101
|
Guo J, Pang Q, Wang L, Yu P, Li N, Yan X. Proteomic identification of MYC2-dependent jasmonate-regulated proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proteome Sci 2012; 10:57. [PMID: 23009548 PMCID: PMC3598991 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MYC2, a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain-containing transcription factor, participates in the jasmonate (JA) signaling pathway and is involved in the modulation of diverse JA functions. However, a comprehensive list of MYC2-dependent JA-responsive proteins has yet to be defined. RESULTS In this paper, we report the comparative proteomics of wild-type (WT) plants and jin1-9, a MYC2 mutant plant, in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. Proteins from mock/MeJA-treated jin1-9 and WT samples were extracted and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Twenty-seven JA-mediated proteins demonstrated differential expression modulated by MYC2. We observed that MYC2 negatively regulates the accumulation of JA-dependent indolic glucosinolate-related proteins and exhibits opposite effects on the biosynthetic enzymes involved aliphatic glucosinolate pathways. In addition, proteins involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and a majority of the MeJA-inducible proteins that are involved in multiple protective systems against oxidative stress were reduced in jin1-9/myc2 sample compared to the WT sample. These results support a positive role for MYC2 in regulating JA-mediated carbohydrate metabolism and oxidative stress tolerance. CONCLUSIONS We have identified MYC2-dependent jasmonate-regulated proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana by performing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS analysis. The observed pattern of protein expression suggests that MYC2 has opposite effects on the biosynthetic enzymes of indolic and aliphatic glucosinolate pathways and positively regulates JA-mediated carbohydrate metabolism and oxidative stress tolerance-related proteins. Furthermore, it is very interesting to note that MYC2 plays opposite roles in the modulation of a subset of JA-regulated photosynthetic proteins during short-term and long-term JA signaling. This study will enhance our understanding of the function of MYC2 in JA signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.,Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Qiuying Pang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.,Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Ping Yu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Nan Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Xiufeng Yan
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Raya-González J, Pelagio-Flores R, López-Bucio J. The jasmonate receptor COI1 plays a role in jasmonate-induced lateral root formation and lateral root positioning in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1348-58. [PMID: 22658222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) regulates a broad range of plant defense and developmental responses. COI1 has been recently found to act as JA receptor. In this report, we show that low micromolar concentrations of JA inhibited primary root (PR) growth and promoted lateral root (LR) formation in Arabidopsis wild-type (WT) seedlings. It was observed that the coi1-1 mutant was less sensitive to JA on pericycle cell activation to induce lateral root primordia (LRP) formation and presented alterations in lateral root positioning and lateral root emergence on bends. To investigate JA-auxin interactions important for remodeling of root system (RS) architecture, we tested the expression of auxin-inducible markers DR5:uidA and BA3:uidA in WT and coi1-1 seedlings in response to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and JA and analyzed the RS architecture of a suite of auxin-related mutants under JA treatments. We found that JA did not affect DR5:uidA and BA3:uidA expression in WT and coi1-1 seedlings. Our data also showed that PR growth inhibition in response to JA was likely independent of auxin signaling and that the induction of LRP required ARF7, ARF19, SLR, TIR1, AFB2, AFB3 and AXR1 loci. We conclude that JA regulation of postembryonic root development involves both auxin-dependent and independent mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Raya-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio A-1', CP 58030 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
103
|
Çevik V, Kidd BN, Zhang P, Hill C, Kiddle S, Denby KJ, Holub EB, Cahill DM, Manners JM, Schenk PM, Beynon J, Kazan K. MEDIATOR25 acts as an integrative hub for the regulation of jasmonate-responsive gene expression in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:541-55. [PMID: 22822211 PMCID: PMC3440227 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.202697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The PHYTOCHROME AND FLOWERING TIME1 gene encoding the MEDIATOR25 (MED25) subunit of the eukaryotic Mediator complex is a positive regulator of jasmonate (JA)-responsive gene expression in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Based on the function of the Mediator complex as a bridge between DNA-bound transcriptional activators and the RNA polymerase II complex, MED25 has been hypothesized to function in association with transcriptional regulators of the JA pathway. However, it is currently not known mechanistically how MED25 functions to regulate JA-responsive gene expression. In this study, we show that MED25 physically interacts with several key transcriptional regulators of the JA signaling pathway, including the APETALA2 (AP2)/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) transcription factors OCTADECANOID-RESPONSIVE ARABIDOPSIS AP2/ERF59 and ERF1 as well as the master regulator MYC2. Physical interaction detected between MED25 and four group IX AP2/ERF transcription factors was shown to require the activator interaction domain of MED25 as well as the recently discovered Conserved Motif IX-1/EDLL transcription activation motif of MED25-interacting AP2/ERFs. Using transcriptional activation experiments, we also show that OCTADECANOID-RESPONSIVE ARABIDOPSIS AP2/ERF59- and ERF1-dependent activation of PLANT DEFENSIN1.2 as well as MYC2-dependent activation of VEGETATIVE STORAGE PROTEIN1 requires a functional MED25. In addition, MED25 is required for MYC2-dependent repression of pathogen defense genes. These results suggest an important role for MED25 as an integrative hub within the Mediator complex during the regulation of JA-associated gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Çevik
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
104
|
Kim JT, Camargo A, Devoto A, Moulton V, Turner J. Computational modeling of the regulatory network organizing the wound response in Arabidopsis thaliana. ARTIFICIAL LIFE 2012; 18:445-460. [PMID: 22938558 DOI: 10.1162/artl_a_00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants are frequently wounded by mechanical impact or by insects, and their ability to adequately respond to wounding is essential for their survival and reproductive success. The wound response is mediated by a signal transduction and regulatory network. Molecular studies in Arabidopsis have identified the COI1 gene as a central component of this network. Current models of these networks qualitatively describe the wound response, but they are not directly assessed using quantitative gene expression data. We built a model comprising the key components of the Arabidopsis wound response using the transsys framework. For comparison, we constructed a null model that is devoid of any regulatory interactions, and various alternative models by rewiring the wound response model. All models were parametrized by computational optimization to generate synthetic gene expression profiles that approximate the empirical data set. We scored the fit of the synthetic to the empirical data with various distance measures, and used the median distance after optimization to directly and quantitatively assess the wound response model and its alternatives. Discrimination of candidate models depends substantially on the measure of gene expression profile distance. Using the null model to assess quality of the distance measures for discrimination, we identify correlation of log-ratio profiles as the most suitable distance. Our wound response model fits the empirical data significantly better than the alternative models. Gradual perturbation of the wound response model results in a corresponding gradual decline in fit. The optimization approach provides insights into biologically relevant features, such as robustness. It is a step toward enabling integrative studies of multiple cross-talking pathways, and thus may help to develop our understanding how the genome informs the mapping of environmental signals to phenotypic traits.
Collapse
|
105
|
Oh Y, Baldwin IT, Gális I. NaJAZh regulates a subset of defense responses against herbivores and spontaneous leaf necrosis in Nicotiana attenuata plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:769-88. [PMID: 22496510 PMCID: PMC3375940 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.193771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins function as negative regulators of jasmonic acid signaling in plants. We cloned 12 JAZ genes from native tobacco (Nicotiana attenuata), including nine novel JAZs in tobacco, and examined their expression in plants that had leaves elicited by wounding or simulated herbivory. Most JAZ genes showed strong expression in the elicited leaves, but NaJAZg was mainly expressed in roots. Another novel herbivory-elicited gene, NaJAZh, was analyzed in detail. RNA interference suppression of this gene in inverted-repeat (ir)JAZh plants deregulated a specific branch of jasmonic acid-dependent direct and indirect defenses: irJAZh plants showed greater trypsin protease inhibitor activity, 17-hydroxygeranyllinalool diterpene glycosides accumulation, and emission of volatile organic compounds from leaves. Silencing of NaJAZh also revealed a novel cross talk in JAZ-regulated secondary metabolism, as irJAZh plants had significantly reduced nicotine levels. In addition, irJAZh spontaneously developed leaf necrosis during the transition to flowering. Because the lesions closely correlated with the elevated expression of programmed cell death genes and the accumulations of salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the leaves, we propose a novel role of the NaJAZh protein as a repressor of necrosis and/or programmed cell death during plant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngjoo Oh
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena D–07745, Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena D–07745, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
106
|
Schulz P, Neukermans J, Van Der Kelen K, Mühlenbock P, Van Breusegem F, Noctor G, Teige M, Metzlaff M, Hannah MA. Chemical PARP inhibition enhances growth of Arabidopsis and reduces anthocyanin accumulation and the activation of stress protective mechanisms. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37287. [PMID: 22662141 PMCID: PMC3360695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) post-translationally modifies proteins through the addition of ADP-ribose polymers, yet its role in modulating plant development and stress responses is only poorly understood. The experiments presented here address some of the gaps in our understanding of its role in stress tolerance and thereby provide new insights into tolerance mechanisms and growth. Using a combination of chemical and genetic approaches, this study characterized phenotypes associated with PARP inhibition at the physiological level. Molecular analyses including gene expression analysis, measurement of primary metabolites and redox metabolites were used to understand the underlying processes. The analysis revealed that PARP inhibition represses anthocyanin and ascorbate accumulation under stress conditions. The reduction in defense is correlated with enhanced biomass production. Even in unstressed conditions protective genes and molecules are repressed by PARP inhibition. The reduced anthocyanin production was shown to be based on the repression of transcription of key regulatory and biosynthesis genes. PARP is a key factor for understanding growth and stress responses of plants. PARP inhibition allows plants to reduce protection such as anthocyanin, ascorbate or Non-Photochemical-Quenching whilst maintaining high energy levels likely enabling the observed enhancement of biomass production under stress, opening interesting perspectives for increasing crop productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schulz
- Bayer CropScience NV, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, MFPL, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jenny Neukermans
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Université de Paris Sud XI, Orsay, France
| | - Katrien Van Der Kelen
- VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Per Mühlenbock
- VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Graham Noctor
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Université de Paris Sud XI, Orsay, France
| | - Markus Teige
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, MFPL, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
107
|
Ye M, Luo SM, Xie JF, Li YF, Xu T, Liu Y, Song YY, Zhu-Salzman K, Zeng RS. silencing COI1 in rice increases susceptibility to chewing insects and impairs inducible defense. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36214. [PMID: 22558386 PMCID: PMC3338713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The jasmonic acid (JA) pathway plays a key role in plant defense responses against herbivorous insects. CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 (COI1) is an F-box protein essential for all jasmonate responses. However, the precise defense function of COI1 in monocotyledonous plants, especially in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is largely unknown. We silenced OsCOI1 in rice plants via RNA interference (RNAi) to determine the role of OsCOI1 in rice defense against rice leaf folder (LF) Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, a chewing insect, and brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens, a phloem-feeding insect. In wild-type rice plants (WT), the transcripts of OsCOI1 were strongly and continuously up-regulated by LF infestation and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment, but not by BPH infestation. The abundance of trypsin protease inhibitor (TrypPI), and the enzymatic activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) were enhanced in response to both LF and BPH infestation, but the activity of lipoxygenase (LOX) was only induced by LF. The RNAi lines with repressed expression of OsCOI1 showed reduced resistance against LF, but no change against BPH. Silencing OsCOI1 did not alter LF-induced LOX activity and JA content, but it led to a reduction in the TrypPI content, POD and PPO activity by 62.3%, 48.5% and 27.2%, respectively. In addition, MeJA-induced TrypPI and POD activity were reduced by 57.2% and 48.2% in OsCOI1 RNAi plants. These results suggest that OsCOI1 is an indispensable signaling component, controlling JA-regulated defense against chewing insect (LF) in rice plants, and COI1 is also required for induction of TrypPI, POD and PPO in rice defense response to LF infestation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Agro-environment, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Ming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Agro-environment, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Fen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Agro-environment, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Fang Li
- Plant Protection Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences of China, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Agro-environment, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Agro-environment, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyan Zhu-Salzman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ren Sen Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Agro-environment, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Morán-Diez E, Rubio B, Domínguez S, Hermosa R, Monte E, Nicolás C. Transcriptomic response of Arabidopsis thaliana after 24 h incubation with the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:614-20. [PMID: 22317785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum is a fungus used as biocontrol agent using its antagonistic abilities against phytopathogenic fungi, although it has also direct effects on plants, increasing or accelerating their growth and resistance to diseases and the tolerance to abiotic stresses. We analyzed Arabidopsis thaliana gene expression changes after 24 h of incubation in the presence of T. harzianum T34 using the Affymetrix GeneChip Arabidopsis ATH1. Because this microarray contains more than 22,500 probe sets representing approximately 24,000 genes, we were able to construct a global picture of the molecular physiology of the plant at 24 h of T. harzianum-Arabidopsis interaction. We identified several differentially expressed genes that are involved in plant responses to stress, regulation of transcription, signal transduction or plant metabolism. Our data support the hypothesis that salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-related genes were down-regulated in A. thaliana after 24 h of incubation in the presence of T. harzianum T34, while several genes related to abiotic stress responses were up-regulated. These systemic changes elicited by T. harzianum in Arabidopsis are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Morán-Diez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Río Duero 12, Campus de Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
109
|
Arabidopsis touch-induced morphogenesis is jasmonate mediated and protects against pests. Curr Biol 2012; 22:701-6. [PMID: 22483939 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plants cannot change location to escape stressful environments. Therefore, plants evolved to respond and acclimate to diverse stimuli, including the seemingly innocuous touch stimulus [1-4]. Although some species, such as Venus flytrap, have fast touch responses, most plants display more gradual touch-induced morphological alterations, called thigmomorphogenesis [2, 3, 5, 6]. Thigmomorphogenesis may be adaptive; trees subjected to winds develop less elongated and thicker trunks and thus are less likely damaged by powerful wind gusts [7]. Despite the widespread relevance of thigmomorphogenesis, the regulation that underlies plant mechanostimulus-induced morphological responses remains largely unknown. Furthermore, whether thigmomorphogenesis confers additional advantage is not fully understood. Although aspects of thigmomorphogenesis resemble ethylene effects [8], and touch can induce ethylene synthesis [9, 10], Arabidopsis ethylene response mutants show touch-induced thigmomorphogenesis [11]; thus, ethylene response is nonessential for thigmomorphogenesis. Here we show that jasmonate (JA) phytohormone both is required for and promotes the salient characteristics of thigmomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis, including a touch-induced delay in flowering and rosette diameter reduction. Furthermore, we find that repetitive mechanostimulation enhances Arabidopsis pest resistance in a JA-dependent manner. These results highlight an important role for JA in mediating mechanostimulus-induced plant developmental responses and resultant cross-protection against biotic stress.
Collapse
|
110
|
Goetz S, Hellwege A, Stenzel I, Kutter C, Hauptmann V, Forner S, McCaig B, Hause G, Miersch O, Wasternack C, Hause B. Role of cis-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid in tomato embryo development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:1715-27. [PMID: 22337921 PMCID: PMC3320180 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.192658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins including jasmonates are signaling compounds in plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) most mutants affected in jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and signaling are male sterile, whereas the JA-insensitive tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutant jai1 is female sterile. The diminished seed formation in jai1 together with the ovule-specific accumulation of the JA biosynthesis enzyme allene oxide cyclase (AOC), which correlates with elevated levels of JAs, suggest a role of oxylipins in tomato flower/seed development. Here, we show that 35S::SlAOC-RNAi lines with strongly reduced AOC in ovules exhibited reduced seed set similarly to the jai1 plants. Investigation of embryo development of wild-type tomato plants showed preferential occurrence of AOC promoter activity and AOC protein accumulation in the developing seed coat and the embryo, whereas 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) was the dominant oxylipin occurring nearly exclusively in the seed coat tissues. The OPDA- and JA-deficient mutant spr2 was delayed in embryo development and showed an increased programmed cell death in the developing seed coat and endosperm. In contrast, the mutant acx1a, which accumulates preferentially OPDA and residual amount of JA, developed embryos similar to the wild type, suggesting a role of OPDA in embryo development. Activity of the residual amount of JA in the acx1a mutant is highly improbable since the known reproductive phenotype of the JA-insensitive mutant jai1 could be rescued by wound-induced formation of OPDA. These data suggest a role of OPDA or an OPDA-related compound for proper embryo development possibly by regulating carbohydrate supply and detoxification.
Collapse
|
111
|
Reeves PH, Ellis CM, Ploense SE, Wu MF, Yadav V, Tholl D, Chételat A, Haupt I, Kennerley BJ, Hodgens C, Farmer EE, Nagpal P, Reed JW. A regulatory network for coordinated flower maturation. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002506. [PMID: 22346763 PMCID: PMC3276552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For self-pollinating plants to reproduce, male and female organ development must be coordinated as flowers mature. The Arabidopsis transcription factors AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 6 (ARF6) and ARF8 regulate this complex process by promoting petal expansion, stamen filament elongation, anther dehiscence, and gynoecium maturation, thereby ensuring that pollen released from the anthers is deposited on the stigma of a receptive gynoecium. ARF6 and ARF8 induce jasmonate production, which in turn triggers expression of MYB21 and MYB24, encoding R2R3 MYB transcription factors that promote petal and stamen growth. To understand the dynamics of this flower maturation regulatory network, we have characterized morphological, chemical, and global gene expression phenotypes of arf, myb, and jasmonate pathway mutant flowers. We found that MYB21 and MYB24 promoted not only petal and stamen development but also gynoecium growth. As well as regulating reproductive competence, both the ARF and MYB factors promoted nectary development or function and volatile sesquiterpene production, which may attract insect pollinators and/or repel pathogens. Mutants lacking jasmonate synthesis or response had decreased MYB21 expression and stamen and petal growth at the stage when flowers normally open, but had increased MYB21 expression in petals of older flowers, resulting in renewed and persistent petal expansion at later stages. Both auxin response and jasmonate synthesis promoted positive feedbacks that may ensure rapid petal and stamen growth as flowers open. MYB21 also fed back negatively on expression of jasmonate biosynthesis pathway genes to decrease flower jasmonate level, which correlated with termination of growth after flowers have opened. These dynamic feedbacks may promote timely, coordinated, and transient growth of flower organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul H. Reeves
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Ellis
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sara E. Ploense
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Miin-Feng Wu
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Vandana Yadav
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Aurore Chételat
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ina Haupt
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Brian J. Kennerley
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Charles Hodgens
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Edward E. Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Punita Nagpal
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jason W. Reed
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Maeda H, Dudareva N. The shikimate pathway and aromatic amino Acid biosynthesis in plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 63:73-105. [PMID: 22554242 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 728] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
L-tryptophan, L-phenylalanine, and L-tyrosine are aromatic amino acids (AAAs) that are used for the synthesis of proteins and that in plants also serve as precursors of numerous natural products, such as pigments, alkaloids, hormones, and cell wall components. All three AAAs are derived from the shikimate pathway, to which ≥30% of photosynthetically fixed carbon is directed in vascular plants. Because their biosynthetic pathways have been lost in animal lineages, the AAAs are essential components of the diets of humans, and the enzymes required for their synthesis have been targeted for the development of herbicides. This review highlights recent molecular identification of enzymes of the pathway and summarizes the pathway organization and the transcriptional/posttranscriptional regulation of the AAA biosynthetic network. It also identifies the current limited knowledge of the subcellular compartmentalization and the metabolite transport involved in the plant AAA pathways and discusses metabolic engineering efforts aimed at improving production of the AAA-derived plant natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Maeda
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
113
|
Vandoorn A, Bonaventure G, Rogachev I, Aharoni A, Baldwin IT. JA-Ile signalling in Solanum nigrum is not required for defence responses in nature. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:2159-71. [PMID: 21883286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonate signalling plays a central role in activating the plethora of responses that are elicited by herbivory. Solanum nigrum plants silenced in the expression of genes involved in jasmonic acid biosynthesis (irlox3), conjugation (irjar4) and perception (ircoi1) were used to study the function of these genes in the field and in the regulation of transcriptional and metabolic responses. In the field, damage from Noctuidea larvae was four- to fivefold higher on irlox3 and ircoi1 than on wild-type (WT) plants, whereas damage to irjar4 plants was similar to WT levels. Damage rates reflected plant survival rates; fewer irlox3 (78%) and ircoi1 (22%) plants survived compared with irjar4 and WT plants of which all plants survived. Gene expression profiling in leaves 3 h after simulated herbivory revealed differential regulation of ∼700 genes in irlox3 and ircoi1 plants but of only six genes in irjar4 compared with WT plants. Surprisingly, transcriptional responses were not reflected in metabolomic responses; 48 h after simulated herbivory, irjar4 plants showed a 50% overlap in their metabolic profile with ircoi1 plants. Together, these results reveal that SnJAR4 does not play a direct role in herbivore defence, but suggests that SnJAR4 is involved in responses other than those to herbivory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arjen Vandoorn
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
114
|
Méndez-Bravo A, Calderón-Vázquez C, Ibarra-Laclette E, Raya-González J, Ramírez-Chávez E, Molina-Torres J, Guevara-García AA, López-Bucio J, Herrera-Estrella L. Alkamides activate jasmonic acid biosynthesis and signaling pathways and confer resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27251. [PMID: 22076141 PMCID: PMC3208606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkamides are fatty acid amides of wide distribution in plants, structurally related to N-acyl-L-homoserine lactones (AHLs) from Gram-negative bacteria and to N- acylethanolamines (NAEs) from plants and mammals. Global analysis of gene expression changes in Arabidopsis thaliana in response to N-isobutyl decanamide, the most highly active alkamide identified to date, revealed an overrepresentation of defense-responsive transcriptional networks. In particular, genes encoding enzymes for jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis increased their expression, which occurred in parallel with JA, nitric oxide (NO) and H₂O₂ accumulation. The activity of the alkamide to confer resistance against the necrotizing fungus Botrytis cinerea was tested by inoculating Arabidopsis detached leaves with conidiospores and evaluating disease symptoms and fungal proliferation. N-isobutyl decanamide application significantly reduced necrosis caused by the pathogen and inhibited fungal proliferation. Arabidopsis mutants jar1 and coi1 altered in JA signaling and a MAP kinase mutant (mpk6), unlike salicylic acid- (SA) related mutant eds16/sid2-1, were unable to defend from fungal attack even when N-isobutyl decanamide was supplied, indicating that alkamides could modulate some necrotrophic-associated defense responses through JA-dependent and MPK6-regulated signaling pathways. Our results suggest a role of alkamides in plant immunity induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Méndez-Bravo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Carlos Calderón-Vázquez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional-IPN, Guasave, Sinaloa, México
| | - Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Javier Raya-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Enrique Ramírez-Chávez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Unidad Irapuato, Cinvestav, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Jorge Molina-Torres
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Unidad Irapuato, Cinvestav, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | | | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Luis Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Zhu D, Bai X, Chen C, Chen Q, Cai H, Li Y, Ji W, Zhai H, Lv D, Luo X, Zhu Y. GsTIFY10, a novel positive regulator of plant tolerance to bicarbonate stress and a repressor of jasmonate signaling. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 77:285-97. [PMID: 21805375 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9810-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent discoveries show that TIFY family genes are plant-specific genes involved in the response to several abiotic stresses, also acting as key regulators of jasmonate signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, there is limited information about this gene family in wild soybean, nor is its role in plant bicarbonate stress adaptation completely understood. Here, we isolated and characterized a novel TIFY family gene, GsTIFY10, from Glycine soja. GsTIFY10 could be induced by bicarbonate, salinity stress and the phytohormone JA, both in the leaves and roots of wild soybean. Over-expression of GsTIFY10 in Arabidopsis resulted in enhanced plant tolerance to bicarbonate stress during seed germination, early seedling and adult seedling developmental stages, and the expression levels of some bicarbonate stress response and stress-inducible marker genes were significantly higher in the GsTIFY10 overexpression lines than in wild-type plants. It was also found that GsTIFY10 could repress JA signal transduction. The roots of plants overexpressing GsTIFY10 grew longer than wild-type in the presence of MeJA, and some JA response and JA biosynthesis marker genes were suppressed in the GsTIFY10 overexpression lines. Subcellular localization studies using a GFP fusion protein showed that GsTIFY10 is localized to the nucleus. These results suggest that the newly isolated wild soybean GsTIFY10 is a positive regulator of plant bicarbonate stress tolerance and is also a repressor of jasmonate signaling, from hormone perception to transcriptional activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Bonaventure G, Schuck S, Baldwin IT. Revealing complexity and specificity in the activation of lipase-mediated oxylipin biosynthesis: a specific role of the Nicotiana attenuata GLA1 lipase in the activation of jasmonic acid biosynthesis in leaves and roots. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:1507-20. [PMID: 21554327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The activation of enzymatic oxylipin biosynthesis upon wounding, herbivory and pathogen attack depends on the biochemical activation of lipases that make polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) available to lipoxygenases (LOXs). The identity and number of the lipases involved in this process remain controversial and they probably differ among plant species. Analysis of transgenic Nicotiana attenuata plants (ir-gla1) stably reduced in the expression of the NaGLA1 gene showed that this plastidial glycerolipase is a major supplier of trienoic fatty acids for jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis in leaves and roots after wounding and simulated herbivory, but not during infection with the oomycete Phytophthora parasitica (var. nicotianae). NaGLA1 was not essential for the developmental control of JA biosynthesis in flowers and for the biosynthesis of C(6) volatiles by the hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) pathway; however, it affected the metabolism of divinyl ethers (DVEs) early during infection with P. parasitica (var. nicotianae) and the accumulation of NaDES1 and NaLOX1 mRNAs. Profiling of lysolipids by LC-MS/MS was consistent with a rapid activation of NaGLA1 and indicated that this lipase utilizes different lipid classes as substrates. The results revealed the complexity and specificity of the regulation of lipase-mediated oxylipin biosynthesis, highlighting the existence of pathway- and stimulus-specific lipases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Bonaventure
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute of Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
117
|
Peng Z, Han C, Yuan L, Zhang K, Huang H, Ren C. Brassinosteroid enhances jasmonate-induced anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis seedlings. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 53:632-40. [PMID: 21545406 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2011.01042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonate (JA) regulates plant development, mediates defense responses, and induces anthocyanin biosynthesis as well. Previously, we isolated the psc1 mutant that partially suppressed coi1 insensitivity to JA, and found that brassinosteroid (BR) was involved in JA signaling and negatively regulated JA inhibition of root growth in Arabidopsis. In this study it was shown that JA-induced anthocyanin accumulation was reduced in BR mutants or in wild type treated with brassinazole, an inhibitor of BR biosynthesis, whereas it was induced by an application of exogenous BR. It was also shown that the 'late' anthocyanin biosynthesis genes including DFR, LDOX, and UF3GT, were induced slightly by JA in the BR mutants relative to wild type. Furthermore, the expression level of JA-induced Myb/bHLH transcription factors such as PAP1, PAP2, and GL3, which are components of the WD-repeat/Myb/bHLH transcriptional complexes that mediate the 'late' anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, was lower in the BR mutants than that in wild type. These results suggested that BR affects JA-induced anthocyanin accumulation by regulating the 'late' anthocyanin biosynthesis genes and this regulation might be mediated by the WD-repeat/Myb/bHLH transcriptional complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
Kazan K, Manners JM. The interplay between light and jasmonate signalling during defence and development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:4087-100. [PMID: 21705384 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
During their evolution, plants have acquired diverse capabilities to sense their environment and modify their growth and development as required. The versatile utilization of solar radiation for photosynthesis as well as a signal to coordinate developmental responses to the environment is an excellent example of such a capability. Specific light quality inputs are converted to developmental outputs mainly through hormonal signalling pathways. Accordingly, extensive interactions between light and the signalling pathways of every known plant hormone have been uncovered in recent years. One such interaction that has received recent attention and forms the focus of this review occurs between light and the signalling pathway of the jasmonate hormone with roles in regulating plant defence and development. Here the recent research that revealed new mechanistic insights into how plants might integrate light and jasmonate signals to modify their growth and development, especially when defending themselves from either pests, pathogens, or encroaching neighbours, is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Kazan
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
119
|
Chen Y, Pang Q, Dai S, Wang Y, Chen S, Yan X. Proteomic identification of differentially expressed proteins in Arabidopsis in response to methyl jasmonate. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:995-1008. [PMID: 21377756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are the well characterized fatty acid-derived cyclopentanone signals involved in the plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses. JAs have been shown to regulate many aspects of plant metabolism, including glucosinolate biosynthesis. Glucosinolates are natural plant products that function in defense against herbivores and pathogens. In this study, we applied a proteomic approach to gain insight into the physiological processes, including glucosinolate metabolism, in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA). We identified 194 differentially expressed protein spots that contained proteins that participated in a wide range of physiological processes. Functional classification analysis showed that photosynthesis and carbohydrate anabolism were repressed after MeJA treatment, while carbohydrate catabolism was up-regulated. Additionally, proteins related to the JA biosynthesis pathway, stress and defense, and secondary metabolism were up-regulated. Among the differentially expressed proteins, many were involved in oxidative tolerance. The results indicate that MeJA elicited a defense response at the proteome level through a mechanism of redirecting growth-related metabolism to defense-related metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Chen
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
120
|
Xie XZ, Xue YJ, Zhou JJ, Zhang B, Chang H, Takano M. Phytochromes regulate SA and JA signaling pathways in rice and are required for developmentally controlled resistance to Magnaporthe grisea. MOLECULAR PLANT 2011; 4:688-96. [PMID: 21357645 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Old leaves of wild-type rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) are more resistant to blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea) than new leaves. In contrast, both old and new leaves of the rice phytochrome triple mutant (phyAphyBphyC) are susceptible to blast fungus. We demonstrate that pathogenesis-related class 1 (PR1) proteins are rapidly and strongly induced during M. grisea infection and following exogenous jasmonate (JA) or salicylic acid (SA) exposure in the old leaves, but not in the new leaves of the wild-type. In contrast, the accumulation of PR1 proteins was significantly attenuated in old and new leaves of the phyAphyBphyC mutant. These results suggest that phytochromes are required for the induction of PR1 proteins in rice. Basal transcription levels of PR1a and PR1b were substantially higher in the wild-type as compared to the phyAphyBphyC mutant, suggesting that phytochromes also are required for basal expression of PR1 genes. Moreover, the transcript levels of genes known to function in SA- or JA-dependent defense pathways were regulated by leaf age and functional phytochromes. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that phytochromes are required in rice for age-related resistance to M. grisea and may indirectly increase PR1 gene expression by regulating SA- and JA-dependent defense pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Zhi Xie
- High-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
121
|
Nakamura Y, Mithöfer A, Kombrink E, Boland W, Hamamoto S, Uozumi N, Tohma K, Ueda M. 12-hydroxyjasmonic acid glucoside is a COI1-JAZ-independent activator of leaf-closing movement in Samanea saman. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:1226-36. [PMID: 21228101 PMCID: PMC3046581 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.168617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates are ubiquitously occurring plant growth regulators with high structural diversity that mediate numerous developmental processes and stress responses. We have recently identified 12-O-β-D-glucopyranosyljasmonic acid as the bioactive metabolite, leaf-closing factor (LCF), which induced nyctinastic leaf closure of Samanea saman. We demonstrate that leaf closure of isolated Samanea pinnae is induced upon stereospecific recognition of (-)-LCF, but not by its enantiomer, (+)-ent-LCF, and that the nonglucosylated derivative, (-)-12-hydroxyjasmonic acid also displays weak activity. Similarly, rapid and cell type-specific shrinkage of extensor motor cell protoplasts was selectively initiated upon treatment with (-)-LCF, whereas flexor motor cell protoplasts did not respond. In these bioassays related to leaf movement, all other jasmonates tested were inactive, including jasmonic acid (JA) and the potent derivates JA-isoleucine and coronatine. By contrast, (-)-LCF and (-)-12-hydroxyjasmonic acid were completely inactive with respect to activation of typical JA responses, such as induction of JA-responsive genes LOX2 and OPCL1 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) or accumulation of plant volatile organic compounds in S. saman and lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), generally considered to be mediated by JA-isoleucine in a COI1-dependent fashion. Furthermore, application of selective inhibitors indicated that leaf movement in S. saman is mediated by rapid potassium fluxes initiated by opening of potassium-permeable channels. Collectively, our data point to the existence of at least two separate JA signaling pathways in S. saman and that 12-O-β-D-glucopyranosyljasmonic acid exerts its leaf-closing activity through a mechanism independent of the COI1-JAZ module.
Collapse
|
122
|
Niu Y, Figueroa P, Browse J. Characterization of JAZ-interacting bHLH transcription factors that regulate jasmonate responses in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:2143-54. [PMID: 21321051 PMCID: PMC3060693 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone jasmonate (JA) plays important roles in the regulation of plant defence and development. JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins inhibit transcription factors that regulate early JA-responsive genes, and JA-induced degradation of JAZ proteins thus allows expression of these response genes. To date, MYC2 is the only transcription factor known to interact directly with JAZ proteins and regulate early JA responses, but the phenotype of myc2 mutants suggests that other transcription factors also activate JA responses. To identify JAZ1-interacting proteins, a yeast two-hybrid screen of an Arabidopsis cDNA library was performed. Two basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins, MYC3 and MYC4, were identified. MYC3 and MYC4 share high sequence similarity with MYC2, suggesting they may have similar biological functions. MYC3 and MYC4 interact not only with JAZ1 but also with other JAZ proteins (JAZ3 and JAZ9) in both yeast two-hybrid and pull-down assays. MYC2, MYC3, and MYC4 were all capable of inducing expression of JAZ::GUS reporter constructs following transfection of carrot protoplasts. Although myc3 and myc4 loss-of-function mutants showed no phenotype, transgenic plants overexpressing MYC3 and MYC4 had higher levels of anthocyanin compared to the wild-type plants. In addition, roots of MYC3 overexpression plants were hypersensitive to JA. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR expression analysis of nine JA-responsive genes revealed that eight of them were induced in MYC3 and MYC4 overexpression plants, except for a pathogen-responsive gene, PDF1.2. Similar to MYC2, MYC4 negatively regulates expression of PDF1.2. Together, these results suggest that MYC3 and MYC4 are JAZ-interacting transcription factors that regulate JA responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Browse
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Fernández-Calvo P, Chini A, Fernández-Barbero G, Chico JM, Gimenez-Ibanez S, Geerinck J, Eeckhout D, Schweizer F, Godoy M, Franco-Zorrilla JM, Pauwels L, Witters E, Puga MI, Paz-Ares J, Goossens A, Reymond P, De Jaeger G, Solano R. The Arabidopsis bHLH transcription factors MYC3 and MYC4 are targets of JAZ repressors and act additively with MYC2 in the activation of jasmonate responses. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:701-15. [PMID: 21335373 PMCID: PMC3077776 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.080788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 733] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) trigger an important transcriptional reprogramming of plant cells to modulate both basal development and stress responses. In spite of the importance of transcriptional regulation, only one transcription factor (TF), the Arabidopsis thaliana basic helix-loop-helix MYC2, has been described so far as a direct target of JAZ repressors. By means of yeast two-hybrid screening and tandem affinity purification strategies, we identified two previously unknown targets of JAZ repressors, the TFs MYC3 and MYC4, phylogenetically closely related to MYC2. We show that MYC3 and MYC4 interact in vitro and in vivo with JAZ repressors and also form homo- and heterodimers with MYC2 and among themselves. They both are nuclear proteins that bind DNA with sequence specificity similar to that of MYC2. Loss-of-function mutations in any of these two TFs impair full responsiveness to JA and enhance the JA insensitivity of myc2 mutants. Moreover, the triple mutant myc2 myc3 myc4 is as impaired as coi1-1 in the activation of several, but not all, JA-mediated responses such as the defense against bacterial pathogens and insect herbivory. Our results show that MYC3 and MYC4 are activators of JA-regulated programs that act additively with MYC2 to regulate specifically different subsets of the JA-dependent transcriptional response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Fernández-Calvo
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Chini
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Fernández-Barbero
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José-Manuel Chico
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Selena Gimenez-Ibanez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jan Geerinck
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Eeckhout
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fabian Schweizer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marta Godoy
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Franco-Zorrilla
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laurens Pauwels
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Erwin Witters
- Department of Biology, EBT-CEPROMA, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research, VITO-MANT, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - María Isabel Puga
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Paz-Ares
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roberto Solano
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Address correspondence to
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Shan X, Wang J, Chua L, Jiang D, Peng W, Xie D. The role of Arabidopsis Rubisco activase in jasmonate-induced leaf senescence. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:751-64. [PMID: 21173027 PMCID: PMC3032464 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.166595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence, as the last stage of leaf development, is regulated by diverse developmental and environmental factors. Jasmonates (JAs) have been shown to induce leaf senescence in several plant species; however, the molecular mechanism for JA-induced leaf senescence remains unknown. In this study, proteomic, genetic, and physiological approaches were used to reveal the molecular basis of JA-induced leaf senescence in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We identified 35 coronatine-insensitive 1 (COI1)-dependent JA-regulated proteins using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis in Arabidopsis. Among these 35 proteins, Rubisco activase (RCA) was a COI1-dependent JA-repressed protein. We found that RCA was down-regulated at the levels of transcript and protein abundance by JA in a COI1-dependent manner. We further found that loss of RCA led to typical senescence-associated features and that the COI1-dependent JA repression of RCA played an important role in JA-induced leaf senescence.
Collapse
|
125
|
Hind SR, Pulliam SE, Veronese P, Shantharaj D, Nazir A, Jacobs NS, Stratmann JW. The COP9 signalosome controls jasmonic acid synthesis and plant responses to herbivory and pathogens. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 65:480-91. [PMID: 21265900 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a multi-protein complex that regulates the activities of cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs). CRLs ubiquitinate proteins in order to target them for proteasomal degradation. The CSN is required for proper plant development. Here we show that the CSN also has a profound effect on plant defense responses. Silencing of genes for CSN subunits in tomato plants resulted in a mild morphological phenotype and reduced expression of wound-responsive genes in response to mechanical wounding, attack by Manduca sexta larvae, and Prosystemin over-expression. In contrast, expression of pathogenesis-related genes was increased in a stimulus-independent manner in these plants. The reduced wound response in CSN-silenced plants corresponded with reduced synthesis of jasmonic acid (JA), but levels of salicylic acid (SA) were unaltered. As a consequence, these plants exhibited reduced resistance against herbivorous M. sexta larvae and the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. In contrast, susceptibility to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was not altered in CSN-silenced plants. These data demonstrate that the CSN orchestrates not only plant development but also JA-dependent plant defense responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Hind
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
126
|
Shimizu Y, Maeda K, Kato M, Shimomura K. Co-expression of GbMYB1 and GbMYC1 induces anthocyanin accumulation in roots of cultured Gynura bicolor DC. plantlet on methyl jasmonate treatment. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2011; 49:159-67. [PMID: 21123079 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Gynura bicolor DC. is a traditional vegetable in Japan. G. bicolor grown in the field has adaxial sides of leaves that are green and abaxial sides that are reddish purple. It has been reported that the responsible reddish purple pigments are anthocyanins, which are acylated and highly stable. We have reported that cultured G. bicolor plantlets treated with methyl jasmonate (MJ) exhibited anthocyanin accumulation in roots, and this was affected by light irradiation. In the present study, to clarify this accumulation induced by MJ treatment, we isolated anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulatory genes from G. bicolor. Expression analysis revealed up-regulated expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes, GbCHS, GbCHI, GbDFR and GbANS. Furthermore, it was shown that isolated regulatory genes, GbMYB1 and GbMYC1, were also up-regulated by MJ treatment. In addition, it was shown that co-expression of GbMYB1 and GbMYC1 could activate GbDFR and GbANS gene promoters in transient assays with tobacco protoplasts. These results strongly indicate that GbMYB1 and GbMYC1 coordinately regulate flavonoid biosynthetic genes induced by MJ treatment, and thereby cause anthocyanin accumulation in roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shimizu
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan; San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-8588, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
127
|
Robert-Seilaniantz A, Grant M, Jones JDG. Hormone crosstalk in plant disease and defense: more than just jasmonate-salicylate antagonism. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2011; 49:317-43. [PMID: 21663438 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-073009-114447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1048] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, most studies on the role of hormones in plant-pathogen interactions focused on salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET). It is now clear that pathogen-induced modulation of signaling via other hormones contributes to virulence. A picture is emerging of complex crosstalk and induced hormonal changes that modulate disease and resistance, with outcomes dependent on pathogen lifestyles and the genetic constitution of the host. Recent progress has revealed intriguing similarities between hormone signaling mechanisms, with gene induction responses often achieved by derepression. Here, we report on recent advances, updating current knowledge on classical defense hormones SA, JA, and ET, and the roles of auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins (CKs), and brassinosteroids in molding plant-pathogen interactions. We highlight an emerging theme that positive and negative regulators of these disparate hormone signaling pathways are crucial regulatory targets of hormonal crosstalk in disease and defense.
Collapse
|
128
|
YANG SHAOYU, CHEN YULONG, FENG LINYAN, YANG EN, SU XINGUO, JIANG YUEMING. EFFECT OF METHYL JASMONATE ON PERICARP BROWNING OF POSTHARVEST LYCHEES. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4549.2010.00483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
129
|
Aharoni A, Galili G. Metabolic engineering of the plant primary-secondary metabolism interface. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2010; 22:239-44. [PMID: 21144730 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants synthesize a myriad of secondary metabolites (SMs) that are derived from central or primary metabolism. While these so-called natural products have been targets for plant metabolic engineering attempts for many years, the immense value of manipulating the interface between committed steps in secondary metabolism pathways and those in primary metabolism pathways has only recently emerged. In this review we discuss a few of the major issues that should be taken into consideration in attempts to engineer the primary to secondary metabolism interface. The availability of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur resources will have a major impact on the production of specific classes of primary metabolites (PMs) and consequently on the levels and composition of SMs derived from these PMs. Recent studies have shown that transcription factors associated with the synthesis of a given class of SMs coactivate the expression of genes encoding metabolic enzymes associated with primary pathways that supply precursors to these SMs. In addition, metabolic engineering approaches, which alter post-transcriptional feedback and feedforward regulatory mechanisms of the primary-secondary metabolism interface, have been highly fruitful in Taylormade enhancements of the content of specific beneficial SMs. Lastly, the evolution of pathways of secondary metabolism from pathways of primary metabolism highlights the need to consider cases in which common enzymatic reactions and pathways take place between the two. Taken together, the available information indicates a supercoordinated gene expression networks connecting primary and secondary metabolism in plants, which should be taken into consideration in future attempts to metabolically engineer the various classes of plant SMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
Tzin V, Galili G. New insights into the shikimate and aromatic amino acids biosynthesis pathways in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2010; 3:956-72. [PMID: 20817774 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssq048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan in plants are not only essential components of protein synthesis, but also serve as precursors for a wide range of secondary metabolites that are important for plant growth as well as for human nutrition and health. The aromatic amino acids are synthesized via the shikimate pathway followed by the branched aromatic amino acids biosynthesis pathway, with chorismate serving as a major intermediate branch point metabolite. Yet, the regulation and coordination of synthesis of these amino acids are still far from being understood. Recent studies on these pathways identified a number of alternative cross-regulated biosynthesis routes with unique evolutionary origins. Although the major route of Phe and Tyr biosynthesis in plants occurs via the intermediate metabolite arogenate, recent studies suggest that plants can also synthesize phenylalanine via the intermediate metabolite phenylpyruvate (PPY), similarly to many microorganisms. Recent studies also identified a number of transcription factors regulating the expression of genes encoding enzymes of the shikimate and aromatic amino acids pathways as well as of multiple secondary metabolites derived from them in Arabidopsis and in other plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vered Tzin
- Department of Plant Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
131
|
Harb A, Krishnan A, Ambavaram MM, Pereira A. Molecular and physiological analysis of drought stress in Arabidopsis reveals early responses leading to acclimation in plant growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:1254-71. [PMID: 20807999 PMCID: PMC2971604 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.161752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant drought stress response and resistance are complex biological processes that need to be analyzed at a systems level using genomics and physiological approaches to dissect experimental models that address drought stresses encountered by crops in the field. Toward this goal, a controlled, sublethal, moderate drought (mDr) treatment system was developed in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) as a reproducible assay for the dissection of plant responses to drought. The drought assay was validated using Arabidopsis mutants in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and signaling displaying drought sensitivity and in jasmonate response mutants showing drought resistance, indicating the crucial role of ABA and jasmonate signaling in drought response and acclimation. A comparative transcriptome analysis of soil water deficit drought stress treatments revealed the similarity of early-stage mDr to progressive drought, identifying common and specific stress-responsive genes and their promoter cis-regulatory elements. The dissection of mDr stress responses using a time-course analysis of biochemical, physiological, and molecular processes revealed early accumulation of ABA and induction of associated signaling genes, coinciding with a decrease in stomatal conductance as an early avoidance response to drought stress. This is accompanied by a peak in the expression of expansin genes involved in cell wall expansion, as a preparatory step toward drought acclimation by the adjustment of the cell wall. The time-course analysis of mDr provides a model with three stages of plant responses: an early priming and preconditioning stage, followed by an intermediate stage preparatory for acclimation, and a late stage of new homeostasis with reduced growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andy Pereira
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Matthes MC, Bruce TJA, Ton J, Verrier PJ, Pickett JA, Napier JA. The transcriptome of cis-jasmone-induced resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana and its role in indirect defence. PLANTA 2010; 232:1163-80. [PMID: 20711606 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
cis-jasmone (CJ) is a plant-derived chemical that enhances direct and indirect plant defence against herbivorous insects. To study the signalling pathway behind this defence response, we performed microarray-based transcriptome analysis of CJ-treated Arabidopsis plants. CJ influenced a different set of genes from the structurally related oxylipin methyl jasmonate (MeJA), suggesting that CJ triggers a distinct signalling pathway. CJ is postulated to be biosynthetically derived from jasmonic acid, which can boost its own production through transcriptional up-regulation of the octadecanoid biosynthesis genes LOX2, AOS and OPR3. However, no effect on these genes was detected by treatment with CJ. Furthermore, CJ-responsive genes were not affected by mutations in COI1 or JAR1, which are critical signalling components in MeJA response pathway. Conversely, a significant proportion of CJ-inducible genes required the three transcription factors TGA2, TGA5 and TGA6, as well as the GRAS regulatory protein SCARECROW-like 14 (SCL14), indicating regulation by a different pathway from the classical MeJA response. Moreover, the biological importance was demonstrated in that mutations in TGA2, 5, 6, SCL14 and the CJ-inducible gene CYP81D11 blocked CJ-induced attraction of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi, demonstrating that these components play a key role in CJ-induced indirect defence. Collectively, our results identify CJ as a member of the jasmonates that controls indirect plant defence through a distinct signalling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela C Matthes
- Biological Chemistry Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
133
|
Bilgin DD, Zavala JA, Zhu J, Clough SJ, Ort DR, DeLucia EH. Biotic stress globally downregulates photosynthesis genes. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2010; 33:1597-613. [PMID: 20444224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To determine if damage to foliage by biotic agents, including arthropods, fungi, bacteria and viral pathogens, universally downregulates the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis, we compared transcriptome data from microarray experiments after twenty two different forms of biotic damage on eight different plant species. Transcript levels of photosynthesis light reaction, carbon reduction cycle and pigment synthesis genes decreased regardless of the type of biotic attack. The corresponding upregulation of genes coding for the synthesis of jasmonic acid and those involved in the responses to salicylic acid and ethylene suggest that the downregulation of photosynthesis-related genes was part of a defence response. Analysis of the sub-cellular targeting of co-expressed gene clusters revealed that the transcript levels of 84% of the genes that carry a chloroplast targeting peptide sequence decreased. The majority of these downregulated genes shared common regulatory elements, such as G-box (CACGTG), T-box (ACTTTG) and SORLIP (GCCAC) motifs. Strong convergence in the response of transcription suggests that the universal downregulation of photosynthesis-related gene expression is an adaptive response to biotic attack. We hypothesize that slow turnover of many photosynthetic proteins allows plants to invest resources in immediate defence needs without debilitating near term losses in photosynthetic capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damla D Bilgin
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
134
|
Adams E, Turner J. COI1, a jasmonate receptor, is involved in ethylene-induced inhibition of Arabidopsis root growth in the light. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:4373-86. [PMID: 20699268 PMCID: PMC2955748 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant response to stress is orchestrated by hormone signalling pathways including those activated by jasmonates (JAs) and by ethylene, both of which stunt root growth. COI1 is a JA receptor and is required for the known responses to this hormone. It was observed that the coi1 mutant, which is largely unresponsive to growth inhibition by JAs, was also partially unresponsive to growth inhibition by ethylene and by its immediate precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), in the light but not in the dark. Although COI1 was required for this response to ACC, other components of the JA signal perception pathway were not. Mutants selected for insensitivity to ethylene, including etr1, ein2, and ein3, showed greater ACC-induced root growth inhibition in the light than in the dark. However, the double mutants etr1;coi1, ein2;coi1, and ein3;coi1, and coi1 seedlings treated with silver ions to block the ethylene receptors showed almost complete unresponsiveness to ACC-induced root growth inhibition in the light. The light requirement for the COI1-mediated growth inhibition by ACC was for long photoperiods, and the ACC response was not abolished by mutations in the known photoreceptors. The complementation assay indicated that SCF complex assembly was not required for COI1 function in the ACC response, in contrast to the JA response. It is concluded that COI1 is required for the light-dependent, JA-independent, root growth inhibition by ethylene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eri Adams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Troufflard S, Mullen W, Larson TR, Graham IA, Crozier A, Amtmann A, Armengaud P. Potassium deficiency induces the biosynthesis of oxylipins and glucosinolates in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:172. [PMID: 20701801 PMCID: PMC3017790 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mineral fertilization and pest control are essential and costly requirements for modern crop production. The two measures go hand in hand because plant mineral status affects plant susceptibility to pests and vice versa. Nutrient deficiency triggers specific responses in plants that optimize nutrient acquisition and reprogram metabolism. K-deficient plants illustrate these strategies by inducing high-affinity K-uptake and adjusting primary metabolism. Whether and how K deficient plants also alter their secondary metabolism for nutrient management and defense is not known. RESULTS Here we show that K-deficient plants contain higher levels of the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA), hydroxy-12-oxo-octadecadienoic acids (HODs) and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) than K-sufficient plants. Up-regulation of the 13-LOX pathway in response to low K was evident in increased transcript levels of several biosynthetic enzymes. Indole and aliphatic glucosinolates accumulated in response to K-deficiency in a manner that was respectively dependent or independent on signaling through Coronatine-Insensitive 1 (COI1). Transcript and glucosinolate profiles of K-deficient plants resembled those of herbivore attacked plants. CONCLUSIONS Based on our results we propose that under K-deficiency plants produce oxylipins and glucosinolates to enhance their defense potential against herbivorous insects and create reversible storage for excess S and N.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Troufflard
- Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - William Mullen
- Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Tony R Larson
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, PO BOX 373, York YO10 5YW, UK
| | - Ian A Graham
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, PO BOX 373, York YO10 5YW, UK
| | - Alan Crozier
- Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Anna Amtmann
- Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Patrick Armengaud
- Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Current Address: Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA AgroParisTech, Centre de Versailles, RD10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Lewsey MG, Murphy AM, Maclean D, Dalchau N, Westwood JH, Macaulay K, Bennett MH, Moulin M, Hanke DE, Powell G, Smith AG, Carr JP. Disruption of two defensive signaling pathways by a viral RNA silencing suppressor. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:835-45. [PMID: 20521947 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-23-7-0835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 2b counter-defense protein disrupts plant antiviral mechanisms mediated by RNA silencing and salicylic acid (SA). We used microarrays to investigate defensive gene expression in 2b-transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Surprisingly, 2b inhibited expression of few SA-regulated genes and, in some instances, enhanced the effect of SA on certain genes. Strikingly, the 2b protein inhibited changes in the expression of 90% of genes regulated by jasmonic acid (JA). Consistent with this, infection of plants with CMV, but not the 2b gene-deletion mutant CMVDelta2b, strongly inhibited JA-inducible gene expression. JA levels were unaffected by infection with either CMV or CMVDelta2b. Although the CMV-Arabidopsis interaction is a compatible one, SA accumulation, usually considered to be an indicator of plant resistance, was increased in CMV-infected plants but not in CMVDelta2b-infected plants. Thus, the 2b protein inhibits JA signaling at a step downstream of JA biosynthesis but it primes induction of SA biosynthesis by another CMV gene product or by the process of infection itself. Like many plant viruses, CMV is aphid transmitted. JA is important in plant defense against insects. This raises the possibility that disruption of JA-mediated gene expression by the 2b protein may influence CMV transmission by aphids.
Collapse
|
137
|
Andreu V, Lagunas B, Collados R, Picorel R, Alfonso M. The GmFAD7 gene family from soybean: identification of novel genes and tissue-specific conformations of the FAD7 enzyme involved in desaturase activity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:3371-84. [PMID: 20547564 PMCID: PMC2905200 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The FAD7 gene encodes a omega3 fatty acid desaturase which catalyses the production of trienoic fatty acids (TAs) in plant chloroplasts. A novel GmFAD7 gene (named GmFAD7-2) has been identified in soybean, with high homology to the previously annotated GmFAD7 gene. Genomic sequencing analysis together with searches at the soybean genome database further confirmed that both GmFAD7 genes were located in two different loci within the soybean genome, suggesting that the soybean omega3 plastidial desaturase FAD7 is encoded by two different paralogous genes. Both GmFAD7-1 and GmFAD7-2 genes were expressed in all soybean tissues examined, displaying their highest mRNA accumulation in leaves. This expression profile contrasted with GmFAD3A and GmFAD3B mRNA accumulation, which was very low in this tissue. These results suggested a concerted control of plastidial and reticular omega3 desaturase gene expression in soybean mature leaves. Analysis of GmFAD7 protein distribution in different soybean tissues showed that, in mature leaves, two bands were detected, coincident with the higher expression level of both GmFAD7 genes and the highest 18:3 fatty acid accumulation. By contrast, in seeds, where FAD7 activity is low, specific GmFAD7 protein conformations were observed. These GmFAD7 protein conformations were affected in vitro by changes in the redox conditions of thiol groups and iron availability. These results suggest the existence of tissue-specific post-translational regulatory mechanisms affecting the distribution and conformation of the FAD7 enzymes related with the control of its activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Miguel Alfonso
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Robson F, Okamoto H, Patrick E, Harris SR, Wasternack C, Brearley C, Turner JG. Jasmonate and Phytochrome A Signaling in ArabidopsisWound and Shade Responses Are Integrated through JAZ1 Stability. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:1143-60. [PMID: 20435902 PMCID: PMC2879735 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.067728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractJasmonate (JA) activates plant defense, promotes pollen maturation, and suppresses plant growth. An emerging theme in JA biology is its involvement in light responses; here, we examine the interdependence of the JA- and light-signaling pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana. We demonstrate that mutants deficient in JA biosynthesis and signaling are deficient in a subset of high irradiance responses in far-red (FR) light. These mutants display exaggerated shade responses to low, but not high, R/FR ratio light, suggesting a role for JA in phytochrome A (phyA) signaling. Additionally, we demonstrate that the FR light–induced expression of transcription factor genes is dependent on CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 (COI1), a central component of JA signaling, and is suppressed by JA. phyA mutants had reduced JA-regulated growth inhibition and VSP expression and increased content of cis-(+)-12-oxophytodienoic acid, an intermediate in JA biosynthesis. Significantly, COI1-mediated degradation of JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN1-β-glucuronidase (JAZ1-GUS) in response to mechanical wounding and JA treatment required phyA, and ectopic expression of JAZ1-GUS resulted in exaggerated shade responses. Together, these results indicate that JA and phyA signaling are integrated through degradation of the JAZ1 protein, and both are required for plant responses to light and stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frances Robson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Haruko Okamoto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Patrick
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sue-Ré Harris
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
| | | | - Charles Brearley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - John G. Turner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Chua L, Shan X, Wang J, Peng W, Zhang G, Xie D. Proteomics study of COI1-regulated proteins in Arabidopsis flower. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 52:410-419. [PMID: 20377703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are a new class of plant hormone that regulate expression of diverse genes to mediate various plant responses. The Arabidopsis F-box protein COI1 is required for plant defense and male fertility in JA signal pathway. To further investigate the regulatory role of COI1 in male fertility, we compared the proteomics profiles of Arabidopsis wild type (WT) flowers with coi1-1 mutant male-sterile flowers using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis coupled with matrix-assisted laser desoption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Sixteen proteins with potential function in specific biological processes such as metabolism processes and defense/stress responses were differentially expressed in WT and coi1-1 mutant flowers. Verification on a phi class glutathione transferase AtGSTF9, one out of these 16 identified proteins, revealed that the expression of AtGSTF9 was severely downregulated in flowers of coi1-1 mutant compared with that of WT. Further function analyses of these genes would provide new insights into the molecular basis of COI1-regulated male fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Chua
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Liu F, Jiang H, Ye S, Chen WP, Liang W, Xu Y, Sun B, Sun J, Wang Q, Cohen JD, Li C. The Arabidopsis P450 protein CYP82C2 modulates jasmonate-induced root growth inhibition, defense gene expression and indole glucosinolate biosynthesis. Cell Res 2010; 20:539-52. [PMID: 20354503 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2010.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) is a fatty acid-derived signaling molecule that regulates a broad range of plant defense responses against herbivores and some microbial pathogens. Molecular genetic studies have established that JA also performs a critical role in several aspects of plant development. Here, we describe the characterization of the Arabidopsis mutant jasmonic acid-hypersensitive1-1 (jah1-1), which is defective in several aspects of JA responses. Although the mutant exhibits increased sensitivity to JA in root growth inhibition, it shows decreased expression of JA-inducible defense genes and reduced resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea . Gene cloning studies indicate that these defects are caused by a mutation in the cytochrome P450 protein CYP82C2. We provide evidence showing that the compromised resistance of the jah1-1 mutant to B . cinerea is accompanied by decreased expression of JA-induced defense genes and reduced accumulation of JA-induced indole glucosinolates (IGs). Conversely, the enhanced resistance to B. cinerea in CYP82C2-overexpressing plants is accompanied by increased expression of JA-induced defense genes and elevated levels of JA-induced IGs. We demonstrate that CYP82C2 affects JA-induced accumulation of the IG biosynthetic precursor tryptophan (Trp), but not the JA-induced IAA or pathogen-induced camalexin. Together, our results support a hypothesis that CYP82C2 may act in the metabolism of Trp-derived secondary metabolites under conditions in which JA levels are elevated. The jah1-1 mutant should thus be important in future studies toward understanding the mechanisms underlying the complexity of JA-mediated differential responses, which are important for plants to adapt their growth to the ever-changing environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
141
|
Yoshii M, Yamazaki M, Rakwal R, Kishi-Kaboshi M, Miyao A, Hirochika H. The NAC transcription factor RIM1 of rice is a new regulator of jasmonate signaling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 61:804-15. [PMID: 20015061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.04107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are lipid-derived regulators that play crucial roles in both host immunity and development. We recently identified the NAC transcription factor RIM1 as a host factor involved in multiplication of rice dwarf virus (RDV). Here, we report that RIM1 functions as a transcriptional regulator of JA signaling and is degraded in response to JA treatment via a 26S proteasome-dependent pathway. Plants carrying rim1 mutations show a phenotype of root growth inhibition. The expression profiles of the mutants were significantly correlated with those of JA-treated wild-type plants without accumulation of endogenous JA, indicating that RIM1 functions as a component of JA signaling. The expression of genes encoding JA biosynthetic enzymes (lipoxygenase (LOX), allene oxide synthase 2 (AOS2) and OPDA reductase 7 (OPR7)) was up-regulated in the rim1 mutants under normal conditions, and a rapid and massive accumulation of endogenous JA was detected in the mutants after wounding. These results suggest that RIM1 may represent a new molecular link in jasmonate signaling, and may thereby provide new insights into the well-established coronatine-insensitive 1 (COI1)-Jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) JA signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motoyasu Yoshii
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
Armengaud P, Breitling R, Amtmann A. Coronatine-insensitive 1 (COI1) mediates transcriptional responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to external potassium supply. MOLECULAR PLANT 2010; 3:390-405. [PMID: 20339157 PMCID: PMC2845782 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssq012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability to adjust growth and development to the availability of mineral nutrients in the soil is an essential life skill of plants but the underlying signaling pathways are poorly understood. In Arabidopsis thaliana, shortage of potassium (K) induces a number of genes related to the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA). Using comparative microarray analysis of wild-type and coi1-16 mutant plants, we classified transcriptional responses to K with respect to their dependence on COI1, a central component of oxylipin signaling. Expression profiles obtained in a short-term experiment clearly distinguished between COI1-dependent and COI1-independent K-responsive genes, and identified both known and novel targets of JA-COI1-signaling. During long-term K-deficiency, coi-16 mutants displayed de novo responses covering similar functions as COI1-targets except for defense. A putative role of JA for enhancing the defense potential of K-deficient plants was further supported by the observation that plants grown on low K were less damaged by thrips than plants grown with sufficient K.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Armengaud
- Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Present address: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de nutrition azotée des plantes, RD10, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Rainer Breitling
- Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Groningen Bioinformatics Centre, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Amtmann
- Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at Plant Science Group, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK. E-mail , fax +44.141.3304447, tel. +44.141.3305393
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Wasternack C, Kombrink E. Jasmonates: structural requirements for lipid-derived signals active in plant stress responses and development. ACS Chem Biol 2010; 5:63-77. [PMID: 20025249 DOI: 10.1021/cb900269u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Jasmonates are lipid-derived signals that mediate plant stress responses and development processes. Enzymes participating in biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) (1, 2) and components of JA signaling have been extensively characterized by biochemical and molecular-genetic tools. Mutants of Arabidopsis and tomato have helped to define the pathway for synthesis of jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile), the active form of JA, and to identify the F-box protein COI1 as central regulatory unit. However, details of the molecular mechanism of JA signaling have only recently been unraveled by the discovery of JAZ proteins that function in transcriptional repression. The emerging picture of JA perception and signaling cascade implies the SCF(COI1) complex operating as E3 ubiquitin ligase that upon binding of JA-Ile targets JAZ repressors for degradation by the 26S-proteasome pathway, thereby allowing the transcription factor MYC2 to activate gene expression. The fact that only one particular stereoisomer, (+)-7-iso-JA-l-Ile (4), shows high biological activity suggests that epimerization between active and inactive diastereomers could be a mechanism for turning JA signaling on or off. The recent demonstration that COI1 directly binds (+)-7-iso-JA-l-Ile (4) and thus functions as JA receptor revealed that formation of the ternary complex COI1-JA-Ile-JAZ is an ordered process. The pronounced differences in biological activity of JA stereoisomers also imply strict stereospecific control of product formation along the JA biosynthetic pathway. The pathway of JA biosynthesis has been unraveled, and most of the participating enzymes are well-characterized. For key enzymes of JA biosynthesis the crystal structures have been established, allowing insight into the mechanisms of catalysis and modes of substrate binding that lead to formation of stereospecific products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claus Wasternack
- Department of Natural Product Biotechnology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Erich Kombrink
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
|
145
|
Tzin V, Galili G. The Biosynthetic Pathways for Shikimate and Aromatic Amino Acids in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2010; 8:e0132. [PMID: 22303258 PMCID: PMC3244902 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan in plants are not only essential components of protein synthesis, but also serve as precursors for a wide range of secondary metabolites that are important for plant growth as well as for human nutrition and health. The aromatic amino acids are synthesized via the shikimate pathway followed by the branched aromatic amino acid metabolic pathway, with chorismate serving as a major branch point intermediate metabolite. Yet, the regulation of their synthesis is still far from being understood. So far, only three enzymes in this pathway, namely, chorismate mutase of phenylalanine and tyrosine synthesis, tryptophan synthase of tryptophan biosynthesis and arogenate dehydratase of phenylalanine biosynthesis, proved experimentally to be allosterically regulated. The major biosynthesis route of phenylalanine in plants occurs via arogenate. Yet, recent studies suggest that an alternative route of phynylalanine biosynthesis via phenylpyruvate may also exist in plants, similarly to many microorganisms. Several transcription factors regulating the expression of genes encoding enzymes of both the shikimate pathway and aromatic amino acid metabolism have also been recently identified in Arabidopsis and other plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vered Tzin
- Department of Plant Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Gad Galili
- Department of Plant Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel
- Address correspondence to
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Fattorini L, Falasca G, Kevers C, Rocca LM, Zadra C, Altamura MM. Adventitious rooting is enhanced by methyl jasmonate in tobacco thin cell layers. PLANTA 2009; 231:155-68. [PMID: 19885676 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-1035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious roots (ARs) are induced by auxins. Jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) are also plant growth regulators with many effects on development, but their role on ARs needs investigation. To this aim, we analyzed AR formation in tobacco thin cell layers (TCLs) cultured with 0.01-10 microM MeJA, either under root-inductive conditions, i.e., on medium containing 10 microM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 0.1 microM kinetin, or without hormones. The explants were excised from the cultivars Samsun, Xanthii and Petite Havana, and from genotypes with altered AR-forming ability in response to auxin, namely the non-rooting rac mutant and the over-rooting Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolB transgenic line. Results show that NtRNR1 (G1/S) and Ntcyc29 (G2/M) gene activity, cell proliferation and meristemoid formation were stimulated in hormone-cultured TCLs by submicromolar MeJA concentrations. The meristemoids developed either into ARs and xylogenic nodules, or into xylogenic nodules only (rac TCLs). MeJA-induced meristemoid over-production characterized rolB TCLs. No rooting or xylogenesis occurred under hormone-free conditions, independently of MeJA and genotype. Endogenous JA progressively (days 1-4) increased in hormone-cultured TCLs in the absence of MeJA. JA levels were enhanced by 0.1 microM MeJA, on both days 1 and 4. Endogenous IBA was the only auxin detected, both in the free form and as IBA-glucose. Free IBA increased up to day 2, remaining constant thereafter (day 4). Its level was enhanced by 0.1 microM MeJA only on day 1, while IBA conjugation was not affected by MeJA. Taken together, these results show that an interplay between jasmonates and auxins regulates AR formation and xylogenesis in tobacco TCLs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fattorini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
147
|
Wu J, Baldwin IT. Herbivory-induced signalling in plants: perception and action. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2009; 32:1161-74. [PMID: 19183291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants and herbivores have been interacting for millions of years. Over time, plants have evolved mechanisms to defend against herbivore attacks. Herbivore-challenged plants reconfigure their metabolism to produce compounds that are toxic, repellant or anti-digestive for the herbivores. Some compounds are volatile signals that attract the predators of herbivores. All these responses are tightly regulated by a signalling network triggered by the plant's perception machinery. Several compounds that specifically elicit herbivory-induced responses in plants have been isolated from herbivore oral secretions and oviposition fluids. Elicitor perception is rapidly followed by cell membrane depolarization, calcium influx and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation; plants also elevate the concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and modulate phytohormone levels accordingly. In addition to these reactions in the herbivore-attacked regions of a leaf, defence responses are also mounted in unattacked parts of the attacked leaf and as well in unattacked leaves. In this review, we summarize recent progress in understanding how plants recognize herbivory, the involvement of several important signalling pathways that mediate the responses to herbivore attack and the signals that transduce local into systemic responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Wu
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
148
|
Mueller MJ, Berger S. Reactive electrophilic oxylipins: pattern recognition and signalling. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1511-21. [PMID: 19555983 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized lipids in plants comprise a variety of reactive electrophiles that contain an alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl group. While some of these compounds are formed enzymatically, many of them are formed by non-enzymatic pathways. In addition to their chemical reactivity/toxicity low levels of these compounds are also biologically active. Despite their structural diversity and biosynthetic origin, common biological activities such as induction of defense genes, activation of detoxification responses and growth inhibition have been documented. However, reactive electrophilic oxylipins are poorly defined as a class of compounds but have at least two properties in common, i.e., lipophilicity and thiol-reactivity. Thiol-reactivity is a property of reactive oxylipins (RES) shared by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) and enables these agents to modify proteins in vivo. Thiol-modification is assumed to represent a key mechanism involved in signal transduction. A metaanalysis of proteomic studies reveals that RES oxylipins, ROS and RNS apparently chemically modify a similar set of highly sensitive proteins, virtually all of which are targets for thioredoxins. Moreover, most of these proteins are redox-regulated, i.e., posttranslational thiol-modification alters the activity or function of these proteins. On the transcriptome level, effects of RES oxylipins and ROS on gene induction substantially overlap but are clearly different. Besides electrophilicity other structural properties such as target affinity apparently determine target selectivity and biological activity. In this context, different signalling mechanisms and signal transduction components identified in plants and non-plant organisms as well as putative functions of RES oxylipins are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Mueller
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Pharm. Biology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
149
|
Browse J. The power of mutants for investigating jasmonate biosynthesis and signaling. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1539-46. [PMID: 19740496 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mutant analysis includes approaches that range from traditional screening of mutant populations (forward genetics), to identifying mutations in known genes (reverse genetics), to examining the effects of site-specific mutations that encode modified proteins. All these methodologies have been applied to study jasmonate synthesis and signaling, and their use has led to important discoveries. The fad3 fad7 fad8 mutant of Arabidopsis, and other mutants defective in jasmonate synthesis, revealed the roles of jasmonate in flower development and plant defense against necrotrophic fungal pathogens. The coi1 mutant identified the F-box protein that is now known to be the receptor for jasmonoyl-isoleucine, the active form of jasmonate hormone. Investigations of how JASMONATE-ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins bind to COI1 and facilitate jasmonate perception have relied on the jai3 mutant, on JAZDeltaJas constructs, and on site-specific mutations in the Jas and ZIM domains of these proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Browse
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Volodarsky D, Leviatan N, Otcheretianski A, Fluhr R. HORMONOMETER: a tool for discerning transcript signatures of hormone action in the Arabidopsis transcriptome. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 150:1796-805. [PMID: 19535475 PMCID: PMC2719125 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.138289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones regulate growth and responses to environmental change. Hormone action ultimately modifies cellular physiological processes and gene activity. To facilitate transcriptome evaluation of novel mutants and environmental responses, there is a need to rapidly assess the possible contribution of hormone action to changes in the levels of gene transcripts. We developed a vector-based algorithm that rapidly compares lists of transcripts yielding correlation values. The application as described here, called HORMONOMETER, was used to analyze hormone-related activity in a transcriptome of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The veracity of the resultant analysis was established by comparison with cognate and noncognate hormone transcriptomes as well as with mutants and selected plant-environment interactions. The HORMONOMETER accurately predicted correlations between hormone action and biosynthetic mutants for which transcriptome data are available. A high degree of correlation was detected between many hormones, particularly at early time points of hormone action. Unforeseen complexity was detected in the analysis of mutants and in plant-herbivore interactions. The HORMONOMETER provides a diagnostic tool for evaluating the physiological state of being of the plant from the point of view of transcripts regulated by hormones and yields biological insight into the multiple response components that enable plant adaptation to the environment. A Web-based interface has been developed to facilitate external interfacing with this platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Volodarsky
- Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 76100
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|