101
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Huang Y, Wan W, Russell WK, Pai PJ, Wang Z, Russell DH, Liu W. Genetic incorporation of an aliphatic keto-containing amino acid into proteins for their site-specific modifications. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:878-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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102
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An efficient, multiply promiscuous hydrolase in the alkaline phosphatase superfamily. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:2740-5. [PMID: 20133613 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0903951107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a catalytically promiscuous enzyme able to efficiently promote the hydrolysis of six different substrate classes. Originally assigned as a phosphonate monoester hydrolase (PMH) this enzyme exhibits substantial second-order rate accelerations ((k(cat)/K(M))/k(w)), ranging from 10(7) to as high as 10(19), for the hydrolyses of phosphate mono-, di-, and triesters, phosphonate monoesters, sulfate monoesters, and sulfonate monoesters. This substrate collection encompasses a range of substrate charges between 0 and -2, transition states of a different nature, and involves attack at two different reaction centers (P and S). Intrinsic reactivities (half-lives) range from 200 days to 10(5) years under near neutrality. The substantial rate accelerations for a set of relatively difficult reactions suggest that efficient catalysis is not necessarily limited to efficient stabilization of just one transition state. The crystal structure of PMH identifies it as a member of the alkaline phosphatase superfamily. PMH encompasses four of the native activities previously observed in this superfamily and extends its repertoire by two further activities, one of which, sulfonate monoesterase, has not been observed previously for a natural enzyme. PMH is thus one of the most promiscuous hydrolases described to date. The functional links between superfamily activities can be presumed to have played a role in functional evolution by gene duplication.
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103
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Fujita K, Takechi E, Sakamoto N, Sumiyoshi N, Izumi S, Miyamoto T, Matsuura S, Tsurugaya T, Akasaka K, Yamamoto T. HpSulf, a heparan sulfate 6-O-endosulfatase, is involved in the regulation of VEGF signaling during sea urchin development. Mech Dev 2009; 127:235-45. [PMID: 20036737 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) play significant roles in the regulation of developmental signaling, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor, Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein signaling, through modification of their sulfation patterns. Recent studies have revealed that one of the functions of heparan sulfate 6-O-endosulfatase (Sulf) is to remove the sulfate from the 6-O position of HSPGs at the cell surface, thereby regulating the binding activities of heparan sulfate (HS) chains to numerous ligands and receptors in animal species. In this study, we focused on the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus homolog of Sulf (HpSulf), and analyzed its expression pattern and functions during development. HpSulf protein was present throughout development and localized at cell surface of all blastomeres. In addition, the HS-specific epitope 10E4 was detected at the cell surface and partially colocalized with HpSulf. Knockdown of HpSulf using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides (MO) caused abnormal morphogenesis, and the development of MO-injected embryos was arrested before the hatched blastula stage, indicating that HpSulf is necessary for the early developmental process of sea urchin embryos. Furthermore, we found that injection of HpSulf mRNA suppressed the abnormal skeleton induced by overexpression of HpVEGF mRNA, whereas injection of an inactive form of HpSulf mRNA, containing mutated cysteines in the sulfatase domain, did not have this effect. Taken together, these results suggest that HpSulf is involved in the regulation of various signal transductions, including VEGF signaling, during sea urchin development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Fujita
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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104
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Schröder S, Matthes F, Hyden P, Andersson C, Fogh J, Müller-Loennies S, Braulke T, Gieselmann V, Matzner U. Site-specific analysis of N-linked oligosaccharides of recombinant lysosomal arylsulfatase A produced in different cell lines. Glycobiology 2009; 20:248-59. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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105
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Sahota AP, Dhoot GK. A novel SULF1 splice variant inhibits Wnt signalling but enhances angiogenesis by opposing SULF1 activity. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:2752-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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106
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Development of a functional bioassay for arylsulfatase B using the natural substrates of the enzyme. Anal Biochem 2009; 395:144-50. [PMID: 19682969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A functional bioassay has been developed for measuring the intracellular activity of recombinant human arylsulfatase B (rhASB) on its natural glycosaminoglycan (GAG) substrates, dermatan sulfate (DS), and chondroitin sulfate (CS) when the enzyme is taken up into cultured ASB-deficient human fibroblasts (GM00519). The enzyme ASB is a lysosomal exohydrolase, cleaving sulfate from the N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfate (GalNAc-4S) residue at the nonreducing terminal of GAG structures. ASB-deficient cells accumulate DS and CS, which may be partially hydrolyzed by other lysosomal hydrolases, with the reactions stopping if a GalNAc-4S residue is reached on the nonreducing end of the oligosaccharide. When rhASB is added to the culture medium, the enzyme is taken up and translocates to the lysosomes and the intracellular DS and CS are depleted, demonstrating that the uptake of rhASB is able to restore lysosomal function in an in vitro cell-based assay. The accumulation and depletion of DS and CS are measured by digesting the residual intracellular DS and CS content with chondroitin ABC lyase and monitoring a characteristic disaccharide digestion product by laser-induced fluorescence-capillary zone electrophoresis (LIF-CZE). In the proposed assay format, GM00519 cells are cultured 5 weeks postconfluence to accumulate DS/CS, followed by incubation with rhASB (1-20 pM) for 5 days, and the CS/DS depletion profiles are compared between samples. The assay measures depletion of DS/CS independently of their molecular size or processing state; in this approach, all DS- and CS-like substances accumulating in the absence of ASB activity are considered to be natural substrates of the enzyme.
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107
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Benjdia A, Leprince J, Sandström C, Vaudry H, Berteau O. Mechanistic investigations of anaerobic sulfatase-maturating enzyme: direct Cbeta H-atom abstraction catalyzed by a radical AdoMet enzyme. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:8348-9. [PMID: 19489556 DOI: 10.1021/ja901571p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sulfatases are unique in requiring an essential post-translational modification of a critical active-site cysteinyl or seryl residue to 3-oxoalanine usually called C alpha-formylglycine (FGly). This post-translational modification is catalyzed anaerobically by anaerobic Sulfatase Maturating Enzyme (anSME), a member of the radical AdoMet superfamily. Using a new labeled substrate, we demonstrate that anSME uses a 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical to catalyze direct H-atom abstraction from the substrate. We thus established that anSMEs are the first radical AdoMet enzymes catalyzing a post-translational modification involving C(beta) H-atom abstraction from an active site cysteinyl or seryl residue. This mechanistic study allowed us to decipher the first steps of the mechanism of this new radical AdoMet enzyme family.
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108
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Busche A, Hennermann JB, Bürger F, Proquitté H, Dierks T, von Arnim-Baas A, Horn D. Neonatal manifestation of multiple sulfatase deficiency. Eur J Pediatr 2009; 168:969-73. [PMID: 19066960 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-008-0871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sulfatase deficiency is biochemically characterized by the accumulation of sulfated lipids and acid mucopolysaccharides. CASE REPORT We report clinical, biochemical, and molecular findings in a female newborn affected with a severe form of multiple sulfatase deficiency (Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM) # 272200). She presented with primary microcephaly, facial anomalies including depressed nasal bridge, nasal hypoplasia, anteverted nostrils, smooth philtrum, limited mobility of hip and knee joints, mild ichthyosis, as well as muscular hypotonia. The diagnosis is based on detection of excessive mucopolysacchariduria and enzymatic assays performed in leucocytes which showed complete deficiency of all of the measured sulfatases. Sequencing of the coding region of the underlying gene, SUMF1, could not identify any mutation. However, failure to detect the corresponding mRNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction proves defective SUMF1 expression. CONCLUSION The diagnosis of neonatal MSD should be considered when dealing with the association of distinct facial anomalies, limited joint mobility, ichthyosis, and muscular hypotonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Busche
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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109
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Interaction of arylsulfatase-A (ASA) with its natural sulfoglycolipid substrates: a computational and site-directed mutagenesis study. Glycoconj J 2009; 26:1029-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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110
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Frese MA, Dierks T. Formylglycine aldehyde Tag--protein engineering through a novel post-translational modification. Chembiochem 2009; 10:425-7. [PMID: 19130455 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of a specific cysteine residue to C(alpha)-formylglycine is a novel post-translational modification that is directed by a short recognition motif commonly found in pro- and eukaryotic sulfatases. As recently shown by C. Bertozzi and co-workers, this system can be employed in protein engineering to equip proteins with genetically encoded aldehyde tags for site-specific labeling, conjugation and immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Frese
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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111
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Dierks T, Schlotawa L, Frese MA, Radhakrishnan K, von Figura K, Schmidt B. Molecular basis of multiple sulfatase deficiency, mucolipidosis II/III and Niemann–Pick C1 disease — Lysosomal storage disorders caused by defects of non-lysosomal proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1793:710-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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112
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Bojarová P, Williams SJ. Sulfotransferases, sulfatases and formylglycine-generating enzymes: a sulfation fascination. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 12:573-81. [PMID: 18625336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sulfotransferases and sulfatases are the major enzymes responsible for sulfate transfer processes. The past two years have seen the elucidation of new functions for these enzymes, and a great progression in their structural characterization, which confirms that these two types of enzymes possess a highly conserved fold. For catalytic activity, sulfatases must contain a formylglycine residue, which is generated by various formylglycine-generating enzymes. Mechanistic and structural details have recently been obtained for a group of cofactor-independent formylglycine-generating enzymes termed FGEs. Finally, an increasing light has been cast upon the mechanism of sulfatase inactivation by a group of clinically important agents, the aryl sulfamates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Bojarová
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melboume, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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113
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Abstract
"Promiscuous" enzymes possess activities in addition to their native ones. Promiscuous activities could be remnants from an evolutionary ancestor that has been adapted to fulfil a new function following gene duplication. Alternatively, the observation of promiscuity could indicate that an enzyme has the potential to evolve into a new catalyst. Thus, the observation of promiscuity defines functional relationships in enzyme superfamilies. Crosswise promiscuity can provide an additional layer of connectivity between members of a - usually structurally defined - superfamily to establish a system for tracking the emergence and interconversion of enzymatic function. The systematic analysis of measured promiscuous rates may serve as a basis for drawing up phylogenetic relationships based on the potential for catalysis and may be useful for active use in directed evolution, suggesting evolutionary "short cuts". We review recent observations of catalytic promiscuity in members of the alkaline phosphatase (AP) superfamily that exhibit reciprocal relationships of crosswise promiscuity with rate accelerations (kcat/KM)/k2 between 106 and 1018. Specifically, we focus on the mechanistic features that appear to form the basis of catalytic promiscuity in this superfamily.
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114
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The membrane lipoprotein LppX of Paenibacillus sp. strain W-61 serves as a molecular chaperone for xylanase of glycoside hydrolase family 11 during secretion across the cytoplasmic membrane. J Bacteriol 2008; 191:1641-9. [PMID: 19103919 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01285-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Paenibacillus sp. strain W-61, which can utilize xylan as the sole source of carbon and energy, produces extracellular xylanases 1 and 3 (Xyn1 and Xyn3) and cell surface xylanase 5. In this study we found that lppX, immediately downstream of xyn1, encodes a lipoprotein located on the outer layer of the cytoplasmic membrane and that the LppX lipoprotein is essential for the secretion of active Xyn1 across the cytoplasmic membranes. In Escherichia coli, wild-type LppX was destined for the inner layer of the outer membrane. Mutant LppX(C19A), in which Cys-19, a possible lipomodification residue, is replaced with Ala, was located in the periplasm without being anchored to the membranes. Another mutant, LppX(S20D S21D), with substitutions of Asp for Ser-20 and Ser-21 (conversion to an Asp-Asp signal for sorting to the inner membrane), resided on the outer layer of the inner membrane, demonstrating that LppX has the sorting property of a lipoprotein. E. coli harboring both xyn1 and lppX secreted active Xyn1 into the periplasm. In contrast, E. coli carrying xyn1 alone failed to do so, accumulating inactive Xyn1 in the cytoplasmic membranes. Exogenous LppX(C19A) liberated the inactive Xyn1, which had been stagnating in the inner membrane, into the medium as an active enzyme. Thus, we propose that LppX is a novel type of lipoprotein that assists Xyn1 in making the proper fold necessary for traveling across the cytoplasmic membranes to be secreted as an active enzyme.
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115
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Jonas S, van Loo B, Hyvönen M, Hollfelder F. A New Member of the Alkaline Phosphatase Superfamily with a Formylglycine Nucleophile: Structural and Kinetic Characterisation of a Phosphonate Monoester Hydrolase/Phosphodiesterase from Rhizobium leguminosarum. J Mol Biol 2008; 384:120-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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116
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Rush JS, Bertozzi CR. New aldehyde tag sequences identified by screening formylglycine generating enzymes in vitro and in vivo. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:12240-1. [PMID: 18722427 PMCID: PMC2721638 DOI: 10.1021/ja804530w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Formylglycine generating enzyme (FGE) performs a critical posttranslational modification of type I sulfatases, converting cysteine within the motif CxPxR to the aldehyde-bearing residue formylglycine (FGly). This concise motif can be installed within heterologous proteins as a genetically encoded "aldehyde tag" for site-specific labeling with aminooxy- or hydrazide-functionalized probes. In this report, we screened FGEs from M. tuberculosis and S. coelicolor against synthetic peptide libraries and identified new substrate sequences that diverge from the canonical motif. We found that E. coli's FGE-like activity is similarly promiscuous, enabling the use of novel aldehyde tag sequences for in vivo modification of recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Rush
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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117
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Grove TL, Lee KH, St Clair J, Krebs C, Booker SJ. In vitro characterization of AtsB, a radical SAM formylglycine-generating enzyme that contains three [4Fe-4S] clusters. Biochemistry 2008; 47:7523-38. [PMID: 18558715 DOI: 10.1021/bi8004297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sulfatases catalyze the cleavage of a variety of cellular sulfate esters via a novel mechanism that requires the action of a protein-derived formylglycine cofactor. Formation of the cofactor is catalyzed by an accessory protein and involves the two-electron oxidation of a specific cysteinyl or seryl residue on the relevant sulfatase. Although some sulfatases undergo maturation via mechanisms in which oxygen serves as an electron acceptor, AtsB, the maturase from Klebsiella pneumoniae, catalyzes the oxidation of Ser72 on AtsA, its cognate sulfatase, via an oxygen-independent mechanism. Moreover, it does not make use of pyridine or flavin nucleotide cofactors as direct electron acceptors. In fact, AtsB has been shown to be a member of the radical S-adenosylmethionine superfamily of proteins, suggesting that it catalyzes this oxidation via an intermediate 5'-deoxyadenosyl 5'-radical that is generated by a reductive cleavage of S-adenosyl- l-methionine. In contrast to AtsA, very little in vitro characterization of AtsB has been conducted. Herein we show that coexpression of the K. pneumoniae atsB gene with a plasmid that encodes genes that are known to be involved in iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis yields soluble protein that can be characterized in vitro. The as-isolated protein contained 8.7 +/- 0.4 irons and 12.2 +/- 2.6 sulfides per polypeptide, which existed almost entirely in the [4Fe-4S] (2+) configuration, as determined by Mossbauer spectroscopy, suggesting that it contained at least two of these clusters per polypeptide. Reconstitution of the as-isolated protein with additional iron and sulfide indicated the presence of 12.3 +/- 0.2 irons and 9.9 +/- 0.4 sulfides per polypeptide. Subsequent characterization of the reconstituted protein by Mossbauer spectroscopy indicated the presence of only [4Fe-4S] clusters, suggesting that reconstituted AtsB contains three per polypeptide. Consistent with this stoichiometry, an as-isolated AtsB triple variant containing Cys --> Ala substitutions at each of the cysteines in its CX 3CX 2C radical SAM motif contained 7.3 +/- 0.1 irons and 7.2 +/- 0.2 sulfides per polypeptide while the reconstituted triple variant contained 7.7 +/- 0.1 irons and 8.4 +/- 0.4 sulfides per polypeptide, indicating that it was unable to incorporate an additional cluster. UV-visible and Mossbauer spectra of both samples indicated the presence of only [4Fe-4S] clusters. AtsB was capable of catalyzing multiple turnovers and exhibited a V max/[E T] of approximately 0.36 min (-1) for an 18-amino acid peptide substrate using dithionite to supply the requisite electron and a value of approximately 0.039 min (-1) for the same substrate using the physiologically relevant flavodoxin reducing system. Simultaneous quantification of formylglycine and 5'-deoxyadenosine as a function of time indicates an approximate 1:1 stoichiometry. Use of a peptide substrate in which the target serine is changed to cysteine also gives rise to turnover, supporting approximately 4-fold the activity of that observed with the natural substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler L Grove
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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118
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Fraldi A, Zito E, Annunziata F, Lombardi A, Cozzolino M, Monti M, Spampanato C, Ballabio A, Pucci P, Sitia R, Cosma MP. Multistep, sequential control of the trafficking and function of the multiple sulfatase deficiency gene product, SUMF1 by PDI, ERGIC-53 and ERp44. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:2610-21. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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119
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Yiş U, Pepe S, Kurul SH, Ballabio A, Cosma MP, Dirik E. Multiple sulfatase deficiency in a Turkish family resulting from a novel mutation. Brain Dev 2008; 30:374-7. [PMID: 18509892 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD) is an inherited lysosomal storage disease that affects post-translational activation of all of the sulfatases. Since biochemical and clinical findings are variable, the diagnosis is difficult in most of the cases. Missense, nonsense, microdeletion and splicing mutations in SUMF1 gene were found in all of the MSD patients analyzed. Here, we present clinical findings of two consanguineous patients with multiple sulfatase deficiency. They were found to be homozygous for a novel missense mutation c.739G > C causing a p.G247R amino acid substitution in the SUMF1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uluç Yiş
- Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, 35340, ĺzmir, Turkey.
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120
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Lin WD, Lin SP, Wang CH, Hwu WL, Chuang CK, Lin SJ, Tsai Y, Chen CP, Tsai FJ. Genetic analysis of mucopolysaccharidosis type VI in Taiwanese patients. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 394:89-93. [PMID: 18486607 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI; Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease induced by a deficiency of the enzyme N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (arylsulfatase B, ARSB). The deficiency of ARSB leads to an accumulation of dermatan sulfate (DS) in lysosomes and gross excretion in the urine. The prevalence of these mutations in Asian MPS VI patients has not yet been thoroughly investigated. We studied the ARSB gene profile of 9 Taiwanese MPS VI patients. METHODS To validate the patients' type of MPS, urine mucopolysaccharide was defined by 2-dimensional electrophoresis and leukocyte ARSB activity was determined by fluorogenic assay. Direct sequencing was used to identify any mutation in the patients' ARSB gene. RESULTS Abnormal excretion of DS and low leukocyte ARSB activity was observed in the urine samples of all 9 patients studied. A total of 8 mutations within the ARSB gene were revealed by molecular analysis. Four mutations, c.574T>C (p.Cys192Arg) and c.943C>T (p.Arg315Stop) mutations had been observed in other populations and c.716A>G (p.Gln239Arg) and c.1197C>G (p.Phe399Leu) were previously reported by our group. The other 4 mutations c.395T>C (p.Leu132Pro), c.908G>A (p.Gly303Glu), c.1228 C>A (p.His430Asn) and c.1394C>G (p.Ser465X), had not been reported before. The c.1197C>G (p.Phe399Leu) and c.395T>C (p.Leu132Pro) mutations were the most common missense mutation in the patients studied (8 in 18 mutant alleles). According to statistical data, the incidence of MPS VI in Taiwan is approximately 1 in 833,000 in live birth. CONCLUSION The ARSB gene mutation profile in Taiwanese MPS VI patients may be different from MPS VI patients from other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-De Lin
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, 2 Yuh Der Road, Taichung, Taiwan
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121
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Carlson BL, Ballister ER, Skordalakes E, King DS, Breidenbach MA, Gilmore SA, Berger JM, Bertozzi CR. Function and structure of a prokaryotic formylglycine-generating enzyme. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:20117-25. [PMID: 18390551 PMCID: PMC2459300 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800217200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I sulfatases require an unusual co- or post-translational modification for their activity in hydrolyzing sulfate esters. In eukaryotic sulfatases, an active site cysteine residue is oxidized to the aldehyde-containing Cα-formylglycine residue by the formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE). The machinery responsible for sulfatase activation is poorly understood in prokaryotes. Here we describe the identification of a prokaryotic FGE from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In addition, we solved the crystal structure of the Streptomyces coelicolor FGE homolog to 2.1Å resolution. The prokaryotic homolog exhibits remarkable structural similarity to human FGE, including the position of catalytic cysteine residues. Both biochemical and structural data indicate the presence of an oxidized cysteine modification in the active site that may be relevant to catalysis. In addition, we generated a mutant M. tuberculosis strain lacking FGE. Although global sulfatase activity was reduced in the mutant, a significant amount of residual sulfatase activity suggests the presence of FGE-independent sulfatases in this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Carlson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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122
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Frese MA, Schulz S, Dierks T. Arylsulfatase G, a Novel Lysosomal Sulfatase. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:11388-95. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709917200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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123
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Schaub BE, Nair P, Rohrer J. Analysis of protein transport to lysosomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 15:15.8.1-15.8.12. [PMID: 18228463 DOI: 10.1002/0471143030.cb1508s27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are terminal degradative organelles that are found in all higher eukaryotic cells. The biogenesis of lysosomes involves the transport of various acid hydrolases and transmembrane glycoproteins from their site of synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum through the biosynthetic and endocytic pathways. Protein transport to lysosomes can be studied by a combination of techniques based on the separation of intracellular organelles. Percoll density gradient centrifugation has long been the method of choice for separating lysosomes from other organelles in cell homogenates, and accordingly, this unit describes protocols for obtaining reasonably pure lysosomal fractions from mammalian cells using Percoll density gradient separation.
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Mariappan M, Radhakrishnan K, Dierks T, Schmidt B, von Figura K. ERp44 Mediates a Thiol-independent Retention of Formylglycine-generating Enzyme in the Endoplasmic Reticulum. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:6375-83. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709171200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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125
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Mariappan M, Gande SL, Radhakrishnan K, Schmidt B, Dierks T, von Figura K. The non-catalytic N-terminal extension of formylglycine-generating enzyme is required for its biological activity and retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:11556-64. [PMID: 18305113 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707858200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE) catalyzes the oxidation of a specific cysteine residue in nascent sulfatase polypeptides to formylglycine (FGly). This FGly is part of the active site of all sulfatases and is required for their catalytic activity. Here we demonstrate that residues 34-68 constitute an N-terminal extension of the FGE catalytic core that is dispensable for in vitro enzymatic activity of FGE but is required for its in vivo activity in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), i.e. for generation of FGly residues in nascent sulfatases. In addition, this extension is needed for the retention of FGE in the ER. Fusing a KDEL retention signal to the C terminus of FGE is sufficient to mediate retention of an N-terminally truncated FGE but not sufficient to restore its biological activity. Fusion of FGE residues 1-88 to secretory proteins resulted in ER retention of the fusion protein. Moreover, when fused to the paralog of FGE (pFGE), which itself lacks FGly-generating activity, the FGE extension (residues 34-88) of this hybrid construct led to partial restoration of the biological activity of co-expressed N-terminally truncated FGE. Within the FGE N-terminal extension cysteine 52 is critical for the biological activity. We postulate that this N-terminal region of FGE mediates the interaction with an ER component to be identified and that this interaction is required for both the generation of FGly residues in nascent sulfatase polypeptides and for retention of FGE in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malaiyalam Mariappan
- Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Zellbiologie, Abteilung Biochemie II, Universität Göttingen, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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126
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Gande SL, Mariappan M, Schmidt B, Pringle TH, von Figura K, Dierks T. Paralog of the formylglycine-generating enzyme--retention in the endoplasmic reticulum by canonical and noncanonical signals. FEBS J 2008; 275:1118-30. [PMID: 18266766 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE) catalyzes in newly synthesized sulfatases the oxidation of a specific cysteine residue to formylglycine, which is the catalytic residue required for sulfate ester hydrolysis. This post-translational modification occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and is an essential step in the biogenesis of this enzyme family. A paralog of FGE (pFGE) also localizes to the ER. It shares many properties with FGE, but lacks formylglycine-generating activity. There is evidence that FGE and pFGE act in concert, possibly by forming complexes with sulfatases and one another. Here we show that human pFGE, but not FGE, is retained in the ER through its C-terminal tetrapeptide PGEL, a noncanonical variant of the classic KDEL ER-retention signal. Surprisingly, PGEL, although having two nonconsensus residues (PG), confers efficient ER retention when fused to a secretory protein. Inducible coexpression of pFGE at different levels in FGE-expressing cells did not significantly influence the kinetics of FGE secretion, suggesting that pFGE is not a retention factor for FGE in vivo. PGEL is accessible at the surface of the pFGE structure. It is found in 21 mammalian species with available pFGE sequences. Other species carry either canonical signals (eight mammals and 26 nonmammals) or different noncanonical variants (six mammals and six nonmammals). Among the latter, SGEL was tested and found to also confer ER retention. Although evolutionarily conserved for mammalian pFGE, the PGEL signal is found only in one further human protein entering the ER. Its consequences for KDEL receptor-mediated ER retrieval and benefit for pFGE functionality remain to be fully resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Lakshmi Gande
- Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Zellbiologie, Abteilung Biochemie II, Universität Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
The coumarin (benzopyran-2-one, or chromen-2-one) ring system, present in natural products (such as the anticoagulant warfarin) that display interesting pharmacological properties, has intrigued chemists and medicinal chemists for decades to explore the natural coumarins or synthetic analogs for their applicability as drugs. Many molecules based on the coumarin ring system have been synthesized utilizing innovative synthetic techniques. The diversity oriented synthetic routes have led to interesting derivatives including the furanocoumarins, pyranocoumarins, and coumarin sulfamates (COUMATES), which have been found to be useful in photochemotherapy, antitumor and anti-HIV therapy, and as stimulants for central nervous system, antibacterials, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and dyes. Of particular interest in breast cancer chemotherapy, some coumarins and their active metabolite 7-hydroxycoumarin analogs have shown sulfatase and aromatase inhibitory activities. Coumarin based selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and coumarin-estrogen conjugates have also been described as potential antibreast cancer agents. Since breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in American women behind lung cancer, there is a strong impetus to identify potential new drug treatments for breast cancer. Therefore, the objective of this review is to focus on important coumarin analogs with antibreast cancer activities, highlight their mechanisms of action and structure-activity relationships on selected receptors in breast tissues, and the different methods that have been applied in the construction of these pharmacologically important coumarin analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musiliyu A Musa
- Florida A&M University, College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
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Ishida H, Sato N, Hosogi J, Tanaka H, Kuwabara T. Inactivation of recombinant human steroid sulfatase by KW-2581. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 108:17-22. [PMID: 17945483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Steroid sulfatase (STS) catalyses the hydrolysis of the sulfate esters of 3-hydroxy steroids, which are inactive transport or precursor forms of the active 3-hydroxy steroids. STS inhibitors are expected to block the local production and, consequently to reduce the active steroid levels; therefore, they are considered as potential new therapeutic agents for the treatment of estrogen- and androgen-dependent disorders such as breast and prostate cancers. KW-2581 is a novel steroidal STS inhibitor. In the present study, we found KW-2581 inhibited recombinant human STS (rhSTS) activity with an IC(50) of 2.9 nM when estrone sulfate was used as a substrate. The potency of KW-2581 was approximately 5-fold higher than that of a non-steroidal STS inhibitor, 667 COUMATE. KW-2581 was able to equally inhibit rhSTS activity when dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate was used as another substrate. KW-2581 inhibited rhSTS activity in a time- and concentration-dependent manner (k(inact), 0.439 min(-1); K(i, app), 15 nM), suggesting that it is an active site-directed irreversible inhibitor. Both decrease of KW-2581 concentration and increase of the des-sulfamoylated form's concentration were simultaneously observed during the reaction in a time-dependent manner with corresponding to the decrease of STS activity. Our findings for the first time demonstrated the production of des-sulfamoylated form of the compound as a consequence of STS inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ishida
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co. Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan.
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129
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Lu CP, Ren CT, Wu SH, Chu CY, Lo LC. Development of an Activity-Based Probe for Steroid Sulfatases. Chembiochem 2007; 8:2187-90. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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130
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Abstract
Protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum is often associated with the formation of native disulfide bonds. Their primary function is to stabilize the folded structure of the protein, although disulfide bond formation can also play a regulatory role. Native disulfide bond formation is not trivial, so it is often the rate-limiting step of protein folding both in vivo and in vitro. Complex coordinated systems of molecular chaperones and protein folding catalysts have evolved to help proteins attain their correct folded conformation. This includes a family of enzymes involved in catalyzing thiol-disulfide exchange in the endoplasmic reticulum, the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family. There are now 17 reported PDI family members in the endoplasmic reticulum of human cells, but the functional differentiation of these is far from complete. Despite PDI being the first catalyst of protein folding reported, there is much that is still not known about its mechanisms of action. This review will focus on the interactions of the human PDI family members with substrates, including recent research on identifying and characterizing their substrate-binding sites and on determining their natural substrates in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feras Hatahet
- Biocenter Oulu and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oulu, Finland
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131
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Tomatsu S, Vogler C, Montaño AM, Gutierrez M, Oikawa H, Dung VC, Orii T, Noguchi A, Sly WS. Murine model (Galns(tm(C76S)slu)) of MPS IVA with missense mutation at the active site cysteine conserved among sulfatase proteins. Mol Genet Metab 2007; 91:251-8. [PMID: 17498992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS), required for degradation of keratan sulfate and chondroitin-6-sulfate. In order to study the effects of a missense mutation in the active site cysteine in the GALNS gene that is conserved in all mammalian sulfatases, we produced a p.C76S (an active site replacement) knock-in mouse by replacing the Cys76 with Ser in the endogenous murine Galns by targeted mutagenesis. Homozygous Galns(tm(C76S)slu) mice had no detectable GALNS enzyme activity. At age of 2-4 months, lysosomal storage was present primarily within reticuloendothelial cells such as Kupffer cells and spleen sinusoidal lining cells. Vacuolar change was present in glomerular visceral epithelial cells and was not present in hepatocytes or renal tubular cells. In the brain, hippocampal and neocortical neurons and meningeal cells showed lysosomal storage. Radiographs revealed no change in the skeletal bones of mice up to 12 months old. Thus, the Galns(tm(C76S)slu) mice had visceral storage of GAGs in organs but lacked the skeletal features of human MPS IVA. In contrast to a previously reported transgenic model (Galns(tm(hC79S.mC76S)slu)), in which the inactive human GALNS transgene was overexpressed, no reduction in other sulfatases was observed. In addition, the Galns(tm(C76S)slu) mice displayed milder storage. We conclude that the milder phenotype is characteristic of isolated GALNS deficiency while the more severe phenotype reflected in the Galns(tm(hC79S.mC76S)slu) mice was due to deficiency of other sulfatases caused by oversaturation of the sulfate modifying enzyme by the inactive human gene product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Tomatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, Pediatric Research Institute, 3662 Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110-2586, USA.
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132
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Carrico IS, Carlson BL, Bertozzi CR. Introducing genetically encoded aldehydes into proteins. Nat Chem Biol 2007; 3:321-2. [PMID: 17450134 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Methods for introducing bioorthogonal functionalities into proteins have become central to protein engineering efforts. Here we describe a method for the site-specific introduction of aldehyde groups into recombinant proteins using the 6-amino-acid consensus sequence recognized by the formylglycine-generating enzyme. This genetically encoded 'aldehyde tag' is no larger than a His(6) tag and can be exploited for numerous protein labeling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac S Carrico
- Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, B84 Hildebrand Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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133
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Zito E, Buono M, Pepe S, Settembre C, Annunziata I, Surace EM, Dierks T, Monti M, Cozzolino M, Pucci P, Ballabio A, Cosma MP. Sulfatase modifying factor 1 trafficking through the cells: from endoplasmic reticulum to the endoplasmic reticulum. EMBO J 2007; 26:2443-53. [PMID: 17446859 PMCID: PMC1868907 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfatase modifying factor 1 (SUMF1) is the gene mutated in multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD) that encodes the formylglycine-generating enzyme, an essential activator of all the sulfatases. SUMF1 is a glycosylated enzyme that is resident in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), although it is also secreted. Here, we demonstrate that upon secretion, SUMF1 can be taken up from the medium by several cell lines. Furthermore, the in vivo engineering of mice liver to produce SUMF1 shows its secretion into the blood serum and its uptake into different tissues. Additionally, we show that non-glycosylated forms of SUMF1 can still be secreted, while only the glycosylated SUMF1 enters cells, via a receptor-mediated mechanism. Surprisingly, following its uptake, SUMF1 shuttles from the plasma membrane to the ER, a route that has to date only been well characterized for some of the toxins. Remarkably, once taken up and relocalized into the ER, SUMF1 is still active, enhancing the sulfatase activities in both cultured cells and mice tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Zito
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Buono
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Pepe
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | | | - Ida Annunziata
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | | | - Thomas Dierks
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Maria Monti
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnology and Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
| | - Marianna Cozzolino
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnology and Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
| | - Piero Pucci
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnology and Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Cosma
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), via P Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy. Tel.: +39 081 6132226; Fax: +39 081 5609877; E-mail:
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Fraldi A, Biffi A, Lombardi A, Visigalli I, Pepe S, Settembre C, Nusco E, Auricchio A, Naldini L, Ballabio A, Cosma M. SUMF1 enhances sulfatase activities in vivo in five sulfatase deficiencies. Biochem J 2007; 403:305-12. [PMID: 17206939 PMCID: PMC1874239 DOI: 10.1042/bj20061783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sulfatases are enzymes that hydrolyse a diverse range of sulfate esters. Deficiency of lysosomal sulfatases leads to human diseases characterized by the accumulation of either GAGs (glycosaminoglycans) or sulfolipids. The catalytic activity of sulfatases resides in a unique formylglycine residue in their active site generated by the post-translational modification of a highly conserved cysteine residue. This modification is performed by SUMF1 (sulfatase-modifying factor 1), which is an essential factor for sulfatase activities. Mutations in the SUMF1 gene cause MSD (multiple sulfatase deficiency), an autosomal recessive disease in which the activities of all sulfatases are profoundly reduced. In previous studies, we have shown that SUMF1 has an enhancing effect on sulfatase activity when co-expressed with sulfatase genes in COS-7 cells. In the present study, we demonstrate that SUMF1 displays an enhancing effect on sulfatases activity when co-delivered with a sulfatase cDNA via AAV (adeno-associated virus) and LV (lentivirus) vectors in cells from individuals affected by five different diseases owing to sulfatase deficiencies or from murine models of the same diseases [i.e. MLD (metachromatic leukodystrophy), CDPX (X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata) and MPS (mucopolysaccharidosis) II, IIIA and VI]. The SUMF1-enhancing effect on sulfatase activity resulted in an improved clearance of the intracellular GAG or sulfolipid accumulation. Moreover, we demonstrate that the SUMF1-enhancing effect is also present in vivo after AAV-mediated delivery of the sulfamidase gene to the muscle of MPSIIIA mice, resulting in a more efficient rescue of the phenotype. These results indicate that co-delivery of SUMF1 may enhance the efficacy of gene therapy in several sulfatase deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fraldi
- *Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Biffi
- †San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), H. San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
- ‡Vita Salute San Raffaele University Medical School, H. San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email or )
| | - Alessia Lombardi
- *Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Visigalli
- †San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), H. San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Stefano Pepe
- *Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Settembre
- *Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Edoardo Nusco
- *Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Auricchio
- *Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Naldini
- †San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), H. San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
- ‡Vita Salute San Raffaele University Medical School, H. San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- *Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
- §Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Cosma
- *Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), via P. Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email or )
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135
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Benjdia A, Leprince J, Guillot A, Vaudry H, Rabot S, Berteau O. Anaerobic sulfatase-maturating enzymes: radical SAM enzymes able to catalyze in vitro sulfatase post-translational modification. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:3462-3. [PMID: 17335281 DOI: 10.1021/ja067175e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alhosna Benjdia
- INRA, Unité d'Ecologie et Physiologie du Système Digestif, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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136
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Benjdia A, Dehò G, Rabot S, Berteau O. First evidences for a third sulfatase maturation system in prokaryotes fromE. coli aslBandydeMdeletion mutants. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:1009-14. [PMID: 17303125 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To be active all known arylsulfatases undergo a unique post-translational modification leading to the conversion of an active site residue (serine or cysteine) into a C(alpha)-formylglycine. Although deprived of sulfatase activity, Escherichia coli K12 can efficiently mature heterologous Cys-type sulfatases. Three potential enzymes (AslB, YdeM and YidF) belonging to the anaerobic sulfatase maturating enzyme family (an SME) are present in its genome. Here we show that E. coli could mature Cys-type sulfatases only in aerobic conditions and that knocking-out of aslB, ydeM and yidF does not impair Cys-type sulfatase maturation. These findings demonstrate that these putative anSME are not involved in Cys-type sulfatase maturation and strongly support the existence of a second, oxygen-dependent and Cys-type specific sulfatase maturation system among prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhosna Benjdia
- INRA, Unité d'Ecologie et Physiologie du Système Digestif, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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137
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Bhattacharyya S, Look D, Tobacman JK. Increased arylsulfatase B activity in cystic fibrosis cells following correction of CFTR. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 380:122-7. [PMID: 17324393 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic disorder cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, impairing its function as a regulated anion channel involved with fluid secretion across epithelial cells. However, the clinical manifestations of CF are not thoroughly explained by impaired CFTR function. Experimental data have demonstrated oversulfation of glycoconjugates synthesized by CF epithelial cells of lung, pancreas, and other organs, and increases in the glycosaminoglycans dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with CF. Since the enzyme arylsulfatase B (ASB) catalyzes hydrolysis of the sulfate ester of N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate, a component of dermatan sulfate and chondroitin A sulfate, determination of ASB activity in human airway epithelial cells, corrected and uncorrected for CFTR, was undertaken. METHODS Arylsulfatase B (ASB) enzyme activity was measured in three pairs of cells in which the defect in CFTR was corrected or uncorrected. The substrates p-nitrocatechol sulfate and 4-MUS were used to measure activity. RESULTS An increase of 40% in ASB activity occurred in the CF cells when corrected for CFTR deficiency. CONCLUSIONS Decline in ASB activity may affect characteristics of secretions in CF, due to impaired metabolism of GAGs containing N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate. ASB activity was markedly reduced when phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was used as buffer, consistent with inhibition of sulfatase activity by phosphate. Increased attention to sulfatases may help to explain the pathophysiology of CF and lead to new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Bhattacharyya
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown VAMC, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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138
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Wolfenden R, Yuan Y. Monoalkyl sulfates as alkylating agents in water, alkylsulfatase rate enhancements, and the "energy-rich" nature of sulfate half-esters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:83-6. [PMID: 17182738 PMCID: PMC1765482 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609644104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkyl sulfate monoesters are involved in cell signaling and structure. Alkyl sulfates are also present in many commercial detergents. Here, we show that monomethyl sulfate acts as an efficient alkylating agent in water, reacting spontaneously with oxygen nucleophiles >100-fold more rapidly than do alkylsulfonium ions, the usual methyl donors in living organisms. These reactions of methyl sulfate, which are much more rapid than its hydrolysis, are insensitive to the nature of the attacking nucleophile, with a Brønsted beta(nuc) value of -0.01. Experiments at elevated temperatures indicate a rate constant of 2 x 10(-11) s(-1) for the uncatalyzed hydrolysis of methyl sulfate at 25 degrees C (t(1/2) = 1,100 y), corresponding to a rate enhancement of approximately 10(11)-fold by a human alkylsulfatase. Equilibria of formation of methyl sulfate from methanol and sodium hydrogen sulfate indicate a group transfer potential (DeltaG'(pH7)) of -8.9 kcal/mol for sulfate ester hydrolysis. The magnitude of that value, involving release of the strong acid HSO(4)(-), helps to explain the need for harnessing the free energy of hydrolysis of two ATP molecules in activating sulfate for the biosynthesis of sulfate monoesters. The "energy-rich" nature of monoalkyl sulfate esters, coupled with their marked resistance to hydrolysis, renders them capable of acting as sulfating or alkylating agents under relatively mild conditions. These findings raise the possibility that, under appropriate circumstances, alkyl groups may undergo transfer from alkyl sulfate monoesters to biological target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wolfenden
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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139
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Jean S, Kasinathan C, Buyske S, Manowitz P. Ethanol decreases rat hepatic arylsulfatase A activity levels. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 30:1950-5. [PMID: 17067361 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arylsulfatase A (ASA) is an enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of sulfatides, a glycosphingolipid found in many tissues, but predominantly in myelin and kidney. Arylsulfatase A is 1 member of a family of sulfatases that is activated by a required co- or posttranslational modification with the oxidation of cysteine to formylglycine. This conversion requires a novel oxygenase mechanism that can be inhibited by reactive oxygen species. Ethanol is known to cause an increase in reactive oxygen species in the liver. Because of its effect on the levels of hepatic reactive oxygen species, we hypothesized that ethanol would cause a specific decrease of rat hepatic ASA activity levels. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats received ethanol-containing, Lieber-DeCarli liquid diets for 15 days, and control rats were pair-fed a liquid diet in which dextrose was isocalorically substituted for ethanol. RESULTS Arylsulfatase A activity levels decreased in livers of animals receiving alcohol compared with control animals. No significant changes in ASA activity levels were observed in the cerebral cortex and kidney. Furthermore, ethanol did not have any significant effect on hexosaminidase activity in any of the tissues examined. CONCLUSION Ethanol caused a tissue-specific decrease in hepatic ASA activity levels, but not hexosaminidase activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smith Jean
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ)-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 671 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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140
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Ahmed V, Liu Y, Silvestro C, Taylor SD. Boronic acids as inhibitors of steroid sulfatase. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:8564-73. [PMID: 16973364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Revised: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Steroid sulfatase (STS) catalyzes the hydrolysis of steroidal sulfates such as estrone sulfate (ES1) to the corresponding steroids and inorganic sulfate. STS is considered to be a potential target for the development of therapeutics for the treatment of steroid-dependent cancers. Two steroidal and two coumarin- and chromenone-based boronic acids were synthesized and examined as inhibitors of purified STS. The boronic acid analog of estrone sulfate bearing a boronic acid moiety at the 3-position in place of the sulfate group was a good competitive STS inhibitor with a K(i) of 2.8microM at pH 7.0 and 6.8microM at pH 8.8. The inhibition was reversible and kinetic properties corresponding to the mechanism for slow-binding inhibitors were not observed. An estradiol derivative bearing a boronic acid group at the 3-position and a benzyl group at the 17-position was a potent reversible, non-competitive STS inhibitor with a K(i) of 250nM. However, its 3-OH analog, a known STS inhibitor, exhibited an almost identical affinity for STS and also bound in a non-competitive manner. It is suggested that these compounds prefer to bind in a hydrophobic tunnel close to the entrance to the active site. The coumarin and chromenone boronic acids were modest inhibitors of STS with IC(50)s of 86 and 171microM, respectively. Surprisingly, replacing the boronic acid group of the chromenone derivative with an OH group yielded a good reversible, mixed type inhibitor with a K(i) of 4.6microM. Overall, these results suggest that the boronic acid moiety must be attached to a platform very closely resembling a natural substrate in order for it to impart a beneficial effect on binding affinity compared to its phenolic analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ont., Canada N2L 3G1
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141
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Kolter T, Sandhoff K. Sphingolipid metabolism diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:2057-79. [PMID: 16854371 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Human diseases caused by alterations in the metabolism of sphingolipids or glycosphingolipids are mainly disorders of the degradation of these compounds. The sphingolipidoses are a group of monogenic inherited diseases caused by defects in the system of lysosomal sphingolipid degradation, with subsequent accumulation of non-degradable storage material in one or more organs. Most sphingolipidoses are associated with high mortality. Both, the ratio of substrate influx into the lysosomes and the reduced degradative capacity can be addressed by therapeutic approaches. In addition to symptomatic treatments, the current strategies for restoration of the reduced substrate degradation within the lysosome are enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), cell-mediated therapy (CMT) including bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and cell-mediated "cross correction", gene therapy, and enzyme-enhancement therapy with chemical chaperones. The reduction of substrate influx into the lysosomes can be achieved by substrate reduction therapy. Patients suffering from the attenuated form (type 1) of Gaucher disease and from Fabry disease have been successfully treated with ERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kolter
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
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142
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Sukegawa-Hayasaka K, Kato Z, Nakamura H, Tomatsu S, Fukao T, Kuwata K, Orii T, Kondo N. Effect of Hunter disease (mucopolysaccharidosis type II) mutations on molecular phenotypes of iduronate-2-sulfatase: enzymatic activity, protein processing and structural analysis. J Inherit Metab Dis 2006; 29:755-61. [PMID: 17091340 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-006-0440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis II (Hunter disease), a lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS), has variable clinical phenotypes. Nearly 300 different mutations have been identified in the IDS gene from patients with Hunter disease, but the correlation between the genotype and phenotype has remained unclear. We studied the characteristics of 11 missense mutations, which were detected in the patients or artificially introduced, using stable expression experiments and structural analysis. The mutants found in the attenuated phenotype showed considerable residual activity (0.2-2.4% of the wild-type IDS activity) and those in the severe phenotype had no activity. In immunoblot analysis, both the 73-75 kDa precursor and processed forms were detected in the expression of 'attenuated' mutants (R48P, A85T and W337R) and the artificial active site mutants (C84S, C84T). The 73-75 kDa initial precursor was detected in the 'severe' mutants (P86L, S333L, S349I, R468Q, R468L). The truncated 68 kDa precursor form was synthesized in the Q531X mutant. The results of immunoblotting indicated rapid degradation and/or insufficiency in processing as a result of structural alteration of the IDS protein. A combination of analyses of genotype and molecular phenotypes, including enzyme activity, protein processing and structural analysis with an engineered reference protein, could provide an avenue to understanding the molecular mechanism of the disease and could give a useful tool for the evaluation of possible therapeutic chemical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sukegawa-Hayasaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
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143
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Berteau O, Guillot A, Benjdia A, Rabot S. A New Type of Bacterial Sulfatase Reveals a Novel Maturation Pathway in Prokaryotes. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:22464-70. [PMID: 16766528 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602504200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfatases are a highly conserved family of enzymes found in all three domains of life. To be active, sulfatases undergo a unique post-translational modification leading to the conversion of either a critical cysteine ("Cys-type" sulfatases) or a serine ("Ser-type" sulfatases) into a Calpha-formylglycine (FGly). This conversion depends on a strictly conserved sequence called "sulfatase signature" (C/S)XPXR. In a search for new enzymes from the human microbiota, we identified the first sulfatase from Firmicutes. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight analysis revealed that this enzyme undergoes conversion of its critical cysteine residue into FGly, even though it has a modified (C/S)XAXR sulfatase signature. Examination of the bacterial and archaeal genomes sequenced to date has identified many genes bearing this new motif, suggesting that the definition of the sulfatase signature should be expanded. Furthermore, we have also identified a new Cys-type sulfatase-maturating enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of cysteine into FGly, in anaerobic conditions, whereas the only enzyme reported so far to be able to catalyze this reaction is oxygen-dependent. The new enzyme belongs to the radical S-adenosyl-l-methionine enzyme superfamily and is related to the Ser-type sulfatase-maturating enzymes. This finding leads to the definition of a new enzyme family of sulfatase-maturating enzymes that we have named anSME (anaerobic sulfatase-maturating enzyme). This family includes enzymes able to maturate Cys-type as well as Ser-type sulfatases in anaerobic conditions. In conclusion, our results lead to a new scheme for the biochemistry of sulfatases maturation and suggest that the number of genes and bacterial species encoding sulfatase enzymes is currently underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Berteau
- Unité d'Ecologie et Physiologie du Système Digestif, Jonas, France.
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144
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Tomatsu S, Montaño AM, Nishioka T, Gutierrez MA, Peña OM, Tranda Firescu GG, Lopez P, Yamaguchi S, Noguchi A, Orii T. Mutation and polymorphism spectrum of the GALNS gene in mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (Morquio A). Hum Mutat 2006; 26:500-12. [PMID: 16287098 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA; Morquio A disease) is an autosomal-recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of lysosomal N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS; E.C.3.1.6.4). GALNS is required to degrade glycosaminoglycans, keratan sulfate (KS), and chondroitin-6-sulfate. Accumulation of undegraded substrates in lysosomes of the affected tissues leads to a systemic bone dysplasia. We summarize information on 148 unique mutations determined to date in the GALNS gene, including 26 novel mutations (19 missense, four small deletions, one splice-site, and two insertions). This heterogeneity in GALNS gene mutations accounts for an extensive clinical variability within MPS IVA. Seven polymorphisms that cause an amino acid change, and nine silent variants in the coding region are also described. Of the analyzed mutant alleles, missense mutations accounted for 78.4%; small deletions, 9.2%; nonsense mutation, 5.0%; large deletion, 2.4%; and insertions, 1.6%. Transitional mutations at CpG dinucleotides accounted for 26.4% of all the described mutations. The importance of the relationship between methylation status and distribution of transitional mutations at CpG sites at the GALNS gene locus was elucidated. The three most frequent mutations (over 5% of all mutations) were represented by missense mutations (p.R386C, p.G301C, and p.I113F). A genotype/phenotype correlation was defined in some mutations. Missense mutations associated with a certain phenotype were studied for their effects on enzyme activity and stability, the levels of blood and urine KS, the location of mutations with regard to the tertiary structure, and the loci of the altered amino acid residues among sulfatase proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Tomatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110-2586, USA.
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145
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Tomatsu S, Sukegawa K, Trandafirescu GG, Gutierrez MA, Nishioka T, Yamaguchi S, Orii T, Froissart R, Maire I, Chabas A, Cooper A, Di Natale P, Gal A, Noguchi A, Sly WS. Differences in methylation patterns in the methylation boundary region of IDS gene in Hunter syndrome patients: implications for CpG hot spot mutations. Eur J Hum Genet 2006; 14:838-45. [PMID: 16617305 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hunter syndrome, an X-linked disorder, results from deficiency of iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS). Around 40% of independent point mutations at IDS were found at CpG sites as transitional events. The 15 CpG sites in the coding sequences of exons 1 and 2, which are normally hypomethylated, account for very few of transitional mutations. By contrast, the CpG sites in the coding sequences of exon 3, though also normally hypomethylated, account for much higher fraction of transitional mutations. To better understand relationship between methylation status and CpG transitional mutations in this region, the methylation patterns of 11 Hunter patients with transitional mutations at CpG sites were investigated using bisulfite genomic sequencing. The patient cohort mutation spectrum is composed of one mutation in exon 1 (one patient) and three different mutations in exon 3 (10 patients). We confirmed that in normal males, cytosines at the CpG sites from the promoter region to a portion of intron 3 were hypomethylated. However, specific CpG sites in this area were more highly methylated in patients. The patients with p.R8X (exon 1), p.P86L (exon 3), and p.R88H (exon 3) mutations had a hypermethylated condition in exon 2 to intron 3 but retained hypomethylation in exon 1. The same trend was found in four patients with p.A85T (exon 3), although the degree of hypermethylation was less. These findings suggest methylation patterns in the beginning of IDS genomic region are polymorphic in humans and that hypermethylation in this region in some individuals predisposes them to CpG mutations resulting in Hunter syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Tomatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University, Pediatric Research Institute, St Louis, MO 63110-2586, USA.
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146
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Al-Shail E, Al-Odaib A, Ozand PT. Early neurosurgical intervention in spondyloepiphyseal dysplasias. Childs Nerv Syst 2006; 22:249-52. [PMID: 16133273 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-005-1212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Revised: 03/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
GOALS The aim of this study is to evaluate the benefits of early intervention in two major spondyloepiphyseal dysplasias of Saudi Arabia, namely, multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD, Austin's disease) and Morquio's disease. The MSD is encountered frequently in the Kingdom and poses significant health risk to the child because of cord compression. The clinics of this hospital have several Austin's patients. RESULTS This study indicates that early intervention before serious irreversible damage to the cervical cord occurs improves the neurological course of the patient; no patient had a worse outcome. On the other hand, neurosurgical intervention after the neurological symptoms of cord compression occurs was not as rewarding. CONCLUSION Morquio's disease is more common outside the Kingdom. The results in this study also confirm that early intervention in this disease is beneficial. Other surgeons make a similar recommendation for Morquio's disease. However, their experience with Austin's disease is not reported due to the rarity of this disease elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Al-Shail
- Department of Neurosurgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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147
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Obaya AJ. Molecular cloning and initial characterization of three novel human sulfatases. Gene 2006; 372:110-7. [PMID: 16500042 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sulfatases constitute a group of enzymes capable of hydrolyzing the sulphate ester bond of a variety of biological compounds. To date, thirteen members of this family have been cloned and characterized as part of the human genome. In this work, the identification, molecular cloning and initial characterization of three new members of this human gene family is reported. Two map in chromosome 5 (5q15 and 5q32), whereas the third one maps in chromosome 4 (4q26). Two of them are closely related and are coded in only two exons, what is a unique genomic feature among the known sulfatases. The three new members were cloned from different DNA sources, and the predicted protein sizes range from 536 aa to 596 aa. Interestingly, initial characterization of two of them showed that their expression pattern was mainly restricted to embryonic tissues and some cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro J Obaya
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Area de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006-Oviedo, Spain.
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148
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Kusaykin MI, Pesentseva MS, Sils’chenko AS, Avilov SA, Sova VV, Zvyagintseva TN, Stonik VA. Aryl sulfatase of unusual specificity from the liver of marine mollusk Littorina kurila. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162006010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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149
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Abstract
Sulfatases are a highly conserved family of proteins that cleave sulfate esters from a wide range of substrates. The importance of sulfatases in human metabolism is underscored by the presence of at least eight human monogenic diseases caused by the deficiency of individual sulfatases. Sulfatase activity requires a unique posttranslational modification, which is impaired in patients with multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD) due to a mutation of the sulfatase modifying factor 1 (SUMF1). Here we review current knowledge and future perspectives on the evolution of the sulfatase gene family, on the role of these enzymes in human metabolism, and on new developments in the therapy of sulfatase deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciana Diez-Roux
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Department of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples 80131, Italy.
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150
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Zito E, Fraldi A, Pepe S, Annunziata I, Kobinger G, Di Natale P, Ballabio A, Cosma MP. Sulphatase activities are regulated by the interaction of sulphatase-modifying factor 1 with SUMF2. EMBO Rep 2005; 6:655-60. [PMID: 15962010 PMCID: PMC1369113 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2005] [Revised: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulphatases undergo a unique post-translational modification that converts a highly conserved cysteine located within their active site into formylglycine. This modification is necessary for the catalytic activities of the sulphatases, and it is generated by the protein product of sulphatase-modifying factor 1 (SUMF1), the gene mutated in multiple sulphatase deficiency (MSD). A paralogous gene, SUMF2, was discovered through its sequence similarity to SUMF1. We present evidence that SUMF2 colocalizes with SUMF1 within the endoplasmic reticulum and that the two proteins form heterodimers. SUMF1 and SUMF2 also form homodimers. In addition, SUMF2 is able to associate with the sulphatases with and without SUMF1. We have previously shown that co-transfection of SUMF1 with the sulphatase complementary DNAs greatly enhances the activities of the overexpressed sulphatases. Here, we show that SUMF2 inhibits the enhancing effects of SUMF1 on sulphatases, suggesting that the SUMF1-SUMF2 interaction represents a further level of control of these sulphatase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Zito
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), via P. Castellino, 111, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fraldi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), via P. Castellino, 111, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Pepe
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), via P. Castellino, 111, Naples, Italy
| | - Ida Annunziata
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), via P. Castellino, 111, Naples, Italy
| | - Gary Kobinger
- University of Pennsylvania, Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Paola Di Natale
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), via P. Castellino, 111, Naples, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Federico II University, via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Cosma
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), via P. Castellino, 111, Naples, Italy
- Tel: +39 081 6132226; Fax: +39 081 5609877; E-mail:
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