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Papageorge MB. Etiology of oral cancer in the young patient: is tongue cancer becoming the other cancer in women? Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2008; 19:163-71, v. [PMID: 18088875 DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The recently reported increase in the incidence of oral cancer in a younger population, especially in young women, in the absence of the traditional risk factors has raised concern. Of particular interest is the increased incidence of carcinoma of the tongue, which has been suggested to be a distinct entity. Although there are conflicting data on incidence and sex distribution, studies suggest that the physiologic response to risk factors by men and women and the clinical behavior of these cancers in the younger population may be different than the normal variant. Effort is currently being made to elucidate the etiology and pathogenesis of oral cancer in the younger population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B Papageorge
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, One Kneeland Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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102
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Godar S, Ince TA, Bell GW, Feldser D, Donaher JL, Bergh J, Liu A, Miu K, Watnick RS, Reinhardt F, McAllister SS, Jacks T, Weinberg RA. Growth-inhibitory and tumor- suppressive functions of p53 depend on its repression of CD44 expression. Cell 2008; 134:62-73. [PMID: 18614011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor is a key mediator of cellular responses to various stresses. Here, we show that under conditions of basal physiologic and cell-culture stress, p53 inhibits expression of the CD44 cell-surface molecule via binding to a noncanonical p53-binding sequence in the CD44 promoter. This interaction enables an untransformed cell to respond to stress-induced, p53-dependent cytostatic and apoptotic signals that would otherwise be blocked by the actions of CD44. In the absence of p53 function, the resulting derepressed CD44 expression is essential for the growth and tumor-initiating ability of highly tumorigenic mammary epithelial cells. In both tumorigenic and nontumorigenic cells, CD44's expression is positively regulated by p63, a paralogue of p53. Our data indicate that CD44 is a key tumor-promoting agent in transformed tumor cells lacking p53 function. They also suggest that the derepression of CD44 resulting from inactivation of p53 can potentially aid the survival of immortalized, premalignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Godar
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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103
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Chan V, Khoo US, Wong MS, Lau K, Suen D, Li G, Kwong A, Chan TK. Localization of hRad9 in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:196. [PMID: 18616832 PMCID: PMC2483722 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background hRad9 is a cell cycle checkpoint gene that is up-regulated in breast cancer. We have previously shown that the mRNA up-regulation correlated with tumor size and local recurrence. Immunohistochemical studies were made to better define the role of hRad9 in breast carcinogenesis. Methods Localisation of hRad9 protein were performed on paired tumor and normal breast tissues. Immunoblotting with and without dephosphorylation was used to define the protein isolated from breast cancer cells. Results Increased hRad9 protein was observed in breast cancer cells nucleus compared to non-tumor epithelium. This nuclear protein existed in hyperphosphorylated forms which may be those of the hRad9-hRad1-hHus1 complex. Conclusion Finding of hyperphosphorylated forms of hRad9 in the nucleus of cancer cells is in keeping with its function in ameliorating DNA instability, whereby it inadvertently assists tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Chan
- University Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
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104
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Hirano T. Repair system of 7, 8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine as a defense line against carcinogenesis. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2008; 49:329-340. [PMID: 18596371 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.08049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essentially harmful for living organisms, including human beings. It is well known that ROS-induced damage of cellular components may lead to human diseases, such as inflammatory diseases, degenerative diseases, or cancer. In particular, oxidative DNA damage is premutagenic, and thus, the generation of DNA damage and the failure of its removal are critical events for tumorigenesis or carcinogenesis. To prevent this disadvantage, living organisms have defense mechanisms against ROS-induced gene instability. Studies of 8-oxo-Gua and its main repair enzyme, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1), are informative and useful, because 8-oxo-Gua is commonly observed in DNA, and OGG1 enzymes exist in a wide variety of living organisms. The importance of OGG1 was confirmed by polymorphism analyses and studies using knockout mice. Moreover, analyses of the influences of environmental factors on DNA damage and repair systems have confirmed the effects of heavy metals on 8-oxo-Gua formation and OGG1 expression. These studies revealed that the 8-oxo-Gua repair system is crucial for the prevention of mutation-related diseases, such as cancer. In this review, the advances in this field during the last two decades are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hirano
- Department of Life and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
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105
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Predictive Value of Measuring p53 Labeling Index at the Invasive Front of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Pathol Oncol Res 2008; 14:57-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-008-9022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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106
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Akahira JI, Suzuki F, Suzuki T, Miura I, Kamogawa N, Miki Y, Ito K, Yaegashi N, Sasano H. Decreased expression of RIZ1 and its clinicopathological significance in epithelial ovarian carcinoma: correlation with epigenetic inactivation by aberrant DNA methylation. Pathol Int 2007; 57:725-33. [PMID: 17922684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2007.02169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma protein-interacting zinc finger gene (RIZ1) is considered a tumor suppressor gene. The purpose of the present study was to examine the expression of RIZ1 and evaluate its clinicopathological significance in ovarian carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed for RIZ1 and its clinicopathological significance was examined. DNA methylation status of RIZ1 was also studied. All (6/6) of the normal, 5/9 of benign, and 4/9 of borderline tissues were positive for RIZ1 protein. In ovarian cancer tissues 32.9% (54/164) were positive for RIZ1. Decreased expression of RIZ1 was significantly correlated with histological subtypes (P < 0.0001), high tumor grade (P = 0.0153) and advanced clinical stage (P = 0.0345), and high Ki67 index (P = 0.0117) but was not associated with the overall prognoses of the patients (P = 0.519). The presence of methylated band was detected in 2/9 cell lines, and 5/69 ovarian cancer tissues. Median values of relative RIZ1 expression in cell lines with methylation were significantly lower than those without methylation (P = 0.0404), and treatment of 5-aza-2'deoxycitidine resulted in demethylation and re-expression of RIZ1. Reduced expression of RIZ1 may play an important role in the pathogenesis and/or development of epithelial ovarian carcinoma, and is considered to be caused in part by aberrant DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Akahira
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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107
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Graesslin O, Chantot-Bastaraud S, Lorenzato M, Birembaut P, Quéreux C, Daraï E. Fluorescence in situ Hybridization and Immunohistochemical Analysis of p53 Expression in Endometrial Cancer: Prognostic Value and Relation to Ploidy. Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 15:484-92. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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108
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Tommiska J, Bartkova J, Heinonen M, Hautala L, Kilpivaara O, Eerola H, Aittomäki K, Hofstetter B, Lukas J, von Smitten K, Blomqvist C, Ristimäki A, Heikkilä P, Bartek J, Nevanlinna H. The DNA damage signalling kinase ATM is aberrantly reduced or lost in BRCA1/BRCA2-deficient and ER/PR/ERBB2-triple-negative breast cancer. Oncogene 2007; 27:2501-6. [PMID: 17982490 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) kinase is a key transducer of DNA damage signals within the genome maintenance machinery and a tumour suppressor whose germline mutations predispose to familial breast cancer. ATM signalling is constitutively activated in early stages of diverse types of human malignancies and cell culture models in response to oncogene-induced DNA damage providing a barrier against tumour progression. As BRCA1 and BRCA2 are also components of the genome maintenance network and their mutations predispose to breast cancer, we have examined the ATM expression in human breast carcinomas of BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, sporadic cases and familial non-BRCA1/2 patients. Our results show that ATM protein expression is aberrantly reduced more frequently among BRCA1 (33%; P=0.0003) and BRCA2 (30%; P=0.0009) tumours than in non-BRCA1/2 tumours (10.7%). Furthermore, the non-BRCA1/2 tumours with reduced ATM expression were more often estrogen receptor (ER) negative (P=0.0002), progesterone receptor (PR) negative (P=0.004) and were of higher grade (P=0.0004). In our series of 1013 non-BRCA1/2 cases, ATM was more commonly deficient (20%; P=0.0006) and p53 was overabundant (47%; P<0.0000000001) among the difficult-to-treat ER/PR/ERBB2-triple-negative subset of tumours compared with cases that expressed at least one of these receptors (10 and 16% of aberrant ATM and p53, respectively). We propose a model of 'conditional haploinsufficiency' for BRCA1/2 under conditions of enhanced DNA damage in precancerous lesions resulting in more robust activation and hence increased selection for inactivation or loss of ATM in tumours of BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, with implications for genomic instability and curability of diverse subsets of human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tommiska
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), Helsinki, Finland
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109
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Hsp90 inhibition has opposing effects on wild-type and mutant p53 and induces p21 expression and cytotoxicity irrespective of p53/ATM status in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. Oncogene 2007; 27:2445-55. [PMID: 17982489 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), mutation/deletion of TP53 is strongly associated with early disease progression, resistance to chemotherapy and short patient survival. Consequently, there is a pressing need to develop novel treatment protocols for this high-risk patient group. The present study was performed to evaluate Hsp90 inhibition as a possible therapeutic approach for such patients. Primary CLL cells of defined ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)/p53 status were incubated with the Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin (GA) and analysed by western blotting for the expression of p53, p21, MDM2 and Akt. GA downregulated overexpressed mutant p53 protein (an oncogene) and upregulated wild-type (wt) p53 (a tumour suppressor). The upregulation of wt p53 by GA was independent of ATM and was accompanied by downregulation of Akt and the active form of MDM2, indicating a possible mechanism. GA also produced a p53/ATM-independent increase in the levels of p21-a potent inducer of cell-cycle arrest. In-vitro cytotoxicity studies showed that GA killed cultured CLL cells in a dose- and time-dependent fashion irrespective of their p53/ATM status and more effectively than normal blood mononuclear cells. In summary, our findings reveal important consequences of inhibiting Hsp90 in CLL cells and strongly support the therapeutic evaluation of Hsp90 inhibitors in poor-prognosis patients with p53 defects.
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110
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Shaham J, Fireman E, Korenstein-Ilan A, Lerman Y. Detection of p53 Protein in Induced Sputum After Occupational Exposure to Crystalline Silica. J Occup Environ Med 2007; 49:730-5. [PMID: 17622845 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31805d0be4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the possibility of detecting p53 protein in the supernatant of induced sputum (IS) of workers exposed to crystalline silica. METHODS Personal interviews were used to obtain demographic data, occupational and exposure histories, and health habits of the study participants. Sputum samples were collected from all subjects. RESULTS The all-male study cohort included 35 workers (mean age 43.8 years) exposed to silica and 7 unexposed workers (34.7 years, P < 0.05). The mean duration of exposure was 13.4 years, and the range of exposure levels to silica was 0.02 to 0.33 ppm. The mean level of p53 protein was higher in the exposed group compared with in the unexposed group (76.47 pg/mL and 62.43 pg/mL, respectively). CONCLUSIONS p53 may serve as a biomarker to identify workers at high risk for developing pulmonary malignancies. IS can detect p53 protein in sputum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Shaham
- Medical Department of Civil Servants District Health Office, Tel Aviv Ministry of Health, Israel.
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111
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Massoni Neto LM, Bianchi CP, Ab'Saber AM, Parra ER, Takagaki T, Pereira JC, Soares FA, Leite K, Capelozzi VL. p53 immunostaining is correlated with reduced survival and is not correlated with gene mutations in resected pulmonary large cell carcinomas. Braz J Med Biol Res 2007; 40:1045-53. [PMID: 17665040 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2006005000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignancy of pulmonary large cell carcinomas (LCC) increases from classic LCC through LCC with neuroendocrine morphology (LCCNM) to large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNEC). However, the histological classification has sometimes proved to be difficult. Because the malignancy of LCC is highly dependent on proteins with functions in the cell cycle, DNA repair, and apoptosis, p53 has been targeted as a potentially useful biological marker. p53 mutations in lung cancers have been shown to result in expression and protein expression also occurs in the absence of mutations. To validate the importance of both p53 protein expression (by immunostaining) and p53 gene mutations in lung LCC (by PCR-single strand conformational polymorphism analysis of exons 5, 6, 7, and 8) and to study their relationships with clinical factors and sub-classification we investigated the correlation of p53 abnormalities in 15 patients with LCC (5 classic LCC, 5 LCNEC, and 5 LCCNM) who had undergone resection with curative intent. Of these patients, 5/15 expressed p53 and none had mutant p53 sequences. There was a negative survival correlation with positive p53 immunostaining (P = 0.05). After adjustment for stage, age, gender, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and histological subtypes by multivariate analysis, p53 expression had an independent impact on survival. The present study indicates that p53 assessment may provide an objective marker for the prognosis of LCC irrespective of morphological variants and suggests that p53 expression is important for outcome prediction in patients with the early stages of LCC. The results reported here should be considered to be initial results because tumors from only 15 patients were studied: 5 each from LCC, LCNEC and LCCNM. This was due to the rarity of these specific diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/surgery
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/genetics
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/mortality
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/surgery
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Exons
- Female
- Genes, p53/genetics
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/surgery
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mutation/genetics
- Neoplasm Staging
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- Prognosis
- Survival Analysis
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Massoni Neto
- Departamento de Patologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo
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112
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Song HS, Do YR, Kang SH, Jeong KY, Kim YS. Prognostic significance of immunohistochemical expression of p53 gene product in operable breast cancer. Cancer Res Treat 2006; 38:218-23. [PMID: 19771246 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2006.38.4.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic significance of the expression of p53 gene product in operable invasive breast cancer by performing immunohistochemical analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between January 1993 and December 2001, 440 operable invasive breast cancer patients underwent immunohistochemical staining for p53, and we retrospectively analyzed these results together with the clinical outcomes. RESULTS The overexpression of p53 was detected in 51.6% of the cases. The overexpression of p53 was inversely correlated with lymph node metastasis (p=0.005). The tumor size, tumor histology, histologic grade, hormonal receptor status and tumor stage were not related to the overexpression of p53. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicate that lymph node metastasis, tumor size and the p53 expression were the significant prognostic factors for overall survival; lymph node metastasis, the estrogen receptor status and the p53 expression were the significant prognostic factors for relapse free survival. On the subgroup analysis, the p53 non-expressors showed better 7-year overall survival (92.7% vs. 76.7%, respectively, p=0.011) and relapse free survival (74.9% vs. 57.8%, respectively, p=0.032) than did the p53 overexpressors for the patients with lymph node metastasis. However, for the patients without lymph node metastasis, the survival rates were not different for both the p53 non-expressors and the p53 overexpressors. CONCLUSION Immunohistochemical staining of the p53 gene product was an independent prognostic factor for predicting survival of the lymph node positive invasive breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Suk Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
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113
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Boswell SA, Ongusaha PP, Nghiem P, Lee SW. The protective role of a small GTPase RhoE against UVB-induced DNA damage in keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:4850-4858. [PMID: 17170105 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610532200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
RhoE, a p53 target gene, was identified as a critical factor for the survival of human keratinocytes in response to UVB. The Rho family of GTPases regulates many aspects of cellular behavior through alterations to the actin cytoskeleton, acting as molecular switches cycling between the active, GTP-bound and the inactive, GDP-bound conformations. Unlike typical Rho family proteins, RhoE (also known as Rnd3) is GTPase-deficient and thus expected to be constitutively active. In this study, we investigated the response of cultured human keratinocyte cells to UVB irradiation. RhoE protein levels increase upon exposure to UVB, and ablation of RhoE induction through small interfering RNA resulted in a significant increase in apoptosis and a reduction in the levels of the pro-survival targets p21, Cox-2, and cyclin D1, as well as an increase of reactive oxygen species levels when compared with control cells. These data indicate that RhoE is a pro-survival factor acting upstream of p38, JNK, p21, and cyclin D1. HaCat cells expressing small interfering RNA to p53 indicate that RhoE functions independently of its known associates, p53 and Rho-associated kinase I (ROCK I). Targeted expression of RhoE in epidermis using skin-specific transgenic mouse model resulted in a significant reduction in the number of apoptotic cells following UVB irradiation. Thus, RhoE induction counteracts UVB-induced apoptosis and may serve as a novel target for the prevention of UVB-induced photodamage regardless of p53 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Boswell
- Dermatology Division, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Pat P Ongusaha
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center (CBRC), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129 and the
| | - Paul Nghiem
- Dermatology Division, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Sam W Lee
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center (CBRC), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129 and the.
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114
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Tucci MG, Lucarini G, Giangiacomi M, Zizzi A, Criante P, Ricotti G, Biagini G. Immunohistochemical study of apoptosis markers and involvement of chemokine CXCR4 in skin Merkel cell carcinoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006; 20:1220-5. [PMID: 17062035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive cancer of the skin that mainly affects elderly patients. Because of its rarity, there is no established treatment or proven markers to guide therapy or prognosis. Immunohistochemical expression of apoptosis proteins is considered a useful marker of both malignancy and tumour progression. Apoptosis plays a fundamental role in skin homeostasis, and apoptotic cells have been detected in normal and diseased skin. Chemokines possess a wide range of biological activities and CXCR4 is expressed in some cancer cells, where it plays an efficient role in metastasis formation. OBJECTIVE To identify immunohistochemical parameters that can help clinicians select the most suitable therapy for skin MCC. DESIGN Antibodies against ki67, bcl-2, p53, survivin, p16 and CXCR4 were tested to assess the usefulness of these antigens as indices of proliferation potential and predictors of prognosis. METHODS Immunohistochemical detection of apoptosis inhibitors and CXCR4 was performed on tissue from 12 patients with primary MCC. After excision of the primary lesion, five survived and had no metastases, and seven experienced local recurrence or lymph node metastases. RESULTS Expression of ki67 and survivin was increased in patients with local recurrence or metastasis (retrospectively classified as 'poor prognosis') compared with those with a 'good prognosis', and bcl-2 expression was significantly greater (P=0.003). P53 and p16 immunostaining was moderate in both groups. A positive correlation was observed between survivin and mutant p53 in the poor prognosis group (r=0.593, P=0.033; regression coefficient). High values of p53 were measured in patients with high levels of survivin and vice versa. CXCR4 was not detected at all. CONCLUSIONS Our results show strong MCC cell apoptosis inhibition and a high cell proliferation capacity. The positive correlation between survivin and p53 may be a predictor of MCC spread via the lymphatic network. Absent CXCR4 expression may reflect a less aggressive form, with less efficient development of distant and non-organ-selective metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Tucci
- U.O. Dermatologia, INRCA-IRCCS, Ancona, Italy
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115
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Bodey B, Bodey B, Siegel SE. Mechanisms and markers of carcinogenesis and neoplastic progression. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 5:1317-32. [PMID: 16197337 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.5.10.1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neoplastic transformation evolves over a period of time involving the progression of the cellular immunophenotype (IP) from normal to hyperplastic to dysplastic, and finally, to fully malignant IPs. Superimposed on these changes is the interaction of the initiated cell with its microenvironment, whereby the neoplastically transformed cells, through the regulation or dysregulation of cytoskeletal, integrin, protease and adhesion molecules, develop a novel manner of relation with their surrounding microenvironment. Studies of the neuroendocrine-immune network revealed that the hormonal and cytokine milieu plays an important role impacting the growth and dedifferentiation capabilities of neoplastic cells. This is further affected by the tumour cells themselves determining the constitution of this hormonal microenvironment, allowing the most aggressive and invasive of neoplastically transformed cell clones to promote their own growth and dissemination. The elucidation of the steps of the progression of cancer from premalignant to metastatic and invasive forms is of utmost importance in the differential diagnosis of neoplasms and in the establishment of more efficacious therapeutic regimens. These regimens will certainly begin to take on a more individualised form. The functional characterisation of various human malignancies as to the neoplastically transformed cells' IP, the bases of their interaction with tissue stromal elements, and the molecules involved in the humoral microenvironment of the particular stage of tumour will certainly allow for the better diagnosis, staging, prognostication and treatment of cancers in the future. This paper reviews carcinogenesis from nutritional, genetic and molecular, and humoral aspects, and discusses the importance of tumour markers in the diagnosis and therapeutic management of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bela Bodey
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Reseda, Los Angeles, CA 91335, USA.
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116
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Seol HJ, Jung HW, Park SH, Hwang SK, Kim DG, Paek SH, Chung YS, Sub Lee C. Aggressive vestibular schwannomas showing postoperative rapid growth - their association with decreased p27 expression. J Neurooncol 2006; 75:203-7. [PMID: 16283443 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-005-2886-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vestibular schwannomas (VSs) are relatively slow growing tumors. However, some rapidly regrow or recur after surgical resection. The objective of this study was to identify those molecular characteristics predicting rapid recurrence after surgical resection. Immunohistochemically determined expressions of several cell cycle regulators and apoptosis-associated proteins in 12 cases of aggressive VS (AVS) and in 15 control cases of usual VS (UVS) cases were compared. The expressions of p53 and Bax (pro-apoptotic protein), Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic protein), Fas, and Fas-L (apoptotic death receptor and ligand), caspase 3 (apoptotic effector caspase proteins), and p27 and p21 (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors) were analyzed using tissue array blocks. Loss of p27 expression was observed in 8 of 12 AVS cases (67%) and in 3 UVS cases (20%); p21 was expressed in all cases. Loss of Bax was observed in 3 AVS and 3 UVS cases. The anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, was expressed in 9 AVS (75%) and 11 UVS (73%), and p53, Fas-L, and caspase 3 were negative and Fas was positive in all AVS and UVS cases. Of these, only the loss of p27 was statistically significant (P = 0.02). The loss of p27 in AVS may explain the unusually high proliferative potential of AVS versus UVS, and p27 may be a predictor of VS aggressiveness. The expressions of other apoptosis associated proteins were not significantly different in the two groups. This may be the first report to identify a molecular entity associated with aggressive VS. However, further studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jun Seol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
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Liu Y, Bodmer WF. Analysis of P53 mutations and their expression in 56 colorectal cancer cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:976-81. [PMID: 16418264 PMCID: PMC1327731 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510146103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive analysis of the TP53 gene and its protein status was carried out on a panel of 56 colorectal cancer cell lines. This analysis was based on a combination of denaturing HPLC mutation screening of all exons of the p53 gene, sequencing the cDNA, and assessing the function of the p53 protein by assaying the induced expression of phosphorylated p53 and p21 after exposing cells to gamma-rays. In a few cases where there was no production of p53 message nor evidence of functional p53 protein, all of the p53 exons were sequenced directly. Thirteen of the 56 cell lines had functional p53, 21 lines had missense mutations (one of which made no detectable protein), 4 lines produced no p53 transcripts, and the remaining 18 lines carried truncating TP53 mutations. Thus, our results showed a relatively high frequency of TP53 mutations (76.8%) in our cell lines, with almost half of the mutations being truncating mutations. This is a rather higher frequency of such mutations than usually reported. Of the 18 cell lines with truncating mutations, 12 had detectable truncated protein based on Western blot analysis, whereas no protein was detected in the remaining 6 cell lines. Our data provide a valuable source of TP 53 mutations for further studies and raise the question of the extent to which truncating mutations may have dominant negative effects, even when no truncated protein can be detected by standard methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Cancer Research UK Cancer and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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118
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Kashiwagi H, Spigelman AD, Talbot IC, Phillip RKS. Overexpression of p53 in duodenal tumours in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Br J Surg 2005. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.1996.02135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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119
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Moriya T, Kimura W, Semba S, Sakurai F, Hirai I, Ma J, Fuse A, Maeda K, Yamakawa M. Biological similarities and differences between pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 35:111-9. [PMID: 15879625 DOI: 10.1385/ijgc:35:2:111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ever since the classification of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) was published, studies on the precursor lesions of pancreatic cancer have been advancing along a new directions, using standardized terminology. There are few studies that have examined the biological differences between PanIN and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) in detail. AIMS PanIN and IPMN, which are similar in morphology, were compared using various indicators, with the aim of identifying the similarities and differences between the two. METHODOLOGY A total of 46 PanINs and 37 ducts with IPMN were identified in 19 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma and 18 patients with IPMN. These PanINs and IPMNs were examined immunohistologically with respect to the expression patterns of HER2/neu, DPC4/Smad4, Akt/PKB, p53, cyclin A, Ki67, MUC1, and MUC2. RESULTS Significant differences in the expression of MUC1 and MUC2 were observed between IPMNadenoma and PanIN-2 and between CIS and PanIN-3 (MUC1: p = 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively; MUC2: p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively). A significant difference in the p53 expression level was also observed between CIS and PanIN-3 (p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS In both IPMN and PanIN, the grade of atypism increased with increasing expression of HER2/neu, DPC4/Smad4, and Akt/PKB, along with progression in the process of multistage carcinogenesis. Although the expression levels of these factors reflected the grade of atypism, they did not reflect any differences in the grade of biological malignancy between IPMN and PanIN. On the other hand, MUC1 and MUC2 may serve as indicators of the direction of differentiation, i.e., either progression to IDAC or IPMN. Positivity for MUC1 was believed to suggest differentiation into IDAC, and positivity for MUC2 appeared to be indicative of differentiation into IPMN. Such indication of the direction of differentiation seemed to appear in PanIN1-2, even before abnormalities of HER2/neu, Akt/PKB, DPC4/Smad4, p53, and cyclin A expression began to be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Moriya
- First Department of Surgery, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
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120
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Abstract
The p53 tumour suppressor gene is thought to be central in protecting against the development of cancer, and this article reviews current understanding of its function and potential clinical significance. Information for this review was obtained from previous review articles, references cited in original papers, a Pubmed search of the last twelve months' literature and by scanning the latest issues of relevant journals. P53 can be described as a stress response gene, its product (the p53 protein) acting to induce apoptosis or cell-cycle arrest in response to DNA damage, thereby maintaining genetic stability in the organism. These functions are realised by a series of steps known as the "p53 pathway" involving induction of the expression of a number of other genes. As p53 is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancer, it has attracted a great deal of interest in the areas of prognosis, diagnosis and therapy, and p53 gene therapy is becoming established as a useful adjunct to conventional cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J C Steele
- Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, University of Dundee, UK.
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121
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Rochette PJ, Bastien N, Lavoie J, Guérin SL, Drouin R. SW480, a p53 Double-mutant Cell Line Retains Proficiency for Some p53 Functions. J Mol Biol 2005; 352:44-57. [PMID: 16061257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Revised: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
During certain types of cellular stress, the p53 tumor suppressor protein binds to DNA and transactivates a variety of genes that regulate critical responses including apoptosis, cell cycle checkpoints, differentiation, and angiogenesis. In addition, functional p53 is known to be required for efficient nucleotide excision repair (NER) of bulky DNA adducts generated through exposure to environmental mutagens such as UV light. Nonetheless, we previously showed that the model p53-mutated human adenocarcinoma strain SW480 is proficient in the removal of UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) via NER. We undertook the present study to begin probing the molecular basis for this unexpected repair phenotype. Cytogenetic analysis indicated that SW480 is stable at the chromosomal level, i.e. manifests a karyotypic profile very similar to that revealed for this line as far back as 14 years ago. After fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), using a probe complementary to the p53 gene, we found that 98% of the SW480 interphase nuclei contains three copies of the gene, later revealed to be localized on intact short arms of three chromosomes 17. DNA sequence analysis further showed that all three p53 copies in SW480 carry two point mutations (R273H and P309S), and levels of the corresponding mutated p53 protein are about 20-fold higher than in the closely related p53 wild-type strain LoVo. Using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), we demonstrated that R273H/P309S p53 is able to bind with wild-type affinity to its consensus DNA sequence in vitro. Analysis of p21(Cip1/WAF1) expression and in vivo footprinting by ligation-mediated PCR (LMPCR) showed that, in wild-type LoVo cells, an exposure to cellular stress (e.g. UV or ionizing radiation) is necessary for p53 activation of the p21(Cip1/WAF1) promoter. In contrast, the R273H/P309S-mutated p53 protein in SW480 constitutively activates p21(Cip1/WAF1) in the absence of stress through an unknown mechanism. A similar phenomenon whereby mutated p53 in SW480 is able to induce NER-related proteins might explain the normal DNA repair phenotype previously observed in this strain. For now we conclude that, in general, results obtained using SW480 as a p53-deficient cell line should be interpreted very cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Rochette
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University and Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine et Moléculaire, Research Center, Hôpital St-François d'Assise, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada G1L 3L5
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Schneider BG, John-Aryankalayil M, Rowsey JJ, Dushku N, Reid TW. Accumulation of p53 protein in pterygia is not accompanied by TP53 gene mutation. Exp Eye Res 2005; 82:91-8. [PMID: 16005868 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2005.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Revised: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that pterygial epithelial cells show positive p53 staining by immunohistochemistry, and that they do not demonstrate apoptosis. We wished to determine whether the accumulation of p53 protein was caused by missense mutations in exons 5-8 of the TP53 gene, as is frequently the case in malignant tumours that contain high levels of abnormal p53. From 11 pterygia, epithelial cells were isolated by laser capture microdissection, or manually, in order to reduce the contribution of TP53 from normal cells. DNA from pterygial epithelial cells was amplified across exons 5-8 in 10 pterygia and across exons 5,7 and 8 in another pterygium. In 2 pterygia, all translated exons (2-11) were sequenced. No mutations were found, although normal polymorphisms in codon 72 were readily detected in 2 pterygia. RT-PCR was used to compare amounts of TP53 mRNA isolated from normal conjunctiva and pterygia from eight additional patients. We detected an approximate two-fold increase of TP53 RNA in pterygia compared to that in normal conjunctiva. Western blotting was used to compare amounts of p53 protein in pterygia and normal conjunctiva. Consistent with our previous immunohistochemical studies, amounts of p53 protein in pterygia, detected by the western blotting, were elevated compared to those detected in normal conjunctiva and corneal limbal epithelium. However, the TP53 gene in pterygia is not mutated, and therefore, the elevated levels of p53 protein must result from a different mechanism than that seen in malignant tumours containing TP53 missense mutations. The increased amount of p53 protein in pterygial cells does not cause apoptosis or block cell proliferation, suggesting that these normal p53 functions are inactivated in pterygia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara G Schneider
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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123
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Dogan E, Saygili U, Tuna B, Gol M, Gürel D, Acar B, Koyuncuoğlu M. p53 and mdm2 as prognostic indicators in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer: a multivariate analysis. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 97:46-52. [PMID: 15790436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate the prognostic significance of p53 and mdm2 protein expressions in epithelial ovarian cancer and their relationship with the clinicopathological variables. METHODS Tumor biopsy specimens from 82 patients who were homogenously treated were examined immunohistochemically for expression of p53 and mdm2 proteins. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for prognostic factors, and correlations with clinicopathological parameters were examined. RESULTS Fifty-four percent and 33% of cases stained positive for p53 and mdm2, respectively. p53 expression was associated with serous type, higher grade, positive cytology, residual tumor and stage of the disease. mdm2 expression predicted of chemosensitivity and it was related with higher grade but not with other clinicopathological variables. Significantly poorer survival was seen for those with p53 (P < 0.05) or mdm2 (P < 0.01) positive tumors than those with negative p53 or mdm2 staining. Coexpression of p53 and mdm2 was also related to poor outcome (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that FIGO stage, mdm2 expression, response to chemotherapy and optimal cytoreduction were significant independent prognostic and predictive factors of survival. CONCLUSION Although our findings showed that mdm2 may be used as a prognostic indicator in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer, these results should be supported by more and larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erbil Dogan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dokuz Eylül University, 35340 Inciralti, Izmir, Turkey
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124
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Nakano M, Taura Y, Inoue M. Protein expression of Mdm2 and p53 in hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the canine circumanal gland. J Comp Pathol 2005; 132:27-32. [PMID: 15629477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2004] [Accepted: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the circumanal gland in dogs were examined immunohistochemically for nuclear expression of Mdm2 and p53 proteins. Mdm2 nuclear labelling was detected in 64.3% of hyperplastic lesions and 70.7% of adenomas, the immunolabelling being stronger in the latter. Mdm2 reactivity in reserve-like cells in adenomas showed wide variation, the immunoreactive cells ranging from 4 to 80%. No reactivity was shown in 81.9% of adenocarcinomas. In contrast to Mdm2 reactivity, each of 14 hyperplastic lesions and 11 adenocarcinomas, and 60 of 65 adenomas (92.3%) failed to show nuclear p53 reactivity. These results suggest that increased expression of Mdm2 is an early event in circumanal gland tumorigenesis, and may be present in the absence of nuclear p53 protein accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakano
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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125
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Mosquera LA, Card KF, Price-Schiavi SA, Belmont HJ, Liu B, Builes J, Zhu X, Chavaillaz PA, Lee HI, Jiao JA, Francis JL, Amirkhosravi A, Wong RL, Wong HC. In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of a Novel Antibody-Like Single-Chain TCR Human IgG1 Fusion Protein. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:4381-8. [PMID: 15778403 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.7.4381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have constructed a protein composed of a soluble single-chain TCR genetically linked to the constant domain of an IgG1 H chain. The Ag recognition portion of the protein binds to an unmutated peptide derived from human p53 (aa 264-272) presented in the context of HLA-A2.1, whereas the IgG1 H chain provides effector functions. The protein is capable of forming dimers, specifically staining tumor cells and promoting target and effector cell conjugation. The protein also has potent antitumor effects in an in vivo tumor model and can mediate cell killing by Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Therefore, single-chain TCRs linked to IgG1 H chains behave like Abs but possess the ability to recognize Ags derived from intracellular targets. These fusion proteins represent a novel group of immunotherapeutics that have the potential to expand the range of tumors available for targeted therapies beyond those currently addressed by the conventional Ab-based approach.
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126
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Giordano G, D'Adda T, Merisio C, Gnetti L. Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the endometrium: a case report with immunohistochemical and molecular study. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 96:876-9. [PMID: 15721443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this paper, we report a case of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the endometrium (PSCCE) with immunohistochemical and molecular study to evaluate the phenotype and to define the etiopathogenesis of this tumor. CASE HISTORY A 72-year-old woman was admitted to the Department of Obstetric and Gynecology for weight loss and pelvic mass. Abdominal ultrasonography disclosed the abdominopelvic mass with solid, cystic, and calcified areas. The patient underwent exploratory laparotomy. Intraoperative findings showed an enlarged uterus with perforation of its wall. The surface of omentum was covered with small white nodules. Pathological examination showed features of PSCCE. Immunohistochemical analysis with antibodies for estrogen and progesterone receptors disclosed negativity of neoplastic elements. Immunostaining with p53 tumor-suppressor protein showed the mutation of p53 tumor-suppressor protein as a strong nuclear positivity. Molecular study by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of tumor DNA did not show any signal for human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA. CONCLUSION In summary, unlike the example reported in the literature by others, in the present case we demonstrated that PSCCE is not due to HPV infection, but probably to other pathogenetic mechanisms, which cause a mutation of p53 tumor-suppressor gene. Thus, it is reasonable to conclude that both HPV infection and unclear carcinogenic factors, responsible of p53 tumor-suppressor gene mutation, may cause PSCCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Giordano
- Department of Pathology and Medicine of Laboratory Section of Pathology, Parma University, Viale A. Gramsci, 14, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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127
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Ishikawa A, Sasaki M, Sato Y, Ohira S, Chen MF, Huang SF, Oda K, Nimura Y, Nakanuma Y. Frequent p16ink4a inactivation is an early and frequent event of intraductal papillary neoplasm of the liver arising in hepatolithiasis. Hum Pathol 2005; 35:1505-14. [PMID: 15619210 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2004.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the liver (IPNL) is a precursor lesion of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) arising in hepatolithiasis. In this study, 98 foci of IPNL identified in 39 surgically resected hepatolithiatic livers were investigated for expression of p16INK4a, cyclin D1, p21WAF1/CIP1, p53, mouse double-minute 2 (MDM2), and pRb. In addition, methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) for p16 INK4a promoter region was performed in these foci. Nonneoplastic bile ducts from 11 hepatolithiatic livers, 5 histologically normal livers, and 9 cases of nonpapillary conventional ICC were used as controls. Decreased expression of p16INK4A was seen in IPNL group 1 with mild dysplasia and continued along the progression of IPNL to ICC. The expression of cyclin D1, p21WAF1/CIP1,and pRb gradually increased along the progression of IPNL to ICC and became significantly high in IPNL of group 3 (carcinoma in situ). The expression of p53 and MDM2 was increased in IPNL group 3 and group 4 with evident invasive carcinoma. MSP revealed that 54.6% of 44 IPNL foci harbored p16INK4a promoter hypermethylation, and such foci were significantly correlated with decreased expression of p16INK4a protein. Ki-67 labeling index exhibited a stepwise increase from IPNL group 1 to group 4. We conclude that p16INK4a inactivation, due mainly to its promoter hypermethylation, is a frequent and early event of IPNL and may be responsible for genetic and epigenetic alterations of other cell cycle regulators in IPNL.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoma, Bile Duct/genetics
- Adenoma, Bile Duct/metabolism
- Adenoma, Bile Duct/pathology
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/genetics
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/metabolism
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/pathology
- Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/metabolism
- Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/pathology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma in Situ/genetics
- Carcinoma in Situ/metabolism
- Carcinoma in Situ/pathology
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cholelithiasis/complications
- Cholelithiasis/metabolism
- Cholelithiasis/pathology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/metabolism
- DNA Methylation
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Silencing
- Genes, p16
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein Array Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ishikawa
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
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128
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Maniwa Y, Yoshimura M, Bermudez VP, Yuki T, Okada K, Kanomata N, Ohbayashi C, Hayashi Y, Hurwitz J, Okita Y. Accumulation of hRad9 protein in the nuclei of nonsmall cell lung carcinoma cells. Cancer 2005; 103:126-32. [PMID: 15558813 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA damage sensor proteins have received much attention as upstream components of the DNA damage checkpoint signaling pathway that are required for cell cycle control and the induction of apoptosis. Deficiencies in these proteins are directly linked to the accumulation of gene mutations, which can induce cellular transformation and result in malignant disease. METHODS Using 48 sets of tumor tissue specimens and peripheral normal lung tissue specimens from 48 patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) who underwent surgery, the authors investigated the expression of hRad9 protein, a member of the human DNA damage sensor family, using immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis detected the accumulation of hRad9 in the nuclei of tumor cells in 16 tumor tissue specimens, (33% of tumor tissue specimens examined). Western blot analysis also revealed elevated levels of phosphorylated hRad9 protein in NSCLC cells that was accompanied by the detection of phosphorylated Chk1, a protein kinase that regulates the downstream signaling of the DNA damage checkpoint pathway. Furthermore, strong expression of hRad9 was correlated with an increase in Ki-67 expression index in the tumor cells that were examined. CONCLUSIONS The findings made in the current study suggest that Rad9 expression may play an important role in cell cycle control in NSCLC cells and may influence NSCLC cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Maniwa
- Division of Cardiovascular, Thoracic, and Pediatric Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Tan G, Yilmaz A, De Young BR, Behling C, Lehman A, Frankel WL. Immunohistochemical analysis of biliary tract lesions. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2004; 12:193-7. [PMID: 15551730 DOI: 10.1097/00129039-200409000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The distinction among inflammatory, benign, and malignant lesions of the biliary tract can at times be difficult. Several methods have been used, including immunohistochemistry (IHC), with variable success. We evaluated a panel of IHC stains to determine their utility in discriminating between bile duct lesions. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded 4-microm sections from 12 inflammatory lesions, 10 bile duct adenomas, and 13 bile duct carcinomas were immunostained using a modified avidin-biotin-complex technique after epitope enhancement using antibodies for p53, Ki-67, and bcl-2. For p53 and bcl-2, greater than 1% of cells staining positive was interpreted as positive. The proliferation index was calculated by determining the number of Ki-67-positive cells in a 1000 cell count. In the inflammatory group, 0 of 12 reacted with anti-p53, 2 of 12 were positive with anti-bcl-2, and the proliferation index with was 22.9% +/- 3.9%. Two of 10 bile duct adenomas showed reactivity with anti-bcl-2, and none were decorated with anti-p53 or Ki-67. In the carcinoma group, 6 of 13 were positive with anti-p53, 9 of 12 were positive with anti-bcl-2, and the proliferation index was 35.3% +/- 5.5%. The proliferation rates differed significantly between groups (P < 0.05). The presence of bcl-2 and p53 immunoreactivity coupled with a high proliferative rate in a biliary tract lesion suggests a malignant process. A panel using these antibodies may be useful in difficult cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Tan
- Department of Pathology Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
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130
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Akahira JI, Sugihashi Y, Suzuki T, Ito K, Niikura H, Moriya T, Nitta M, Okamura H, Inoue S, Sasano H, Okamura K, Yaegashi N. Decreased expression of 14-3-3 sigma is associated with advanced disease in human epithelial ovarian cancer: its correlation with aberrant DNA methylation. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:2687-93. [PMID: 15102672 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we examined the promoter methylation status and expression of 14-3-3 sigma and evaluated its clinical significance in epithelial ovarian cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Twelve ovarian cancer cell lines; 2 ovarian surface epithelial cell lines; and 8 normal, 8 benign, 12 borderline, and 102 ovarian cancer tissues were examined. Methylation-specific PCR, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate methylation status and expression of 14-3-3 sigma gene and protein. RESULTS Among the 12 ovarian cancer cell lines, the presence of a methylated band was detected in seven cell lines. Median values of relative 14-3-3 sigma gene expression in cancers with methylation (3.27) were significantly lower than those without methylation (16.4; P < 0.001). Treatment of 5-aza-2'-deoxycitidine resulted in the demethylation of the promoter CpG islands and reexpression. All of the normal, benign, and borderline tissues were positive for 14-3-3 sigma protein, and in ovarian cancer tissues, 73.5% (75 of 102) were positive for 14-3-3 sigma protein and was almost consistent with methylation status. Negative immunoreactivity of 14-3-3 sigma was significantly correlated with high age and serous histology, high-grade, advanced-stage residual tumor of >2 cm, high serum CA125, high Ki-67 labeling index, and positive p53 immunoreactivity. 14-3-3 sigma immunoreactivity was significantly associated with overall survival (P = 0.0058). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that 14-3-3 sigma is inactivated mainly by aberrant DNA methylation and that it may play an important role in the pathogenesis of epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Akahira
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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131
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Erol N, Oner U, Artan S, Işiksoy S, Yurdakul S. Chromosomal abnormalities, p53 and Bcl-2 expression and clinical outcome in choroidal melanoma. Melanoma Res 2004; 14:473-8. [PMID: 15577317 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200412000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether alterations of p53, Bcl-2 and chromosomes were present in choroidal melanoma and to further characterize the prognosis of these changes. METHODS The expression of p53 and Bcl-2 protein was assessed by immunohistochemistry from paraffin blocks. Tumours were analysed by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to identify chromosomal aberrations. Fifteen tumours were studied, and the survival results were compared by Spearman correlation analysis with a mean follow-up of 36.5+/-8 months. The majority of tumours were mixed (eight cases), and the others were spindle cell (four cases) and epithelioid cell (three cases) types. Four patients have already died due to metastatic disease. RESULTS p53 was expressed at a low percentage in only two tumours. There were no differences in Bcl-2 expression in our cases. Bcl-2 was expressed by the majority of cells in all cases. Chromosomal copy number aberrations were detected in 10 of the 15 patients by CGH analyses. A gain at chromosome 8 and a loss at chromosome 3 were the most frequently seen abnormalities. The other aberrations observed were losses at 6q, 7q14 and 17p13-15, and gains at 6p and 18q. Two of the three cases with a loss at 17p13 showed a low percentage expression of p53. No relationship was determined between the chromosomal abnormalities, cell type, expression of p53 and survey. The presence of a chromosome 6q deletion in two of the four patients who died of metastatic disease may indicate that chromosome 6q deletion may be correlated with a poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that choroidal melanomas show high levels of chromosomal alterations. Further studies are necessary to determine the correlation between chromosomal abnormalities and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmiye Erol
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Göz Hastaliklari Anabilim Dali, Eskişehir, Turkey.
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132
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Konishi E, Nakashima Y, Manabe T, Mazaki T, Wada Y. Irritated seborrheic keratosis of the external ear canal. Pathol Int 2004; 53:622-6. [PMID: 14507320 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1827.2003.01524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although a seborrheic keratosis is not rare on the skin of the trunk, extremities, head and neck of an elderly person, it is uncommon to originate in the external ear canal. Even rarer, an irritated subtype may arise in this location. We report the case of a 63-year-old man with an irritated seborrheic keratosis arising in the right external ear canal, who first presented with a bloody discharge from his right ear canal 3 years and 10 months before the subsequent operation. Macroscopically, a dome-like, black elevation was found at the anterior wall of the right external ear canal. A biopsy showed an exophytic papillomatous, hyperkeratotic growth of basaloid cells which revealed some nuclear atypism and mitosis. Squamous eddies and moderate inflammatory infiltrate were noted. Some cellular atypism made us suspect an irritated seborrheic keratosis. Because the patient hated the extirpation, he remained untreated for 3 years and 3 months following his first presentation. The biopsy and a surgical resection of his second presentation confirmed the diagnosis of irritated seborrheic keratosis. Immunohistochemical analysis of Ki-67, p53 and papillomavirus was performed to elucidate its character. We emphasize that irritated seborrheic keratosis does occur in the external ear canal and may cause some diagnostic difficulty. Pathologists should be aware of this fact and avoid overdiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Konishi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Saiseikai Kyoto Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.
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133
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Lan Q, He X. Molecular epidemiological studies on the relationship between indoor coal burning and lung cancer in Xuan Wei, China. Toxicology 2004; 198:301-5. [PMID: 15138056 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The lung cancer mortality rate in Xuan Wei County, China is among the highest in the country and has been associated with exposure to indoor smoky coal emissions that contain high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydro carbons. In a case-control study, it was found that the individual susceptibility to lung cancer risk may be increased by GSTM1 null genotype as well as overexpression of the p53 protein. It is likely that the lung cancer excess in Xuan Wei County results from the complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors that will require further research to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lan
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Environmental Health, Beijing, PR China
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134
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Park DS, Lee YT, Lee JM. Prediction of lymph node metastasis based on p53 and nm23-H1 expression in muscle invasive grade III transitional cell carcinoma of bladder. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004; 539:67-85. [PMID: 15088897 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8889-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A surgically positive lymph node in invasive bladder cancer generally implies distant micrometastasis; thus, preoperative identification of lymph node status is important. Various antioncoproteins were evaluated for their accuracy in predicting lymph node metastasis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Fifty-seven subjects who had invasive, grade III transitional cell carcinoma at TURB, and then were confirmed to have stage T2, T3a, and T3b tumors after radical cystectomy from 1985 to 1994, were selected. Tissues acquired from transurethral resection were immunostained with tumor suppressor gene p53 (DO7 and PAb 1801) and antimetastatic gene nm23-H1 (NM301). Results of staining and pathological staging were compared with the status of lymph node metastasis. RESULT Expression of p53 was 42.1% (24/57) for DO7 and 22.8% (13/57) for PAb1801, with DO7 exhibiting superiority over PAb1801. Expression of nm23-H1 was seen in 50.9% (29/57) of cases. Combined analysis of p53 and nm23-H1 expression and nodal status (N stage) was not significant. However, pathological nodal status was statistically significantly correlated with pathological tumor (T) stage and p53 expression. CONCLUSION A high risk of lymph node metastasis can be predicted when Grade III, muscle invasive tumor and p53 expression are seen from TURB specimens. Lymph node metastasis is correlated with the degree of invasion in Grade III muscle invasive tumors--especially in T3b tumors, where there is highest probability of node involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Soo Park
- Department of Urology, Pochon CHA University, South Korea
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135
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Alkushi A, Lim P, Coldman A, Huntsman D, Miller D, Gilks CB. Interpretation of p53 Immunoreactivity in Endometrial Carcinoma: Establishing a Clinically Relevant Cut-Off Level. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2004; 23:129-37. [PMID: 15084841 DOI: 10.1097/00004347-200404000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that immunohistochemical staining for p53 can identify patients with endometrial carcinoma who have an adverse outcome, but the interpretation of existing data is complicated by differences between studies in the way that p53 immunohistochemistry results have been assessed. In this study, we sought to determine the appropriate cut-off level for stratification of patients with endometrial carcinoma into high- and low-risk groups, based on p53 immunohistochemical staining. A total of 200 cases of endometrial carcinoma treated by hysterectomy were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, from the period 1983 to 1998. Follow-up information was available for all cases. Slides were reviewed and the diagnosis confirmed, tumors graded according to FIGO grading system, and tumor cell type assessed. A tissue microarray consisting of duplicate 0.6-mm cores of tumor was constructed and immunostained for p53. Immunoreactivity for p53 was scored by counting the number of positively stained tumor cell nuclei and expressing this as a percentage of the total number of tumor cell nuclei counted (p53 index). Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed and compared by calculation of log-rank statistic, and multivariate analysis was performed by Cox regression modeling. The distribution of p53 index results was bimodal, with most cases having a very low or very high p53 index. The peaks of the bimodal distribution were clearly separated using a p53 index of > or =50%. Immunoreactivity was a significant adverse prognostic indicator of disease-specific survival (p<0.0001 by univariate analysis). Patients with strongly p53 immunoreactive tumors (p53 index >or =50%) had a significantly worse outcome than patients with weakly immunoreactive (p53 index > or =5% and <50%) or p53-negative (p53 index <5%) tumors (p = 0.0001). There was no significant difference between the outcomes for patients in the latter two groups. By multivariate analysis, p53 overexpression was a significant prognostic indicator independent of patient age and tumor stage (p = 0.008) but was not independent when the analysis was extended to include FIGO grade and tumor cell type. p53 immunostaining was of prognostic significance in the subset of patients with endometrioid carcinomas (p = 0.02), but not in patients with clear cell or papillary serous carcinomas. Using a p53 index of > or =50% as a cut-off between positive and negative p53 staining, immunohistochemical staining for p53 is a prognostic indicator in patients with endometrial carcinoma of endometrioid type. p53 immunostaining was not found to be of prognostic significance independent of tumor cell type and grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmohsen Alkushi
- Department of Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia Cancer Agency and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
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136
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Burgos JS. Absence of p53 alterations in nasopharyngeal carcinoma Spanish patients with Epstein-Barr virus infection. Virus Genes 2004; 27:263-8. [PMID: 14618087 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026347900050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyse the relationships between the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and the molecular abnormalities of the p53 oncoprotein in the nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Fifty-five NPC paraffin samples from a group of Spanish patients with EBV demonstrated presence by nested-PCR and non-isotopic in situ hybridisation, were analysed for p53 expression using immunohistochemistry. The positive samples by immunohistochemistry were studied for p53 gene alterations in the exon 5 by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). Among the 55 specimens, 14 (25.5%) showed expression of p53 protein. All these positive samples corresponded to the late stage of the tumour. Of the 14 samples, p53 gene alterations were found only in three cases using SSCP. These results indicate that the p53 mutations are an infrequent event in NPC in Spanish patients needing exogenous factors as the EBV infection for the development of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier S Burgos
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa--C.S.I.C., Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
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137
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Hidalgo Grau LA, Badia JM, Admella Salvador C, Soler Monsó T, Feliu Canaleta J, Gubern Nogués JM, Suñol Sala J. Gallbladder carcinoma: the role of p53 protein overexpression and Ki-67 antigen expression as prognostic markers. HPB (Oxford) 2004; 6:174-80. [PMID: 18333072 PMCID: PMC2020674 DOI: 10.1080/13651820410025110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overexpression of p53 protein and the expression of Ki-67 antigen may affect the survival of patients with gallbladder carcinoma. This association has been tested in a series of 41 patients with relatively early carcinoma of the gallbladder. METHODS Forty-one surgical specimens from patients with a postoperative histological diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma were studied. All patients were operated by simple cholecystectomy only because the tumours were not advanced and/or their general condition was poor. Patients submitted to radical operations were excluded. p53 expression was calculated from nuclear staining according to the intensity and extent of positive cells, as graded on a scale from 1 to 3; a combined score of >3 was considered as overexpression. Ki-67 expression was calculated by the MIB-I index: the percentage of positively stained tumour cell nuclei out of the total tumour cells counted (n = 1000); >20% of stained cells was considered positive. RESULTS Twenty-nine gallbladder carcinomas (71%) overexpressed p53 protein in the cell nuclei. No significant differences were found in relation to cell differentiation on the level of tumour infiltration through the gallbladder wall. Five-year survival of patients with gallbladder carcinoma overexpressing p53 was 17.2%, while survival of patients without p53 overexpression was 30% (not significant). Twenty-four cases (58.5%) were considered positive for the MIB-I index. There were no differences between the grade of cell differentiation and wall infiltration. Five-year survival of the patients with a MIB-I positive index was 9.2% as opposed to 27.7% for those with a negative index (not significant). CONCLUSIONS p53 protein nuclear overexpression and Ki-67 protein expression in gallbladder carcinoma were not related to histological differentiation, level of gallbladder wall invasion or patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josep M Badia
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital de MatarróBarcelonaSpain
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138
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Hussein MR. The TP53 Tumor Suppressor Gene and Melanoma Tumorigenesis: Is There a Relationship? Tumour Biol 2004; 25:200-7. [PMID: 15557758 DOI: 10.1159/000081103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Accepted: 04/05/2004] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the TP53 gene are found in about 11% of melanomas. Although nearly 600 papers have been published with varying degrees of consensus, there does not appear to be any comparable analysis that facilitates more than a glimpse into the role of p53 in melanomagenesis. This article reviews p53 alterations (at the gene and protein levels) in melanocytic skin lesions and discusses the following points: (i) p53 alterations commence as early as at the stage of benign and dysplastic nevi; (ii) these alterations are frequent in melanomas, and gradually increase with their progression; (iii) there is no concordance between the frequent p53 protein expression and the rarity of both TP53 gene mutations in melanomas, and (iv) the entire p53 pathway is a more critical determinant of the fate of the melanocytic skin lesions than the status of the p53 protein or the gene itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud R Hussein
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit City, Egypt.
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139
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Hattori K, Kajiyama Y, Tsurumaru M. Mutation of the p53 gene predicts lymph node metastases in Japanese patients with esophageal carcinoma: DNA and immunohistochemical analyses. Dis Esophagus 2003; 16:301-6. [PMID: 14641293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2003.00351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the clinicopathologic significance of p53 gene mutations, including a comparison of DNA analysis and immunohistochemical examination, in Japanese patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, a highly aggressive cancer. Genomic DNA isolated from 76 tumors without preoperative treatment was subjected to polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Associations were sought between p53 mutations and clinicopathologic characteristics. Cases also were investigated immunohistochemically to detect abnormal p53 protein accumulation. Overexpression of p53 protein occurred in 51 cases (67.1%), while gene mutations in the examined exons were found in only 14 (18.4%). By multivariate analysis, p53 mutation predicted detection of eight or more lymph node metastases. Mutations of the p53 gene may not only participate in the initiation of esophageal cancer, but also may promote lymph node metastasis. Unlike gene mutations, p53 protein overexpression did not predict nodal metastasis extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hattori
- First Department of Surgery, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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140
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Terry MB, Neugut AI, Mansukhani M, Waye J, Harpaz N, Hibshoosh H. Tobacco, alcohol, and p53 overexpression in early colorectal neoplasia. BMC Cancer 2003; 3:29. [PMID: 14604438 PMCID: PMC280655 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-3-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2003] [Accepted: 11/06/2003] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The p53 tumor suppressor gene is commonly mutated in colorectal cancer. While the effect of p53 mutations on colorectal cancer prognosis has been heavily studied, less is known about how epidemiologic risk factors relate to p53 status, particularly in early colorectal neoplasia prior to clinically invasive colorectal cancer (including adenomas, carcinoma in situ (CIS), and intramucosal carcinoma). Methods We examined p53 status, as measured by protein overexpression, in 157 cases with early colorectal neoplasia selected from three New York City colonoscopy clinics. After collecting paraffin-embedded tissue blocks, immunohistochemistry was performed using an anti-p53 monoclonal mouse IgG2a [BP53-12-1] antibody. We analyzed whether p53 status was different for risk factors for colorectal neoplasia relative to a polyp-free control group (n = 508). Results p53 overexpression was found in 10.3%, 21.7%, and 34.9%, of adenomatous polyps, CIS, and intramucosal cases, respectively. Over 90% of the tumors with p53 overexpression were located in the distal colon and rectum. Heavy cigarette smoking (30+ years) was associated with cases not overexpressing p53 (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.1–2.9) but not with those cases overexpressing p53 (OR = 1.0, 95% CI = 0.4–2.6). Heavy beer consumption (8+ bottles per week) was associated with cases overexpressing p53 (OR = 4.0, 95% CI = 1.3–12.0) but not with cases without p53 overexpression (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 0.7–3.7). Conclusion Our findings that p53 overexpression in early colorectal neoplasia may be positively associated with alcohol intake and inversely associated with cigarette smoking are consistent with those of several studies of p53 expression and invasive cancer, and suggest that there may be relationships of smoking and alcohol with p53 early in the adenoma to carcinoma sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Terry
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, 10032 U.S.A
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 U.S.A
| | - Alfred I Neugut
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, 10032 U.S.A
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 U.S.A
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, U.S.A
| | - Mahesh Mansukhani
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10032 U.S.A
| | - Jerome Waye
- Department of Medicine, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10029 U.S.A
| | - Noam Harpaz
- Department of Pathology, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10029 U.S.A
| | - Hanina Hibshoosh
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10032 U.S.A
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141
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Duensing S, Lee BH, Cin PD, Münger K. Excessive centrosome abnormalities without ongoing numerical chromosome instability in a Burkitt's lymphoma. Mol Cancer 2003; 2:30. [PMID: 14498992 PMCID: PMC201009 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-2-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2003] [Accepted: 09/08/2003] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerical and structural centrosome abnormalities are detected in various human malignancies and have been implicated in the formation of multipolar mitoses, chromosome missegregation, and chromosomal instability. Despite this association between centrosome abnormalities and cancerous growth, a causative role of centrosome aberrations in generating chromosomal instability and aneuploidy has not been universally established. We report here excessive numerical and structural centrosome abnormalities in a malignant Burkitt's lymphoma harboring the characteristic t(8;14) chromosomal translocation. Using conventional karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), we detected no signs of ongoing numerical chromosome instability, although the tumor displayed sporadic multipolar metaphases. These findings demonstrate that centrosome abnormalities are not a universal surrogate marker for chromosomal instability in malignant tumors. Moreover, our results suggest a model in which additional cellular alterations may be required to promote centrosome-related mitotic defects in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Duensing
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Armenise 537, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin H Lee
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Paola Dal Cin
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Karl Münger
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Armenise 537, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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142
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Abstract
Radiation therapy plays a critical role in the management of a majority of patients diagnosed with cancer. Identification of factors that help predict which patients are at risk for relapse within the irradiated field remains an active area of investigation. Although conventional clinical and pathologic factors have been helpful in identifying risk and guiding clinical decision-making for both local and systemic management, there is clearly a need to identify additional prognostic markers, which can aid in refining our treatment strategies and improving outcomes. A substantial amount of research efforts have been devoted to identifying molecular markers for prognostic and therapeutic strategies. The recent emergence of a powerful armamentarium of molecular tools has resulted in rapid expansion of our fund of knowledge and understanding of the molecular biology underlying tumor behavior and response. While a majority of these efforts have been focused on risk factors for metastatic disease and survival, there is a rapidly growing body of literature focused on molecular factors associated with radiation resistance and locoregional failure. In this review, we summarize recent advances and the available literature evaluating molecular markers as they relate to radiation sensitivity of solid tumors. Literature regarding the potential application of expression of genes related to apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell cycle, DNA repair and growth factors will be reviewed. Some of the basic biology and laboratory evidence demonstrating how the marker relates to radiation response and available correlative clinical studies employing these markers as prognostic tools are presented. The majority of molecular markers that have potential clinical significance with respect to radiation sensitivity and local control will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G Haffty
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, HRT-133, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA.
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143
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Abstract
Human cancer progression is characterized by clonal expansion of cells with accumulated genetic errors. Invasive carcinomas contain all the genetic errors that were acquired during neoplastic progression and then continue to accumulate further abnormalities, leading to tumor heterogeneity. Many investigations of human cancer have given valuable insights in genetic abnormalities important for tumor biology. Early events responsible for neoplastic progression, however, are often impossible to investigate in invasive cancers because the premalignant tissue in which the tumors develop are often overgrown and the premalignant conditions cannot be studied in vivo because they are either not detected owing to lack of symptoms or are removed before cancer develops. Unlike many other premalignant conditions Barrett's esophagus is often associated with symptoms leading to diagnosis at an early stage before cancer develops, and the premalignant epithelium is seldom removed at an early stage of cancer progression. Furthermore, in patients who present with invasive carcinoma the tumor is often surrounded by premalignant epithelium, which is available for further investigations. Therefore Barrett's esophagus is an excellent model in which to study the early events of neoplastic progression. It may not only contribute to a better understanding of the neoplastic process but also provide a base for safer assessment of cancer risk during surveillance for early detection of esophageal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig Ramel
- Department of Surgery, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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144
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Cermik TF, Yüksel M, Karlikaya C, Doğanay L, Türe M, Berkarda S. Thallium-201 SPECT in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: in relation with chemotherapeutic response, survival, distant metastasis and p53 status. Ann Nucl Med 2003; 17:369-74. [PMID: 12971634 DOI: 10.1007/bf03006603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between 201Tl tumor uptake, chemotherapeutic response, metastasis, p53 status and survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS A total of 23 patients underwent 201Tl SPECT. In 9 patients, 2nd 201Tl SPECT study were performed 1 week after the 3rd cycle of chemotherapy (ChT), and early (ER) and delayed (DR) tumor/normal lung ratios and retention indices (RI) were obtained. In 15 patients p53 status was assayed with immuno-histochemical staining. The patients were divided into subgroups after the 3rd cycle of ChT; responders [R(+) (n = 10)] and non-responders [R(-) (n = 13)], distant metastasis [(M1) n = 11] and [(M0) n = 12], and mutant p53 status [p(+) n = 7, p53(-) n = 8]. RESULTS The differences for ER, DR and RI values between all of the subgroups were not statistically significant. ER and DR of responders decreased significantly after ChT; from to 2.46 to 1.36 (p = 0.04) and 2.29 to 1.53 (p = 0.04), respectively. In the non-responder group, both ER and DR slightly increased after ChT (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that in NSCLC, there was a weak correlation between higher 201Tl ratios and positive response to chemotherapy, absence of distant metastasis, and p53(-) status. Significant 201Tl uptake decrease after chemotherapy indicates that delayed 201Tl uptake can be used in evaluating the chemotherapeutic response.
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145
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Thiery J, Dorothée G, Haddada H, Echchakir H, Richon C, Stancou R, Vergnon I, Benard J, Mami-Chouaib F, Chouaib S. Potentiation of a tumor cell susceptibility to autologous CTL killing by restoration of wild-type p53 function. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:5919-26. [PMID: 12794118 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.12.5919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of p53 has been implicated in many types of tumors particularly in non-small cell lung carcinoma, one of the most common cancers in which p53 mutation has been frequently identified. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of p53 status on the regulation of tumor susceptibility to specific CTL-mediated cell death. For this purpose, we used a cytotoxic T lymphocyte clone, Heu127, able to lyse the human autologous lung carcinoma cell line, IGR-Heu, in a HLA-A2-restricted manner. Direct genomic DNA sequencing revealed that IGR-Heu expresses a mutated p53 at codon 132 of the exon 5 which results in the loss of p53 capacity to induce the expression of the p53-regulated gene product p21(waf/CIP1). Initial experiments demonstrated that IGR-Heu was resistant to Fas, TNF, and TRAIL apoptotic pathways. This correlated with the lack of p55 TNFRI, Fas, DR4, and DR5 expression. The effect of wild-type (wt) p53 restoration on the sensitization of IGR-Heu to autologous CTL clone lysis was investigated following infection of the tumor cell line with a recombinant adenovirus encoding the wt p53 (Adwtp53). We demonstrate that the restoration of wt p53 expression and function resulted in a significant potentiation of target cell susceptibility to CTL-mediated lysis. The wt p53-induced optimization of tumor cell killing by specific CTL involves at least in part Fas-mediated pathway via induction of CD95 expression by tumor cells but does not appear to interfere with granzyme B cytotoxic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Thiery
- Laboratoire Cytokines et Immunologie des Tumeurs Humaines, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 487, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 54 Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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146
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Shaham J, Bomstein Y, Gurvich R, Rashkovsky M, Kaufman Z. DNA-protein crosslinks and p53 protein expression in relation to occupational exposure to formaldehyde. Occup Environ Med 2003; 60:403-9. [PMID: 12771391 PMCID: PMC1740563 DOI: 10.1136/oem.60.6.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formaldehyde (FA) is classified as a probable human carcinogen. AIMS To examine DNA protein crosslinks (DPC) and p53, which are generally known to be involved in carcinogenesis, in peripheral blood lymphocytes of workers exposed to FA. METHODS DPC and p53 ("wild type" and mutant) were examined in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 186 workers exposed to FA (mean years of exposure = 16) and 213 unexposed workers. Every worker completed a questionnaire on demographic data, occupational and medical history, smoking, and hygiene. RESULTS The adjusted mean level of DPC in the exposed and the unexposed workers differed significantly. Adjustment was made for age, sex, years of education, smoking, and origin. Exposure to FA increased the risk of having a higher level of pantropic p53 above 150 pg/ml (OR 1.6, 95% CI 0.8 to 3.1). A significant positive correlation was found between the increase of pantropic p53 protein and mutant p53 protein, as well as between pantropic p53 >150 pg/ml and mutant p53 protein. In the exposed group a significantly higher proportion of p53 >150 pg/ml was found among workers with DPC >0.187 (55.7%) (0.187 = median level of DPC) than among workers with DPC < or =0.187 (33.3%). The risk of having pantropic p53 protein >150 pg/ml was determined mainly by levels of DPC. Workers with DPC above the median level had a significantly higher risk of having pantropic p53 >150 pg/ml (adjusted OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.2 to 5.4). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that DPC and mutation in p53 may represent steps in FA carcinogenesis and a possible causal relation between DPC and mutation in p53. These biomarkers can be applied in the assessment of the development of cancer due to FA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shaham
- Occupational Cancer Department, National Institute for Occupational and Environmental Health, Tel-Aviv University, Raanana, Israel.
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147
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Colomer A, Erill N, Verdú M, Roman R, Vidal A, Cordon-Cardo C, Puig X. Lack of p53 nuclear immunostaining is not indicative of absence of TP53 gene mutations in colorectal adenocarcinomas. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2003; 11:130-7. [PMID: 12777996 DOI: 10.1097/00129039-200306000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiple studies using primary tumors have reported that alterations in p53 expression and detection of TP53 mutations are associated with clinical aggressiveness and poor response to specific therapies. However, there is no general agreement regarding the optimal technical approach to the analysis of p53. We have studied a series of 100 primary colorectal adenocarcinomas by immunohistochemistry with the monoclonal antibody PAb1801, and single-stranded conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP, exons 4-8) followed by direct sequencing of shifted bands. p53 Nuclear staining was undetectable (score 0) in 29 of 100 cases. However, gene mutations were detected in 15 of these cases, with all of these mutations leading to abnormal proteins. p53 Nuclear staining was detectable and scored as less than 10% tumor cells positive in 15 of 100 cases but was still considered to be displaying a p53-negative phenotype because the cut-off value for positivity was 10% positive tumor cells. Nevertheless, TP53 gene mutations were detected in 2 of these cases. p53 Nuclear immunoreactivities were detectable and scored as more than 10% tumor cells positive in 56 cases, considered the p53-positive phenotype. TP53 gene mutations were identified in 51 of these 56 cases. These results reveal that immunohistochemical assessment does not predict TP53 mutation status in colorectal adenocarcinoma, mainly in cases displaying absence of nuclear staining. It is thus concluded that molecular profiling should be conducted in parallel with immunophenotyping when analyzing colorectal tumors for p53 status.
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148
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Abstract
Lung cancer development involves multiple genetic abnormalities leading to malignant transformation of the bronchial epithelial cells, followed by invasion and metastasis. One of the most common changes is mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. The frequency of p53 alterations in lung cancer is highest in small cell and squamous cell carcinomas. A genetic "signature" of the type of p53 mutations has been associated with carcinogens in cigarette smoke. The majority of clinical studies suggest that lung cancers with p53 alterations carry a worse prognosis, and may be relatively more resistant to chemotherapy and radiation. An understanding of the role of p53 in human lung cancer may lead to more rational targeted approaches for treating this disease. P53 gene replacement is currently under clinical investigation but clearly more effective means of gene deliver to the tumor cells are required. Novel approaches to lung cancer therapy are needed to improve the observed poor patient survival despite current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara G Campling
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Clinical Research Buiding 437A, 415 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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149
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Borhan A, Reeder JE, O'Connell MJ, Wright KO, Wheeless LL, di Sant'Agnese PA, McNally ML, Messing EM. Grade progression and regression in recurrent urothelial cancer. J Urol 2003; 169:2106-9. [PMID: 12771728 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000067160.09881.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recurrent urothelial cancers are reported to have characteristics similar to those of the primary tumor, with 10% to 25% of low grade tumors recurring as high grade disease. We determined how often grade progression and regression occur and whether abnormalities in p53 protein expression in original tumors are preserved in recurrences. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two groups of patients treated for recurrent stages Ta/T1 urothelial bladder cancers with at least 1 tumor-free examination between the index and recurrent tumors were reviewed. Group 1 included 115 patients in whom the first available tumor was compared with the last recurrence and group 2 included 42 in whom the initial tumor was compared with the first recurrence. Immunohistochemical analysis of p53 expression was performed on a subset of 34 tumor pairs. RESULTS In group 1, 33 grade 3 tumors (45%) recurred as grade 1 or 2 tumors, while 9 of 82 grades 1 and 2 tumors (11%) recurred as grade 3 tumors. Five of 7 group 2 grade 3 tumors (71%) recurred as grade 1 or 2 disease, while 1 of 35 grades 1 and 2 tumors (3%) recurred as grade 3 disease. In the 34 pairs studied immunohistochemically 6 of 14 grade 3 tumors recurred at lower grades. Nuclear p53 over expression occurred in 21 index tumors (12 of 14 grade 3, 8 of 17 grade 2 and 1 of 3 grade 1) and in 9 recurrences (6 of 10 grade 3, 2 of 17 grade 2 and 1 of 7 grade 1). Only 7 of 21 p53 positive and 2 of 12 p53 negative index tumors were p53 positive on recurrence. CONCLUSIONS While progression from low to high grade occurred in less than 15% of patients, grade regression was observed in almost 50%. The loss of p53 positivity in regressing tumors indicates that these recurrences are molecularly distinct from the corresponding initial tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Borhan
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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150
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Loukopoulos P, Thornton JR, Robinson WF. Clinical and pathologic relevance of p53 index in canine osseous tumors. Vet Pathol 2003; 40:237-48. [PMID: 12724563 DOI: 10.1354/vp.40-3-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The clinicopathologic value of the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of p53 protein was evaluated in 167 canine osseous tumors. p53 staining frequency and intensity in tumor cells was expressed as a p53 index. p53 index was significantly higher in osteosarcomas than in other sarcomas, chondrosarcoma, multilobular tumor of bone, and tumors initially misdiagnosed as osteosarcomas as well as in appendicular versus axial and in distal versus proximal osteosarcomas. A strong correlation is demonstrated between the p53 index and a range of clinicopathologic parameters in osteosarcoma, including the tumor site, histologic grade and score, mitotic index, degree of tumor necrosis, and pleomorphism. Chondroblastic osteosarcomas had significantly higher and telangiectatic osteosarcomas significantly lower p53 index than did osteosarcomas belonging to other histopathologic subtypes, a fact that tends to reinforce the perception of these osteosarcomas as distinct clinicopathologic entities. Entire males had higher p53 index than did neutered males. p53 index was higher in Rottweilers than in Great Danes and Terriers, confirming breed susceptibilities to osteosarcoma. p53 index showed no association with age, primary or secondary site status, or the presence of metastases or other tumor types. Biopsy samples had a higher p53 index than did postmortem samples, either because of differences in sample processing or the possibility that p53 overexpression is more evident at the earlier stages of osteosarcoma pathogenesis, presumably represented by the biopsy material. IHC examination for p53 and the derived index has the potential to be used as an additional diagnostic tool and prognostic indicator for osseous tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Loukopoulos
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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