a sensor:Zn(2+) ratio of 0.5 (Zhang, X-a.; Hayes, D.; Smith, S. J.; Friedle, S.; Lippard, S. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2008, 130, 15788-15789). This fluorescence response enables the quantification of readily chelatable zinc in biological samples by a simple titration protocol. In the present work a new set of ditopic fluorescence zinc sensors functionalized with pyridine/pyrazine-containing metal chelating units is described, and through detailed studies the principles governing the characteristic OFF-ON-OFF fluorescence behavior and quantification capabilities of the family are delineated. Incorporation of carboxylate/ester groups in the 6 position of the fluorescein allows for control of the spatial distribution of the sensor for selective extra- or intracellular imaging of mobile zinc, without introducing significant changes in zinc-binding properties. A combination of spectrophotometric and potentiometric measurements provided a complete description of the H(+)- and Zn(2+)-binding properties of the compounds and their correlation with the observed fluorescence profile. The first zinc-binding event has an apparent affinity, K(1)', of 1.9 × 10(9)-3.1 × 10(9) M(-1), whereas for coordination of the second Zn(2+) ion, responsible for fluorescence turn-on, the apparent formation constant, K(2)', is 5.5 × 10(7)-6.9 × 10(7) M(-1). A detailed chemical and mathematical analysis of the system demonstrated that the difference in emission efficiencies of the dimetalated (LZn(2)) vs monometalated (LZn) and metal-free (L) forms, a consequence of the combined quenching effects of the two metal-chelating units, significantly influences the shape of the titration curve. The scope of the titration method was investigated mathematically, and a lower boundary for the range of concentrations that can be determined was established as a function of the magnitude of K(2)'. Our results suggest that the principles governing the response of the ZPP1 series are applicable to other analogues of the Zinpyr family. Moreover, they may guide the design of other ditopic sensors suitable for determining the concentrations of a wide range of mobile metal ions and other chemical signaling agents of relevance in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Buccella
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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115
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Little PJ, Bhattacharya R, Moreyra AE, Korichneva IL. Zinc and cardiovascular disease. Nutrition 2011; 26:1050-7. [PMID: 20950764 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is a vital element in maintaining the normal structure and physiology of cells. The fact that it has an important role in states of cardiovascular diseases has been studied and described by several research groups. It appears to have protective effects in coronary artery disease and cardiomyopathy. Intracellular zinc plays a critical role in the redox signaling pathway, whereby certain triggers such as ischemia and infarction lead to release of zinc from proteins and cause myocardial damage. In such states, replenishing with zinc has been shown to improve cardiac function and prevent further damage. Thus, the area of zinc homeostasis is emerging in cardiovascular disease research. The goal of this report is to review the current knowledge and suggest further avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Little
- Diabetes and Cell Biology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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116
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Zheng D, Kille P, Feeney GP, Cunningham P, Handy RD, Hogstrand C. Dynamic transcriptomic profiles of zebrafish gills in response to zinc depletion. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:548. [PMID: 20932299 PMCID: PMC3091697 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc deficiency is detrimental to organisms, highlighting its role as an essential micronutrient contributing to numerous biological processes. To investigate the underlying molecular events invoked by zinc depletion we performed a temporal analysis of transcriptome changes observed within the zebrafish gill. This tissue represents a model system for studying ion absorption across polarised epithelial cells as it provides a major pathway for fish to acquire zinc directly from water whilst sharing a conserved zinc transporting system with mammals. RESULTS Zebrafish were treated with either zinc-depleted (water = 2.61 μg L-1; diet = 26 mg kg-1) or zinc-adequate (water = 16.3 μg L-1; diet = 233 mg kg-1) conditions for two weeks. Gill samples were collected at five time points and transcriptome changes analysed in quintuplicate using a 16K oligonucleotide array. Of the genes represented the expression of a total of 333 transcripts showed differential regulation by zinc depletion (having a fold-change greater than 1.8 and an adjusted P-value less than 0.1, controlling for a 10% False Discovery Rate). Down-regulation was dominant at most time points and distinct sets of genes were regulated at different stages. Annotation enrichment analysis revealed that 'Developmental Process' was the most significantly overrepresented Biological Process GO term (P = 0.0006), involving 26% of all regulated genes. There was also significant bias for annotations relating to development, cell cycle, cell differentiation, gene regulation, butanoate metabolism, lysine degradation, protein tyrosin phosphatases, nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolism, and cellular metabolic processes. Within these groupings genes associated with diabetes, bone/cartilage development, and ionocyte proliferation were especially notable. Network analysis of the temporal expression profile indicated that transcription factors foxl1, wt1, nr5a1, nr6a1, and especially, hnf4a may be key coordinators of the homeostatic response to zinc depletion. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed the complex regulatory pathways that allow the organism to subtly respond to the low-zinc condition. Many of the processes affected reflected a fundamental restructuring of the gill epithelium through reactivation of developmental programs leading to stem cell differentiation. The specific regulation of genes known to be involved in development of diabetes provides new molecular links between zinc deficiency and this disease. The present study demonstrates the importance of including the time-dimension in microarray studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongling Zheng
- Mineral Metabolism Group, Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
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117
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Bunio A, Szygula R, Tubek S, Krasowski G. The content of elements in rainwater and its relation to the frequency of hospitalization for diabetes and obesity in Opole Voivodship, Poland, during 2000-2002. Biol Trace Elem Res 2010; 136:149-56. [PMID: 19802527 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-009-8531-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors significantly influence the incidence and course of metabolic syndrome diseases such as diabetes and obesity. The content of elements in rainwater is an indirect indicator of their presence in dust suspended in the air. In this paper we present the relationships between the content of selected elements in rainwater and hospitalization frequencies due to diabetes (E10-E13) and obesity (E66). It was assumed that the hospitalization frequency could be taken as a measure of deterioration of the metabolic process in the course of diabetes and its complications. The observations concerned the population of Opole Voivodeship, Poland (one million inhabitants), distributed in small communities of 44,000 to 151,000 inhabitants during the years 2000-2002. In cases of diabetes E10-E13 for all subjects relevant correlation indicators were found for chromium (r = 0.71), cadmium (r = 0.65), and lead (r = 0.66). Borderline relevance was seen for copper (r = 0.57) and zinc (r = 056). For diabetic men the statistically relevant correlations were chromium (r = 0.79), lead (r = 0.77), cadmium (r = 0.74), copper (r = 0.70), chloride (r = 0.69), zinc (r = 0.68), and iron (r = 0.64). For women the only relevant correlations were chromium (r = 0.62) and cadmium (r = 0.55). No significant correlations were found in obese individuals of both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bunio
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Institute of Technology, Opole, Poland
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118
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Brender JR, Hartman K, Nanga RPR, Popovych N, de la Salud Bea R, Vivekanandan S, Marsh ENG, Ramamoorthy A. Role of zinc in human islet amyloid polypeptide aggregation. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:8973-83. [PMID: 20536124 PMCID: PMC2904811 DOI: 10.1021/ja1007867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (hIAPP) is a highly amyloidogenic protein found in islet cells of patients with type II diabetes. Because hIAPP is highly toxic to beta-cells under certain conditions, it has been proposed that hIAPP is linked to the loss of beta-cells and insulin secretion in type II diabetics. One of the interesting questions surrounding this peptide is how the toxic and aggregation prone hIAPP peptide can be maintained in a safe state at the high concentrations that are found in the secretory granule where it is stored. We show here zinc, which is found at millimolar concentrations in the secretory granule, significantly inhibits hIAPP amyloid fibrillogenesis at concentrations similar to those found in the extracellular environment. Zinc has a dual effect on hIAPP fibrillogenesis: it increases the lag-time for fiber formation and decreases the rate of addition of hIAPP to existing fibers at lower concentrations, while having the opposite effect at higher concentrations. Experiments at an acidic pH which partially neutralizes the change in charge upon zinc binding show inhibition is largely due to an electrostatic effect at His18. High-resolution structures of hIAPP determined from NMR experiments confirm zinc binding to His18 and indicate zinc induces localized disruption of the secondary structure of IAPP in the vicinity of His18 of a putative helical intermediate of IAPP. The inhibition of the formation of aggregated and toxic forms of hIAPP by zinc provides a possible mechanism between the recent discovery of linkage between deleterious mutations in the SLC30A8 zinc transporter, which transports zinc into the secretory granule, and type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R. Brender
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - Kevin Hartman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | | | - Natalya Popovych
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - Roberto de la Salud Bea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - Subramanian Vivekanandan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - E. Neil G. Marsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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119
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Effects of zinc on plasma lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in humans: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Atherosclerosis 2010; 210:344-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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120
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Lim KS, Won YW, Park YS, Kim YH. Preparation and functional analysis of recombinant protein transduction domain-metallothionein fusion proteins. Biochimie 2010; 92:964-70. [PMID: 20403412 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order for proteins to be used as pharmaceuticals, delivery technologies need to be developed to overcome biochemical and anatomical barriers to protein drug transport, to protect proteins from systemic degradation, and to target the drug action to specific sites. Protein transduction domains (PTDs) are used for the non-specific transduction of bio-active cargo, such as proteins, genes, and particles, through cellular membranes to overcome biological barriers. Metallothionein (MT) is a low molecular weight intra-cellular protein that consists of 61 amino acids, including 20 cysteine residues, and is over-expressed under stressful conditions. Although MT has the potential to improve the viability of islet cells and cardiomyocytes by inhibiting diabetic-induced apoptosis and by removing reactive oxygen species (ROS), and thereby prevent or reduce diabetes and diabetic complications, all MT applications have been made for gene therapy or under induced over-expression of endogenous MT. To overcome the drawbacks of ineffective intra-cellular MT protein uptake, a human MT gene was cloned and fused with protein transduction domains (PTDs), such as HIV-1 Tat and undeca-arginine, in a bacterial expression vector to produce PTD-MT fusion proteins. The expression and purification of three types of proteins were optimized by adding Zn ions to maintain their stability and functionality mimicking intra-cellular stable conformation of MT as a Zn-MT cluster. The Zn-MT cluster showed better stability than MT in vitro. PTD-MT fusion proteins strongly protected Ins-1 beta cells against oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by glucolipotoxicity with or without hypoxia, and also protected H9c2 cardiomyocytes against hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis with or without hypoxia. PTD-MT recombinant fusion proteins may be useful protein therapeutics for the treatment or prevention of diabetes and diabetes-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Suk Lim
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
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121
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Joseph R, Chinta JP, Rao CP. Lower Rim 1,3-Diderivative of Calix[4]arene-Appended Salicylidene Imine (H2L): Experimental and Computational Studies of the Selective Recognition of H2L toward Zn2+ and Sensing Phosphate and Amino Acid by [ZnL]. J Org Chem 2010; 75:3387-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jo1004247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roymon Joseph
- Bioinorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Jugun Prakash Chinta
- Bioinorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Chebrolu P. Rao
- Bioinorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India
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122
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Christian P, Stewart CP. Maternal micronutrient deficiency, fetal development, and the risk of chronic disease. J Nutr 2010; 140:437-45. [PMID: 20071652 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.116327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life nutritional exposures, combined with changes in lifestyle in adult life, can result in increased risk of chronic diseases. Although much of the focus on the developmental origins of disease has been on birth size and growth in postnatal life and the availability of energy and protein during these critical developmental periods, micronutrient deficiencies may also play an important role in fetal growth and development. Micronutrient status in fetal and early life may alter metabolism, vasculature, and organ growth and function, leading to increased risk of cardiometabolic disorders, adiposity, altered kidney function, and, ultimately, to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. This review elucidates pathways through which micronutrient deficiencies lead to developmental impairment and describes the research to date on the evidence that micronutrient deficiencies in utero influence the development of chronic disease risk. Animal studies, observational human studies examining maternal diet or micronutrient status, and limited data from intervention studies are reviewed. Where data are lacking, plausible mechanisms and pathways of action have been derived from the existing animal and in vitro models. This review fills a critical gap in the literature related to the seminal role of micronutrients in early life and extends the discussion on the developmental origins of health and disease beyond birth size and energy and protein deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Christian
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21200, USA.
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123
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Tomat E, Lippard SJ. Imaging mobile zinc in biology. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010; 14:225-30. [PMID: 20097117 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Trafficking and regulation of mobile zinc pools influence cellular functions and pathological conditions in multiple organs, including brain, pancreas, and prostate. The quest for a dynamic description of zinc distribution and mobilization in live cells fuels the development of increasingly sophisticated probes. Detection systems that respond to zinc binding with changes of their fluorescence emission properties have provided sensitive tools for mobile zinc imaging, and fluorescence microscopy experiments have afforded depictions of zinc distribution within live cells and tissues. Both small-molecule and protein-based fluorescent probes can address complex imaging challenges, such as analyte quantification, site-specific sensor localization, and real-time detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Tomat
- Department of Chemistry 18-498, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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124
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Bytzek AK, Enyedy ÃA, Kiss T, Keppler BK, Hartinger CG. Biodistribution of anti-diabetic Zn(II) complexes in human serum andin vitroprotein-binding studies by means of CZEâICP-MS. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:4075-82. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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125
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Bolkent S, Yanardag R, Bolkent S, Mutlu O. The influence of zinc supplementation on the pancreas of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:2583-7. [PMID: 19117123 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of zinc supplementation on somatostatin and insulin peptide expressions and biochemical parameters. Six- to 6.5-month-old female Swiss albino rats weighing 150-200 g were used. The animals were divided into four groups: group I: control (intact) animals; group II: control animals given zinc sulfate; group III: streptozotocin (STZ)- induced diabetic animals; group IV: STZ-induced diabetic animals given zinc sulfate. Fasting blood glucose and glutathione levels were measured at 0, 1, 30 and 60 days. On day 60, the pancreas tissue and blood samples were taken from the animals. Zinc supplementation caused a decrease in hyperglycemia, as well as weight increase. Zinc sulfate treatment did not affect the number of somatostatin-immunoreactive cells in the pancreas. More insulin-immunoreactive cells were observed in the pancreatic islets of the diabetic+zinc sulfate group than in the diabetic group, although it was not statistically significant. The results show that zinc supplementation may prevent diabetes in experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Bolkent
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34098, Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.
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126
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Cummings JE, Kovacic JP. The ubiquitous role of zinc in health and disease. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2009; 19:215-40. [PMID: 19691507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review zinc physiology and pathophysiology and the importance of zinc toxicity and deficiency in veterinary patients. DATA SOURCES A review of human and veterinary medical literature. HUMAN DATA SYNTHESIS There is a significant amount of original research in humans and animals on the role of zinc in multiple organ systems. There is also significant data available on human patients with zinc abnormalities. VETERINARY DATA SYNTHESIS Zinc deficiency has been studied in dogs with genetic disease and dietary deficiency leading to dermatological disease and immune deficiency. Zinc toxicity has been described after ingestion of metallic foreign bodies containing zinc. CONCLUSIONS Historically, the role of zinc in health and disease has been studied through patients with toxicity or severe deficiency with obvious clinical signs. As the ubiquitous contribution of zinc to structure and function in biological systems was discovered, clinically significant but subtle deficiency states have been revealed. In human medicine, mild zinc deficiencies are currently thought to cause chronic metabolic derangement leading to or exacerbating immune deficiency, gastrointestinal problems, endocrine disorders, neurologic dysfunction, cancer, accelerated aging, degenerative disease, and more. Determining the causal relationships between mild zinc deficiency and concurrent disease is complicated by the lack of sensitive or specific tests for zinc deficiency. The prevalence of zinc deficiency and its contribution to disease in veterinary patients is not well known. Continued research is warranted to develop more sensitive and specific tests to assess zinc status, to determine which patients are at risk for deficiency, and to optimize supplementation in health and disease.
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127
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Toepoel M, Steegers-Theunissen RPM, Ouborg NJ, Franke B, González-Zuloeta Ladd AM, Joosten PHLJ, van Zoelen EJJ. Interaction of PDGFRA promoter haplotypes and maternal environmental exposures in the risk of spina bifida. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 85:629-36. [PMID: 19215021 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural tube defects are multifactorial malformations involving both environmental exposures, such as maternal nutrition, and genetic factors. Aberrant expression of the platelet-derived growth factor alpha-receptor (PDGFRA) gene has been implicated in neural-tube-defect etiology in both mice and humans. METHODS We investigated possible interactions between the PDGFRA promoter haplotype of mother and child, as well as maternal glucose, myo-inositol, and zinc levels, in relation to spina bifida offspring. Distributions were determined of the PDGFRA promoter haplotypes H1 and H2 in a Dutch cohort, consisting of 88 spina bifida children with 56 of their mothers, and 74 control children with 72 of their mothers, as well as maternal plasma glucose, myo-inositol, and red blood cell zinc concentrations. RESULTS A significantly higher frequency of H1 was observed in children with spina bifida than in controls (30.1 vs. 20.3%; OR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.02-2.83). High maternal body mass index (BMI) and glucose were significant risk factors for both H1 and H2 children, whereas low myo-inositol and zinc were risk factors for H2 but not for H1 children. Stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis showed that high maternal glucose and low myo-inositol are the main risk factors for H2 spina bifida children, whereas for H1 spina bifida children, maternal BMI was the main risk factor. Interestingly, H1 mothers (median 165.5 cm) showed a significantly lower body height than H2 mothers (median 169.1 cm; p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the child's PDGFRA promoter haplotype is differentially sensitive for periconceptional exposure to glucose, myo-inositol, and zinc in the risk of spina bifida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mascha Toepoel
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
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128
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Jansen J, Karges W, Rink L. Zinc and diabetes--clinical links and molecular mechanisms. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 20:399-417. [PMID: 19442898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element crucial for the function of more than 300 enzymes and it is important for cellular processes like cell division and apoptosis. Hence, the concentration of zinc in the human body is tightly regulated and disturbances of zinc homeostasis have been associated with several diseases including diabetes mellitus, a disease characterized by high blood glucose concentrations as a consequence of decreased secretion or action of insulin. Zinc supplementation of animals and humans has been shown to ameliorate glycemic control in type 1 and 2 diabetes, the two major forms of diabetes mellitus, but the underlying molecular mechanisms have only slowly been elucidated. Zinc seems to exert insulin-like effects by supporting the signal transduction of insulin and by reducing the production of cytokines, which lead to beta-cell death during the inflammatory process in the pancreas in the course of the disease. Furthermore, zinc might play a role in the development of diabetes, since genetic polymorphisms in the gene of zinc transporter 8 and in metallothionein (MT)-encoding genes could be demonstrated to be associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The fact that antibodies against this zinc transporter have been detected in type 1 diabetic patients offers new diagnostic possibilities. This article reviews the influence of zinc on the diabetic state including the molecular mechanisms, the role of the zinc transporter 8 and MT for diabetes development and the resulting diagnostic and therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Jansen
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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129
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Hurst TK, Wang D, Thompson RB, Fierke CA. Carbonic anhydrase II-based metal ion sensing: Advances and new perspectives. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1804:393-403. [PMID: 19818877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases are archetypical zinc metalloenzymes and as such, they have been developed as the recognition element of a family of fluorescent indicators (sensors) to detect metal ions, particularly Zn(2+) and Cu(2+). Subtle modification of the structure of human carbonic anhydrase II isozyme (CAII) alters the selectivity, sensitivity, and response time for these sensors. Sensors using CAII variants coupled with zinc-dependent fluorescent ligands demonstrate picomolar sensitivity, unmatched selectivity, ratiometric fluorescence signal, and near diffusion-controlled response times. Recently, these sensors have been applied to measuring the readily exchangeable concentrations of zinc in the cytosol and nucleus of mammalian tissue culture cells and concentrations of free Cu(2+) in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiika K Hurst
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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130
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Catania AS, Barros CRD, Ferreira SRG. Vitaminas e minerais com propriedades antioxidantes e risco cardiometabólico: controvérsias e perspectivas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 53:550-9. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302009000500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
No processo celular de obtenção de energia, são gerados compostos chamados espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) que, em excesso, podem causar danos celulares. Estresse oxidativo resulta do desequilíbrio no estado de óxido-redução a favor da oxidação. Dos mecanismos de defesa antioxidante, participam enzimas endógenas e algumas vitaminas e minerais. A vitamina E encontra-se no plasma e na partícula de LDL, protegendo lipídeos da oxidação. Estudos observacionais relataram associação inversa entre ingestão de vitamina E e risco cardiometabólico (RCM). Entretanto, ensaios clínicos não comprovaram a eficácia de sua suplementação nos desfechos cardiometabólicos. A vitamina C participa do sistema de regeneração da vitamina E, mantendo o potencial antioxidante plasmático. Dados sobre os benefícios de sua suplementação na redução do risco cardiometabólico são inconclusivos. A atividade antioxidante dos carotenoides é responsável, em parte, por seu papel protetor contra doenças cardiovasculares e cânceres. A suplementação desse nutriente também não trouxe resultados consistentes no que se refere à redução do RCM. A participação do zinco e do selênio na defesa antioxidante vem sendo estudada mais recentemente, mas a sua suplementação em indivíduos com níveis séricos normais e ingestão adequada na dieta desses minerais não parece ser necessária. De um modo geral, há muita controvérsia sobre o papel desses micronutrientes no RCM. Estudos epidemiológicos sugerem que o consumo de substâncias antioxidantes provenientes da dieta ou dietas ricas em frutas e hortaliças diminui o RCM. Mais estudos são necessários antes de se recomendar o uso de antioxidantes isolados na forma de suplementos para tal finalidade.
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131
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Murgia C, Devirgiliis C, Mancini E, Donadel G, Zalewski P, Perozzi G. Diabetes-linked zinc transporter ZnT8 is a homodimeric protein expressed by distinct rodent endocrine cell types in the pancreas and other glands. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2009; 19:431-439. [PMID: 19095428 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Zinc is abundant in pancreas, being required by endocrine islet cells for hormone secretion and by exocrine acinar cells as pancreatic juice component. ZnT8 is a member of the SLC30A family of zinc transporters whose overexpression in cultured pancreatic beta cells leads to increased insulin secretion in response to glucose, suggesting a possible role in regulating glycemia. ZnT8 was therefore proposed as a therapeutic target for diabetes, and recent genome-wide association studies identified polymorphisms in the ZNT8 gene conferring increased type 2 diabetes risk. METHODS AND RESULTS As limited information was available on the biochemical properties of ZnT8 and on its endogenous expression, we have raised a specific polyclonal antibody and immunostained protein extracts, cell lines and tissue sections. We show that ZnT8 forms a very stable dimer that requires biological membranes to properly assemble. We demonstrate localization of murine ZnT8 to the secretory granules in pancreatic beta and alpha islet cells. Moreover, we show that ZnT8 is also expressed in other secretory cell types, namely the cubical epithelium that lines thyroid follicles and the cortex of the adrenal gland, suggesting a more widespread role in endocrine secretion. CONCLUSION We provide novel insights into the features of the ZnT8 transporter, of special relevance in light of its proposed role as therapeutical target for diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Murgia
- INRAN, National Research Institute on Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, Roma 00178, Italy
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132
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Zhang XA, Hayes D, Smith SJ, Friedle S, Lippard SJ. New strategy for quantifying biological zinc by a modified zinpyr fluorescence sensor. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 130:15788-9. [PMID: 18975868 DOI: 10.1021/ja807156b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Substitution of one pyridine by pyrazine in each DPA appendage of ZP1 leads to a new zinc sensor, ZPP1, with a modified background fluorescence and zinc affinity. ZPP1 exhibits a two-step zinc response during fluorescence titrations, which leads to a new method for zinc quantification. The ability of ZPP1 to image and quantify zinc was demonstrated in pancreatic Min6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-an Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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133
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Sun Q, van Dam RM, Willett WC, Hu FB. Prospective study of zinc intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 2009; 32:629-34. [PMID: 19171718 PMCID: PMC2660459 DOI: 10.2337/dc08-1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the intake of zinc in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in U.S. women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Dietary intakes of zinc and other nutrients were assessed and updated using a validated food frequency questionnaire from 1980 to 2002 among 82,297 women who were aged 33-60 years at baseline in 1980 and followed up to 2004 in the Nurses' Health Study. RESULTS During the 24 years of follow-up, 6,030 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were ascertained. After adjustment of lifestyle and dietary risk factors, the relative risks (RRs) (95% CI) of type 2 diabetes comparing the highest with the lowest quintiles were 0.90 (0.82-0.99) (P(trend) = 0.04) for total zinc intake and 0.92 (0.84-1.00) (P(trend) = 0.009) for dietary zinc intake from food sources, respectively. We further found an inverse association for dietary zinc to heme iron ratio. After multivariate adjustment of covariates, the RRs (95% CI) across quintiles of this ratio were 1.0 (reference), 0.93 (0.86-1.01), 0.86 (0.79-0.94), 0.82 (0.75-0.90), and 0.72 (0.66-0.80), respectively (P(trend) < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Higher zinc intake may be associated with a slightly lower risk of type 2 diabetes in women. More studies are warranted to confirm this association and to explore potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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134
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Erythropoietin inhibits the increase of intestinal labile zinc and the expression of inflammatory mediators after traumatic brain injury in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:730-6. [PMID: 19276746 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e318184b4db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine the effect of erythropoietin (Epo) on the intestinal labile zinc and the inflammatory factor in rats after traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into nine groups: (a) normal group; (b) sham-operation group; (c, d, e, f, and g) TBI group, killed at 1 hour, 6 hour, 24 hour, and 72 hour and 7 days postinjury, respectively; (h and i) TBI + saline and TBI + Epo, killed at 24 hour or 72 hour postinjury. Parietal brain contusion was produced by a free-falling weight on the exposed dura of the right parietal lobe. Intestinal labile zinc, the tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-8, and wet/dry weight ratio were investigated in different groups. RESULTS The gut contains a certain amount of labile zinc in normal animals and TBI caused obviously gradual increment of intestinal liabled zinc. The levels of inflammatory mediators and the gut wet/dry weight ratio were also found to increase in the trauma group (p < 0.05). There was a highly positive correlation between the abundance of zinc fluorescence and these proinflammation factors. Epo significantly reduced the intestinal labile zinc, the inflammatory mediators, and the gut wet/dry weight ratio compared with TBI group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Epo can protect intestine from TBI-induced injury by attenuating intestinal inflammation and labile zinc accumulation in vivo.
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135
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Padmavathi IJN, Kishore YD, Venu L, Ganeshan M, Harishankar N, Giridharan NV, Raghunath M. Prenatal and perinatal zinc restriction: effects on body composition, glucose tolerance and insulin response in rat offspring. Exp Physiol 2009; 94:761-9. [PMID: 19251982 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2008.045856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Maternal undernutrition increases the risk of adult chronic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. This study evaluated the effect of maternal zinc restriction in predisposing the offspring to adiposity and altered insulin response in later life. Seventy-day-old female Wistar/NIN rats received a control (ZnC) or zinc-restricted (ZnR) diet for 2 weeks. Following mating with control males, a subgroup of the ZnR dams were rehabilitated with ZnC diet from parturition. Half the offspring born to the remaining ZnR dams were weaned onto the ZnC diet and the other half continued on the ZnR diet throughout their life. Body composition, glucose tolerance, insulin response and plasma lipid profile were assessed in male and female offspring at 3 and 6 months of age. The ZnR offspring weighed less than control offspring at birth and weaning and continued so until 6 months of age. Rehabilitation regimens corrected the body weights of male but not female offspring. Maternal zinc restriction increased the percentage of body fat and decreased lean mass, fat-free mass and fasting plasma insulin levels in both male and female offspring at 6 months of age. Also, glucose-induced insulin secretion was decreased in female but not male offspring. Despite the differences in fasting insulin and the area under the curve for insulin, the fasting glucose and the area under the curve for glucose were in general comparable among offspring of different groups. Rehabilitation from parturition or weaning partly corrected the changes in the percentage of body fat but had no such effect on other parameters. Changes in plasma lipid profile were inconsistent among the offspring of different groups. Thus chronic maternal zinc restriction altered the body composition and impaired the glucose-induced insulin secretion in the offspring.
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136
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Tamanini E, Katewa A, Sedger LM, Todd MH, Watkinson M. A synthetically simple, click-generated cyclam-based zinc(II) sensor. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:319-24. [PMID: 19053845 DOI: 10.1021/ic8017634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A cyclam-based macrocyclic sensor has been prepared using synthetically simple "click" chemistry to link a fluorophore to the macrocyclic receptor. This sensor shows high selectivity for Zn(II) over a range of other metals, providing a significant enhancement of fluorescence intensity over a wide pH range. As such, this is the first cyclam-based sensor demonstrated to be selective for Zn(II) and is the first example of a triazole being used as a coordinating ligand on an azamacrocycle. The sensor can access biologically available zinc in mammalian cells, sensing the Zn(II) flux that exists during apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Tamanini
- The Walter Besant Building, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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137
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Analysis of the toenail as a biomonitor of supranutritional intake of Zn, Cu, and Mg. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-007-7279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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138
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a genetically heterogeneous disease, with several relatively rare monogenic forms and a number of more common forms resulting from a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Previous studies using a candidate gene approach, family linkage studies, and gene expression profiling uncovered a number of type 2 genes, but the genetic basis of common type 2 diabetes remained unknown. Recently, a new window has opened on defining potential type 2 diabetes genes through genome-wide SNP association studies of very large populations of individuals with diabetes. This review explores the pathway leading to discovery of these genetic effects, the impact of these genetic loci on diabetes risk, the potential mechanisms of action of the genes to alter glucose homeostasis, and the limitations of these studies in defining the role of genetics in this important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Doria
- Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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139
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Atilgan S, Ozdemir T, Akkaya EU. A Sensitive and Selective Ratiometric Near IR Fluorescent Probe for Zinc Ions Based on the Distyryl−Bodipy Fluorophore. Org Lett 2008; 10:4065-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol801554t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Atilgan
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey TR-06531, Department of Chemistry, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey TR-32260, and Department of Chemistry and UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey, TR-06800
| | - Tugba Ozdemir
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey TR-06531, Department of Chemistry, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey TR-32260, and Department of Chemistry and UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey, TR-06800
| | - Engin U. Akkaya
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey TR-06531, Department of Chemistry, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey TR-32260, and Department of Chemistry and UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey, TR-06800
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140
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Storjohann L, Holst B, Schwartz TW. Molecular mechanism of Zn2+ agonism in the extracellular domain of GPR39. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:2583-8. [PMID: 18588883 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ala substitution of potential metal-ion binding residues in the main ligand-binding pocket of the Zn2+-activated G protein-coupled receptor 39 (GPR39) receptor did not decrease Zn2+ potency. In contrast, Zn2+ stimulation was eliminated by combined substitution of His17 and His19, located in the N-terminal segment. Surprisingly, substitution of Asp313 located in extracellular loop 3 greatly increased ligand-independent signaling and apparently eliminated Zn2+-induced activation. It is proposed that Zn2+ acts as an agonist for GPR39, not in the classical manner by directly stabilizing an active conformation of the transmembrane domain, but instead by binding to His17 and His19 in the extracellular domain and potentially by diverting Asp313 from functioning as a tethered inverse agonist through engaging this residue in a tridentate metal-ion binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Storjohann
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Blegdamsvej 3b, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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141
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Maret W. A role for metallothionein in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its cardiovascular complications. Mol Genet Metab 2008; 94:1-3. [PMID: 18321746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been suspected for a long time that zinc has a role in various aspects of diabetes, but specific molecular targets of zinc remained largely elusive. Recent discoveries of associations between diabetes and polymorphisms in human genes now suggest that proteins that control the cellular availability of zinc ions are involved. One protein is the zinc transporter ZnT-8 that supplies pancreatic beta-cells with zinc. The other is metallothionein 1A, a member of a protein family that links zinc and redox metabolism. Changes in the availability of zinc ions modulate insulin signaling and redox processes. Both zinc and metallothionein protect cells against the redox stress that occurs in diabetes and contributes to its progression towards diabetic complications, including heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Maret
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 700 Harborside Drive, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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142
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Rasheed K, Tariq MI, Munir C, Hussain I, Siddiqui HL. Synthesis, Characterization and Hypoglycemic Activity of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) Complexes with Glibenclamide. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2008; 56:168-72. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.56.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christy Munir
- Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College University
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143
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Shen H, MacDonald R, Bruemmer D, Stromberg A, Daugherty A, Li XA, Toborek M, Hennig B. Zinc deficiency alters lipid metabolism in LDL receptor deficient mice treated with rosiglitazone. J Nutr 2007; 137:2339-45. [PMID: 17951467 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.11.2339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is a structural and functional component of PPAR and zinc deficiency may be associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. We tested the hypothesis that zinc deficiency compromises lipid metabolism in rosiglitazone (RSG)-treated mice lacking the LDL-receptor (LDL-R) gene. LDL-R-deficient mice were maintained for 3 wk on low-fat (7 g/100 g) diets that were either zinc deficient or zinc adequate. Subsequently, diets were adjusted to a high-fat (HF) (15 g/100 g) regimen for 1 wk to produce a biological environment of mild oxidative and inflammatory stress. One-half of the mice within each zinc group was gavaged daily with the PPARgamma agonist RSG starting 2 d prior to the HF feeding. Selected lipid parameters were studied. Zinc deficiency increased plasma total cholesterol, which was also elevated by RSG. Zinc deficiency also caused an increased lipoprotein-cholesterol distribution toward the non-HDL fraction (VLDL, intermediate density lipoprotein, LDL). Plasma total fatty acids tended to increase during zinc deficiency and RSG treatment resulted in similar changes in the fatty acid profile in zinc-deficient mice. Fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) expression in abdominal aorta was upregulated by RSG only in zinc-deficient mice. In contrast, RSG treatment markedly increased lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expression only in zinc-adequate mice. In vitro studies confirmed that adequate zinc is required for RSG-induced PPARgamma activity to transactivate target genes. These data suggest that in this atherogenic mouse model treated with RSG, lipid metabolism can be compromised during zinc deficiency and that adequate dietary zinc may be considered during therapy with the antidiabetic medicine RSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Shen
- Molecular and Cell Nutrition Laboratory, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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144
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Frisk P, Tallkvist J, Gadhasson IL, Blomberg J, Friman G, Ilbäck NG. Coxsackievirus B3 infection affects metal-binding/transporting proteins and trace elements in the pancreas in mice. Pancreas 2007; 35:e37-44. [PMID: 17895834 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3180986e84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The trigger of juvenile diabetes has been suggested to be an interaction between a virus and trace elements, where enteroviruses, including coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), have been discussed as potential initiators. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects in the pancreas on gene expressions of metallothionein 1 (MT1), divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), and zinc transporter 5 (ZnT-5) and concomitant changes in iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in serum and pancreas of Balb/c mice on days 3, 6, and 9 of CVB3 infection. METHODS Trace elements were measured through inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, and CVB3, MT1, DMT1, and ZnT-5 were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Virus was found in the pancreas on all days, with a peak on day 3. Infection tended to increase Fe in both serum and the pancreas. The Cu/Zn ratio in the pancreas increased early in the infection because of a great decrease in Zn. In serum, the Cu/Zn ratio was not increased until day 9 of the disease. In the pancreas, MT1 decreased, whereas DMT1 tended to increase on day 6, and ZnT-5 increased progressively during the course of the disease. CONCLUSIONS Virus-induced changes in trace elements, MT1, DMT1, and ZnT-5 in the pancreas may reflect early stages of the development of pancreatitis and prestages of diabetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Frisk
- Research in Metal Biology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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145
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Zhang XA, Lovejoy KS, Jasanoff A, Lippard SJ. Water-soluble porphyrins as a dual-function molecular imaging platform for MRI and fluorescence zinc sensing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:10780-5. [PMID: 17578918 PMCID: PMC1904115 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702393104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a molecular platform for dual-function fluorescence/MRI sensing of mobile zinc. Zinc-selective binding units were strategically attached to a water-soluble porphyrin template. The synthetic strategy for achieving the designed target ligand is flexible and convenient, and the key intermediates can be applied as general building blocks for the construction of other metal sensors based on a similar mechanism. The metal-free form, (DPA-C(2))(2)-TPPS(3) (1), where DPA is dipicolylamine and TPPS(3) is 5-phenyl-10,15,20-tris(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine, is an excellent fluorescent sensor for zinc. It has certain superior physical properties compared with earlier-generation zinc sensors including emission in the red and near-IR regions [lambda(em) = 645 nm (s) and 715 nm (m)], with a large Stokes shift of >230 nm. The fluorescence intensity of 1 increases by >10-fold upon zinc binding. The fluorescence "turn-on" is highly selective for zinc versus other divalent metal ions and is relatively pH-insensitive within the biologically relevant pH window. The manganese derivative, [(DPA-C(2))(2)-TPPS(3)Mn(III)] (2), switches the function of the molecule to generate an MRI contrast agent. In the presence of zinc, the relaxivity of 2 in aqueous solution is significantly altered, which makes it a promising zinc MRI sensor. Both metal-free and Mn(III)-inserted forms are efficiently taken up by live cells, and the intracellular zinc can be imaged by either fluorescence or MR, respectively. We anticipate that in vivo applications of the probes will facilitate a deeper understanding of the physiological roles of zinc and allow detection of abnormal zinc homeostasis for pathological diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan Jasanoff
- Nuclear Science and Engineering
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences, and
- Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Stephen J. Lippard
- Departments of *Chemistry
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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146
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Lansdown ABG, Mirastschijski U, Stubbs N, Scanlon E, Agren MS. Zinc in wound healing: theoretical, experimental, and clinical aspects. Wound Repair Regen 2007; 15:2-16. [PMID: 17244314 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2006.00179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element in the human body and its importance in health and disease is appreciated. It serves as a cofactor in numerous transcription factors and enzyme systems including zinc-dependent matrix metalloproteinases that augment autodebridement and keratinocyte migration during wound repair. Zinc confers resistance to epithelial apoptosis through cytoprotection against reactive oxygen species and bacterial toxins possibly through antioxidant activity of the cysteine-rich metallothioneins. Zinc deficiency of hereditary or dietary cause can lead to pathological changes and delayed wound healing. Oral zinc supplementation may be beneficial in treating zinc-deficient leg ulcer patients, but its therapeutic place in surgical patients needs further clarification. Topical administration of zinc appears to be superior to oral therapy due to its action in reducing superinfections and necrotic material via enhanced local defense systems and collagenolytic activity, and the sustained release of zinc ions that stimulates epithelialization of wounds in normozincemic individuals. Zinc oxide in paste bandages (Unna boot) protects and soothes inflamed peri-ulcer skin. Zinc is transported through the skin from these formulations, although the systemic effects seem insignificant. We present here the first comprehensive account of zinc in wound management in relation to current concepts of wound bed preparation and the wound-healing cascade. This review article suggests that topical zinc therapy is underappreciated even though clinical evidence emphasizes its importance in autodebridement, anti-infective action, and promotion of epithelialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan B G Lansdown
- Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Division of Investigative Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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147
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Duzguner V, Kaya S. Effect of zinc on the lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant defense systems of the alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42:1481-6. [PMID: 17448894 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of oral zinc supplementation on lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant defense system of alloxan (80-90 mg/kg)-induced diabetic rabbits were examined. Forty-five New Zealand male rabbits, 1 year old, weighing approximately 2.5 kg, were allocated randomly and equally as control, diabetic, and zinc-supplemented diabetic groups. After diabetes was induced, zinc-supplemented diabetic rabbits had 150 mg/L of zinc as zinc sulfate (ZnSO(4)) in their drinking tap water for 3 months. The feed and water consumption was higher in diabetic groups than (P<0.01) healthy rabbits. The body weight was lower in diabetic rabbits compared to control. The blood glucose levels were higher in diabetic groups than controls. The elevated plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined in the diabetic group (P<0.01). The glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and ceruloplasmin levels in the diabetic group were decreased by the effect of diabetes but there was no difference between zinc-supplemented diabetic and control rabbits. Serum zinc concentrations were lower in diabetic rabbits but iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) levels in sera were not different among the groups. As a result, it was concluded that daily zinc supplementation could reduce the harmful effects of oxidative stress in diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesile Duzguner
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Mustafa Kemal University, 31034 Hatay, Turkey
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148
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Devirgiliis C, Zalewski PD, Perozzi G, Murgia C. Zinc fluxes and zinc transporter genes in chronic diseases. Mutat Res 2007; 622:84-93. [PMID: 17374385 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The group IIb metal zinc (Zn) is an essential dietary component that can be found in protein rich foods such as meat, seafood and legumes. Thousands of genes encoding Zn binding proteins were identified, especially after the completion of genome projects, an indication that a great number of biological processes are Zn dependent. Imbalance in Zn homeostasis was found to be associated with several chronic diseases such as asthma, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. As it is now evident for most nutrients, body Zn status results from the interaction between diet and genotype. Zn ions cross biological membranes with the aid of specialized membrane proteins, belonging to the ZRT/IRT-related Proteins (ZIP) and zinc transporters (ZnT) families. The ZIPs are encoded by the Slc39A gene family and are responsible for uptake of the metal, ZnTs are encoded by the Slc30A genes and are involved in intracellular traffic and/or excretion. Both ZnTs and Zips exhibit unique tissue-specific expression, differential responsiveness to dietary Zn deficiency and excess, as well as to physiological stimuli via hormones and cytokines. Intracellular Zn concentration is buffered by metallothioneins (MTs), a class of cytosolic protein with high affinity for metals. Scattered information is available on the role of proteins responsible for regulating Zn fluxes in the onset and progression of chronic diseases. This paper reviews reports that link Zn transporter genes, their allelic variants and/or expression profiles in the context of specific diseases. Further investigation in this direction is very important, since Zn imbalance can result not only from insufficient dietary intake, but also from impaired activity of proteins that regulate Zn metabolism, thus contributing to multifactorial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Devirgiliis
- INRAN, National Research Institute on Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546 00178, Roma, Italy
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149
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Faure P, Barclay D, Joyeux-Faure M, Halimi S. Comparison of the effects of zinc alone and zinc associated with selenium and vitamin E on insulin sensitivity and oxidative stress in high-fructose-fed rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2007; 21:113-9. [PMID: 17499151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the present study, we investigated the effect of an association of micronutrients (zinc (Zn), selenium (Se) and vitamin E (vit E)) on insulin activity and antioxidant status in an animal model of insulin resistance, the high-fructose-fed rat. PROCEDURES Five experimental groups were compared: a control group (C) receiving a standard diet, a high-fructose-fed group (F) where 58% of the diet carbohydrate was fructose, a high-fructose-fed group supplemented with Zn alone (FZn group), a high-fructose-fed group supplemented micronutrients (Zn, Se and vit E) (FMicro group). A fifth group consumed a high-fructose diet and received metformin in the drinking water (200mg/day/rat) (FMet group). Insulin sensitivity was measured using the euglycemic hyperinsulinic glucose clamp technique. Metabolic parameters, trace elements and antioxidant parameters were measured in blood samples from all groups. RESULTS High-fructose-fed rats were resistant to insulin as indicated by the lower glucose infusion rate. The insulin sensitivity of FZn, FMicro and FMet groups was higher than that of F group, with the highest insulin sensitivity for the FMicro group. No statistically significant difference in glycemia between the groups was observed. The ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione was higher in FZn and FMicro groups than in all other groups, as a consequence of decreased oxidized glutathione. CONCLUSION Our results provide direct evidence that micronutrients have a beneficial effect on insulin sensitivity and some components of the antioxidant defense system in an animal model of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Faure
- Laboratoire HP2, Hypoxie Physio-Pathologie Respiratoire et Cardiovasculaire, Inserm ERI 0017, Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France.
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150
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Abstract
Epidemiological evidence, associating diabetes with zinc (Zn) deficiencies, has resulted in numerous research studies describing the effects of Zn and associated metallothionein (MT), on reducing diabetic complications associated with oxidative stress. MT has been found to have a profound effect on the reduction of oxidative stress induced by the diabetic condition. Over expression of MT in various metabolic organs has also been shown to reduce hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress, organ specific diabetic complications, and DNA damage in diabetic experimental animals, which have been further substantiated by the results from MT-knockout mice. Additionally, supplementation with Zn has been shown to induce in vivo MT synthesis in experimental animals and to reduce diabetes related complications in both humans and animal models. Although the results are promising, some caution regarding this topic is however necessary, due to the fact that the majority of the studies done have been animal based. Hence more human intervention trials are needed regarding the positive effects of MT and Zn before firm conclusions can be made regarding their use in the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahidul Islam
- School of Physiology, Nutrition and Consumers Science, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa
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