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Glover AR, Zhao JT, Ip JC, Lee JC, Robinson BG, Gill AJ, Soon PSH, Sidhu SB. Long noncoding RNA profiles of adrenocortical cancer can be used to predict recurrence. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:99-109. [PMID: 25595289 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive malignancy with high rates of recurrence following surgical resection. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in cancer development. Pathogenesis of adrenal tumours have been characterised by mRNA, microRNA and methylation expression signatures, but it is unknown if this extends to lncRNAs. This study describes lncRNA expression signatures in ACC, adrenal cortical adenoma (ACA) and normal adrenal cortex (NAC) and presents lncRNAs associated with ACC recurrence to identify novel prognostic and therapeutic targets. RNA was extracted from freshly frozen tissue with confirmation of diagnosis by histopathology. Focused lncRNA and mRNA transcriptome analysis was performed using the ArrayStar Human LncRNA V3.0 microarray. Differentially expressed lncRNAs were validated using quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR and correlated with clinical outcomes. Microarray of 21 samples (ten ACCs, five ACAs and six NACs) showed distinct patterns of lncRNA expression between each group. A total of 956 lncRNAs were differentially expressed between ACC and NAC, including known carcinogenesis-related lncRNAs such as H19, GAS5, MALAT1 and PRINS (P≤0.05); 85 lncRNAs were differentially expressed between ACC and ACA (P≤0.05). Hierarchical clustering and heat mapping showed ACC samples correctly grouped compared with NAC and ACA. Sixty-six differentially expressed lncRNAs were found to be associated with ACC recurrence (P≤0.05), one of which, PRINS, was validated in a group of 20 ACCs and also found to be associated with metastatic disease on presentation. The pathogenesis of adrenal tumours extends to lncRNA dysregulation and low expression of the lncRNA PRINS is associated with ACC recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Glover
- Cancer Genetics LaboratoryKolling Institute of Medical ResearchDepartments of EndocrinologyAnatomical PathologyRoyal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, AustraliaDepartment of SurgeryBankstown Hospital and University of New South Wales, Bankstown, New South Wales 2065, AustraliaIngham Institute for Applied Medical ResearchLiverpool, New South Wales 2200, AustraliaUniversity of Sydney Endocrine Surgical UnitRoyal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | - J T Zhao
- Cancer Genetics LaboratoryKolling Institute of Medical ResearchDepartments of EndocrinologyAnatomical PathologyRoyal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, AustraliaDepartment of SurgeryBankstown Hospital and University of New South Wales, Bankstown, New South Wales 2065, AustraliaIngham Institute for Applied Medical ResearchLiverpool, New South Wales 2200, AustraliaUniversity of Sydney Endocrine Surgical UnitRoyal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | - J C Ip
- Cancer Genetics LaboratoryKolling Institute of Medical ResearchDepartments of EndocrinologyAnatomical PathologyRoyal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, AustraliaDepartment of SurgeryBankstown Hospital and University of New South Wales, Bankstown, New South Wales 2065, AustraliaIngham Institute for Applied Medical ResearchLiverpool, New South Wales 2200, AustraliaUniversity of Sydney Endocrine Surgical UnitRoyal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | - J C Lee
- Cancer Genetics LaboratoryKolling Institute of Medical ResearchDepartments of EndocrinologyAnatomical PathologyRoyal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, AustraliaDepartment of SurgeryBankstown Hospital and University of New South Wales, Bankstown, New South Wales 2065, AustraliaIngham Institute for Applied Medical ResearchLiverpool, New South Wales 2200, AustraliaUniversity of Sydney Endocrine Surgical UnitRoyal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | - B G Robinson
- Cancer Genetics LaboratoryKolling Institute of Medical ResearchDepartments of EndocrinologyAnatomical PathologyRoyal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, AustraliaDepartment of SurgeryBankstown Hospital and University of New South Wales, Bankstown, New South Wales 2065, AustraliaIngham Institute for Applied Medical ResearchLiverpool, New South Wales 2200, AustraliaUniversity of Sydney Endocrine Surgical UnitRoyal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia Cancer Genetics LaboratoryKolling Institute of Medical ResearchDepartments of EndocrinologyAnatomical PathologyRoyal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, AustraliaDepartment of SurgeryBankstown Hospital and University of New South Wales, Bankstown, New South Wales 2065, AustraliaIngham Institute for Applied Medical ResearchLiverpool, New South Wales 2200, AustraliaUniversity of Sydney Endocrine Surgical UnitRoyal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | - A J Gill
- Cancer Genetics LaboratoryKolling Institute of Medical ResearchDepartments of EndocrinologyAnatomical PathologyRoyal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, AustraliaDepartment of SurgeryBankstown Hospital and University of New South Wales, Bankstown, New South Wales 2065, AustraliaIngham Institute for Applied Medical ResearchLiverpool, New South Wales 2200, AustraliaUniversity of Sydney Endocrine Surgical UnitRoyal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia Cancer Genetics LaboratoryKolling Institute of Medical ResearchDepartments of EndocrinologyAnatomical PathologyRoyal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, AustraliaDepartment of SurgeryBankstown Hospital and University of New South Wales, Bankstown, New South Wales 2065, AustraliaIngham Institute for Applied Medical ResearchLiverpool, New South Wales 2200, AustraliaUniversity of Sydney Endocrine Surgical UnitRoyal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | - P S H Soon
- Cancer Genetics LaboratoryKolling Institute of Medical ResearchDepartments of EndocrinologyAnatomical PathologyRoyal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, AustraliaDepartment of SurgeryBankstown Hospital and University of New South Wales, Bankstown, New South Wales 2065, AustraliaIngham Institute for Applied Medical ResearchLiverpool, New South Wales 2200, AustraliaUniversity of Sydney Endocrine Surgical UnitRoyal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia Cancer Genetics LaboratoryKolling Institute of Medical ResearchDepartments of EndocrinologyAnatomical PathologyRoyal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, AustraliaDepartment of SurgeryBankstown Hospital and University of New South Wales, Bankstown, New South Wales 2065, AustraliaIngham Institute for Applied Medical ResearchLiverpool, New South Wales 2200, AustraliaUniversity of Sydney Endocrine Surgical UnitRoyal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | - S B Sidhu
- Cancer Genetics LaboratoryKolling Institute of Medical ResearchDepartments of EndocrinologyAnatomical PathologyRoyal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, AustraliaDepartment of SurgeryBankstown Hospital and University of New South Wales, Bankstown, New South Wales 2065, AustraliaIngham Institute for Applied Medical ResearchLiverpool, New South Wales 2200, AustraliaUniversity of Sydney Endocrine Surgical UnitRoyal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia Cancer Genetics LaboratoryKolling Institute of Medical ResearchDepartments of EndocrinologyAnatomical PathologyRoyal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, AustraliaDepartment of SurgeryBankstown Hospital and University of New South Wales, Bankstown, New South Wales 2065, AustraliaIngham Institute for Applied Medical ResearchLiverpool, New South Wales 2200, AustraliaUniversity of Sydney Endocrine Surgical UnitRoyal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
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Abstract
The adrenal gland consists of two distinct parts, the cortex and the medulla. Molecular mechanisms controlling differentiation and growth of the adrenal gland have been studied in detail using mouse models. Knowledge also came from investigations of genetic disorders altering adrenal development and/or function. During embryonic development, the adrenal cortex acquires a structural and functional zonation in which the adrenal cortex is divided into three different steroidogenic zones. Significant progress has been made in understanding adrenal zonation. Recent lineage tracing experiments have accumulated evidence for a centripetal differentiation of adrenocortical cells from the subcapsular area to the inner part of the adrenal cortex. Understanding of the mechanism of adrenocortical cancer (ACC) development was stimulated by knowledge of adrenal gland development. ACC is a rare cancer with a very poor overall prognosis. Abnormal activation of the Wnt/β-catenin as well as the IGF2 signaling plays an important role in ACC development. Studies examining rare genetic syndromes responsible for familial ACT have played an important role in identifying genetic alterations in these tumors (like TP53 or CTNNB1 mutations as well as IGF2 overexpression). Recently, genomic analyses of ACT have shown gene expression profiles associated with malignancy as well as chromosomal and methylation alterations in ACT and exome sequencing allowed to describe the mutational landscape of these tumors. This progress leads to a new classification of these tumors, opening new perspectives for the diagnosis and prognostication of ACT. This review summarizes current knowledge of adrenocortical development, growth, and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Lefèvre
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France Cnrs, UMR8104, Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France Department of Endocrinology, Referral Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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103
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Mitsui Y, Yasumoto H, Nagami T, Hiraki M, Arichi N, Ishikawa N, Araki A, Maruyama R, Tanaka Y, Dahiya R, Shiina H. Extracellular activation of Wnt signaling through epigenetic dysregulation of Wnt inhibitory factor-1 (Wif-1) is associated with pathogenesis of adrenocortical tumor. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2198-207. [PMID: 24755523 PMCID: PMC4039156 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling is considered to be an essential regulator of adrenocortical oncogenesis. Wnt inhibitory factor-1 (Wif-1), an extracellular regulator of Wnt signaling, is frequently down-regulated by hypermethylation of the promoter CpG. We investigated epigenetic regulation of Wif-1 and its association with adrenocortical (AC) tumor pathogenesis in light of Wnt activation. The AC tumors showed a high prevalence of Wif-1 promoter methylation and low prevalence of Wif-1 mRNA transcription as compared to the normal adrenal (NA) samples. Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between Wif-1 promoter methylation and mRNA transcription in the tumors. Either intracellular β-catenin accumulation or β-catenin mRNA transcription was significantly elevated in the AC tumors, which also showed an inverse correlation with Wif-1 mRNA transcription. Cyclin D1, a target gene of Wnt signaling, was also up-regulated in the AC tumors as compared with the NA samples. In addition, down-regulation of Wif-1 was correlated with increased cyclin D1 at both mRNA and protein levels. However, despite the proposed activation of Wnt signaling in AC tumors, only 2 of 20 with intracellular β-catenin accumulation showed β-catenin mutations. Thus, genetic alterations of β-catenin and epigenetics-related Wif-1 promoter hypermethylation may be important mechanisms underlying AC tumor formation though aberrant canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yozo Mitsui
- Departments of Urology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, 693-8501 Izumo, Japan
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104
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Lalli E, Figueiredo BC. Pediatric adrenocortical tumors: what they can tell us on adrenal development and comparison with adult adrenal tumors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:23. [PMID: 25741319 PMCID: PMC4332354 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical tumors (ACT) in children are very rare and are most frequently diagnosed in the context of the Li-Fraumeni syndrome, a multiple cancer syndrome linked to germline mutations of the tumor suppressor gene TP53 with loss of heterozygosity in the tumors. A peak of children ACT incidence is present in the states of southern Brazil, where they are linked to the high prevalence in the population of a specific TP53 mutation (R337H). Children ACT have specific features distinguishing them from adult tumors in their pathogenetic mechanisms, genomic profiles, and prognosis. Epidemiological and molecular evidence suggests that in most cases they are derived from the fetal adrenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Lalli
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS, Valbonne, France
- University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
- Associated International Laboratory (LIA) NEOGENEX, CNRS, Valbonne, France
- *Correspondence: Enzo Lalli, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS, 660 route des Lucioles – Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne 06560, France e-mail: ; Bonald C. Figueiredo, Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Principe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba, Paraná CEP 80250-060, Brazil e-mail:
| | - Bonald C. Figueiredo
- Associated International Laboratory (LIA) NEOGENEX, CNRS, Valbonne, France
- Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Principe, Curitiba, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Enzo Lalli, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS, 660 route des Lucioles – Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne 06560, France e-mail: ; Bonald C. Figueiredo, Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Principe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632, Curitiba, Paraná CEP 80250-060, Brazil e-mail:
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105
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Cherradi N. microRNAs as Potential Biomarkers in Adrenocortical Cancer: Progress and Challenges. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:195. [PMID: 26834703 PMCID: PMC4719100 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Over the last decade, pan-genomic analyses of genetic and epigenetic alterations and genome-wide expression profile studies allowed major advances in the understanding of the molecular genetics of ACC. Besides the well-known dysfunctional molecular pathways in adrenocortical tumors, such as the IGF2 pathway, the Wnt pathway, and TP53, high-throughput technologies enabled a more comprehensive genomic characterization of adrenocortical cancer. Integration of expression profile data with exome sequencing, SNP array analysis, methylation, and microRNA (miRNA) profiling led to the identification of subgroups of malignant tumors with distinct molecular alterations and clinical outcomes. miRNAs post-transcriptionally silence their target gene expression either by degrading mRNA or by inhibiting translation. Although our knowledge of the contribution of deregulated miRNAs to the pathogenesis of ACC is still in its infancy, recent studies support their relevance in gene expression alterations in these tumors. Some miRNAs have been shown to carry potential diagnostic and prognostic values, while others may be good candidates for therapeutic interventions. With the emergence of disease-specific blood-borne miRNAs signatures, analyses of small cohorts of patients with ACC suggest that circulating miRNAs represent promising non-invasive biomarkers of malignancy or recurrence. However, some technical challenges still remain, and most of the miRNAs reported in the literature have not yet been validated in sufficiently powered and longitudinal studies. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the deregulation of tumor-associated and circulating miRNAs in ACC patients, while emphasizing their potential significance in pathogenic pathways in light of recent insights into the role of miRNAs in shaping the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Cherradi
- U1036, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Grenoble, France
- Biologie du Cancer et de l’Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire BCI, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Nadia Cherradi,
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106
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Abstract
Stem cells are endowed with the potential for self-renewal and multipotency. Pluripotent embryonic stem cells have an early role in the formation of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm), whereas adult tissue stem cells and progenitor cells are critical mediators of organ homeostasis. The adrenal cortex is an exceptionally dynamic endocrine organ that is homeostatically maintained by paracrine and endocrine signals throughout postnatal life. In the past decade, much has been learned about the stem and progenitor cells of the adrenal cortex and the multiple roles that these cell populations have in normal development and homeostasis of the adrenal gland and in adrenal diseases. In this Review, we discuss the evidence for the presence of adrenocortical stem cells, as well as the various signalling molecules and transcriptional networks that are critical for the embryological establishment and postnatal maintenance of this vital population of cells. The implications of these pathways and cells in the pathophysiology of disease are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M Walczak
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gary D Hammer
- Center for Organogenesis, Alfred Taubman Biomedical Sciences Research Building, Room 1528, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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107
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Mermejo LM, Leal LF, Colli LM, Fragoso MCBV, Latronico AC, Tone LG, Scrideli CA, Tucci S, Martinelli CE, Yunes JA, Mastellaro MJ, Seidinger AL, Brandalise SR, Moreira AC, Ramalho LN, Antonini SR, Castro M. Altered expression of noncanonical Wnt pathway genes in paediatric and adult adrenocortical tumours. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014; 81:503-10. [PMID: 24717047 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The role of planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP) and calcium-dependent (Wnt/Ca) noncanonical Wnt pathways in adrenocortical tumours (ACTs) is unknown. OBJECTIVES To investigate the gene expression of Wnt/PCP and Wnt/Ca pathways and its association with TP53 p.R337H and CTNNB1 mutations in paediatric and adult ACTs and to correlate these findings with clinical outcome. PATIENTS Expression of noncanonical Wnt-related genes was evaluated in 91 ACTs (66 children and 25 adults) by qPCR and the expression of beta-catenin, P53 and protein effectors of Wnt/Ca (NFAT) and Wnt/PCP (JNK) by immunohistochemistry. TP53 and CTNNB1 genes were sequenced. RESULTS TP53 p.R337H mutation frequency was higher in children (86% vs 28%), while CTNNB1 mutation was higher in adults (32% vs 6%). Mortality was higher in adults harbouring TP53 p.R337H and in children with CTNNB1 mutations. Overexpression of WNT5A, Wnt/Ca ligand, was observed in children and adults. Overexpression of MAPK8 and underexpression of PRICKLE, Wnt/PCP mediators, were observed in paediatric but not in adult cases. Cytoplasmic/nuclear beta-catenin and P53 accumulation was observed in the majority of paediatric and adult ACTs as well as NFAT and JNK. Overexpression of MAPK8 and underexpression of PRICKLE were associated with mortality in children, while overexpression of WNT5A and underexpression of PRICKLE were associated with mortality in adults. CONCLUSIONS In our study, TP53 p.R337H and CTNNB1 mutations correlated with poor prognosis in adults and children, respectively. We demonstrate, for the first time, the activation of Wnt/PCP and Wnt/Ca noncanonical pathway genes, and their association with poor outcome in children and adults, suggesting their putative involvement in ACTs aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia M Mermejo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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108
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Antonini SR, Leal LF, Cavalcanti MM. Pediatric adrenocortical tumors: diagnosis, management and advancements in the understanding of the genetic basis and therapeutic implications. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2014; 9:445-464. [PMID: 30736208 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2014.941813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical tumors (ACTs) may be sporadic or related to inherited genetic syndromes. Uncovering the molecular defects underlying these genetic syndromes has revealed key signaling pathways involved in adrenocortical tumorigenesis. Although the understanding of ACT biology has improved, to date, very few potential prognostic molecular markers of childhood ACTs have been identified. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment options for pediatric patients with ACTs. A review of the genetic basis of adrenocortical tumorigenesis is presented, focusing on the main molecular abnormalities involved in the tumorigenic process and potential novel therapy targets that have been generated, or are being generated, with the discovery of these molecular defects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Letícia F Leal
- a Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical-School - University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Cavalcanti
- a Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical-School - University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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109
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Guillaud-Bataille M, Ragazzon B, de Reyniès A, Chevalier C, Francillard I, Barreau O, Steunou V, Guillemot J, Tissier F, Rizk-Rabin M, René-Corail F, Ghuzlan AA, Assié G, Bertagna X, Baudin E, Le Bouc Y, Bertherat J, Clauser E. IGF2 promotes growth of adrenocortical carcinoma cells, but its overexpression does not modify phenotypic and molecular features of adrenocortical carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103744. [PMID: 25089899 PMCID: PMC4121173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) overexpression is an important molecular marker of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), which is a rare but devastating endocrine cancer. It is not clear whether IGF2 overexpression modifies the biology and growth of this cancer, thus more studies are required before IGF2 can be considered as a major therapeutic target. We compared the phenotypical, clinical, biological, and molecular characteristics of ACC with or without the overexpression of IGF2, to address these issues. We also carried out a similar analysis in an ACC cell line (H295R) in which IGF2 expression was knocked down with si- or shRNA. We found no significant differences in the clinical, biological and molecular (transcriptomic) traits between IGF2-high and IGF2-low ACC. The absence of IGF2 overexpression had little influence on the activation of tyrosine kinase pathways both in tumors and in H295 cells that express low levels of IGF2. In IGF2-low tumors, other growth factors (FGF9, PDGFA) are more expressed than in IGF2-high tumors, suggesting that they play a compensatory role in tumor progression. In addition, IGF2 knock-down in H295R cells substantially impaired growth (>50% inhibition), blocked cells in G1 phase, and promoted apoptosis (>2-fold). Finally, analysis of the 11p15 locus showed a paternal uniparental disomy in both IGF2-high and IGF2-low tumors, but low IGF2 expression could be explained in most IGF2-low ACC by an additional epigenetic modification at the 11p15 locus. Altogether, these observations confirm the active role of IGF2 in adrenocortical tumor growth, but also suggest that other growth promoting pathways may be involved in a subset of ACC with low IGF2 expression, which creates opportunities for the use of other targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Guillaud-Bataille
- Paris Cardiovascular Center, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Département de Biologie Hormonale, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Ragazzon
- Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien de Reyniès
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Claire Chevalier
- Paris Cardiovascular Center, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Francillard
- Paris Cardiovascular Center, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Département de Biologie Hormonale, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Barreau
- Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Steunou
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'explorations fonctionnelles endocriniennes, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Johann Guillemot
- Paris Cardiovascular Center, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Tissier
- Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Marthe Rizk-Rabin
- Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Fernande René-Corail
- Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Abir Al Ghuzlan
- Département de Biologie et Pathologie Médicales, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Guillaume Assié
- Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Bertagna
- Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Eric Baudin
- Département d'Imagerie Médicale, Médecine nucléaire, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Yves Le Bouc
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'explorations fonctionnelles endocriniennes, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Eric Clauser
- Paris Cardiovascular Center, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Département de Biologie Hormonale, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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110
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Lerario AM, Worden FP, Ramm CA, Hasseltine EA, Stadler WM, Else T, Shah MH, Agamah E, Rao K, Hammer GD. The combination of insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF1R) antibody cixutumumab and mitotane as a first-line therapy for patients with recurrent/metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma: a multi-institutional NCI-sponsored trial. HORMONES & CANCER 2014; 5:232-9. [PMID: 24849545 PMCID: PMC4298824 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-014-0182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive malignancy, which lacks an effective systemic treatment. Abnormal activation of insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF1R) has been frequently observed. Preclinical studies demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition of IGF1R signaling in ACC has antiproliferative effects. A previous phase I trial with an IGF1R inhibitor has demonstrated biological activity against ACC. The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of the combination of the IGF1R inhibitor cixutumumab (IMC-A12) in association with mitotane as a first-line treatment for advanced/metastatic ACC. We conducted a multicenter, randomized double-arm phase II trial in patients with irresectable recurrent/metastatic ACC. The original protocol included two treatment groups: IMC-A12 + mitotane and mitotane as a single agent, after an initial single-arm phase for safety evaluation with IMC-A12 + mitotane. IMC-A12 was dosed at 10 mg/kg intravenously every 2 weeks. The starting dose for mitotane was 2 g daily, subsequently adjusted according to serum levels/symptoms. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) according to RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors). This study was terminated before the randomization phase due to slow accrual and limited efficacy. Twenty patients (13 males, 7 females) with a median age of 50.2 years (range 21.9-79.6) were enrolled for the single-arm phase. Therapeutic effects were observed in 8/20 patients, including one partial response and seven stable diseases. The median PFS was 6 weeks (range 2.66-48). Toxic events included two grade 4 (hyperglycemia and hyponatremia) and one grade 5 (multiorgan failure). Although the regimen demonstrated activity in some patients, the relatively low therapeutic efficacy precluded further studies with this combination of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M. Lerario
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Medical School, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 1528 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Francis P. Worden
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, C343 MIB, SPC 5848, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Carole A. Ramm
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Medical School, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 1528 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Hasseltine
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Medical School, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 1528 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Walter M. Stadler
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave Mc2115, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Tobias Else
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Medical School, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 1528 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Manisha H. Shah
- Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 320 W 10th Avenue, 4th Floor Starling Loving Hall, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Edem Agamah
- IHDN—International Health and Development Network, 2050 W Iles Ave, Springfield, IL 62704 USA
| | - Krishna Rao
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 315 West Carpenter, 1st Floor, Clinic B, Springfield, IL 62702 USA
| | - Gary D. Hammer
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Medical School, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 1528 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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111
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Walczak EM, Kuick R, Finco I, Bohin N, Hrycaj SM, Wellik DM, Hammer GD. Wnt signaling inhibits adrenal steroidogenesis by cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1471-86. [PMID: 25029241 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin (βcat) signaling is critical for adrenal homeostasis. To elucidate how Wnt/βcat signaling elicits homeostatic maintenance of the adrenal cortex, we characterized the identity of the adrenocortical Wnt-responsive population. We find that Wnt-responsive cells consist of sonic hedgehog (Shh)-producing adrenocortical progenitors and differentiated, steroidogenic cells of the zona glomerulosa, but not the zona fasciculata and rarely cells that are actively proliferating. To determine potential direct inhibitory effects of βcat signaling on zona fasciculata-associated steroidogenesis, we used the mouse ATCL7 adrenocortical cell line that serves as a model system of glucocorticoid-producing fasciculata cells. Stimulation of βcat signaling caused decreased corticosterone release consistent with the observed reduced transcription of steroidogenic genes Cyp11a1, Cyp11b1, Star, and Mc2r. Decreased steroidogenic gene expression was correlated with diminished steroidogenic factor 1 (Sf1; Nr5a1) expression and occupancy on steroidogenic promoters. Additionally, βcat signaling suppressed the ability of Sf1 to transactivate steroidogenic promoters independent of changes in Sf1 expression level. To investigate Sf1-independent effects of βcat on steroidogenesis, we used Affymetrix gene expression profiling of Wnt-responsive cells in vivo and in vitro. One candidate gene identified, Ccdc80, encodes a secreted protein with unknown signaling mechanisms. We report that Ccdc80 is a novel βcat-regulated gene in adrenocortical cells. Treatment of adrenocortical cells with media containing secreted Ccdc80 partially phenocopies βcat-induced suppression of steroidogenesis, albeit through an Sf1-independent mechanism. This study reveals multiple mechanisms of βcat-mediated suppression of steroidogenesis and suggests that Wnt/βcat signaling may regulate adrenal homeostasis by inhibiting fasciculata differentiation and promoting the undifferentiated state of progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M Walczak
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program (E.M.W., G.D.H.) and Program in Biomedical Sciences (N.B.), University of Michigan Medical School; Center for Cancer Biostatistics (R.K.), Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health; Department of Internal Medicine (I.F., G.D.H.), Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes; Department of Internal Medicine (S.M.H., D.M.W.), Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics; and Endocrine Oncology Program (G.D.H.), Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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112
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Gomes DC, Leal LF, Mermejo LM, Scrideli CA, Martinelli CE, Fragoso MCBV, Latronico AC, Tone LG, Tucci S, Yunes JA, Cardinalli IA, Mastellaro MJ, Brandalise SR, Ramalho F, Moreira AC, Ramalho LN, de Castro M, Antonini SRR. Sonic hedgehog signaling is active in human adrenal cortex development and deregulated in adrenocortical tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E1209-16. [PMID: 24712566 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-4098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway plays a key role in rodent adrenal cortex development and is involved in tumorigenesis in several human tissues, but data in human adrenal glands are limited. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were to analyze the involvement of the SHH pathway in human adrenal development and tumorigenesis and the effects of SHH inhibition on an adrenocortical tumor (ACT) cell line. PATIENTS AND METHODS Expression of SHH pathway components was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 51 normal adrenals (33 fetal) and 34 ACTs (23 pediatric) and by quantitative PCR in 81 ACTs (61 pediatric) and 19 controls (10 pediatric). The effects of SHH pathway inhibition on gene expression and cell viability in the NCI-H295A adrenocortical tumor cell line after cyclopamine treatment were analyzed. RESULTS SHH pathway proteins were present in fetal and postnatal normal adrenals and showed distinct patterns of spatiotemporal expression throughout development. Adult adrenocortical carcinomas presented with higher expression of PTCH1, SMO, GLI3, and SUFU compared with normal adult adrenal cortices. Conversely, pediatric ACTs showed lower mRNA expression of SHH, PTCH1, SMO, GLI1, and GLI3 compared with normal pediatric adrenal cortices. In vitro treatment with cyclopamine resulted in decreased GLI3, SFRP1, and CTNNB1 mRNA expression and β-catenin staining as well as decreased cell viability. CONCLUSIONS The SHH pathway is active in human fetal and postnatal adrenals, up-regulated in adult adrenocortical carcinomas, and down-regulated in pediatric ACTs. SHH pathway antagonism impaired cell viability. The SHH pathway is deregulated in ACTs and might provide a new target therapy to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora C Gomes
- School of Medicine (D.C.G., L.F.L., L.M.M., C.A.S., C.E.M., L.G.T., S.T., F.R., A.C.M., L.N.R., M.C., S.R.R.A.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School-University of Sao Paulo, 14090-900 Ribeirao Preto, Brazil; School of Medicine (M.C.B.V.F., A.C.L.), University of Sao Paulo, 01246-903 Sao Paulo, Brazil; and Boldrini Children's Center (J.A.Y., S.R.B., I.A.C., M.J.M.), 13083-210 Campinas, Brazil
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113
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Goh G, Scholl UI, Healy JM, Choi M, Prasad ML, Nelson-Williams C, Kuntsman JW, Korah R, Suttorp AC, Dietrich D, Haase M, Willenberg HS, Stålberg P, Hellman P, Åkerström G, Björklund P, Carling T, Lifton RP. Recurrent activating mutation in PRKACA in cortisol-producing adrenal tumors. Nat Genet 2014; 46:613-7. [PMID: 24747643 PMCID: PMC4074779 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal tumors autonomously producing cortisol cause Cushing's syndrome. We performed exome sequencing of 25 tumor-normal pairs and identified 2 subgroups. Eight tumors (including three carcinomas) had many somatic copy number variants (CNVs) with frequent deletion of CDC42 and CDKN2A, amplification of 5q31.2 and protein-altering mutations in TP53 and RB1. Seventeen tumors (all adenomas) had no somatic CNVs or TP53 or RB1 mutations. Six of these had known gain-of-function mutations in CTNNB1 (β-catenin) or GNAS (Gαs). Six others had somatic mutations in PRKACA (protein kinase A (PKA) catalytic subunit) resulting in a p.Leu206Arg substitution. Further sequencing identified this mutation in 13 of 63 tumors (35% of adenomas with overt Cushing's syndrome). PRKACA, GNAS and CTNNB1 mutations were mutually exclusive. Leu206 directly interacts with the regulatory subunit of PKA, PRKAR1A. Leu206Arg PRKACA loses PRKAR1A binding, increasing the phosphorylation of downstream targets. PKA activity induces cortisol production and cell proliferation, providing a mechanism for tumor development. These findings define distinct mechanisms underlying adrenal cortisol-producing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Goh
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ute I. Scholl
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - James M. Healy
- Department of Surgery, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Murim Choi
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Yale Center for Mendelian Genomics, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Manju L. Prasad
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Carol Nelson-Williams
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - John W. Kuntsman
- Department of Surgery, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Reju Korah
- Department of Surgery, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - Dimo Dietrich
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Haase
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger S. Willenberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Stålberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Hellman
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran Åkerström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peyman Björklund
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tobias Carling
- Department of Surgery, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Richard P. Lifton
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Yale Center for Mendelian Genomics, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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114
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Patel D, Ellis R, Howard B, Boufraqech M, Gara SK, Zhang L, Quezado MM, Nilubol N, Kebebew E. Analysis of IGF and IGFBP as Prognostic Serum Biomarkers for Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21:3541-7. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3768-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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115
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Arai E, Sakamoto H, Ichikawa H, Totsuka H, Chiku S, Gotoh M, Mori T, Nakatani T, Ohnami S, Nakagawa T, Fujimoto H, Wang L, Aburatani H, Yoshida T, Kanai Y. Multilayer-omics analysis of renal cell carcinoma, including the whole exome, methylome and transcriptome. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:1330-42. [PMID: 24504440 PMCID: PMC4235299 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify pathways that have a significant impact during renal carcinogenesis. Sixty-seven paired samples of both noncancerous renal cortex tissue and cancerous tissue from patients with clear cell renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) were subjected to whole-exome, methylome and transcriptome analyses using Agilent SureSelect All Exon capture followed by sequencing on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform, Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation27 BeadArray and Agilent SurePrint Human Gene Expression microarray, respectively. Sanger sequencing and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR were performed for technical verification. MetaCore software was used for pathway analysis. Somatic nonsynonymous single-nucleotide mutations, insertions/deletions and intragenic breaks of 2,153, 359 and 8 genes were detected, respectively. Mutations of GCN1L1, MED12 and CCNC, which are members of CDK8 mediator complex directly regulating β-catenin-driven transcription, were identified in 16% of the RCCs. Mutations of MACF1, which functions in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, were identified in 4% of the RCCs. A combination of methylome and transcriptome analyses further highlighted the significant role of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in renal carcinogenesis. Genetic aberrations and reduced expression of ERC2 and ABCA13 were frequent in RCCs, and MTOR mutations were identified as one of the major disrupters of cell signaling during renal carcinogenesis. Our results confirm that multilayer-omics analysis can be a powerful tool for revealing pathways that play a significant role in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Arai
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Subramanian C, Zhang H, Gallagher R, Hammer G, Timmermann B, Cohen M. Withanolides are Potent Novel Targeted Therapeutic Agents Against Adrenocortical Carcinomas. World J Surg 2014; 38:1343-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00268-014-2532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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117
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Lerario AM, Moraitis A, Hammer GD. Genetics and epigenetics of adrenocortical tumors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 386:67-84. [PMID: 24220673 PMCID: PMC3943605 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adrenocortical tumors are common neoplasms. Most are benign, nonfunctional and clinically irrelevant. However, adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare disease with a dismal prognosis and no effective treatment apart from surgical resection. The molecular genetics of adrenocortical tumors remain poorly understood. For decades, molecular studies relied on a small number of samples and were directed to candidate-genes. This approach, based on the elucidation of the genetics of rare genetic syndromes in which adrenocortical tumors are a manifestation, has led to the discovery of major dysfunctional molecular pathways in adrenocortical tumors, such as the IGF pathway, the Wnt pathway and TP53. However, with the advent of high-throughput methodologies and the organization of international consortiums to obtain a larger number of samples and high-quality clinical data, this paradigm is rapidly changing. In the last decade, genome-wide expression profile studies, microRNA profiling and methylation profiling allowed the identification of subgroups of tumors with distinct genetic markers, molecular pathways activation patterns and clinical behavior. As a consequence, molecular classification of tumors has proven to be superior to traditional histological and clinical methods in prognosis prediction. In addition, this knowledge has also allowed the proposal of molecular-targeted approaches to provide better treatment options for advanced disease. This review aims to summarize the most relevant data on the rapidly evolving field of genetics of adrenal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M Lerario
- Adrenal Disorders Unit - LIM/42, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HC-FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andreas Moraitis
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine Endocrine Oncology Program, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5902, USA
| | - Gary D Hammer
- Endocrine Oncology Program, Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Health System, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 1528 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
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Else T, Kim AC, Sabolch A, Raymond VM, Kandathil A, Caoili EM, Jolly S, Miller BS, Giordano TJ, Hammer GD. Adrenocortical carcinoma. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:282-326. [PMID: 24423978 PMCID: PMC3963263 DOI: 10.1210/er.2013-1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy, often with an unfavorable prognosis. Here we summarize the knowledge about diagnosis, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapy of ACC. Over recent years, multidisciplinary clinics have formed and the first international treatment trials have been conducted. This review focuses on evidence gained from recent basic science and clinical research and provides perspectives from the experience of a large multidisciplinary clinic dedicated to the care of patients with ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Else
- MEND/Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (T.E., T.J.G., G.D.H.), Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics (V.M.R.), Department of Internal Medicine; Departments of Radiation Oncology (A.S., J.S.), Pathology (T.J.G.), and Radiology (A.K., E.M.C.); and Division of Endocrine Surgery (B.S.M.), Section of General Surgery, (A.C.K.), Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Papotti M, Duregon E, Volante M, McNicol AM. Pathology of the adrenal cortex: a reappraisal of the past 25 years focusing on adrenal cortical tumors. Endocr Pathol 2014; 25:35-48. [PMID: 24382573 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-013-9291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A reappraisal of the major advances in the diagnostic pathology of adrenal cortical lesions and tumors in the last 25 years is presented, with special reference to the definition of malignancy in primary adrenal cancer and its variants. Slightly more than 25 years ago, Weiss proposed his diagnostic scoring system for adrenal cortical carcinoma. This represented a milestone for adrenal pathologists and the starting point for further modifications of the system, either through minor changes in the scoring procedure itself or concentrating on some particular Weiss criterion such as mitotic index, integrated into alternative scoring schemes or algorithms that are currently under validation. Improvements in diagnostic immunohistochemistry have led to the identification of markers of cortical origin, such as Melan-A, alpha-inhibin, and SF-1 and of prognostic factors in carcinoma, such as the Ki-67 proliferation index and SF-1 itself. With regard to hyperplastic conditions, genetic investigations have allowed the association of the majority of cases of primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) in Carney complex to mutations in the gene encoding the regulatory subunit 1A of protein kinase A (PRKAR1A). Other hereditary conditions are also associated with adrenal cortical tumors, including the Li-Fraumeni, Beckwith-Wiedemann, Gardner, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, and neurofibromatosis type 1 syndromes. Moreover, several advances have been made in the knowledge of the molecular background of sporadic tumors, and a number of molecules/genes are of particular interest as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Papotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
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Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an orphan malignancy that has attracted increasing attention during the last decade. Here we provide an update on advances in the field since our last review published in this journal in 2006. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway and IGF-2 signaling have been confirmed as frequently altered signaling pathways in ACC, but recent data suggest that they are probably not sufficient for malignant transformation. Thus, major players in the pathogenesis are still unknown. For diagnostic workup, comprehensive hormonal assessment and detailed imaging are required because in most ACCs, evidence for autonomous steroid secretion can be found and computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging (if necessary, combined with functional imaging) can differentiate benign from malignant adrenocortical tumors. Surgery is potentially curative in localized tumors. Thus, we recommend a complete resection including lymphadenectomy by an expert surgeon. The pathology report should demonstrate the adrenocortical origin of the lesion (eg, by steroidogenic factor 1 staining) and provide Weiss score, resection status, and quantitation of the proliferation marker Ki67 to guide further treatment. Even after complete surgery, recurrence is frequent and adjuvant mitotane treatment improves outcome, but uncertainty exists as to whether all patients benefit from this therapy. In advanced ACC, mitotane is still the standard of care. Based on the FIRM-ACT trial, mitotane plus etoposide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin is now the established first-line cytotoxic therapy. However, most patients will experience progress and require salvage therapies. Thus, new treatment concepts are urgently needed. The ongoing international efforts including comprehensive "-omic approaches" and next-generation sequencing will improve our understanding of the pathogenesis and hopefully lead to better therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fassnacht
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ziemssenstrasse 1, 80336 München, Germany.
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121
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Ayala-Ramirez M, Jasim S, Feng L, Ejaz S, Deniz F, Busaidy N, Waguespack SG, Naing A, Sircar K, Wood CG, Pagliaro L, Jimenez C, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Habra MA. Adrenocortical carcinoma: clinical outcomes and prognosis of 330 patients at a tertiary care center. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 169:891-899. [PMID: 24086089 PMCID: PMC4441210 DOI: 10.1530/eje-13-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with a poor prognosis. Herein, we describe the clinical features and outcomes for a large series of ACC patients. DESIGN AND METHODS Retrospective review of ACC patients seen at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center from 1998 through 2011. RESULTS A total of 330 patients with median age at diagnosis of 48.5 years; 12 (3.6%) patients were under 18 years. Hormonally functioning tumors represented 41.8% (n=138) of all cases. Surgical resection for the primary tumor was done in 275 (83.3%) patients (45 at MD Anderson (16.4%)). For those who had surgical resection, the median local-recurrence-free time was 1.04 years. Factors associated with local recurrence included positive surgical margins (P=0.007) and advanced disease stage (P=0.026). Median overall survival time for all patients was 3.21 years. Median survival times were 24.1, 6.08, 3.47, and 0.89 years for stages I, II, III, and IV respectively. In multivariable analysis, older age, functioning tumors, and higher disease stage remained significant prognostic factors associated with poor survival. CONCLUSION ACC prognosis remains poor with the use of currently available treatments. Older age, functioning tumors, and incomplete resections are clinical factors associated with poor survival. Surgical expertise is important to achieve complete resections and to improve outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Ayala-Ramirez
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (UTMDACC), Houston, TX
| | - Sina Jasim
- Department of Medicine, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Lei Feng
- Department of Biostatistics, UTMDACC
| | - Shamim Ejaz
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (UTMDACC), Houston, TX
| | - Ferhat Deniz
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (UTMDACC), Houston, TX
| | - Naifa Busaidy
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (UTMDACC), Houston, TX
| | - Steven G. Waguespack
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (UTMDACC), Houston, TX
| | - Aung Naing
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapy, UTMDACC
| | | | | | | | - Camilo Jimenez
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (UTMDACC), Houston, TX
| | - Rena Vassilopoulou-Sellin
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (UTMDACC), Houston, TX
| | - Mouhammed Amir Habra
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (UTMDACC), Houston, TX
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Lefebvre H, Prévost G, Louiset E. Autocrine/paracrine regulatory mechanisms in adrenocortical neoplasms responsible for primary adrenal hypercorticism. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 169:R115-38. [PMID: 23956298 DOI: 10.1530/eje-13-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of autocrine/paracrine bioactive signals are able to modulate corticosteroid secretion in the human adrenal gland. These regulatory factors, released in the vicinity of adrenocortical cells by diverse cell types comprising chromaffin cells, nerve terminals, cells of the immune system, endothelial cells, and adipocytes, include neuropeptides, biogenic amines, and cytokines. A growing body of evidence now suggests that paracrine mechanisms may also play an important role in the physiopathology of adrenocortical hyperplasias and tumors responsible for primary adrenal steroid excess. These intra-adrenal regulatory systems, although globally involving the same actors as those observed in the normal gland, display alterations at different levels, which reinforce the capacity of paracrine factors to stimulate the activity of adrenocortical cells. The main modifications in the adrenal local control systems reported by now include hyperplasia of cells producing the paracrine factors and abnormal expression of the latter and their receptors. Because steroid-secreting adrenal neoplasms are independent of the classical endocrine regulatory factors angiotensin II and ACTH, which are respectively suppressed by hyperaldosteronism and hypercortisolism, these lesions have long been considered as autonomous tissues. However, the presence of stimulatory substances within the neoplastic tissues suggests that steroid hypersecretion is driven by autocrine/paracrine loops that should be regarded as promising targets for pharmacological treatments of primary adrenal disorders. This new potential therapeutic approach may constitute an alternative to surgical removal of the lesions that is classically recommended in order to cure steroid excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lefebvre
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 982, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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Ronchi CL, Sbiera S, Leich E, Henzel K, Rosenwald A, Allolio B, Fassnacht M. Single nucleotide polymorphism array profiling of adrenocortical tumors--evidence for an adenoma carcinoma sequence? PLoS One 2013; 8:e73959. [PMID: 24066089 PMCID: PMC3774745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical tumors consist of benign adenomas and highly malignant carcinomas with a still incompletely understood pathogenesis. A total of 46 adrenocortical tumors (24 adenomas and 22 carcinomas) were investigated aiming to identify novel genes involved in adrenocortical tumorigenesis. High-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism arrays (Affymetrix) were used to detect copy number alterations (CNAs) and copy neutral losses of heterozygosity (cnLOH). Genomic clustering showed good separation between adenomas and carcinomas, with best partition including only chromosome 5, which was highly amplified in 17/22 malignant tumors. The malignant tumors had more relevant genomic aberrations than benign tumors, such as a higher median number of recurrent CNA (2631 vs 94), CNAs >100 Kb (62.5 vs 7) and CN losses (72.5 vs 5.5), and a higher percentage of samples with cnLOH (91% vs 29%). Within the carcinoma cohort, a precise genetic pattern (i.e. large gains at chr 5, 7, 12, and 19, and losses at chr 1, 2, 13, 17, and 22) was associated with a better prognosis (overall survival: 72.2 vs 35.4 months, P=0.063). Interestingly, >70% of gains frequent in beningn were also present in malignant tumors. Notch signaling was the most frequently involved pathway in both tumor entities. Finally, a CN gain at imprinted “IGF2” locus chr 11p15.5 appeared to be an early alteration in a multi-step tumor progression, followed by the loss of one or two alleles, associated with increased IGF2 expression, only in carcinomas. Our study serves as database for the identification of genes and pathways, such as Notch signaling, which could be involved in the pathogenesis of adrenocortical tumors. Using these data, we postulate an adenoma-carcinoma sequence for these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina L. Ronchi
- Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Silviu Sbiera
- Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ellen Leich
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Henzel
- Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Bruno Allolio
- Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
The concept of precursor lesions of endocrine neoplasms is a new and interesting topic in endocrine pathology. A variety of clinicopathological conditions are associated with a sequence of cellular changes from hyperplasia to neoplasia; dysplasia is, in contrast, quite rare. The majority of precursor lesions is associated with familial genetic syndromes. These include C-cell hyperplasia in thyroid that is associated with familial medullary thyroid carcinoma, adrenal medullary hyperplasia as a precursor of phaeochromocytomas in MEN2 syndrome, rare pituitary adenohypophyseal cell hyperplasia in familial syndromes associated with pituitary adenomas, MEN1-related precursor gastric enterochromaffin-like cell (ECL) hyperplasia, and duodenal gastrin producing (G) and/or somatostatin producing (D) cell hyperplasia that give rise to type II gastric neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) and duodenal NETs, respectively, and MEN1- or VHL-related islet hyperplasia, islet dysplasia and ductulo-insular complexes that are associated with pancreatic NETs. Other hyperplasias are not thought to be associated with genetic predisposition. Some are attributed to inflammation; autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis-related ECL hyperplasia can progress to type I gastric NETs, and EC (enterochromaffin) cell or L cell hyperplasia associated with inflammatory bowel diseases can progress to colorectal NETs. In the lung, diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia can give rise to peripherally-located low grade pulmonary NETs and tumourlets (neuroendocrine microtumours <5 mm). Rarely, secondary hyperplasias develop into autonomous neoplasms, as in tertiary hyperparathyroidism or pituitary thyrotroph adenomas in primary hypothyroidism. While some precursor lesions, such as thyroid C cell hyperplasia, represent frankly premalignant conditions, others may represent a sequence of proliferative changes from hyperplasia to benign neoplasia that may also progress to malignancy.
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Korah R, Healy JM, Kunstman JW, Fonseca AL, Ameri AH, Prasad ML, Carling T. Epigenetic silencing of RASSF1A deregulates cytoskeleton and promotes malignant behavior of adrenocortical carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:87. [PMID: 23915220 PMCID: PMC3750604 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy with high mutational heterogeneity and a generally poor clinical outcome. Despite implicated roles of deregulated TP53, IGF-2 and Wnt signaling pathways, a clear genetic association or unique mutational link to the disease is still missing. Recent studies suggest a crucial role for epigenetic modifications in the genesis and/or progression of ACC. This study specifically evaluates the potential role of epigenetic silencing of RASSF1A, the most commonly silenced tumor suppressor gene, in adrenocortical malignancy. Results Using adrenocortical tumor and normal tissue specimens, we show a significant reduction in expression of RASSF1A mRNA and protein in ACC. Methylation-sensitive and -dependent restriction enzyme based PCR assays revealed significant DNA hypermethylation of the RASSF1A promoter, suggesting an epigenetic mechanism for RASSF1A silencing in ACC. Conversely, the RASSF1A promoter methylation profile in benign adrenocortical adenomas (ACAs) was found to be very similar to that found in normal adrenal cortex. Enforced expression of ectopic RASSF1A in the SW-13 ACC cell line reduced the overall malignant behavior of the cells, which included impairment of invasion through the basement membrane, cell motility, and solitary cell survival and growth. On the other hand, expression of RASSF1A/A133S, a loss-of-function mutant form of RASSF1A, failed to elicit similar malignancy-suppressing responses in ACC cells. Moreover, association of RASSF1A with the cytoskeleton in RASSF1A-expressing ACC cells and normal adrenal cortex suggests a role for RASSF1A in modulating microtubule dynamics in the adrenal cortex, and thereby potentially blocking malignant progression. Conclusions Downregulation of RASSF1A via promoter hypermethylation may play a role in the malignant progression of adrenocortical carcinoma possibly by abrogating differentiation-promoting RASSF1A- microtubule interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reju Korah
- Department of Surgery, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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França MM, Ferraz-de-Souza B, Santos MG, Lerario AM, Fragoso MCBV, Latronico AC, Kuick RD, Hammer GD, Lotfi CF. POD-1 binding to the E-box sequence inhibits SF-1 and StAR expression in human adrenocortical tumor cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 371:140-7. [PMID: 23313103 PMCID: PMC5749231 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pod-1/Tcf21 is expressed at epithelial-mesenchymal interaction sites during development of many organs. Different approaches have demonstrated that Pod-1 transcriptionally inhibits Sf-1/NR5A1 during gonadal development. Disruption of Sf-1 can lead to disorders of adrenal development, while increased dosage of SF-1 has been related to increased adrenal cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. In this study, we analyzed whether POD-1 overexpression inhibits the endogenous Sf-1 expression in human and mouse adrenocortical tumor cells. Cells were transiently transfected with luciferase reporter gene under the control of Sf-1 promoter and with an expression vector encoding Pod-1. Pod-1 construct inhibited the transcription of the Sf1/Luc reporter gene in a dose-dependent manner in mouse Y-1 adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) cells, and inhibited endogenous SF-1 expression in the human H295R and ACC-T36 adrenocortical carcinoma cells. These results were validated by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay with POD-1-transfected H295R cells using primers specific to E-box sequence in SF-1 promoter region, indicating that POD-1 binds to the SF-1 E-box promoter. Moreover, POD-1 over-expression resulted in a decrease in expression of the SF-1 target gene, StAR (Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein). Lastly, while the induced expression of POD-1 did not affect the cell viability of H295R/POD-1 or ACC-T36/POD-1 cells, the most significantly enriched KEGG pathways for genes negatively correlated to POD-1/TCF21 in 33 human ACCs were those associated with cell cycle genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Malheiros França
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Ferraz-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Carbohydrates and Radioimmunoassays (LIM-18), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariza Gerdulo Santos
- Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics (LIM-42), Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Marcondes Lerario
- Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics (LIM-42), Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Candida Barisson Villares Fragoso
- Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics (LIM-42), Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Latronico
- Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics (LIM-42), Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Rork D. Kuick
- Biostatistics Core of the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Gary D. Hammer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Claudimara F.P. Lotfi
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 11 3091 7492; fax: +55 11 3091 7366. (C.F.P. Lotfi)
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Krill KT, Gurdziel K, Heaton JH, Simon DP, Hammer GD. Dicer deficiency reveals microRNAs predicted to control gene expression in the developing adrenal cortex. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:754-68. [PMID: 23518926 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous, non-protein-coding RNAs that are an important means of posttranscriptional gene regulation. Deletion of Dicer, a key miRNA processing enzyme, is embryonic lethal in mice, and tissue-specific Dicer deletion results in developmental defects. Using a conditional knockout model, we generated mice lacking Dicer in the adrenal cortex. These Dicer-knockout (KO) mice exhibited perinatal mortality and failure of the adrenal cortex during late gestation between embryonic day 16.5 (E16.5) and E18.5. Further study of Dicer-KO adrenals demonstrated a significant loss of steroidogenic factor 1-expressing cortical cells that was histologically evident as early as E16.5 coincident with an increase in p21 and cleaved-caspase 3 staining in the cortex. However, peripheral cortical proliferation persisted in KO adrenals as assessed by staining of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. To further characterize the embryonic adrenals from Dicer-KO mice, we performed microarray analyses for both gene and miRNA expression on purified RNA isolated from control and KO adrenals of E15.5 and E16.5 embryos. Consistent with the absence of Dicer and the associated loss of miRNA-mediated mRNA degradation, we observed an up-regulation of a small subset of adrenal transcripts in Dicer-KO mice, most notably the transcripts coded by the genes Nr6a1 and Acvr1c. Indeed, several miRNAs, including let-7, miR-34c, and miR-21, that are predicted to target these genes for degradation, were also markedly down-regulated in Dicer-KO adrenals. Together these data suggest a role for miRNA-mediated regulation of a subset of genes that are essential for normal adrenal growth and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth T Krill
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Yates R, Katugampola H, Cavlan D, Cogger K, Meimaridou E, Hughes C, Metherell L, Guasti L, King P. Adrenocortical Development, Maintenance, and Disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2013; 106:239-312. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416021-7.00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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