101
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Stiborová M, Rupertová M, Aimová D, Ryslavá H, Frei E. Formation and persistence of DNA adducts of anticancer drug ellipticine in rats. Toxicology 2007; 236:50-60. [PMID: 17482743 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ellipticine is an antineoplastic agent, whose mode of antitumor and/or toxic side effects is based on DNA intercalation, inhibition of topoisomerase II and formation of DNA adducts mediated by cytochromes P450 and peroxidases. We investigated the formation and persistence of DNA adducts generated in rat, the animal model mimicking the bioactivation of ellipticine in human. Using (32)P-postlabeling, ellipticine-DNA adducts were found in liver, kidney, lung, spleen, heart and brain of female and male rats exposed to ellipticine (4, 40 and 80 mg/kg body weight, i.p.). The two major adducts were identical to the deoxyguanosine adducts generated in DNA by 13-hydroxy- and 12-hydroxyellipticine in vitro as confirmed by HPLC of the isolated adducts. At four post-treatment times (2 days, 2, 10 and 32 weeks) DNA adducts in rats treated with 80 mg/kg of ellipticine were analyzed in each tissue to study their long-term persistence. In all organs maximal adduct levels were found 2 days after administration. At all time points highest total adduct levels were in liver (402 adducts/10(8) nucleotides after 2 days and 3.6 adducts/10(8) nucleotides after 32 weeks), kidney and lung followed by spleen, heart and brain. Total adduct levels decreased over time to 0.8-8.3% of the initial levels till the latest time point and showed a biphasic profile, a rapid loss during the first 2 weeks was followed by a much slower decline till 32 weeks. These results, the first characterization of persistence of ellipticine-DNA adducts in vivo, are necessary to evaluate genotoxic side effects of ellipticine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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102
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Darwiche N, El-Banna S, Gali-Muhtasib H. Cell cycle modulatory and apoptotic effects of plant-derived anticancer drugs in clinical use or development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007; 2:361-79. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.3.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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103
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de Melo LC, Braga SF, Barone PMVB. Pattern recognition methods investigation of ellipticines structure–activity relationships. J Mol Graph Model 2007; 25:912-20. [PMID: 17049892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ellipticine is a molecule derived from the natural extract Ochrosia elliptica. This molecule and its derivatives are highly cytotoxic to malignant cultured cells. The relatively simple structure of ellipticine has prompted chemists to design various structural modifications in order to obtain either more active derivatives or information on the structural moieties required for pharmacological activities. In the present work we report theoretical structure-activity relationship studies for 40 ellipticine derivatives using pattern-recognition methods such as electronics indices methodology (EIM), principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) with molecular descriptors obtained from semiempirical parametric method 3 (PM3) calculations. By applying selected molecular descriptors it was possible to classify active and inactive compounds with accuracy up to 92% and also to suggest the activity of new untested molecules. These descriptors have been only recently discussed in the literature as new possible universal parameters for defining the biological activity of several classes of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louraine C de Melo
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud, 150, 22290-180 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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104
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Gassner NC, Tamble CM, Bock JE, Cotton N, White KN, Tenney K, St. Onge RP, Proctor MJ, Giaever G, Davis RW, Crews P, Holman TR, Lokey RS. Accelerating the discovery of biologically active small molecules using a high-throughput yeast halo assay. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2007; 70:383-90. [PMID: 17291044 PMCID: PMC2533267 DOI: 10.1021/np060555t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a powerful model system for the study of basic eukaryotic cell biology, has been used increasingly as a screening tool for the identification of bioactive small molecules. We have developed a novel yeast toxicity screen that is easily automated and compatible with high-throughput screening robotics. The new screen is quantitative and allows inhibitory potencies to be determined, since the diffusion of the sample provides a concentration gradient and a corresponding toxicity halo. The efficacy of this new screen was illustrated by testing materials including 3104 compounds from the NCI libraries, 167 marine sponge crude extracts, and 149 crude marine-derived fungal extracts. There were 46 active compounds among the NCI set. One very active extract was selected for bioactivity-guided fractionation, resulting in the identification of crambescidin 800 as a potent antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Phillip Crews
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. P.C., Tel: 831-459-2603, Fax: 831-459-4197, ; T.R.H., Tel: 831-459-5884, Fax: 831-459-2935, ; R.S.L., Tel: 831-459-1307, Fax: 831-459-2935,
| | - Theodore R. Holman
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. P.C., Tel: 831-459-2603, Fax: 831-459-4197, ; T.R.H., Tel: 831-459-5884, Fax: 831-459-2935, ; R.S.L., Tel: 831-459-1307, Fax: 831-459-2935,
| | - R. Scott Lokey
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. P.C., Tel: 831-459-2603, Fax: 831-459-4197, ; T.R.H., Tel: 831-459-5884, Fax: 831-459-2935, ; R.S.L., Tel: 831-459-1307, Fax: 831-459-2935,
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105
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Romero M, Renard P, Caignard DH, Atassi G, Solans X, Constans P, Bailly C, Pujol MD. Synthesis and Structure−Activity Relationships of New Benzodioxinic Lactones as Potential Anticancer Drugs. J Med Chem 2006; 50:294-307. [PMID: 17228871 DOI: 10.1021/jm061184g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A set of disubstituted tetracyclic lactones has been synthesized and tested for potential antitumor activity. Several of them possess a noticeable cytotoxicity against L1210 and HT-29 colon cells in vitro. Relationships between chain nature and biological properties were sought. Lactones with a pentyl or hexyl substituent at C-11 are the most active ones. The introduction of a functional group at the side chain of C-11 modified the potency; carboxylic acid and primary amine decreased the cytotoxicity, whereas a cyano group increased the activity. An extensive structure-activity relationship study of these derivatives, including carbon homologues and bioisosteres has been performed. The synthesis and cytotoxicity of these compounds are discussed. Two lactones are recognized as potential lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Romero
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica, Unitat Associada al CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
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106
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Formisyn P, Danna AM, Bourgois J. Analysis of 9-Hydroxy Ellipticine by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079508010458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Formisyn
- a Laboratory of Ingénierie de l'Environnement Centre Simade
| | - A. M. Danna
- b Laboratory of Génie Enzymatique Centre Spin Ecole des Mines 158, cours Fauriel , F 42023, Saint-Etienne , Cedex , 2 , France
| | - J. Bourgois
- a Laboratory of Ingénierie de l'Environnement Centre Simade
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107
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Miskolczy Z, Biczók L. Fluorescent properties of hydrogen-bonded ellipticine: A special effect of fluoride anion. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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108
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Stiborova M, Rupertova M, Schmeiser HH, Frei E. Molecular mechanisms of antineoplastic action of an anticancer drug ellipticine. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2006; 150:13-23. [PMID: 16936898 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2006.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ellipticine is a potent antineoplastic agent exhibiting the multimodal mechanism of its action. This article reviews the mechanisms of predominant pharmacological and cytotoxic effects of ellipticine and shows the results of our laboratories indicating a novel mechanism of its action. The prevalent mechanisms of ellipticine antitumor, mutagenic and cytotoxic activities were suggested to be intercalation into DNA and inhibition of DNA topoisomerase II activity. We demonstrated a new mode of ellipticine action, formation of covalent DNA adducts mediated by its oxidation with cytochromes P450 (CYP) and peroxidases. The article reports the molecular mechanism of ellipticine oxidation by CYPs and identifies human and rat CYPs responsible for ellipticine metabolic activation and detoxication. It also presents a role of peroxidases (i.e. myeloperoxidase, cyclooxygenases, lactoperoxidase) in ellipticine oxidation leading to ellipticine-DNA adducts. The 9-hydroxy- and 7-hydroxyellipticine metabolites formed by CYPs and the major product of ellipticine oxidation by peroxidases, the dimer, in which the two ellipticine skeletons are connected via N(6) of the pyrrole ring of one ellipticine molecule and C9 in the second one, are the detoxication metabolites. On the contrary, 13-hydroxy- and 12-hydroxyellipticine, produced by ellipticine oxidation with CYPs, the latter one formed also spontaneously from another CYP- and peroxidase-mediated metabolite, ellipticine N(2)-oxide, are metabolites responsible for formation of two ellipticine-derived deoxyguanosine adducts in DNA. The results reviewed here allow us to propose species, two carbenium ions, ellipticine-13-ylium and ellipticine-12-ylium, as reactive species generating two major DNA adducts seen in vivo in rats treated with ellipticine. The study forms the basis to further predict the susceptibility of human cancers to ellipticine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Stiborova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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109
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Bednarek E, Bocian W, Sitkowski J, Ulkowska A, Kaczmarek Ł, Badowska-Rosłonek K, Ciesielska A, Bukowska A, Kozerski L. 1H and 13C NMR data for indolo[2,3-b]quinoline-aminoglycoside hybrids, a novel potent anticancer drug family. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2006; 44:459-62. [PMID: 16425213 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The complete NMR signal assignment of title compounds were carried out by extensive use of 1D and 2D NMR techniques (1H, 13C, GCOSY, GHSQC and GHMBC).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bednarek
- National Institute of Public Health, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
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110
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Stiborová M, Poljaková J, Ryslavá H, Dracínský M, Eckschlager T, Frei E. Mammalian peroxidases activate anticancer drug ellipticine to intermediates forming deoxyguanosine adducts in DNA identical to those foundin vivo and generated from 12-hydroxyellipticine and 13-hydroxyellipticine. Int J Cancer 2006; 120:243-51. [PMID: 17066455 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ellipticine is a potent antineoplastic agent, whose mode of action is considered to be based mainly on DNA intercalation, inhibition of topoisomerase II and cytochrome P450-mediated formation of covalent DNA adducts. This is the first report on the molecular mechanism of ellipticine oxidation by peroxidases (human myeloperoxidase, human and ovine cyclooxygenases, bovine lactoperoxidase, horseradish peroxidase) to species forming ellipticine-DNA adducts. Using NMR spectroscopy, the structures of 2 ellipticine metabolites were identified; the major product is the ellipticine dimer, in which the 2 ellipticine skeletons are connected via N(6) of the pyrrole ring of one ellipticine molecule and C9 in the second one. The minor metabolite is ellipticine N(2)-oxide. Using (32)P-postlabeling and [(3)H]-labeled ellipticine, we showed that ellipticine binds covalently to DNA after its activation by peroxidases. The DNA adduct pattern induced by ellipticine consisted of a cluster of up to 4 adducts. The 2 adducts are indistinguishable from the 2 major adducts generated between deoxyguanosine in DNA and either 13-hydroxy- or 12-hydroxyellipticine or in rats treated with ellipticine, or if ellipticine was activated with human hepatic and renal microsomes. The results presented here are the first characterization of the peroxidase-mediated oxidative metabolites of ellipticine and we have proposed species, 2 carbenium ions, ellipticine-13-ylium and ellipticine-12-ylium, as reactive species generating 2 major DNA adducts seen in vivo in rats treated with ellipticine. The study forms the basis to further predict the susceptibility of human cancers to ellipticine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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111
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Poljaková J, Dračínský M, Frei E, Hudeček J, Stiborová M. The Effect of pH on Peroxidase-Mediated Oxidation of and DNA Adduct Formation by Ellipticine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20061169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In order to understand the mechanism of enzymatic activation of an antineoplastic agent ellipticine, we investigated the effect of pH on the efficiency of three model peroxidases (bovine lactoperoxidase, human myeloperoxidase and horseradish peroxidase) in oxidation of ellipticine and in formation ellipticine-DNA adducts. The formation of the major ellipticine metabolite, ellipticine dimer, in which two ellipticine residues are connected through nitrogenN6in the pyrrole ring of one of the ellipticine moieties and carbon C9 of the other ellipticine, and formation of four ellipticine-DNA adducts were analyzed. All three peroxidases oxidize ellipticine to dimer and form ellipticine-DNA adducts, but lactoperoxidase and myeloperoxidase were less efficient in these processes than horseradish peroxidase. More than one order of magnitude higher rates of formation of dimer and amounts of the DNA adducts were found upon horseradish peroxidase than in reactions with lactoperoxidase or myeloperoxidase. An acid pH optimum was found for the formation of ellipticine dimer (pH 6.4), while the highest binding of ellipticine activated by peroxidases to DNA was detectable at pH 8.4. Likewise, the highest binding of 5-(hydroxymethyl)ellipticine, a metabolite of ellipticine generated by cytochrome P450, to DNA was found at pH 8.4. The results presented here are a contribution to the explanation of the reaction mechanism of formation of the major deoxyguanosine adduct in DNA generated from ellipticinein vivoandin vitroby its activation with cytochromes P450 and peroxidases.
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112
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Aimová D, Stiborová M. ANTITUMOR DRUG ELLIPTICINE INHIBITS THE ACTIVITIES OF RAT HEPATIC CYTOCHROMES P450. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2005. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2005.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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113
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Poljaková J, Forsterová K, Šulc M, Frei E, Stiborová M. OXIDATION OF AN ANTITUMOR DRUG ELLIPTICINE BY PEROXIDASES. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2005. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2005.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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114
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Roschke AV, Lababidi S, Tonon G, Gehlhaus KS, Bussey K, Weinstein JN, Kirsch IR. Karyotypic "state" as a potential determinant for anticancer drug discovery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:2964-9. [PMID: 15703300 PMCID: PMC549443 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0405578102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a genetic disease caused by genomic instability. In many cancers, this instability is manifested by chromosomal reconfigurations and karyotypic complexity. These features are particular hallmarks of the epithelial cancers that are some of the malignancies most resistant to long term control by current chemotherapeutic agents. We have asked whether we could use karyotypic complexity and instability as determinants for the screening of potential anticancer compounds. Using a panel of well characterized cancer cell lines, we have been able to identify specific groups of chemical compounds that are more cytotoxic toward the relatively more karyotypically complex and unstable panel members. Thus, we delineate an approach for the identification of "lead compounds" for anticancer drug discovery complementary to those that are focused at the outset on a given gene or pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Roschke
- Genetics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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115
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Stiborová M, Sejbal J, Borek-Dohalská L, Aimová D, Poljaková J, Forsterová K, Rupertová M, Wiesner J, Hudecek J, Wiessler M, Frei E. The Anticancer Drug Ellipticine Forms Covalent DNA Adducts, Mediated by Human Cytochromes P450, through Metabolism to 13-Hydroxyellipticine and Ellipticine N2-Oxide. Cancer Res 2004; 64:8374-80. [PMID: 15548707 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ellipticine is an antineoplastic agent, the mode of action of which is considered to be based on DNA intercalation and inhibition of topoisomerase II. We found that ellipticine also forms the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated covalent DNA adducts. We now identified the ellipticine metabolites formed by human CYPs and elucidated the metabolites responsible for DNA binding. The 7-hydroxyellipticine, 9-hydroxyellipticine, 12-hydroxyellipticine, 13-hydroxyellipticine, and ellipticine N(2)-oxide are generated by hepatic microsomes from eight human donors. The role of specific CYPs in the oxidation of ellipticine and the role of the ellipticine metabolites in the formation of DNA adducts were investigated by correlating the levels of metabolites formed in each microsomal sample with CYP activities and with the levels of the ellipticine-derived deoxyguanosine adducts in DNA. On the basis of this analysis, formation of 9-hydroxyellipticine and 7-hydroxyellipticine was attributable to CYP1A1/2, whereas production of 13-hydroxyellipticine and ellipticine N(2)-oxide, the metabolites responsible for formation of two major DNA adducts, was attributable to CYP3A4. Using recombinant human enzymes, oxidation of ellipticine to 9-hydroxyellipticine and 7-hydroxyellipticine by CYP1A1/2 and to 13-hydroxyellipticine and N(2)-oxide by CYP3A4 was corroborated. Homologue modeling and docking of ellipticine to the CYP3A4 active center was used to explain the predominance of ellipticine oxidation by CYP3A4 to 13-hydroxyellipticine and N(2)-oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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116
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Braga SF, de Melo LC, Barone P. Semiempirical study on the electronic structure of antitumor drugs ellipticines, olivacines and isoellipticines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2004.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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117
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Stiborová M, Breuer A, Aimová D, Stiborová-Rupertová M, Wiessler M, Frei E. DNA adduct formation by the anticancer drug ellipticine in rats determined by 32P postlabeling. Int J Cancer 2004; 107:885-90. [PMID: 14601046 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ellipticine is a potent antineoplastic agent whose mode of action is considered to be based mainly on DNA intercalation and/or inhibition of topoisomerase II. Recently, we found that ellipticine also forms covalent DNA adducts in vitro and that the formation of the major adduct is dependent on the activation of ellipticine by cytochrome P450 (CYP). Here, we investigated the capacity of ellipticine to form DNA adducts in vivo. Male Wistar rats were treated with ellipticine, and DNA from various organs was analyzed by (32)P postlabeling. Ellipticine-specific DNA adduct patterns, similar to those found in vitro, were detected in most test organs. Only DNA of testes was free of the ellipticine-DNA adducts. The highest level of DNA adducts was found in liver (19.7 adducts per 10(7) nucleotides), followed by spleen, lung, kidney, heart and brain. One major and one minor ellipticine-DNA adducts were found in DNA of all these organs of rats exposed to ellipticine. Besides these, 2 or 3 additional adducts were detected in DNA of liver, kidney, lung and heart. The predominant adduct formed in rat tissues in vivo was identical to the deoxyguanosine adduct generated in DNA by ellipticine in vitro as shown by cochromatography in 2 independent systems. Correlation studies showed that the formation of this major DNA adduct in vivo is mediated by CYP3A1- and CYP1A-dependent reactions. The results presented here are the first report showing the formation of CYP-mediated covalent DNA adducts by ellipticine in vivo and confirm the formation of covalent DNA adducts as a new mode of ellipticine action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030. 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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118
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Dračínský M, Castaño O. Calculations of interaction energies of ellipticine derivatives with DNA base pairs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/b400471j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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119
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Bořek-Dohalská L, Frei E, Stiborová M. DNA Adduct Formation by the Anticancer Drug Ellipticine and Its Hydroxy Derivatives in Human Breast Adenocarcinoma MCF-7 Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20040603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of the antineoplastic agent ellipticine and its 9- and 7-hydroxylated metabolites to human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells and their ability to generate DNA adducts in these cancer cells were investigated. Ellipticine and its 9-hydroxylated metabolite were found to be toxic to MCF-7 cells with IC50values of 1.25 and 3.25 μmol l-1for ellipticine and 9-hydroxyellipticine, respectively. In contrast, no toxicity to these cancer cells was detectable for 7-hydroxyellipticine. The nuclease P1 version of the32P-postlabeling assay yielded a pattern of ellipticine-DNA adducts with two major and one minor adducts in MCF-7 cells, similar to the pattern of adducts detected in DNA reacted with ellipticine and the reconstituted cytochrome P450 enzyme systemin vitroand in DNAin vivo. The identity of two major adducts formed in DNA of MCF-7 cells with those formed by cytochrome P450-mediated ellipticine activationin vitrowas confirmed by HPLC of the isolated adducts. 9-Hydroxyellipticine was also capable of inducing DNA adducts in MCF-7 cells, but to a lesser extent. In addition, the adducts generated by 9-hydroxyellipticine were different from those generated by ellipticine. Negligible levels of DNA adducts were detectable in DNA of MCF-7 cells exposed to 7-hydroxyellipticine. The results presented here are the first report showing the formation of covalent DNA adducts with ellipticine in human breast cancer cells in culture, and suggest the formation of covalent DNA adducts as a new mode of antitumor action of ellipticine in breast cancer.
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120
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Gopal M, Shenoy S, Doddamani LS. Antitumor activity of 4-amino and 8-methyl-4-(3diethylamino propylamino)pyrimido[4′,5′:4,5]thieno (2,3-b) quinolines. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2003; 72:69-78. [PMID: 14644568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2003.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of 4-aminopyrimido [4',5':4,5] thieno (2,3-b) quinoline and 8-methyl-4-(3-diethylaminopropylamino) pyrimido [4',5':4,5] thieno (2,3-b) quinoline with DNA was studied by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectrophotometry as well as by hydrodynamic methods. On binding to DNA, the absorption spectra underwent bathochromic and hypochromic shifts and the fluorescence was quenched. These compounds are able to bind to DNA with an affinity of about 10(6) M(-1) for calf thymus DNA at ionic strength 0.01 M and their intercalating characteristic (lengthening of the DNA) depends upon the length of the chain. Binding to the GC-rich DNA of Micrococcus lysodeikticus was stronger than the binding to calf thymus DNA at ionic strength 0.01 M. The cytotoxicities of these compounds on leukemia HL-60, melanoma B16F10 and neuro 2a cells are quite similar and inhibition (IC50) is in the range of 0.992-3.968 microM. The anticancer efficacy against B16 melanoma, has provided evidence of major antitumor activity for 8-methyl-4-(3diethylaminopropylamino) pyrimido [4',5':4,5] thieno(2,3-b)quinoline. Single or multiple intraperitonial (i.p) doses of drug proved high level activity against the subcutaneous (s.c) grafted B16 melanoma, significantly increasing survival (p<0.001) and inhibiting tumor growth (T/C of 4%). This study offers a new intercalation functional group to DNA-targeted drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shivagangotri, Davangere 577 002, India.
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Stiborová M, Stiborová-Rupertová M, Borek-Dohalská L, Wiessler M, Frei E. Rat microsomes activating the anticancer drug ellipticine to species covalently binding to deoxyguanosine in DNA are a suitable model mimicking ellipticine bioactivation in humans. Chem Res Toxicol 2003; 16:38-47. [PMID: 12693029 DOI: 10.1021/tx0200818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ellipticine is a potent antineoplastic agent, whose mode of action is considered to be based mainly on DNA intercalation and/or inhibition of topoisomerase II. Recently, we found that ellipticine also forms covalent DNA adducts and that the formation of the major adduct is dependent on the activation of ellipticine by cytochrome P450 (P450). We examined rat, rabbit, and human hepatic microsomal samples for their ability to activate ellipticine. The extent of activation was determined by binding of 3H-labeled ellipticine to DNA and by analyzing DNA adducts by 32P-postlabeling. We demonstrate that cytochrome P450 of human hepatic microsomes activating ellipticine to species binding to DNA is analogous to that of rats, but not of rabbits. Most of the ellipticine activation in rat and human hepatic microsomes is attributed to P450 enzymes of the same subfamily, P450 3A1/2 and P450 3A4, respectively, while the orthologous enzyme in rabbit hepatic microsomes, P450 3A6, is much less efficient. With purified enzymes, the major role of P450 3A1 and 3A4 in ellipticine-DNA adduct formation was confirmed. We identified deoxyguanosine as the target for P450-mediated ellipticine binding to DNA using polydeoxyribonucleotides and deoxyguanosine 3'-monophosphate. The results strongly suggest that rats are more suitable models than rabbits mimicking the metabolic activation of ellipticine in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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122
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Frei E, Bieler CA, Arlt VM, Wiessler M, Stiborová M. Covalent binding of the anticancer drug ellipticine to DNA in V79 cells transfected with human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 64:289-95. [PMID: 12123750 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)01072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ellipticine is a potent antineoplastic agent whose mechanism of action is considered to be based mainly on DNA intercalation and/or inhibition of topoisomerase II. Recently, we found that ellipticine also forms covalent DNA adducts and that the formation of the major adduct is dependent on the activation of ellipticine by cytochrome P450 (CYP). We examined a panel of genetically engineered V79 cell lines including the parental line V79MZ and recombinant cells expressing the human CYP enzymes CYP1A1, CYP1A2 or CYP3A4 for their ability to activate ellipticine. The extent of activation was determined by analysing DNA adducts by 32P-postlabelling. Ellipticine was found to be toxic to all V79 cell lines with IC(50) values ranging from 0.25 to 0.40 microM. The nuclease P1 version of the 32P-postlabelling assay yielded a similar pattern of ellipticine-DNA adducts with two major adducts in all cells, the formation of only one of which was dependent on CYP activity. This pattern is identical to that detected in DNA reacted with ellipticine and the reconstituted CYP enzyme system in vitro as confirmed by HPLC of the isolated adducts. Total adduct levels ranged from 2 to 337 adducts per 10(8) nucleotides, in the parental line and in V79 expressing CYP3A4, respectively. As in vitro, human CYP1A2 and CYP1A1 were less active. The results presented here are the first report showing the formation of CYP-mediated covalent DNA adducts by ellipticine in cells in culture, and confirm the formation of covalent DNA adducts as a new mechanism of ellipticine action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Frei
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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123
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Saeki K, Obi I, Ogiku N, Shigekawa M, Imagawa T, Matsumoto T. Cardioprotective effects of 9-hydroxyellipticine on ischemia and reperfusion in isolated rat heart. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 2002; 89:21-8. [PMID: 12083739 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.89.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We determined the effect of 9-hydroxyellipticine (9HE) on ryanodine receptor (RyR) and cardiac function after global ischemia in isolated rat hearts. The binding of [3H]-ryanodine in rabbit cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum was displaced by 9HE in a biphasic manner corresponding to the two sites model with IC50 values of 6.1 microM and 55 mM. The increase of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration induced by caffeine in CHO cells expressing cardiac-type RyR was suppressed by 9HE in a concentration-dependent manner. Pretreatment of the heart with 9HE decreased the total duration of reperfusion-induced ventricular fibrillation (VF) and delayed the onset of VF. There was also a significant recovery of contractile force of ischemic hearts following 9HE. Unlike nifedipine, an L-type Ca2+-channel blocker, 9HE did not suppress the contraction of rat papillary muscles. Thus, 9HE exerts the cardioprotective effects against ischemia /reperfusion injury without changing hemodynamic indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Saeki
- Discovery Research Laboratory, Tanabe Seiyaku Co, Toda-shi, Saitama, Japan.
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124
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Stiborová M, Bieler CA, Wiessler M, Frei E. The anticancer agent ellipticine on activation by cytochrome P450 forms covalent DNA adducts. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 62:1675-84. [PMID: 11755121 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ellipticine is a potent antitumor agent whose mechanism of action is considered to be based mainly on DNA intercalation and/or inhibition of topoisomerase II. Using [3H]-labeled ellipticine, we observed substantial microsome (cytochrome P450)-dependent binding of ellipticine to DNA. In rat, rabbit, minipig, and human microsomes, in reconstituted systems with isolated cytochromes P450 and in Supersomes containing recombinantly expressed human cytochromes P450, we could show that ellipticine forms a covalent DNA adduct detected by [32P]-postlabeling. The most potent human enzyme is CYP3A4, followed by CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, and CYP2C9. Another minor adduct is formed independent of enzymatic activation. The [32P]-postlabeling analysis of DNA modified by activated ellipticine confirms the covalent binding to DNA as an important type of DNA modification. The DNA adduct formation we describe is a novel mechanism for the ellipticine action and might in part explain its tumor specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 2, The, Prague, Czech Republic.
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125
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Carvalho A, Laks B. Investigation of geometry and some electronic properties of AZA analogues of the ellipticine and olivacine derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(00)00797-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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126
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Le Mée S, Chaminade F, Delaporte C, Markovits J, Saucier JM, Jacquemin-Sablon A. Cellular resistance to the antitumor DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor S16020-2: importance of the N-[2(Dimethylamino)ethyl]carbamoyl side chain. Mol Pharmacol 2000; 58:709-18. [PMID: 10999940 DOI: 10.1124/mol.58.4.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The new olivacine derivative S16020-2 (NSC-659687) is a DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor endowed with a remarkable antitumor activity against various experimental tumors. In vitro physicochemical properties of this compound, in particular its interaction with DNA and DNA topoisomerase II, were very similar to those of ellipticine derivatives, except for a strictly ATP-dependent mechanism of cleavable complex induction. From the Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cell line DC-3F, a subline resistant to S16020-2, named DC-3F/S16, was selected by adding stepwise increasing concentrations of the drug to the cell growth medium. Whereas DC-3F/9-OH-E cells, a DC-3F subline resistant to 9-hydroxy-ellipticine, are cross-resistant to S16020-2, DC-3F/S16 cells are only very weakly cross-resistant to ellipticine derivatives, indicating that, despite their structural similarity, these compounds may differ in their mechanisms of action. Uptake and efflux rates of S16020-2 were identical in the resistant and the sensitive cells. Topoisomerase IIalpha was expressed at the same level in both sensitive and resistant cells, whereas expression of the beta-enzyme was approximately 50% lower in the resistant cells. Sequencing of both alpha- and beta-isoform cDNAs revealed a point mutation that converts Arg(486) to a Gly in the alpha cDNA, whereas the beta cDNA was not modified. This amino acid substitution in a highly conserved sequence of the enzyme appears to be responsible for the resistance to S16020-2. Comparative analysis of the properties of the ellipticine and S16020-2-resistant cells suggests that S16020-2, which is a DNA intercalator, might also interact with this enzyme amino acid sequence through its side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Le Mée
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8532, Physico-chimie et Pharmacologie des Macromolécules Biologiques, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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127
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Bernard S, Schwaller MA, Lévi G, Aubard J. Metabolism of the antitumor drug N(2)-methyl-9-hydroxy ellipticinium: Identification by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of adducts formed with amino acids and nucleic acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6343(1996)2:6<377::aid-bspy4>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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129
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130
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Ferlin MG, Chiarelotto G, Marzano C, Severin E, Baccichetti F, Carlassare F, Simonato M, Bordin F. Synthesis and biological properties of a new series of N-pyrido substituted tetrahydrocarbazoles. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 1998; 53:431-7. [PMID: 9764477 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(98)00048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of methyl and ethyl quaternary pyridiniumtetrahydrocarbazoles was synthesized and studied in comparison with ellipticine, chosen as a reference. In general, their antiproliferative activity, tested in different biological substrates, appeared to be higher than that of the corresponding non-quaternarized compounds. This fact could be attributed to the introduction of a positive charge in the molecule, which can stabilize the molecular complex they form with DNA. In a prokaryotic system, the T2 bacteriophage, both quaternarized and non-quaternarized compounds inhibited its infectivity moderately, in a similar way to ellipticine. This effect seemed to be connected to a direct activity on the virions rather than on the indicator bacteria. In mammalian cells, the pyridiniumtetrahydrocarbazoles were more effective. In particular, they appeared to be very active in inhibiting DNA synthesis in Ehrlich ascites cells; some of them were as effective as ellipticine. However, pyridiniumtetrahydrocarbazoles were less active in comparison with ellipticine when their capacity for inhibiting the clonal growth in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was tested. A similar picture was obtained studying the formation of chromosome aberrations and of sister chromatid exchanges in the same cells. These different responses can be explained considering that the data on DNA synthesis reflect effects only on DNA replication within a short time, without considering any later consequences; on the contrary, in the long-term tests, other events, which lead to cell killing or genotoxicity, can take place. Pyridiniumtetrahydrocarbazoles damage DNA, inducing double-strand breaks efficiently. These observations, together with the data already obtained on unsubstituted derivatives, suggest the pyridiniumtetrahydrocarbazoles induce antiproliferative and genotoxic effects, very probably by inhibiting topoisomerase II.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Ferlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Centro di Studio sulla Chimica del Farmaco e dei Prodotti Biologicamente Attivi del CNR (associated with the National Institute for the Chemistry of Biological Systems), Padua University, Italy
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131
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Sehlstedt U, Aich P, Bergman J, Vallberg H, Nordén B, Gräslund A. Interactions of the antiviral quinoxaline derivative 9-OH-B220 [2, 3-dimethyl-6-(dimethylaminoethyl)- 9-hydroxy-6H-indolo-[2, 3-b]quinoxaline] with duplex and triplex forms of synthetic DNA and RNA. J Mol Biol 1998; 278:31-56. [PMID: 9571032 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1998.1670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The binding of an antiviral quinoxaline derivative, 2,3-dimethyl- 6 - (dimethylaminoethyl) - 9 - hydroxy - 6H - indolo - [2,3 - b]quinoxaline (9-OH-B220), to synthetic double and triple helical DNA (poly(dA).poly(dT) and poly(dA).2poly(dT)) and RNA (poly(rA). poly(rU) and poly (rA).2poly(rU)) has been characterized using flow linear dichroism (LD), circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence spectroscopy, and thermal denaturation. When either of the DNA structures or the RNA duplex serve as host polymers a strongly negative LD is displayed, consistent with intercalation of the chromophoric ring system between the base-pairs/triplets of the nucleic acid structures. Evidence for this geometry also includes weak induced CD signals and strong increments of the fluorescence emission intensities upon binding of the drug to each of these polymer structures. In agreement with intercalative binding, 9-OH-B220 is found to effectively enhance the thermal stability of both the double and triple helical states of DNA as well as the RNA duplex. In the case of poly(dA).2poly(dT), the drug provides an unusually large stabilization of its triple helical state; upon binding of 9-OH-B220 the triplex-to-duplex equilibrium is shifted towards higher temperature by 52.5 deg. C in a 10 mM sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 100 mM NaCl and 1 mM EDTA. When triplex RNA serves as host structure, LD indicates that the average orientation angle between the drug chromophore plane and the helix axis of the triple helical RNA is only about 60 to 65 degrees. Moreover, the thermal stabilizing capability, as well as the fluorescence increment, CD inducing power and perturbations of the absorption envelope, of 9-OH-B220 in complex with the RNA triplex are all less pronounced than those observed for the complexes with DNA and duplex RNA. These features indicate binding of 9-OH-B220 in the wide and shallow minor groove of poly(rA).2poly(rU). Based on the present results, some implications for the applications of this low-toxic, antiviral and easily administered drug in an antigene strategy, as well as its potential use as an antiretroviral agent, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Sehlstedt
- Department of Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
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132
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Bailly C. Sequence-specific recognition and modification of double-helical DNA by minor-groove binding conjugates structurally related to netropsin and distamycin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1067-568x(98)80007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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133
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Ge P, Kalman TI. Structural assignment of 2,3,7,8-tetrahydro-5H,10H-[1,5,3]dioxazepino[3,2-c]indolo[3,2-g]pteridin-7-one, a New heterocyclic ring system. J Heterocycl Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570350145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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134
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Design and synthesis of 3,5-dialkylamino substituted 8H,10H-3(R),5(R),15b(S)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1,5,3-dioxazepino[3,2-c]indolo[3,2-g]pteridine-7-ones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)10138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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135
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136
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Marzano C, Severin E, Pani B, Guiotto A, Bordin F. DNA damage and cytotoxicity induced in mammalian cells by a tetramethylfuroquinolinone derivative. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1997; 29:256-264. [PMID: 9142168 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2280(1997)29:3<256::aid-em5>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
1,4,6,8-Tetramethyl-2H-furo[2,3-h]quinolin-2-one [FQ] is an angelicin isoster characterized by a strong photosensitizing activity FQ shows a significant antiproliferative activity also in the dark, i.e., without UVA activation. The cytotoxic activity of FQ in the dark was detected in HeLa cells and in normal human lymphocytes; FQ showed notable antiproliferative effects, barely lower in comparison with ellipticine, used as a reference Similar results were obtained studying the FQ's capacity for forming chromosome aberrations. For both FQ and ellipticine, the chromosomal damage correlated closely with cell killing, when compared with ellipticine at the same levels of survival, FQ appeared to be much less genotoxic. Using alkaline elution we have investigated the ability of FQ to damage DNA. The formation of equivalent amounts of single-strand breaks (SSB) and DNA-protein cross-links (DPC) was observed; in addition, these lesions appeared to be located at the same sites in DNA. Experiments carried out with neutral elution demonstrated the formation of double-strand breaks (DSB). All these data are consistent with an inhibition of topoisomerase II; this hypothesis was confirmed performing an enzymatic test in vitro using topoisomerase II from Drosophila melanogaster embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marzano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Padua University, Padova, Italy
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137
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Abstract
Extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been used to investigate the intercalative binding of 9-hydroxyellipticine to the DNA oligonucleotide d(ATATATATATAT)2. Four independent simulations differing in the initial orientation of the drug at the intercalation site were carried out, and compared both with each other and a control simulation of the free DNA sequence. The structure of the latter was compared with structures obtained from x-ray crystallography and nmr spectroscopy, as well as the theoretically derived "alternating B-DNA" model [A. Klug et al. (1979), Journal of Molecular Biology, Vol. 131, p. 669]. The alternation of twist angles observed in experimental structures was reproduced in the simulation. All four independent simulations of the drug-DNA intercalation complex converged in placing the pyridine ring of the ellipticine chromophore in the major groove; in one case this involved a 180 degrees rotation of the drug at the intercalation site. At a more detailed level, the drug is seen to be capable of adopting several distinct orientations, each stable over a period of hundreds of pico-seconds. Despite the presence of several polar groups in the drug, however, no direct hydrogen bonding to the DNA occurs; instead, interactions between the methyl groups of the drug and the thymine bases at the intercalation site appear important in determining the orientational preferences of the drug. Comparison of the intercalation complexes with the free DNA sequence shows a degree of unwinding resulting from intercalation, in good agreement with experimental results, but spread over the three central base-pair steps, not confined to the intercalation site itself. Measurements of torsional rigidity indicate only a slight stiffening of the DNA restricted to the immediate site of intercalation. The structures obtained from the MD simulations were used to calculate theoretical CD spectra, with separate simulations giving very different results. This appears to indicate that given an accurate assignment of the main electronic transition dipole moment of the ellipticine chromophore, discrimination of the more realistic binding geometries may be possible. The relative merits of the various drug orientations observed in the simulations are discussed and a perpendicular orientation of the drug at the intercalation site is considered to be the most consistent with experimental data. While the simulations themselves represent a total of over 2 ns, however, the differences apparent between independent runs indicate that longer simulation times will be required before a complete, unequivocal view of DNA intercalation is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Elcock
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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138
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Andrivon W, Saucier JM, Auclair C, Monneret C, Florent JC, Guillosson JJ, Nafziger J. Enhanced topoisomerase II-induced DNA breaks and free radical production by a new anthracycline with potent antileukemic activity. Leuk Res 1996; 20:119-26. [PMID: 8628010 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(95)00155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study we reported that a new anthracycline derivative (moflomycin) exhibited a higher antileukemic activity compared to other anthracyclines, such as daunorubicin and doxorubicin. To explain the superior antileukemic effect of moflomycin and to disclose a possible structure-activity relationship, we investigated the three main mechanisms by which anthracyclines are though to exert their antitumor effect: DNA binding, free radical production and topoisomerase II inhibition. The DNA interaction was assessed both by DNA binding and DNA unwinding assays, free radical generation was studied by electron spin resonance, and topoisomerase II interaction by analysis of the stimulation of enzyme-induced DNA breaks. The results showed a higher free radical production and a greater stimulation of topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage by moflomycin than doxorubicin, associated with a lower DNA affinity. The different biochemical characteristics of moflomycin, particularly its interaction with topoisomerase II, are related to the structural modifications performed on the chromophore. These properties, associated with a higher stability of the molecule induced by the presence of an iodine atom on the sugar moiety, are probably responsible for the higher antileukemic activity of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Andrivon
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France
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139
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Andersson CM, Hallberg A, Högberg T. Advances in the development of pharmaceutical antioxidants. ADVANCES IN DRUG RESEARCH 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2490(96)80004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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140
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Schwaller MA, Allard B, Lescot E, Moreau F. Protonophoric activity of ellipticine and isomers across the energy-transducing membrane of mitochondria. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:22709-13. [PMID: 7559395 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.39.22709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ellipticine is an antitumor alkaloid capable of uncoupling mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. It behaves as a lipophilic weak base with pK = 7.40. We have investigated its molecular mode of action using several of its isomers with pK ranging between 5.8 and 7.7 and ellipticinium, which is a permanent cationic derivative. The effects of these molecules on mitochondrial oxygen uptake and transmembrane potential were compared at different pHs. Ellipticinium exhibited very low effects on both respiratory rate and membrane potential. By contrast, protonable derivatives showed maximal stimulation of oxygen uptake and depolarizing effects when the pH of the medium was close to the drug pK. These effects were lowered when the transmembrane delta pH was dissipated, which indicates that the neutral form of the drug is implicated in the uncoupling mechanism. In addition, protonable derivatives of ellipticine display a linear relationship between oxidation rate and transmembrane potential, which suggests that the uncoupling properties of these molecules result from a protonophoric mechanism. From these results, the following cyclic protonophoric mechanism is proposed for protonable ellipticines: (i) electrophoretical accumulation of the protonated form; (ii) deprotonation at the matrix interface; (iii) diffusion outwards; and (iv) reprotonation at the external interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Schwaller
- Institut de Topologie et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS URA 34, Université Paris 7, France
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141
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Froelich-Ammon SJ, Patchan MW, Osheroff N, Thompson RB. Topoisomerase II binds to ellipticine in the absence or presence of DNA. Characterization of enzyme-drug interactions by fluorescence spectroscopy. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:14998-5004. [PMID: 7797481 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.25.14998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a number of drugs currently in use for the treatment of human cancers act by stimulating topoisomerase II-mediated DNA breakage, little is known regarding interactions between these agents and the enzyme. To further define the mechanism of drug action, interactions between ellipticine (an intercalative drug with clinical relevance) and yeast topoisomerase II were characterized. By utilizing a yeast genetic system, topoisomerase II was identified as the primary cellular target of the drug. Furthermore, ellipticine did not inhibit enzyme-mediated DNA religation, suggesting that it stimulates DNA breakage by enhancing the forward rate of cleavage. Finally, ellipticine binding to DNA, topoisomerase II, and the enzyme-DNA complex was assessed by steady-state and frequency domain fluorescence spectroscopy. As determined by changes in fluorescence intensity and emission maximum wavelength, and by lifetime analysis, only the protonated species of ellipticine bound to a double-stranded 40-mer oligonucleotide containing a topoisomerase II cleavage site (KD approximately 65 nM). In contrast, predominantly deprotonated ellipticine bound to the enzyme.DNA complex (KD approximately 1.5 microM) or to the enzyme in the absence of nucleic acids (KD approximately 160 nM). These findings suggest that ellipticine interacts directly with topoisomerase II and that the enzyme dictates the ionic state of the drug in the ternary complex. A model is presented in which the topoisomerase II.ellipticine.DNA complex is formed via initial drug binding to either the enzyme or DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Froelich-Ammon
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
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142
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Sureau F, Moreau F, Millot JM, Manfait M, Allard B, Aubard J, Schwaller MA. Microspectrofluorometry of the protonation state of ellipticine, an antitumor alkaloid, in single cells. Biophys J 1993; 65:1767-74. [PMID: 8298010 PMCID: PMC1225912 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(93)81273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The protonation state and intracellular distribution of ellipticine were investigated in single human mammary T47D cells by confocal laser microspectrofluorimetry. In the cell nucleus, only the protonated form of ellipticine was detected as a direct consequence of its apparent pK increase upon DNA binding. Both protonated and neutral forms were present in the aqueous cytoplasm, where the pH is close to the drug pK. When cells were incubated in high concentrations of K+, a condition that depolarizes the plasma membrane potential, ellipticine cellular accumulation was reduced. In the cytoplasm, ellipticine was mainly bound to mitochondria, and its protonation equilibrium was shifted toward the neutral form. The fluorescence spectrum of ellipticine bound to mitochondria was insensitive to valinomycin, whereas it was markedly shifted toward the protonated form after carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxy-phenylhydrazone or nigericin addition. Similar studies with ellipticine bound to isolated mitochondria suggest that it behaves as a fluorescent probe of mitochondrial pH in both isolated mitochondria and single living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sureau
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Biomoléculaire, CNRS URA 198, Institut Curie et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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143
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Molina P, Fresneda PM, Almendros P. Fused carbazoles by tandem Aza Wittig/electrocyclic ring closure. Preparation of 6H-pyrido[4,3-b] carbazole, 11H-pyrido[4,3-a]carbazole and 11H-pyrido[3,4-a]carbazole derivatives. Tetrahedron 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)85813-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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144
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In vitro cytotoxicity of carbazole derivatives IV. 5,11-Dimethyl-6H-pyrido[3,2-b]carbazoles substituted on the pyridine ring. Eur J Med Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(93)90032-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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145
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Chu Y, Hsu MT. Ellipticine increases the superhelical density of intracellular SV40 DNA by intercalation. Nucleic Acids Res 1992; 20:4033-8. [PMID: 1324474 PMCID: PMC334084 DOI: 10.1093/nar/20.15.4033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the in vivo effect of ellipticine, a mammalian topoisomeraseII(topoII) inhibitor, on SV40 DNA topology. In contrast to epipodophyllotoxins, ellipticine did not cause significant double stranded cleavage of intracellular SV40 DNA. Furthermore, ellipticine reduced cleavage induced by epipodophyllotoxins, VP16 and VM26. Unexpectedly, ellipticine dramatically increased the superhelical density of a fraction of intracellular SV40 DNA. Several lines of evidence suggest that the formation of this highly supercoiled DNA species (Ih form DNA) is not due to the inhibition of topoII per se, but is the result of intercalation by ellipticine in a subfraction of the intracellular SV40 chromatin followed by the fixation of DNA linking number by a topoisomerase activity. Based on the linking number change and the known unwinding angle of ellipticine, the intercalation density was calculated as one ellipticine molecule per 10-20 bp in the Ih DNA. This result suggests the existence of different populations of intracellular SV40 chromatin with respect to the accessibility to ellipticine intercalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chu
- Division of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2170
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146
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Formisyn P, Pautet F, Tran Minh C, Bourgois J. Determination of 9-hydroxyellipticine by redox colorimetry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1992; 10:427-36. [PMID: 1420465 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(92)80061-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The chemical reactions involved in the decomposition of 9-hydroxyellipticine (9-OH-E), an anticancer agent, in polar solvents is explained. The reactions, which involve the formation of 9-oxo-ellipticine and the addition of a nucleophilic acid on the C10 site of the heterocyclic system, have been used to measure 9-OH-E quantitatively by colorimetry in solution and by reflection on paper surfaces. A method for the stabilization of 9-OH-E in polar solvents is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Formisyn
- Ecole des Mines de Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire de Génie industriel & Biotechnologie, France
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147
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Dantas S, Galvão D. An investigation of the electronic structure of the antitumour drug ellipticine and its derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0166-1280(92)85054-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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148
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Monnot M, Mauffret O, Lescot E, Fermandjian S. Probing intercalation and conformational effects of the anticancer drug 2-methyl-9-hydroxyellipticinium acetate in DNA fragments with circular dichroism. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 204:1035-9. [PMID: 1551384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Circular dichroism was applied to the analysis of drug-DNA associations. With the octanucleotide d(TGACGTCA) (octanucleotide I), which is the cAMP-responsive element (CRE) in gene promoters and its reverse d(ACTGCAGT) (octanucleotide II), it was demonstrated that the anticancer polyaromatic agent celiptium intercalates into DNA base pairs with its long direction perpendicular to both the DNA-helix axis and the base-pair long axis and induces larger conformational changes in the CpG-containing octanucleotide I CRE than in its reverse-sequence octanucleotide II. It was concluded that CD is a powerful and sensitive technique to discriminate between drug-binding modes of DNA, to define the geometry of the chromophore inserted into base pairs and, finally, to measure sequence-dependent conformational changes induced by intercalation in DNA. We anticipate that these studies will contribute to a better understanding of the molecular bases that underlie the mechanism of action of those cytotoxic drugs which interfere with the DNA-nuclear-protein recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monnot
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Enzymologie, URA 147 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Villejuif, France
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149
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Dantas S, Lavarda F, Galvão D, Laks B. An investigation of the electronic structure of the antitumor drug ellipticine and its derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0166-1280(92)87117-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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150
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Pérez-Chiesa Y, Arroyo A, Rodriguez D, Rodriguez-Stoehr A, Cox O, Retamozo HR. Absence of mutagenicity of the antitumor drug 3-nitrobenzothiazolo[3,2-a]quinolinium chloride (NBQ) in the germ cells of Drosophila melanogaster males. Mutat Res 1991; 264:179-82. [PMID: 1723495 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(91)90074-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The antitumor drug, 3-nitrobenzothiazolo[3,2-a]quinolinium chloride (NBQ) was tested for genotoxicity with the sex-linked recessive lethal test by feeding Drosophila melanogaster males. Although toxic to adults, the drug tested negative at the concentrations studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Pérez-Chiesa
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras 00931
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