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Speciale A, Cimino F, Saija A, Canali R, Virgili F. Bioavailability and molecular activities of anthocyanins as modulators of endothelial function. GENES & NUTRITION 2014; 9:404. [PMID: 24838260 PMCID: PMC4169059 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-014-0404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins (AC) are water-soluble natural pigments found in various parts of higher plants. Despite their limited oral bioavailability and very low post-absorption plasma concentrations, the dietary consumption of these pigments has been proposed to be associated with a significant protection against several human pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases. Many studies highlighted that some health benefits of AC localize in particular at endothelium level, contributing to vascular homeostasis and also to the control of angiogenesis, inflammation, and platelet aggregation. This review reports and comments on the large existing literature addressing the molecular mechanisms that, beyond the antioxidant properties, may have a significant role in the effects of AC and AC-rich foods on vessel endothelium. Among these, AC have been reported to prevent peroxynitrite-mediated endothelial dysfunction in endothelial cells (ECs), thanks to their capability to modulate the expression and activity of several enzymes involved in NO metabolism. Furthermore, evidence indicates that AC can prevent the expression of adhesion molecules and the adhesion of monocytes to ECs challenged by pro-inflammatory agents. Overall, the activity of AC could be associated with the ability to elicit cell adaptive responses involving the transcription factor Nrf2 by affecting the "nucleophilic tone" of the organism. This review confirms the importance of specific nutritional molecules for human health and suggests new avenues for nutrition-based interventions to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Speciale
- />Department Drug Sciences and Health Products, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Cimino
- />Department Drug Sciences and Health Products, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Saija
- />Department Drug Sciences and Health Products, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Raffaella Canali
- />Agricultural Research Council - Food and Nutrition Research Centre (C.R.A.- NUT), Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Virgili
- />Agricultural Research Council - Food and Nutrition Research Centre (C.R.A.- NUT), Rome, Italy
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102
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Peiffer DS, Zimmerman NP, Wang LS, Ransom BWS, Carmella SG, Kuo CT, Siddiqui J, Chen JH, Oshima K, Huang YW, Hecht SS, Stoner GD. Chemoprevention of esophageal cancer with black raspberries, their component anthocyanins, and a major anthocyanin metabolite, protocatechuic acid. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:574-84. [PMID: 24667581 PMCID: PMC6108893 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diets containing either freeze-dried black raspberries (BRBs) or their polyphenolic anthocyanins (ACs) have been shown to inhibit the development of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)-induced esophageal cancer in rats. The present study was conducted to determine whether PCA, a major microbial metabolite of black raspberry (BRB) ACs, also prevents NMBA-induced esophageal cancer in rats. F344 rats were injected with NMBA three times a week for 5 weeks and then fed control or experimental diets containing 6.1% BRBs, an anthocyanin (AC)-enriched fraction derived from BRBs, or protocatechuic acid (PCA). Animals were exsanguinated at weeks 15, 25, and 35 to quantify the development of preneoplastic lesions and tumors in the esophagus, and to relate this to the expression of inflammatory biomarkers. At weeks 15 and 25, all experimental diets were equally effective in reducing NMBA-induced esophageal tumorigenesis, as well as in reducing the expression of pentraxin-3 (PTX3), a cytokine produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to interleukin (IL)-1β and TNF-α. All experimental diets were also active at reducing tumorigenesis at week 35; however, the BRB diet was significantly more effective than the AC and PCA diets. Furthermore, all experimental diets inhibited inflammation in the esophagus via reducing biomarker (COX-2, iNOS, p-NF-κB, and sEH) and cytokine (PTX3) expression. Overall, our data suggest that BRBs, their component ACs, and PCA inhibit NMBA-induced esophageal tumorigenesis, at least in part, by their inhibitory effects on genes associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Peiffer
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center; Agro BioSciences Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Noah P Zimmerman
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center; Agro BioSciences Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Li-Shu Wang
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center; Agro BioSciences Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Benjamin W S Ransom
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center; Agro BioSciences Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Steven G Carmella
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center; Agro BioSciences Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Chieh-Ti Kuo
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center; Agro BioSciences Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jibran Siddiqui
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center; Agro BioSciences Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jo-Hsin Chen
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center; Agro BioSciences Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kiyoko Oshima
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center; Agro BioSciences Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Yi-Wen Huang
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center; Agro BioSciences Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center; Agro BioSciences Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Gary D Stoner
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center; Agro BioSciences Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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103
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Bhullar KS, Lassalle-Claux G, Touaibia M, Rupasinghe HV. Antihypertensive effect of caffeic acid and its analogs through dual renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibition. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 730:125-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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104
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Mossalayi MD, Rambert J, Renouf E, Micouleau M, Mérillon JM. Grape polyphenols and propolis mixture inhibits inflammatory mediator release from human leukocytes and reduces clinical scores in experimental arthritis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:290-297. [PMID: 24055518 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols from red fruits and bee-derived propolis (PR) are bioactive natural products in various in vitro and in vivo models. The present study shows that hematotoxicity-free doses of grape polyphenols (GPE) and PR differentially decreased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines from activated human peripheral blood leucocytes. While GPE inhibited the monocytes/macrophage response, propolis decreased both monokines and interferon γ (IFNγ) production. When used together, their distinct effects lead to the attenuation of all inflammatory mediators, as supported by a significant modulation of the transcriptomic profile of pro-inflammatory genes in human leukocytes. To enforce in vitro data, GPE+PR were tested for their ability to improve clinical scores and cachexia in chronic rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA). Extracts significantly reduced arthritis scores and cachexia, and this effect was more significant in animals receiving continuous low doses compared to those receiving five different high doses. Animals treated daily had significantly better clinical scores than corticoid-treated rats. Together, these findings indicate that the GPE+PR combination induces potent anti-inflammatory activity due to their complementary immune cell modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Mossalayi
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, INSERM U1035, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - J Rambert
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, INSERM U1035, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - E Renouf
- Univ. de Bordeaux, ISVV, Polyphénols Biotech, Groupe d'Etude des Substances Végétales à Activité Biologique, EA 3675, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - M Micouleau
- Univ. de Bordeaux, ISVV, Polyphénols Biotech, Groupe d'Etude des Substances Végétales à Activité Biologique, EA 3675, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - J M Mérillon
- Univ. de Bordeaux, ISVV, Polyphénols Biotech, Groupe d'Etude des Substances Végétales à Activité Biologique, EA 3675, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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105
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Savikin K, Menković N, Zdunić G, Pljevljakušić D, Spasić S, Kardum N, Konić-Ristić A. Dietary supplementation with polyphenol-rich chokeberry juice improves skin morphology in cellulite. J Med Food 2014; 17:582-7. [PMID: 24433076 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate possible beneficial effects of organic chokeberry juice (OCJ) consumption in the treatment of cellulite. Twenty-nine women aged 25-48 with a cellulite grade 2 according to the Nurnberger-Muller scale were included. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured. Skin structure was analyzed by ultrasonography. All subjects consumed 100 mL of OCJ per day, during 90 days. Measurements of investigated parameters were performed at 0, 45, and 90 days of the study. A marked reduction in the subcutaneous tissue thickness was observed in all subjects, with the average reduction of 1.9 mm. The length of subcutaneous tissue fascicles (ScTFL) was reduced in 97% (28 out of 29) of subjects, with the average value of 1.18 mm. After 45 days of chokeberry juice consumption, reduction of edema was observed in 55.2% of the subjects with edema at the baseline, while at the endpoint of the study, edemas were not observed in any of the subjects involved in the study. OCJ could have beneficial effects on the cellulite condition, including the length of ScTFL, subcutaneous tissue, and dermis thickness as well as on edema reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Savikin
- 1 "Dr. Josif Pančić" Institute for Medicinal Plant Research , Belgrade, Serbia
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106
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Liu R, Qi H, Wang J, Wang Y, Cui L, Wen Y, Yin C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE and ACE2) imbalance correlates with the severity of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in mice. Exp Physiol 2014; 99:651-63. [PMID: 24414175 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2013.074815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and its effector peptide angiotensin II (Ang II) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) degrades Ang II to angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] and has recently been described to have an antagonistic effect on ACE signalling. However, the specific underlying role of ACE2 in the pathogenesis of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is unclear. In the present study, the local imbalance of ACE and ACE2, as well as Ang II and Ang-(1-7) expression, was compared in wild-type (WT) and ACE2 knock-out (KO) or ACE2 transgenic (TG) mice subjected to cerulein-induced SAP. Serum amylase, tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 levels and histological morphometry were used to determine the severity of pancreatitis. In WT mice, pancreatic ACE and Ang II and serum Ang II expression increased (P < 0.05), while pancreatic ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) and serum Ang-(1-7) levels were also significantly elevated (P < 0.05) from 2 to 72 h after the onset of SAP. However, the ratio of pancreatic ACE2 to ACE expression was significantly reduced (from 1.46 ± 0.09 to 0.27 ± 0.05, P < 0.001) and paralleled the severity of pancreatitis. The Ace2 KO mice exhibited increased levels of tumour necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, IL-6, multifocal coagulative necrosis and inflammatory infiltrate, and lower levels of serum IL-10 and pancreatic Ang-(1-7) (4.70 ± 2.13 versus 10.87 ± 2.51, P < 0.001) compared with cerulein-treated WT mice at the same time point. Conversely, Ace2 TG mice with normal ACE expression were more resistant to SAP challenge as evidenced by a decreased inflammatory response, attenuated pathological changes and increased survival rates. These data suggest that the ACE2-ACE imbalance plays an important role in the pathogenesis of SAP and that pancreatic ACE2 is an important factor in determining the severity of SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Liu
- * Department of Infection, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yong-An Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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107
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Boto-Ordóñez M, Urpi-Sarda M, Queipo-Ortuño MI, Tulipani S, Tinahones FJ, Andres-Lacueva C. High levels of Bifidobacteria are associated with increased levels of anthocyanin microbial metabolites: a randomized clinical trial. Food Funct 2014; 5:1932-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00029c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The health benefits associated with the consumption of polyphenol-rich foods have been studied in depth, however, the full mechanism of action remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Boto-Ordóñez
- Biomarkers and Nutritional & Food Metabolomics Research Group
- Nutrition and Food Science Department
- XaRTA
- INSA
- Pharmacy Faculty
| | - Mireia Urpi-Sarda
- Biomarkers and Nutritional & Food Metabolomics Research Group
- Nutrition and Food Science Department
- XaRTA
- INSA
- Pharmacy Faculty
| | - María Isabel Queipo-Ortuño
- Research Laboratory
- IMABIS Foundation
- Virgen de la Victoria Clinical Hospital
- Málaga, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición
| | - Sara Tulipani
- Biomarkers and Nutritional & Food Metabolomics Research Group
- Nutrition and Food Science Department
- XaRTA
- INSA
- Pharmacy Faculty
| | - Francisco J. Tinahones
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- Madrid, Spain
- Servicio Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria
- Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristina Andres-Lacueva
- Biomarkers and Nutritional & Food Metabolomics Research Group
- Nutrition and Food Science Department
- XaRTA
- INSA
- Pharmacy Faculty
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108
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van Duynhoven J, Vaughan EE, van Dorsten F, Gomez-Roldan V, de Vos R, Vervoort J, van der Hooft JJJ, Roger L, Draijer R, Jacobs DM. Interactions of black tea polyphenols with human gut microbiota: implications for gut and cardiovascular health. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:1631S-1641S. [PMID: 24172295 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.058263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have convincingly associated consumption of black tea with reduced cardiovascular risk. Research on the bioactive molecules has traditionally been focused on polyphenols, such as catechins. Black tea polyphenols (BTPs), however, mainly consist of high-molecular-weight species that predominantly persist in the colon. There, they can undergo a wide range of bioconversions by the resident colonic microbiota but can in turn also modulate gut microbial diversity. The impact of BTPs on colon microbial composition can now be assessed by microbiomics technologies. Novel metabolomics platforms coupled to de novo identification are currently available to cover the large diversity of BTP bioconversions by the gut microbiota. Nutrikinetic modeling has been proven to be critical for defining nutritional phenotypes related to gut microbial bioconversion capacity. The bioactivity of circulating metabolites has been studied only to a certain extent. Bioassays dedicated to specific aspects of gut and cardiovascular health have been used, although often at physiologically irrelevant concentrations and with limited coverage of relevant metabolite classes and their conjugated forms. Evidence for cardiovascular benefits of BTPs points toward antiinflammatory and blood pressure-lowering properties and improvement in platelet and endothelial function for specific microbial bioconversion products. Clearly, more work is needed to fill in existing knowledge gaps and to assess the in vitro and in vivo bioactivity of known and newly identified BTP metabolites. It is also of interest to assess how phenotypic variation in gut microbial BTP bioconversion capacity relates to gut and cardiovascular health predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- John van Duynhoven
- From Unilever Discover Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, Netherlands (JvD, EEV, FvD, LR, RD, and DMJ); the Laboratory of Biophysics and Wageningen NMR Centre (JvD and JV), and the Laboratory of Biochemistry (JV and JJJvdH), Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands; Plant Research International, Wageningen, Netherlands (VG-R, RdV, and JJJvdH); the Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, Netherlands (JvD, FvD, RdV, JV, JJJvdH, and DMJ); and the Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen, Netherlands (RdV and VG-R)
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109
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Davidson E, Zimmermann BF, Jungfer E, Chrubasik-Hausmann S. Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections withVacciniumProducts. Phytother Res 2013; 28:465-70. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elyad Davidson
- Pain Relief Unit, Department of Anesthesia; Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Benno F. Zimmermann
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences - Food Chemistry; University of Bonn; Endenicher Allee 11-13 53115 Bonn Germany
- Institut Prof. Dr. Kurz GmbH; Eupener Strasse 161 50933 Köln Germany
| | - Elvira Jungfer
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences - Food Chemistry; University of Bonn; Endenicher Allee 11-13 53115 Bonn Germany
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110
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Cassidy A, Mukamal KJ, Liu L, Franz M, Eliassen AH, Rimm EB. High anthocyanin intake is associated with a reduced risk of myocardial infarction in young and middle-aged women. Circulation 2013; 127:188-96. [PMID: 23319811 PMCID: PMC3762447 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.112.122408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our current knowledge of modifiable risk factors to prevent myocardial infarction (MI) in young and middle-aged women is limited, and the impact of diet is largely unknown. Dietary flavonoids exert potential beneficial effects on endothelial function in short-term trials; however, the relationship between habitual intake and risk of MI in women is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We followed up 93 600 women 25 to 42 years of age from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) II who were healthy at baseline (1989) to examine the relationship between anthocyanins and other flavonoids and the risk of MI. Intake of flavonoid subclasses was calculated from validated food-frequency questionnaires collected every 4 years using an updated and extended US Department of Agriculture database. During 18 years of follow-up, 405 cases of MI were reported. An inverse association between higher intake of anthocyanins and risk of MI was observed (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.49-0.96; P=0.03, highest versus lowest quintiles) after multivariate adjustment. The addition of intermediate conditions, including history of hypertension, did not significantly attenuate the relationship (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.50-0.97; P=0.03). Combined intake of 2 anthocyanin-rich foods, blueberries and strawberries, tended to be associated with a decreased risk of MI (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.40-1.08) in a comparison of those consuming >3 servings a week and those with lower intake. Intakes of other flavonoid subclasses were not significantly associated with MI risk. CONCLUSIONS A high intake of anthocyanins may reduce MI risk in predominantly young women. Intervention trials are needed to further examine the health impact of increasing intakes of commonly consumed anthocyanin-rich foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aedín Cassidy
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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111
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Hsiang CY, Hseu YC, Chang YC, Kumar KS, Ho TY, Yang HL. Toona sinensis and its major bioactive compound gallic acid inhibit LPS-induced inflammation in nuclear factor-κB transgenic mice as evaluated by in vivo bioluminescence imaging. Food Chem 2013; 136:426-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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