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Li XQ, Du X, Li DM, Kong PZ, Sun Y, Liu PF, Wang QS, Feng YM. ITGBL1 Is a Runx2 Transcriptional Target and Promotes Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis by Activating the TGFβ Signaling Pathway. Cancer Res 2015; 75:3302-13. [PMID: 26060017 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastasis affects more than 70% of advanced breast cancer patients, but the molecular mechanisms of this process remain unclear. Here, we present clinical and experimental evidence to clarify the role of the integrin β-like 1 (ITGBL1) as a key contributor to bone metastasis of breast cancer. In an in vivo model system and in vitro experiments, ITGBL1 expression promoted formation of osteomimetic breast cancers, facilitating recruitment, residence, and growth of cancer cells in bone microenvironment along with osteoclast maturation there to form osteolytic lesions. Mechanistic investigations identified the TGFβ signaling pathway as a downstream effector of ITGBL1 and the transcription factor Runx2 as an upstream activator of ITGBL1 expression. In support of these findings, we also found that ITGBL1 was an essential mediator of Runx2-induced bone metastasis of breast cancer. Overall, our results illuminate how bone metastasis occurs in breast cancer, and they provide functional evidence for new candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets to identify risk, to prevent, and to treat this dismal feature of advanced breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China. Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong-Mei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng-Zhou Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Pei-Fang Liu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing-Shan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China. Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu-Mei Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China. Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China.
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102
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Role of Runx2 phosphorylation in prostate cancer and association with metastatic disease. Oncogene 2015; 35:366-76. [PMID: 25867060 PMCID: PMC4603996 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The osteogenic transcription factor, Runx2, is abnormally expressed in prostate cancer (PCa) and associated with metastatic disease. During bone development, Runx2 is activated by signals known to be hyperactive in PCa including the RAS/MAP kinase pathway, which phosphorylates Runx2 on multiple serine residues including S301 and S319 (equivalent to S294 and S312 in human Runx2). This study examines the role of these phosphorylation sites in PCa. Runx2 was preferentially expressed in more invasive prostate cancer cell lines (PC3 > C4-2B > LNCaP). Furthermore, analysis using a P-S319-Runx2-specific antibody revealed that the ratio of P-S319-Runx2/total Runx2 as well as P-ERK/total ERK was highest in PC3 followed by C4-2B and LNCaP cells. These results were confirmed by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, which showed a higher percentage of PC3 cells staining positive for P-S319-Runx2 relative to C4-2B and LNCaP cells. Phosphorylated Runx2 had an exclusively nuclear localization. When expressed in prostate cell lines, wild type Runx2 increased metastasis-associated gene expression, in vitro migratory and invasive activity as well as in vivo growth of tumor cell xenografts. In contrast, S301A/S319A phosphorylation site mutations greatly attenuated these Runx2 responses. Analysis of tissue microarrays from 129 patients revealed strong nuclear staining with the P-S319-Runx2 antibody in primary prostate cancers and metastases. P-S319-Runx2 staining was positively correlated with Gleason score and occurrence of lymph node metastases while little or no Runx2 phosphorylation was seen in normal prostate, benign prostate hyperplasia or prostatitis indicating that Runx2 S319 phosphorylation is closely associated with prostate cancer induction and progression towards an aggressive phenotype. These studies establish the importance of Runx2 phosphorylation in prostate tumor growth and highlight its value as a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target.
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103
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Myeloma cell-derived Runx2 promotes myeloma progression in bone. Blood 2015; 125:3598-608. [PMID: 25862559 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-12-613968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of multiple myeloma (MM) is governed by a network of molecular signals, the majority of which remain to be identified. Recent studies suggest that Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), a well-known bone-specific transcription factor, is also expressed in solid tumors, where expression promotes both bone metastasis and osteolysis. However, the function of Runx2 in MM remains unknown. The current study demonstrated that (1) Runx2 expression in primary human MM cells is significantly greater than in plasma cells from healthy donors and patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance; (2) high levels of Runx2 expression in MM cells are associated with a high-risk population of MM patients; and (3) overexpression of Runx2 in MM cells enhanced tumor growth and disease progression in vivo. Additional studies demonstrated that MM cell-derived Runx2 promotes tumor progression through a mechanism involving the upregulation of Akt/β-catenin/Survivin signaling and enhanced expression of multiple metastatic genes/proteins, as well as the induction of a bone-resident cell-like phenotype in MM cells. Thus, Runx2 expression supports the aggressive phenotype of MM and is correlated with poor prognosis. These data implicate Runx2 expression as a major regulator of MM progression in bone and myeloma bone disease.
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Sancisi V, Gandolfi G, Ambrosetti DC, Ciarrocchi A. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Repress Tumoral Expression of the Proinvasive Factor RUNX2. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1868-82. [PMID: 25769725 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant reactivation of embryonic pathways occurs commonly in cancer. The transcription factor RUNX2 plays a fundamental role during embryogenesis and is aberrantly reactivated during progression and metastasization of different types of human tumors. In this study, we attempted to dissect the molecular mechanisms governing RUNX2 expression and its aberrant reactivation. We identified a new regulatory enhancer element, located within the RUNX2 gene, which is responsible for the activation of the RUNX2 promoter and for the regulation of its expression in cancer cells. Furthermore, we have shown that treatment with the anticancer compounds histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) results in a profound inhibition of RUNX2 expression, which is determined by the disruption of the transcription-activating complex on the identified enhancer. These data envisage a possible targeting strategy to counteract the oncongenic function of RUNX2 in cancer cells and provide evidence that the cytotoxic activity of HDACi in cancer is not only dependent on the reactivation of silenced oncosuppressors but also on the repression of oncogenic factors that are necessary for survival and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sancisi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Research and Statistic Infrastructure, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Greta Gandolfi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Research and Statistic Infrastructure, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Davide Carlo Ambrosetti
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Ciarrocchi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Research and Statistic Infrastructure, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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105
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Interpretation of immunohistochemistry data of tumor should consider microenvironmental factors. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:4467-77. [PMID: 25753476 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of tumor surrounding microenvironment is often neglected when immunohistochemistry is performed to investigate tumor properties and search biomarkers of cancer. This study was designed to evaluate whether the influence of tumor microenvironment on biological features of tumor cells should be taken into account for interpretation of the immunohistochemistry data of tumor specimens. In this study, we showed an example by using three tumor cell lines (HeLa, WSU-HN6, and Tca83) to establish tumor-caused bone destruction models in nude mice and then to investigate the influence of bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) on biological features of tumor cells. Immunohistochemistry results showed that, compared with tumor cells located outside of BMM, tumor cells located inside of BMM presented huge differences in the expression of inflammation-related proteins including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), TNF receptor-associated factor protein-6 (TRAF-6), phosphorylated-NF-κB p65 (p-p65), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-11, matrix metalloproteinases including MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-13; and osteogenesis-related proteins including runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteocalcin (OCN) in all the models. However, when we compared the cell line pair derived from different sites (outside and inside of BMM, respectively) of the same HeLa tumor sample by real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunocytochemistry, the differences aforementioned in tumor tissues were not found. In addition, we verified that normal human bone marrow could not cause the above changes detected in vivo. Our results suggested that tumor-modified microenvironment could give the new biological features of the invaded tumor cells. Therefore, we should consider the influence of the surrounding microenvironment on tumor cells when we analyze tumor properties using immunohistochemistry.
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Abstract
RUNX proteins belong to a family of metazoan transcription factors that serve as master regulators of development. They are frequently deregulated in human cancers, indicating a prominent and, at times, paradoxical role in cancer pathogenesis. The contextual cues that direct RUNX function represent a fast-growing field in cancer research and could provide insights that are applicable to early cancer detection and treatment. This Review describes how RUNX proteins communicate with key signalling pathways during the multistep progression to malignancy; in particular, we highlight the emerging partnership of RUNX with p53 in cancer suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Ito
- 1] Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Center for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive #12-01, 117599, Singapore. [2]
| | - Suk-Chul Bae
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, and Institute for Tumour Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 361763, South Korea. [2]
| | - Linda Shyue Huey Chuang
- 1] Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Center for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive #12-01, 117599, Singapore. [2]
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107
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Sampson VB, Yoo S, Kumar A, Vetter NS, Kolb EA. MicroRNAs and Potential Targets in Osteosarcoma: Review. Front Pediatr 2015; 3:69. [PMID: 26380245 PMCID: PMC4547013 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2015.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common bone cancer in children and young adults. Surgery and multi-agent chemotherapy are the standard treatment regimens for this disease. New therapies are being investigated to improve overall survival in patients. Molecular targets that actively modulate cell processes, such as cell-cycle control, cell proliferation, metabolism, and apoptosis, have been studied, but it remains a challenge to develop novel, effective-targeted therapies to treat this heterogeneous and complex disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that play critical roles in regulating cell processes including growth, development, and disease. miRNAs function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors to regulate gene and protein expression. Several studies have demonstrated the involvement of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma with the potential for development in disease diagnostics and therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the role of miRNAs and their target genes and evaluate their potential use as therapeutic agents in osteosarcoma. We also summarize the efficacy of inhibition of oncogenic miRNAs or expression of tumor suppressor miRNAs in preclinical models of osteosarcoma. Recent progress on systemic delivery as well as current applications for miRNAs as therapeutic agents has seen the advancement of miR-34a in clinical trials for adult patients with non-resectable primary liver cancer or metastatic cancer with liver involvement. We suggest a global approach to the understanding of the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma may identify candidate miRNAs as promising biomarkers for this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie B Sampson
- Nemours Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
| | - Soonmoon Yoo
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
| | - Asmita Kumar
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
| | - Nancy S Vetter
- Nemours Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
| | - E Anders Kolb
- Nemours Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
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108
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Gokulnath M, Partridge NC, Selvamurugan N. Runx2, a target gene for activating transcription factor-3 in human breast cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:1923-31. [PMID: 25380580 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor (ATF-3) is a stress response gene and is induced by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) in breast cancer cells. In this study, we dissected the functional role of ATF-3 gene in vitro by knocking down its expression stably in human bone metastatic breast cancer cells (MDA-MB231). Knockdown of ATF-3 expression in these cells decreased cell number, altered cell cycle phase transition, and decreased mRNA expression of cell cycle genes. Knockdown of ATF-3 expression in MDA-MB231 cells also decreased cell migration, and the expression levels of invasive and metastatic genes such as MMP-13 and Runx2 were found to be decreased in these cells. Most importantly, ATF-3 was associated with Runx2 promoter in MDA-MB231 cells and knockdown of ATF-3 expression decreased its association with Runx2 promoter. Hence, our results suggested that ATF-3 plays a role in proliferation and invasion of bone metastatic breast cancer cells in vitro and we identified for the first time that Runx2 is a target gene of ATF-3 in MDA-MB231 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gokulnath
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
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109
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Periostin in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: pathobiological insights and clinical implications. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 97:515-24. [PMID: 25446840 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Periostin is a modular glycoprotein frequently observed to be a major constituent of the extracellular milieu of mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and other desmoplastic malignant tumors. In intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, as well as in desmoplastic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, periostin is overexpressed and hypersecreted in large part, if not exclusively, by cancer-associated fibroblasts within the tumor stroma. Through its interaction with specific components of the extracellular tumor matrix, particularly collagen type I and tenascin-C, and with cell surface receptors, notably integrins leading to activation of the Akt and FAK signaling pathways, this TGF-β family-inducible matricellular protein appears to be functioning as a key extracellular matrix molecule regulating such critically important and diverse malignant tumor behaviors as tumor fibrogenesis and desmoplasia, invasive malignant cell growth, chemoresistance, and metastatic colonization. This review will discuss current evidence and basic molecular mechanisms implicating periostin as a mediator of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma invasive growth. In addition, its significance as a potential prognostic biomarker for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients, as well as future possibilities and challenges as a molecular target for cholangiocarcinoma therapy and/or prevention, will be critically evaluated.
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110
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Huang Q, Jiang Z, Meng T, Yin H, Wang J, Wan W, Cheng M, Yan W, Liu T, Song D, Chen H, Wu Z, Xu W, Li Z, Zhou W, Xiao J. MiR-30a inhibits osteolysis by targeting RunX2 in giant cell tumor of bone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 453:160-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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111
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Chang CH, Fan TC, Yu JC, Liao GS, Lin YC, Shih ACC, Li WH, Yu ALT. The prognostic significance of RUNX2 and miR-10a/10b and their inter-relationship in breast cancer. J Transl Med 2014; 12:257. [PMID: 25266482 PMCID: PMC4189660 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The major cancer related mortality is caused by metastasis and invasion. It is important to identify genes regulating metastasis and invasion in order to curtail metastatic spread of cancer cells. Methods This study investigated the association between RUNX2 and miR-10a/miR-10b and the risk of breast cancer relapse. Expression levels of RUNX2 and miR-10a/b in108 pairs of tumor and non-tumor tissue of breast cancer were assayed by quantitative PCR analysis and evaluated for their prognostic implications. Results The median expression levels of RUNX2 and miR-10b in tumor tissue normalized using adjacent non-tumor tissue were significantly higher in relapsed patients than in relapse-free patients. Higher expression of these three genes were significantly correlated with the hazard ratio for breast cancer recurrence (RUNX2: 3.02, 95% CI = 1.50 ~ 6.07; miR-10a: 2.31, 95% CI = 1.00 ~ 5.32; miR-10b: 3.96, 95% CI = 1.21 ~ 12.98). The joint effect of higher expression of all three genes was associated with a hazard ratio of 12.37 (95% CI = 1.62 ~ 94.55) for relapse. In a breast cancer cell line, RUNX2 silencing reduced the expression of miR-10a/b and also impaired cell motility, while RUNX2 overexpression elicited opposite effects. Conclusions These findings indicate that higher expression of RUNX2 and miR-10a/b was associated with adverse outcome of breast cancer. Expression levels of RUNX2 and miR-10a/b individually or jointly are potential prognostic factors for predicting breast cancer recurrence. Data from in vitro studies support the notion that RUNX2 promoted cell motility by upregulating miR-10a/b. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-014-0257-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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112
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Yan Z, Jin S, Wei Z, Huilian H, Zhanhai Y, Yue T, Juan L, Jing L, Libo Y, Xu L. Discoidin domain receptor 2 facilitates prostate cancer bone metastasis via regulating parathyroid hormone-related protein. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1350-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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113
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Tai PWL, Wu H, Gordon JAR, Whitfield TW, Barutcu AR, van Wijnen AJ, Lian JB, Stein GS, Stein JL. Epigenetic landscape during osteoblastogenesis defines a differentiation-dependent Runx2 promoter region. Gene 2014; 550:1-9. [PMID: 24881813 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Runx2 is a developmentally regulated gene in vertebrates and is essential for bone formation and skeletal homeostasis. The induction of runx2-P1 isoform transcripts is a hallmark of early osteoblastogenesis. Although previous in vitro studies have defined a minimal Runx2-P1 promoter sequence with well-characterized functional elements, several lines of evidence suggest that transcription of the Runx2-P1 isoform relies on elements that extend beyond the previously defined P1 promoter boundaries. In this study, we examined Runx2-P1 transcriptional regulation in a cellular in vivo context during early osteoblastogenesis of MC3T3-E1 cultures and BMSCs induced towards the bone lineage by multi-layered analysis of the Runx2-P1 gene promoter using the following methodologies: 1) sequence homology among several mammalian species, 2) DNaseI hypersensitivity coupled with massively parallel sequencing (DNase-seq), and 3) chromatin immunoprecipitation of activating histone modifications coupled with massively parallel sequencing (ChIP-seq). These epigenetic features have allowed the demarcation of boundaries that redefine the minimal Runx2-P1 promoter to include a 336-bp sequence that mediates responsiveness to osteoblast differentiation. We also find that an additional level of control is contributed by a regulatory region in the 5'-UTR of Runx2-P1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip W L Tai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA.
| | - Hai Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA.
| | - Jonathan A R Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA.
| | - Troy W Whitfield
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655-0002, USA.
| | - A Rasim Barutcu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655-0002, USA.
| | | | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA.
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA.
| | - Janet L Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA.
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FOXO transcription factors: their clinical significance and regulation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:925350. [PMID: 24864265 PMCID: PMC4016844 DOI: 10.1155/2014/925350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Members of the class O of forkhead box transcription factors (FOXO) have important roles in metabolism, cellular proliferation, stress resistance, and apoptosis. The activity of FOXOs is tightly regulated by posttranslational modification, including phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitylation. Activation of cell survival pathways such as phosphoinositide-3-kinase/AKT/IKK or RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylates FOXOs at different sites which regulate FOXOs nuclear localization or degradation. FOXO transcription factors are upregulated in a number of cell types including hepatocytes, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, pericytes, and cardiac myocytes. They are involved in a number of pathologic and physiologic processes that include proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, metabolism, inflammation, cytokine expression, immunity, differentiation, and resistance to oxidative stress. These processes impact a number of clinical conditions such as carcinogenesis, diabetes, diabetic complications, cardiovascular disease, host response, and wound healing. In this paper, we focus on the potential role of FOXOs in different disease models and the regulation of FOXOs by various stimuli.
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115
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Greer AH, Yong T, Fennell K, Moustafa YW, Fowler M, Galiano F, Ng SW, Berkowitz RS, Cardelli J, Meyers S, Davis JN. Knockdown of core binding factorβ alters sphingolipid metabolism. J Cell Physiol 2014; 228:2350-64. [PMID: 23813439 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Core binding factor (CBF) is a heterodimeric transcription factor containing one of three DNA-binding proteins of the Runt-related transcription factor family (RUNX1-3) and the non-DNA-binding protein, CBFβ. RUNX1 and CBFβ are the most common targets of chromosomal rearrangements in leukemia. CBF has been implicated in other cancer types; for example RUNX1 and RUNX2 are implicated in cancers of epithelial origin, including prostate, breast, and ovarian cancers. In these tumors, CBF is involved in maintaining the malignant phenotype and, when highly over-expressed, contributes to metastatic growth in bone. Herein, lentiviral delivery of CBFβ-specific shRNAs was used to achieve a 95% reduction of CBFβ in an ovarian cancer cell line. This drastic reduction in CBFβ expression resulted in growth inhibition that was not associated with a cell cycle block or an increase in apoptosis. However, CBFβ silencing resulted in increased autophagy and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Since sphingolipid and ceramide metabolism regulates non-apoptotic cell death, autophagy, and ROS production, fumonsin B1 (FB1), an inhibitor of ceramide synthase, was used to alter ceramide production in the CBFβ-silenced cells. FB1 treatment inhibited the CBFβ-dependent increase in autophagy and provided a modest increase in cell survival. To document alterations to sphingolipids in the CBFβ-silenced cells, ceramide, and lactosylceramide levels were directly examined by mass spectrometry. Substantial increases in ceramide species and decreases in lactosylceramides were identified. Altogether, this report provides evidence that CBF transcriptional pathways control cellular survival, at least in part, through sphingolipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Greer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSUHSC School of Medicine in Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
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Tandon M, Chen Z, Pratap J. Runx2 activates PI3K/Akt signaling via mTORC2 regulation in invasive breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:R16. [PMID: 24479521 PMCID: PMC3979058 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Runt-related transcription factor Runx2 is critical for skeletal development but is also aberrantly expressed in breast cancers, and promotes cell growth and invasion. A de-regulated serine/threonine kinase Akt signaling pathway is implicated in mammary carcinogenesis and cell survival; however, the mechanisms underlying Runx2 role in survival of invasive breast cancer cells are still unclear. Methods The phenotypic analysis of Runx2 function in cell survival was performed by gene silencing and flow cytometric analysis in highly invasive MDA-MB-231 and SUM-159-PT mammary epithelial cell lines. The expression analysis of Runx2 and pAkt (serine 473) proteins in metastatic breast cancer specimens was performed by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA and protein levels of kinases and phosphatases functional in Akt signaling were determined by real-time PCR and Western blotting, while DNA-protein interaction was studied by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Results The high Runx2 levels in invasive mammary epithelial cell lines promoted cell survival in Akt phosphorylation (pAkt-serine 473) dependent manner. The analysis of kinases and phosphatases associated with pAkt regulation revealed that Runx2 promotes pAkt levels via mammalian target of rapamycin complex-2 (mTORC2). The recruitment of Runx2 on mTOR promoter coupled with Runx2-dependent expression of mTORC2 component Rictor defined Runx2 function in pAkt-mediated survival of invasive breast cancer cells. Conclusions Our results identified a novel mechanism of Runx2 regulatory crosstalk in Akt signaling that could have important consequences in targeting invasive breast cancer-associated cell survival.
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Quin JE, Devlin JR, Cameron D, Hannan KM, Pearson RB, Hannan RD. Targeting the nucleolus for cancer intervention. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:802-16. [PMID: 24389329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of the nucleolus to cancer is well established with respect to its traditional role in facilitating ribosome biogenesis and proliferative capacity. More contemporary studies however, infer that nucleoli contribute a much broader role in malignant transformation. Specifically, extra-ribosomal functions of the nucleolus position it as a central integrator of cellular proliferation and stress signaling, and are emerging as important mechanisms for modulating how oncogenes and tumor suppressors operate in normal and malignant cells. The dependence of certain tumor cells to co-opt nucleolar processes to maintain their cancer phenotypes has now clearly been demonstrated by the application of small molecule inhibitors of RNA Polymerase I to block ribosomal DNA transcription and disrupt nucleolar function (Bywater et al., 2012 [1]). These drugs, which selectively kill tumor cells in vivo while sparing normal cells, have now progressed to clinical trials. It is likely that we have only just begun to scratch the surface of the potential of the nucleolus as a new target for cancer therapy, with "suppression of nucleolar stress" representing an emerging "hallmark" of cancer. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Role of the Nucleolus in Human Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn E Quin
- Oncogenic Signalling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer R Devlin
- Oncogenic Signalling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Donald Cameron
- Oncogenic Signalling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate M Hannan
- Oncogenic Signalling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard B Pearson
- Oncogenic Signalling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ross D Hannan
- Oncogenic Signalling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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Yang J, Zhao L, Tian W, Liao Z, Zheng H, Wang G, Chen K. Correlation of WWOX, RUNX2 and VEGFA protein expression in human osteosarcoma. BMC Med Genomics 2013; 6:56. [PMID: 24330824 PMCID: PMC3878685 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-6-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate associations between WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and vascular endothelial growth factor alpha (VEGFA) in human osteosarcoma (OS). Methods Copy number aberrations of WWOX, RUNX2and VEGFA genes were detected by microarray comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) in 10 fresh OS tissue samples. VEGFA gene alterations were also investigated and validated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in 54 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) OS samples. Protein expression of WWOX, RUNX2 and VEGFA were examined in 54 FFPE OS samples by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results Analysis of previously published OS aCGH data (GSE9654) and aCGH data from this study (GSE19180) identified significant deletion of WWOX in 30% (6/20) of OS samples, whilst significant increase in both RUNX2 and VEGFA gene copy numbers were detected in 55% (11/20) and 60% (12/20) of OS samples, respectively. FISH demonstrated increased VEGFA gene copy number in 65.9% (31/47) of evaluable samples, in either focal or large fragment forms. Compared with positive expression of WWOX in 38.9% of the OS samples, positive expression of RUNX2 and VEGFA protein was found in 48.1 and 75.9% of samples. Although there was no significant association between gene copy number aberration and protein expression for WWOX and RUNX2, significant positive correlation between increased VEGFA gene copy number and VEGFA protein expression was observed. Although there was no significant reverse association between WWOX and RUNX2 expression, a significantly positive relationship was observed between RUNX2 and VEGFA protein expression. Conclusions Our data show increased RUNX2 and VEGFA gene copy numbers and elevation of their respective proteins in human OS. Positive correlation of RUNX2 and VEGFA suggests that both increased VEGFA gene copy number and RUNX2 overexpression facilitate increased expression of VEGFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilong Yang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Tianjin 300060, China.
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119
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Slattery ML, Lundgreen A, Stern MC, Hines L, Wolff RK, Giuliano AR, Baumgartner KB, John EM. The influence of genetic ancestry and ethnicity on breast cancer survival associated with genetic variation in the TGF-β-signaling pathway: The Breast Cancer Health Disparities Study. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 25:293-307. [PMID: 24337772 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-013-0331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cellular proliferation and differentiation. We evaluated genetic variation in this pathway, its association with breast cancer survival, and survival differences by genetic ancestry and self-reported ethnicity. The Breast Cancer Health Disparities Study includes participants from the 4-Corners Breast Cancer Study (n = 1,391 cases) and the San Francisco Bay Area Breast Cancer Study (n = 946 cases) who have been followed for survival. We evaluated 28 genes in the TGF-β signaling pathway using a tagSNP approach. Adaptive rank truncated product (ARTP) was used to test the gene and pathway significance by Native American (NA) ancestry and by self-reported ethnicity (non-Hispanic white (NHW) and Hispanic/NA). Genetic variation in the TGF-β signaling pathway was associated with overall breast cancer survival (P ARTP = 0.05), especially for women with low NA ancestry (P ARTP = 0.007) and NHW women (P ARTP = 0.006). BMP2, BMP4, RUNX1, and TGFBR3 were significantly associated with breast cancer survival overall (P ARTP = 0.04, 0.02, 0.002, and 0.04, respectively). Among women with low NA, ancestry associations were as follows: BMP4 (P ARTP = 0.007), BMP6 (P ARTP = 0.001), GDF10 (P ARTP = 0.05), RUNX1 (P ARTP = 0.002), SMAD1 (P ARTP = 0.05), and TGFBR2 (P ARTP = 0.02). A polygenic risk model showed that women with low NA ancestry and high numbers of at-risk alleles had twice the risk of dying from breast cancer as did women with high NA ancestry. Our data suggest that genetic variation in the TGF-β signaling pathway influences breast cancer survival. Associations were similar when the analyses were stratified by genetic ancestry or by self-reported ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha L Slattery
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, 383 Colorow, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA,
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120
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Dushyanthen S, Cossigny DAF, Quan GMY. The osteoblastic and osteoclastic interactions in spinal metastases secondary to prostate cancer. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2013; 6:61-80. [PMID: 24665208 PMCID: PMC3941153 DOI: 10.4137/cgm.s12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common cancers arising in men and has a high propensity for bone metastasis, particularly to the spine. At this stage, it often causes severe morbidity due to pathological fracture and/or metastatic epidural spinal cord compression which, if untreated, inevitably leads to intractable pain, neurological deficit, and paralysis. Unfortunately, the underlying molecular mechanisms driving growth of secondary PC in the bony vertebral column remain largely unknown. Further investigation is warranted in order to identify therapeutic targets in the future. This review summarizes the current understanding of PC bone metastasis in the spine, highlighting interactions between key tumor and bone-derived factors which influence tumor progression, especially the functional roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the bone microenvironment through their interactions with metastatic PC cells and the critical pathway RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathana Dushyanthen
- Spinal Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Spinal Surgery, University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg Victoria, Australia
| | - Davina A F Cossigny
- Spinal Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Spinal Surgery, University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg Victoria, Australia
| | - Gerald M Y Quan
- Spinal Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Spinal Surgery, University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg Victoria, Australia
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121
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The Roles of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Mesenchymal-to-Epithelial Transition (MET) in Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis: Potential Targets for Prevention and Treatment. J Clin Med 2013; 2:264-82. [PMID: 26237148 PMCID: PMC4470149 DOI: 10.3390/jcm2040264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have revealed molecular connections between breast and bone. Genes, important in the control of bone remodeling, such as receptor activator of nuclear kappa (RANK), receptor activator of nuclear kappa ligand (RANKL), vitamin D, bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN), and calcitonin, are expressed in breast cancer and lactating breast. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) effectors play critical roles during embryonic development, postnatal growth, and epithelial homeostasis, but also are involved in a number of pathological conditions, including wound repair, fibrosis, inflammation, as well as cancer progression and bone metastasis. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), insulin-like growth factor I & II (IGF I & II), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH(rP)), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epithelial growth factors II/I (ErbB/EGF), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-11, IL-1, integrin αvβ3, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), catepsin K, hypoxia, notch, Wnt, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), and hedgehog signaling pathways are important EMT and MET effectors identified in the bone microenviroment facilitating bone metastasis formation. Recently, Runx2, an essential transcription factor in the regulation of mesenchymal cell differentiation into the osteoblast lineage and proper bone development, is also well-recognized for its expression in breast cancer cells promoting osteolytic bone metastasis. Understanding the precise mechanisms of EMT and MET in the pathogenesis of breast cancer bone metastasis can inform the direction of therapeutic intervention and possibly prevention.
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122
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Spyropoulou A, Basdra EK. Mechanotransduction in bone: Intervening in health and disease. World J Exp Med 2013; 3:74-86. [DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v3.i4.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanotransduction has been proven to be one of the most significant variables in bone remodeling and its alterations have been shown to result in a variety of bone diseases. Osteoporosis, Paget’s disease, orthopedic disorders, osteopetrosis as well as hyperparathyroidism and hyperthyroidism all comprise conditions which have been linked with deregulated bone remodeling. Although the significance of mechanotransduction for bone health and disease is unquestionable, the mechanisms behind this important process have not been fully understood. This review will discuss the molecules that have been found to be implicated in mechanotransduction, as well as the mechanisms underlying bone health and disease, emphasizing on what is already known as well as new molecules potentially taking part in conveying mechanical signals from the cell surface towards the nucleus under physiological or pathologic conditions. It will also focus on the model systems currently used in mechanotransduction studies, like osteoblast-like cells as well as three-dimensional constructs and their applications among others. It will also examine the role of mechanostimulatory techniques in preventing and treating bone degenerative diseases and consider their applications in osteoporosis, craniofacial development, skeletal deregulations, fracture treatment, neurologic injuries following stroke or spinal cord injury, dentistry, hearing problems and bone implant integration in the near future.
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123
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Regulation of breast cancer and bone metastasis by microRNAs. DISEASE MARKERS 2013; 35:369-87. [PMID: 24191129 PMCID: PMC3809754 DOI: 10.1155/2013/451248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer progression including bone metastasis is a complex process involving numerous changes in gene expression and function. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression by targeting protein-coding mRNAs posttranscriptionally, often affecting a number of gene targets simultaneously. Alteration in expression of miRNAs is common in human breast cancer, possessing with either oncogenic or tumor suppressive activity. The expression and the functional role of several miRNAs (miR-206, miR-31, miR-27a/b, miR-21, miR-92a, miR-205, miR-125a/b, miR-10b, miR-155, miR-146a/b, miR-335, miR-204, miR-211, miR-7, miR-22, miR-126, and miR-17) in breast cancer has been identified. In this review we summarize the experimentally validated targets of up- and downregulated miRNAs and their regulation in breast cancer and bone metastasis for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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124
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Zhang Y, Wei L, Chang J, Miron RJ, Shi B, Yi S, Wu C. Strontium-incorporated mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds stimulating in vitro proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells and in vivo regeneration of osteoporotic bone defects. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:5711-5722. [PMID: 32261194 DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21047b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is one of the most widely occurring bone disorders characterized by low bone mineral density and poor bone strength. Strontium ranelate, as a treatment option, has received significant attention in recent years due to its ability to halt the progress of osteoporosis by simultaneously improving bone formation and reducing bone resorption. Although much emphasis has been given to the treatment of osteoporosis and fracture prevention using pharmacological agents, much less attention has been placed on the repair of critical-sized bone fractures caused by osteoporosis. The aim of the present study was to prepare strontium-incorporated mesoporous bioactive glass (Sr-MBG) scaffolds in order to combine the therapeutic effects of Sr2+ ions on osteoporosis with the bioactivity of MBG to regenerate osteoporotic-related fractures. Prior to animal implantation, the effects of Sr-containing ionic products from Sr-MBG scaffolds on the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) from osteoporotic bone were investigated in an in vitro culture system. The results showed that Sr-MBG scaffolds significantly increased the proliferation of BMSCs in a concentration dependent manner and were able to stimulate the expression of osteoblast differentiation markers including Alpl, Col1a1, Runx2 and Bglap as assessed by real-time PCR. Critical sized femur defects in ovariectomised rats were created to simulate an osteoporotic phenotype. At time points 2, 4 and 8 weeks post-implantation, the in vivo osteogenetic efficiency was systematically evaluated by μCT analysis, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry (type I collagen). The results showed that the incorporation of Sr into MBG scaffolds significantly stimulated new bone formation in osteoporotic bone defects when compared to MBG scaffolds alone. Furthermore, it was generally found that Sr release in blood was maintained at a very low level and the Sr, Si, Ca and P excretion by urine operated in an a similar manner to blank control animals. Our results suggested that Sr-MBG scaffolds could be a promising biomaterial for regenerating osteoporosis-related fractures by the release of Sr-containing ionic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China.
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125
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Cell motility and drug gradients in the emergence of resistance to chemotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:16103-8. [PMID: 24046372 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1314385110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of resistance to chemotherapy by cancer cells, when combined with metastasis, is the primary driver of mortality in cancer and has proven to be refractory to many efforts. Theory and computer modeling suggest that the rate of emergence of resistance is driven by the strong selective pressure of mutagenic chemotherapy and enhanced by the motility of mutant cells in a chemotherapy gradient to areas of higher drug concentration and lower population competition. To test these models, we constructed a synthetic microecology which superposed a mutagenic doxorubicin gradient across a population of motile, metastatic breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). We observed the emergence of MDA-MB-231 cancer cells capable of proliferation at 200 nM doxorubicin in this complex microecology. Individual cell tracking showed both movement of the MDA-MB-231 cancer cells toward higher drug concentrations and proliferation of the cells at the highest doxorubicin concentrations within 72 h, showing the importance of both motility and drug gradients in the emergence of resistance.
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126
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Msaouel P, Nandikolla G, Pneumaticos SG, Koutsilieris M. Bone microenvironment-targeted manipulations for the treatment of osteoblastic metastasis in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:1385-400. [PMID: 24024652 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.824422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most patients with advanced prostate cancer will develop incurable bone metastasis. Although prostate cancer is the quintessential androgen-dependent neoplastic disease in males, the tumor will ultimately become refractory to androgen ablation treatment. Understanding the complex dialog between prostate cancer and the bone microenvironment has allowed the development of promising treatment strategies. AREAS COVERED The present review summarizes the pathophysiology of prostate cancer bone metastasis and provides a concise update on bone microenvironment-targeted therapies for prostate cancer. The current and future prospects and challenges of these strategies are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION A wide variety of signaling pathways, bone turnover homeostatic mechanisms and immunoregulatory networks are potential targets for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Anti-survival factor therapy can enhance the efficacy of existing treatment regimens for mCRPC by exploiting the interaction between the bone microenvironment and androgen signaling networks. In addition, many novel bone microenvironment-targeted strategies have produced promising objective clinical responses. Further elucidation of the complex interactions between prostate cancer cells and the bone stroma will open up new avenues for treatment interventions that can produce sustained cancer suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Msaouel
- Jacobi Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY , USA
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127
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Wang DC, Wang HF, Yuan ZN. Runx2 induces bone osteolysis by transcriptional suppression of TSSC1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:635-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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128
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Pande S, Browne G, Padmanabhan S, Zaidi SK, Lian JB, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Stein GS. Oncogenic cooperation between PI3K/Akt signaling and transcription factor Runx2 promotes the invasive properties of metastatic breast cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1784-92. [PMID: 23389849 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase Akt/PKB promotes cancer cell growth and invasion through several downstream targets. Identification of novel substrates may provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention. Our study shows that Akt phosphorylates the cancer-related transcription factor Runx2 resulting in stimulated DNA binding of the purified recombinant protein in vitro. Pharmacological inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway in breast cancer cells reduces DNA-binding activity of Runx2 with concomitant reduction in the expression of metastasis-related Runx2 target genes. Akt phosphorylates Runx2 at three critical residues within the runt DNA-binding domain to enhance its in vivo genomic interactions with a target gene promoter, MMP13. Mutation of these three phosphorylation sites reduces Runx2 DNA-binding activity. However, Akt signaling does not appear to interefere with CBFβ-Runx2 interactions. Consequently, expression of multiple metastasis-related genes is decreased and Runx2-mediated cell invasion is supressed. Thus, our work identifies Runx2 as a novel and important downstream mediator of the PI3K/Akt pathway that is linked to metastatic properties of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Pande
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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129
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Weng JJ, Su Y. Nuclear matrix-targeting of the osteogenic factor Runx2 is essential for its recognition and activation of the alkaline phosphatase gene. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:2839-52. [PMID: 23287548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A good understanding of the mechanism of gene regulation that is involved in bone mineralization is critical for the design of anabolic treatments for bone deficiency diseases. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expressed by osteoblasts plays an important role in promoting bone mineralization by hydrolyzing pyrophosphate. However, the mechanism by which the expression of ALP is regulated during osteoblast differentiation has not been thoroughly investigated. METHODS Chromatin immunoprecipitation. EMSA and mutagenesis were used to identify the Runx2 binding sites on ALP gene and to analyze the role of nuclear matrix-localization of Runx2 on the recognition and activation of ALP gene. RESULTS Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we determined that both ectopic and endogenous Runx2 bound to ALP intron 1 in a region containing a cluster of five putative core-sites. The third one (11C3) among those fives was bound most strongly in vitro by Runx2 and acted as a Runx2-dependent transcriptional enhancer. Furthermore, a Runx2 mutant lacking the nuclear matrix-targeting sequence (Runx2deltaNMTS) bound to the ALP gene less efficiently than the wild-type protein and a Runx2 mutant that is deficient in its ability to bind to DNA (Runx2K120A) accumulated largely in the nuclear matrix. CONCLUSIONS Nuclear matrix-localization of Runx2 influences its ALP gene recognition. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results showed for the first time that ALP is a direct target gene of Runx2 and illustrated that the recognition/binding and activation of the ALP by this transcription factor are dependent on its nuclear matrix-targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jie Weng
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, ROC.
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Lucero CMJ, Vega OA, Osorio MM, Tapia JC, Antonelli M, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Galindo MA. The cancer-related transcription factor Runx2 modulates cell proliferation in human osteosarcoma cell lines. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:714-23. [PMID: 22949168 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Runx2 regulates osteogenic differentiation and bone formation, but also suppresses pre-osteoblast proliferation by affecting cell cycle progression in the G(1) phase. The growth suppressive potential of Runx2 is normally inactivated in part by protein destabilization, which permits cell cycle progression beyond the G(1)/S phase transition, and Runx2 is again up-regulated after mitosis. Runx2 expression also correlates with metastasis and poor chemotherapy response in osteosarcoma. Here we show that six human osteosarcoma cell lines (SaOS, MG63, U2OS, HOS, G292, and 143B) have different growth rates, which is consistent with differences in the lengths of the cell cycle. Runx2 protein levels are cell cycle-regulated with respect to the G(1)/S phase transition in U2OS, HOS, G292, and 143B cells. In contrast, Runx2 protein levels are constitutively expressed during the cell cycle in SaOS and MG63 cells. Forced expression of Runx2 suppresses growth in all cell lines indicating that accumulation of Runx2 in excess of its pre-established levels in a given cell type triggers one or more anti-proliferative pathways in osteosarcoma cells. Thus, regulatory mechanisms controlling Runx2 expression in osteosarcoma cells must balance Runx2 protein levels to promote its putative oncogenic functions, while avoiding suppression of bone tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M J Lucero
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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131
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Kammerer M, Gutzwiller S, Stauffer D, Delhon I, Seltenmeyer Y, Fournier B. Estrogen Receptor α (ERα) and Estrogen Related Receptor α (ERRα) are both transcriptional regulators of the Runx2-I isoform. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 369:150-60. [PMID: 23403054 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Runx2 is a master regulator of bone development and has also been described as an oncogene. Estrogen Receptor α (ERα) and Estrogen Related Receptor α (ERRα), both implicated in bone metabolism and breast cancer, have been shown to share common transcriptional targets. Here, we show that ERα is a positive regulator of Runx2-I transcription. Moreover, ERRα can act as a transcriptional activator of Runx2-I in presence of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α). In contrast, ERRα behaves as a negative regulator of Runx2-I transcription in presence of PGC-1β. ERα and ERRα cross-talk via a common estrogen receptor response element on the Runx2-I promoter. In addition, estrogen regulates PGC-1β that in turn is able to modulate both ERα and ERRα transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martial Kammerer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Musculoskeletal Disease Unit, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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132
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Ferrari N, McDonald L, Morris JS, Cameron ER, Blyth K. RUNX2 in mammary gland development and breast cancer. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1137-42. [PMID: 23169547 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Runx2 is best known as an essential factor in osteoblast differentiation and bone development but, like many other transcription factors involved in development, is known to operate over a much wider tissue range. Our understanding of these other aspects of Runx2 function is still at a relatively early stage and the importance of its role in cell fate decisions and lineage maintenance in non-osseous tissues is only beginning to emerge. One such tissue is the mammary gland, where Runx2 is known to be expressed and participate in the regulation of mammary specific genes. Furthermore, differential and temporal expression of this gene is observed during mammary epithelial differentiation in vivo, strongly indicative of an important functional role. Although the precise nature of that role remains elusive, preliminary evidence hints at possible involvement in the regulation of mammary stem and/or progenitor cells. As with many genes important in regulating cell fate, RUNX2 has also been linked to metastatic cancer where in some established breast cell lines, retention of expression is associated with a more invasive phenotype. More recently, expression analysis has been extended to primary breast cancers where high levels of RUNX2 align with a specific subtype of the disease. That RUNX2 expression correlates with the so called "Triple Negative" subtype is particularly interesting given the known cross talk between Runx2 and estrogen receptor signaling pathways. This review summaries our current understanding of Runx2 in mammary gland development and cancer, and postulates a role that may link both these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ferrari
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
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González Alva P, Gómez Plata E, Arzate H. Localización de las proteínas específicas del cemento radicular CEMP1 y CAP en células neoplásicas. JOURNAL OF ORAL RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.17126/joralres.2013.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Parathyroid hormone-related protein protects renal tubuloepithelial cells from apoptosis by activating transcription factor Runx2. Kidney Int 2013; 83:825-34. [PMID: 23364519 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Runx2 is a key transcription factor in bone development regulating several processes, including osteoblast apoptosis. The antiapoptotic effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in osteoblasts depend on Runx2-mediated transcription of prosurvival genes. In the kidney, PTH-related protein (PTHrP) promotes tubulointerstitial cell survival by activating the PTH/PTHrP type 1 receptor. We found that Runx2 is expressed in renal tubuloepithelial MCT and HK2 cell lines in vitro and in the mouse kidney tubuloepithelium in vivo. The 1-36 amino-acid fragment of PTHrP was found to increase the expression and nuclear translocation of Runx2 in both cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner. PTHrP(1-36) protected renal tubuloepithelial cells from folic acid toxicity and serum deprivation, an effect inhibited by a dominant-negative Runx2 construct or a Runx2 siRNA. Furthermore, PTHrP(1-36) upregulated the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and osteopontin, and these effects were abolished by Runx2 siRNA. Runx2, osteopontin, and Bcl-2 were increased in tubuloepithelial cells from transgenic mice with PTHrP overexpression and in wild-type mice with acute or chronic renal failure. Thus, PTHrP regulates renal tubuloepithelial cell survival via Runx2 in the mammalian kidney.
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Sévère N, Dieudonné FX, Marie PJ. E3 ubiquitin ligase-mediated regulation of bone formation and tumorigenesis. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e463. [PMID: 23328670 PMCID: PMC3564004 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitination–proteasome and degradation system is an essential process that regulates protein homeostasis. This system is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and survival, and dysregulations in this system lead to pathologies including cancers. The ubiquitination system is an enzymatic cascade that mediates the marking of target proteins by an ubiquitin label and thereby directs their degradation through the proteasome pathway. The ubiquitination of proteins occurs through a three-step process involving ubiquitin activation by the E1 enzyme, allowing for the transfer to a ubiquitin-conjugated enzyme E2 and to the targeted protein via ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3), the most abundant group of enzymes involved in ubiquitination. Significant advances have been made in our understanding of the role of E3 ubiquitin ligases in the control of bone turnover and tumorigenesis. These ligases are implicated in the regulation of bone cells through the degradation of receptor tyrosine kinases, signaling molecules and transcription factors. Initial studies showed that the E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl, a multi-domain scaffold protein, regulates bone resorption by interacting with several molecules in osteoclasts. Further studies showed that c-Cbl controls the ubiquitination of signaling molecules in osteoblasts and in turn regulates osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and survival. Recent data indicate that c-Cbl expression is decreased in primary bone tumors, resulting in excessive receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Consistently, c-Cbl ectopic expression reduces bone tumorigenesis by promoting tyrosine kinase receptor degradation. Here, we review the mechanisms of action of E3 ubiquitin ligases in the regulation of normal and pathologic bone formation, and we discuss how targeting the interactions of c-Cbl with some substrates may be a potential therapeutic strategy to promote osteogenesis and to reduce tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sévère
- Laboratory of Osteoblast Biology and Pathology, INSERM U606, Paris, France
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The IGR-CaP1 xenograft model recapitulates mixed osteolytic/blastic bone lesions observed in metastatic prostate cancer. Neoplasia 2012; 14:376-87. [PMID: 22745584 DOI: 10.1593/neo.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastases have a devastating impact on quality of life and bone pain in patients with prostate cancer and decrease survival. Animal models are important tools in investigating the pathogenesis of the disease and in developing treatment strategies for bone metastases, but few animal models recapitulate spontaneous clinical bone metastatic spread. In the present study, IGR-CaP1, a new cell line derived from primary prostate cancer, was stably transduced with a luciferase-expressing viral vector to monitor tumor growth in mice using bioluminescence imaging. The IGR-CaP1 tumors grew when subcutaneously injected or when orthotopically implanted, reconstituted the prostate adenocarcinoma with glandular acini-like structures, and could disseminate to the liver and lung. Bone lesions were detected using bioluminescence imaging after direct intratibial or intracardiac injections. Anatomic bone structure assessed using high-resolution computed tomographic scans showed both lytic and osteoblastic lesions. Technetium Tc 99m methylene diphosphonate micro single-photon emission computed tomography confirmed the mixed nature of the lesions and the intensive bone remodeling. We also identified an expression signature for responsiveness of IGR-CaP1 cells to the bone microenvironment, namely expression of CXCR4, MMP-9, Runx2, osteopontin, osteoprotegerin, ADAMTS14, FGFBP2, and HBB. The IGR-CaP1 cell line is a unique model derived from a primary tumor, which can reconstitute human prostate adenocarcinoma in animals and generate experimental bone metastases, providing a novel means for understanding the mechanisms of bone metastasis progression and allowing preclinical testing of new therapies.
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mRNA expression in papillary and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: molecular anatomy of a killing switch. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37807. [PMID: 23115614 PMCID: PMC3480355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is the most lethal form of thyroid neoplasia and represents the end stage of thyroid tumor progression. No effective treatment exists so far. ATC frequently derive from papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC), which have a good prognosis. In this study, we analyzed the mRNA expression profiles of 59 thyroid tumors (11 ATC and 48 PTC) by microarrays. ATC and PTC showed largely overlapping mRNA expression profiles with most genes regulated in all ATC being also regulated in several PTC. 43% of the probes regulated in all the PTC are similarly regulated in all ATC. Many genes modulations observed in PTC are amplified in ATC. This illustrates the fact that ATC mostly derived from PTC. A molecular signature of aggressiveness composed of 9 genes clearly separates the two tumors. Moreover, this study demonstrates gene regulations corresponding to the ATC or PTC phenotypes like inflammatory reaction, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion, high proliferation rate, dedifferentiation, calcification and fibrosis processes, high glucose metabolism and glycolysis, lactate generation and chemoresistance. The main qualitative differences between the two tumor types bear on the much stronger EMT, dedifferentiation and glycolytic phenotypes showed by the ATC.
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Zhao F, Chen X, Meng T, Hao B, Zhang Z, Zhang G. Genetic polymorphisms in the osteopontin promoter increases the risk of distance metastasis and death in Chinese patients with gastric cancer. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:477. [PMID: 23072570 PMCID: PMC3517443 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that osteopontin (OPN) is associated with many types of cancers. However, no studies have reported the incidence of OPN polymorphisms and the risk of gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between OPN polymorphisms and gastric cancer in a Chinese patient population. METHODS Three genetic variants in the OPN promoter were genotyped using direct sequencing in 200 gastric cancer patients and 200 gender- and age-matched cancer-free controls. The 4-year survival curve was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test for each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site. We measured the promoter activity of the -443 T → C polymorphism using a dual luciferase reporter assay. RESULT For the variant at nt -443 (CC), there was a significant difference between the number of patients with stage IV and those with stage I gastric cancer (IA + IB; P = 0.014) and between those with stage IV and all other stages of gastric cancer (IA + IB + II + III; P = 0.02). For the variant at nt -443 (CT), there was a significant difference between the number of gastric cancer patients with stage IV and those with stage II (P = 0.013). The survival rates for patients with the C/C genotype were significantly lower than for patients with the other two genotypes (C/T, T/T). Moreover, significantly higher luciferase activities were observed in the pGL3-C construct compared to the pGL3-T construct. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence that variation at nt -443 in the OPN promoter increases the potential for gastric cancer metastasis and subsequent death in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujun Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangyan People’s Hosptial, Jiangyan City, 225500, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Tingting Meng
- Jiangyan People’s Hosptial, Jiangyan City, 225500, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bo Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
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Bicalutamide-induced hypoxia potentiates RUNX2-mediated Bcl-2 expression resulting in apoptosis resistance. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:1714-21. [PMID: 23073173 PMCID: PMC3493869 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that hypoxia selects for more invasive, apoptosis-resistant LNCaP prostate cancer cells, with upregulation of the osteogenic transcription factor RUNX2 and the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 detected in the hypoxia-selected cells. Following this observation, we questioned through what biological mechanism this occurs. METHODS We examined the effect of hypoxia on RUNX2 expression and the role of RUNX2 in the regulation of Bcl-2 and apoptosis resistance in prostate cancer. RESULTS Hypoxia increased RUNX2 expression in vitro, and bicalutamide-treated LNCaP tumours in mice (previously shown to have increased tumour hypoxia) exhibited increased RUNX2 expression. In addition, RUNX2-overexpressing LNCaP cells showed increased cell viability, following bicalutamide and docetaxel treatment, which was inhibited by RUNX2 siRNA; a range of assays demonstrated that this was due to resistance to apoptosis. RUNX2 expression was associated with increased Bcl-2 levels, and regulation of Bcl-2 by RUNX2 was confirmed through chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) binding and reporter assays. Moreover, a Q-PCR array identified other apoptosis-associated genes upregulated in the RUNX2-overexpressing LNCaP cells. CONCLUSION This study establishes a contributing mechanism for progression of prostate cancer cells to a more apoptosis-resistant and thus malignant phenotype, whereby increased expression of RUNX2 modulates the expression of apoptosis-associated factors, specifically Bcl-2.
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Park ES, Park J, Franceschi RT, Jo M. The role for runt related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) as a transcriptional repressor in luteinizing granulosa cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 362:165-75. [PMID: 22713854 PMCID: PMC3864655 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors induced by the LH surge play a vital role in reprogramming the gene expression in periovulatory follicles. The present study investigated the role of RUNX2 transcription factor in regulating the expression of Runx1, Ptgs2, and Tnfaip6 using cultured granulosa cells isolated from PMSG-primed immature rats. hCG or forskolin+PMA induced the transient increase in Runx1, Ptgs2, and Tnfaip6 expression, while the expression of Runx2 continued to increase until 48 h. The knockdown of the agonist-stimulated Runx2 expression increased Runx1, Ptgs2, and Tnfaip6 expression and PGE(2) levels in luteinizing granulosa cells. Conversely, the over-expression of RUNX2 inhibited the expression of these genes and PGE(2) levels. The mutation of RUNX binding motifs in the Runx1 promoter enhanced transcriptional activity of the Runx1 promoter. The knockdown and overexpression of Runx2 increased and decreased Runx1 promoter activity, respectively. ChIP assays revealed the binding of RUNX2 in the Runx1 and Ptgs2 promoters. Together, these novel findings provide support for the role of RUNX2 in down-regulation of Runx1, Ptgs2, and Tnfaip6 during the late ovulatory period to support proper ovulation and/or luteinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sil Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA
| | - Jiyeon Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA
| | - Renny T. Franceschi
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011N University Ave. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, 1011N University Ave. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
| | - Misung Jo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA
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Sancisi V, Borettini G, Maramotti S, Ragazzi M, Tamagnini I, Nicoli D, Piana S, Ciarrocchi A. Runx2 isoform I controls a panel of proinvasive genes driving aggressiveness of papillary thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:E2006-15. [PMID: 22821892 PMCID: PMC3462932 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The ability of tumor cells to invade adjacent tissues is governed by a complicated network of molecular signals, most of which have not yet been identified. In a recent work, we reported that the transcriptional regulator Id1 contributes to thyroid cancer progression by powering the invasion capacity of tumor cells. OBJECTIVE The intent of this work was to further investigate the biology of invasive thyroid tumors, through the analysis of the molecular interactions existing between Id1 and some of its target genes and through the characterization of the function of these factors in the progression of thyroid tumors. RESULTS We showed that Id1 controls the expression of the Runx2 isoform I and that this transcription factor plays a central role in mediating the Id1 proinvasive function in thyroid tumor cells. We demonstrated that Runx2 regulates proliferation, migration, and invasiveness by activating a panel of genes involved in matrix degradation and cellular invasion, which we previously identified as Id1 target genes in thyroid tumor cells. Finally, we show that Runx2 is strongly expressed in metastatic human thyroid tumors both at the primary site and in metastases. CONCLUSION Overall, our experiments demonstrate the existence of a previously unknown molecular axis that controls thyroid tumor invasiveness by altering the ability of tumor cells to interact with the surrounding microenvironment. These factors could prove to be valuable markers that permit early diagnosis of aggressive thyroid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sancisi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, viale Risorgimento 80, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Kim HL, Seo YR. Molecular and genomic approach for understanding the gene-environment interaction between Nrf2 deficiency and carcinogenic nickel-induced DNA damage. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1959-67. [PMID: 23023193 PMCID: PMC3583472 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Nickel (II) is a toxic and carcinogenic metal which induces a redox imbalance following oxidative stress. Nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a redox factor that regulates oxidation/reduction status and consequently mediates cytoprotective responses against exposure to environmental toxicants. In this study, we investigated the protective roles of the Nrf2 gene against oxidative stress and DNA damage induced by nickel at sub-lethal doses. Under nickel exposure conditions, we detected significantly increased intracellular ROS generation, in addition to higher amounts of DNA damage using comet assay and γ-H2AX immunofluorescence staining in Nrf2 lacking cells, as compared to Nrf2 wild-type cells. In addition, we attempted to identify potential nickel and Nrf2-responsive targets and the relevant pathway. The genomic expression data were analyzed using microarray for the selection of synergistic effect-related genes by Nrf2 knockdown under nickel treatment. In particular, altered expressions of 6 upregulated genes (CAV1, FOSL2, MICA, PIM2, RUNX1 and SLC7A6) and 4 downregulated genes (APLP1, CLSPN, PCAF and PRAME) were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Additionally, using bioinformatics tool, we found that these genes functioned principally in a variety of molecular processes, including oxidative stress response, necrosis, DNA repair and cell survival. Thus, we describe the potential biomarkers regarded as molecular candidates for Nrf2-related cellular protection against nickel exposure. In conclusion, these findings indicate that Nrf2 is an important factor with a protective role in the suppression of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity by environmental nickel exposure in terms of gene-environment interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Lim Kim
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
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Gupta A, Cao W, Chellaiah MA. Integrin αvβ3 and CD44 pathways in metastatic prostate cancer cells support osteoclastogenesis via a Runx2/Smad 5/receptor activator of NF-κB ligand signaling axis. Mol Cancer 2012; 11:66. [PMID: 22966907 PMCID: PMC3499378 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-11-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone loss and pathological fractures are common skeletal complications associated with androgen deprivation therapy and bone metastases in prostate cancer patients. We have previously demonstrated that prostate cancer cells secrete receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL), a protein essential for osteoclast differentiation and activation. However, the mechanism(s) by which RANKL is produced remains to be determined. The objective of this study is to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms controlling RANKL expression in metastatic prostate cancer cells. RESULTS We show here that phosphorylation of Smad 5 by integrin αvβ3 and RUNX2 by CD44 signaling, respectively, regulates RANKL expression in human-derived PC3 prostate cancer cells isolated from bone metastasis. We found that RUNX2 intranuclear targeting is mediated by phosphorylation of Smad 5. Indeed, Smad5 knock-down via RNA interference and inhibition of Smad 5 phosphorylation by an αv inhibitor reduced RUNX2 nuclear localization and RANKL expression. Similarly, knockdown of CD44 or RUNX2 attenuated the expression of RANKL. As a result, conditioned media from these cells failed to support osteoclast differentiation in vitro. Immunohistochemistry analysis of tissue microarray sections containing primary prostatic tumor (grade2-4) detected predominant localization of RUNX2 and phosphorylated Smad 5 in the nuclei. Immunoblotting analyses of nuclear lysates from prostate tumor tissue corroborate these observations. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, we show that CD44 signaling regulates phosphorylation of RUNX2. Localization of RUNX2 in the nucleus requires phosphorylation of Smad-5 by integrin αvβ3 signaling. Our results suggest possible integration of two different pathways in the expression of RANKL. These observations imply a novel mechanistic insight into the role of these proteins in bone loss associated with bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Gupta
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People’s hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Meenakshi A Chellaiah
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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Transcriptional repression of RUNX2 is associated with aggressive clinicopathological outcomes, whereas nuclear location of the protein is related to metastasis in prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2012; 15:369-73. [PMID: 22890388 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2012.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) is a transcription factor that is closely related to bone formation, and prostate cancer (CaP) is the most common cancer to metastasize to bone. The present study investigated the expression levels of RUNX2 in human prostate tissue, and the correlation between RUNX2 levels and the clinicopathological characteristics of CaP. METHODS A case-control study was conducted including 114 cases of newly diagnosed CaP and 114 age-matched BPH patients as controls. RUNX2 expression was estimated using real-time PCR and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS The mRNA expression of RUNX2 did not differ between CaP tissues and non-cancer BPH controls (P=0.825). However, RUNX2 expression was significantly decreased in patients with elevated PSA levels (≥20 ng ml(-1)), a Gleason score ≥8 and metastatic disease compared to those with low PSA, low Gleason score and non-metastatic disease (P=0.023, 0.005 and 0.014, respectively). Immunohistochemical analysis showed that 65.2% of the patients with positive RUNX2 nuclear staining had metastatic disease, which was present in only 25.9% of those with negative staining (P=0.010). CONCLUSIONS RUNX2 mRNA expression was negatively correlated with CaP aggressiveness. Moreover, the nuclear location of RUNX2 may be a prognostic marker of metastasis in CaP.
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Niu DF, Kondo T, Nakazawa T, Oishi N, Kawasaki T, Mochizuki K, Yamane T, Katoh R. Transcription factor Runx2 is a regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion in thyroid carcinomas. J Transl Med 2012; 92:1181-90. [PMID: 22641097 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Runx2/Cbfa1 is a member of the Runt-related transcription factor family and is an essential regulator of osteoblast/chondrocyte differentiation. Recently, aberrant expression of Runx2 and its oncogenic functions have been identified in the progression and metastasis of human cancers. In this study, we investigated the expression profile of Runx family genes in normal thyroid tissue, non-neoplastic but abnormal thyroid tissue, various types of thyroid tumors and representative human thyroid carcinoma cell lines. Using reverse transcriptase-PCR and western blotting, we found that Runx2 was consistently upregulated in papillary carcinomas (PCs) and thyroid carcinoma cell lines compared with normal thyroid tissue. With immunohistochemistry, we observed negative or focal immunoreactivity of Runx2 in the nuclei of normal thyroid follicular cells. None of the non-neoplastic thyroid tissues, including Graves' thyroid and adenomatous goiter, had diffuse positivity of Runx2. Expression of Runx2 in benign follicular adenomas varied from negative to diffusely positive. Meanwhile, all malignant thyroid tumors showed some Runx2 immunopositivity. It was diffuse and intense in 83% (19/23) of PCs, 71% (5/7) of follicular carcinomas (FCs) and 40% (4/10) of undifferentiated carcinomas (UCs). In thyroid carcinoma cell lines, the MEK inhibitor U0126 suppressed Runx2, suggesting an association of the MAPK/ERK pathway with Runx2 regulation. Effective silencing of Runx2 by short interfering RNA (siRNA) demonstrated downregulation of EMT-related molecules (SNAI2, SNAI3 and TWIST1), MMP2 and vasculogenic factors (VEGFA and VEGFC) in thyroid carcinoma cells. We also confirmed that Runx2 silencing suppresses thyroid carcinoma cell invasion in transwell assays. In conclusion, this study provides insight into the potential molecular mechanism of thyroid cancer invasion. Our data suggest that enhanced Runx2 is functionally linked to tumor invasion and metastasis of thyroid carcinoma by regulating EMT-related molecules, matrix metalloproteinases and angiogenic/lymphangiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Feng Niu
- Department of Pathology, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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Tandon M, Gokul K, Ali SA, Chen Z, Lian J, Stein GS, Pratap J. Runx2 mediates epigenetic silencing of the bone morphogenetic protein-3B (BMP-3B/GDF10) in lung cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2012; 11:27. [PMID: 22537242 PMCID: PMC3377538 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-11-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Runt-related transcription factor Runx2 is essential for bone development but is also implicated in progression of several cancers of breast, prostate and bone, where it activates cancer-related genes and promotes invasive properties. The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family member bone morphogenetic protein-3B (BMP-3B/GDF10) is regarded as a tumor growth inhibitor and a gene silenced in lung cancers; however the regulatory mechanisms leading to its silencing have not been identified. Results Here we show that Runx2 is highly expressed in lung cancer cells and downregulates BMP-3B. This inverse relationship between Runx2 and BMP-3B expression is further supported by increased expression of BMP-3B in mesenchymal cells from Runx2 deficient mice. The ectopic expression of Runx2, but not DNA binding mutant Runx2, in normal lung fibroblast cells and lung cancer cells resulted in suppression of BMP-3B levels. The chromatin immunoprecipitation studies identified that the mechanism of Runx2-mediated suppression of BMP-3B is due to the recruitment of Runx2 and histone H3K9-specific methyltransferase Suv39h1 to BMP-3B proximal promoter and a concomitant increase in histone methylation (H3K9) status. The knockdown of Runx2 in H1299 cells resulted in decreased histone H3K9 methylation on BMP-3B promoter and increased BMP-3B expression levels. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation studies showed a direct interaction of Runx2 and Suv39h1 proteins. Phenotypically, Runx2 overexpression in H1299 cells increased wound healing response to TGFβ treatment. Conclusions Our studies identified BMP-3B as a new Runx2 target gene and revealed a novel function of Runx2 in silencing of BMP-3B in lung cancers. Our results suggest that Runx2 is a potential therapeutic target to block tumor suppressor gene silencing in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Tandon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Armour Academic Center, 600 S, Paulina St, Suite 507, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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148
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Pierce AD, Anglin IE, Vitolo MI, Mochin MT, Underwood KF, Goldblum SE, Kommineni S, Passaniti A. Glucose-activated RUNX2 phosphorylation promotes endothelial cell proliferation and an angiogenic phenotype. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:282-92. [PMID: 21913213 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The runt-related protein-2 (RUNX2) is a DNA-binding transcription factor that regulates bone formation, tumor cell metastasis, endothelial cell (EC) proliferation, and angiogenesis. RUNX2 DNA binding is glucose and cell cycle regulated. We propose that glucose may activate RUNX2 through changes in post-translational phosphorylation that are cell cycle-specific and will regulate EC function. Glucose increased cell cycle progression in EC through both G2/M and G1 phases with entry into S-phase occurring only in subconfluent cells. In the absence of nutrients and growth factors (starvation), subconfluent EC were delayed in G1 when RUNX2 expression was reduced. RUNX2 phosphorylation, activation of DNA binding, and pRb phosphorylation were stimulated by glucose and were necessary to promote cell cycle progression. Glucose increased RUNX2 localization at focal subnuclear sites, which co-incided with RUNX2 occupancy of the cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor p21(Cip1) promoter, a gene normally repressed by RUNX2. Mutation of the RUNX2 cdk phosphorylation site in the C-terminal domain (S451A.RUNX2) reduced RUNX2 phosphorylation and DNA binding. Expression of this cdk site mutant in EC inhibited glucose-stimulated differentiation (in vitro tube formation), monolayer wound healing, and proliferation. These results define a novel relationship between glucose-activated RUNX2 phosphorylation, cell cycle progression, and EC differentiation. These data suggest that inhibition of RUNX2 expression or DNA binding may be a useful strategy to inhibit EC proliferation in tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Pierce
- The Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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149
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Li Y, Ge C, Long JP, Begun DL, Rodriguez JA, Goldstein SA, Franceschi RT. Biomechanical stimulation of osteoblast gene expression requires phosphorylation of the RUNX2 transcription factor. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:1263-74. [PMID: 22337141 PMCID: PMC3532028 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone can adapt its structure in response to mechanical stimuli. At the cellular level, this involves changes in chromatin organization, gene expression, and differentiation, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we report on the involvement of RUNX2, a bone-related transcription factor, in this process. Fluid flow shear stress loading of preosteoblasts stimulated translocation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) to the nucleus where it phosphorylated RUNX2 on the chromatin of target genes, and increased histone acetylation and gene expression. MAPK signaling and two RUNX2 phosphoacceptor sites, S301 and S319, were critical for this response. Similarly, in vivo loading of mouse ulnae dramatically increased ERK and RUNX2 phosphorylation as well as expression of osteoblast-related genes. These findings establish ERK/MAPK-mediated phosphorylation of RUNX2 as a critical step in the response of preosteoblasts to dynamic loading and define a novel mechanism to explain how mechanical signals induce gene expression in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chunxi Ge
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason P Long
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dana L Begun
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jose A Rodriguez
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Steven A Goldstein
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Renny T Franceschi
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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150
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Thompson L, Wang S, Tawfik O, Templeton K, Tancabelic J, Pinson D, Anderson HC, Keighley J, Garimella R. Effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1 α,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on differentiation and apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cell lines. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:831-44. [PMID: 22042758 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant bone tumor predominantly affecting children and adolescents. OS has a 60% survival rate with current treatments; hence, there is a need to identify novel adjuncts to chemotherapeutic regimens. In this pilot study, we investigated the dose-response to 1α,25-dihdroxyvitamin D(3) (1,α 25(OH)(2) D(3)) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (25(OH)D(3)) by human OS cell lines, SaOS-2, and 143B. We hypothesized that 1,α 25(OH)(2) D(3) and 25(OH)D(3) would stimulate differentiation and induce apoptosis in OS cells in a dose-dependent manner. Human OS cell lines, SaOS-2, and 143B, were treated with 1,α 25(OH)(2)D(3) or 25(OH)D(3) or an ethanol control, respectively, at concentrations ranging from 1 to 1,000 nM. Ki67 (a marker of cellular proliferation) immunocytochemistry revealed no significant changes in the expression of Ki-67 or MIB-1 in 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) or 25(OH)D(3) treated SaOS-2 or 143B cells. Both control and 1α,25(OH)(2) D(3) treated SaOS-2 and 143B cells expressed vitamin D receptor (VDR). Markers of osteoblastic differentiation in 143B cells and SaOS-2 cells were induced by both 25(OH)D(3) and 1α,25(OH)(2) D, and evident by increases in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteocalcin (OCN) mRNA expression, and mineralization of extra-cellular matrix (ECM) by alizarin red staining. An increasing trend in apoptosis in response to 25(OH)D(3), in both SaOS-2 and 143B cells was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. With 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) treatment, apoptosis was evident at higher concentrations only. These preliminary findings suggest that OS cells express VDR and respond to 25(OH)D(3) and 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) by undergoing differentiation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Thompson
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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