101
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Stahlschmidt ZR, Holcomb LM, Luoma RL. Context-dependent effects of complex environments on behavioral plasticity. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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102
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Eskridge BE, Valle E, Schlupp I. Emergence of Leadership within a Homogeneous Group. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134222. [PMID: 26226381 PMCID: PMC4520564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Large scale coordination without dominant, consistent leadership is frequent in nature. How individuals emerge from within the group as leaders, however transitory this position may be, has become an increasingly common question asked. This question is further complicated by the fact that in many of these aggregations, differences between individuals are minor and the group is largely considered to be homogeneous. In the simulations presented here, we investigate the emergence of leadership in the extreme situation in which all individuals are initially identical. Using a mathematical model developed using observations of natural systems, we show that the addition of a simple concept of leadership tendencies which is inspired by observations of natural systems and is affected by experience can produce distinct leaders and followers using a nonlinear feedback loop. Most importantly, our results show that small differences in experience can promote the rapid emergence of stable roles for leaders and followers. Our findings have implications for our understanding of adaptive behaviors in initially homogeneous groups, the role experience can play in shaping leadership tendencies, and the use of self-assessment in adapting behavior and, ultimately, self-role-assignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent E. Eskridge
- Department of Computer Science and Network Engineering, Southern Nazarene University, Bethany, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Valle
- Department of Biology, Southern Nazarene University, Bethany, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Ingo Schlupp
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
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103
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Bierbach D, Sommer-Trembo C, Hanisch J, Wolf M, Plath M. Personality affects mate choice: bolder males show stronger audience effects under high competition. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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104
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Ferrari S, Millot S, Leguay D, Chatain B, Bégout ML. Consistency in European seabass coping styles: A life-history approach. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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105
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Ariyomo TO, Watt PJ. Effect of hunger level and time of day on boldness and aggression in the zebrafish Danio rerio. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 86:1852-1859. [PMID: 25882908 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of two environmental variables, hunger level (fed or not fed before behavioural assays) and time of day (morning or afternoon), on the boldness and aggressiveness of male and female zebrafish Danio rerio, was tested. The results showed that neither hunger level nor time of testing influenced boldness in males and females, but hunger level significantly affected aggression in females when compared with males.
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Affiliation(s)
- T O Ariyomo
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
| | - P J Watt
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
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106
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Jutfelt F, Hedgärde M. Juvenile Atlantic cod behavior appears robust to near-future CO2 levels. Front Zool 2015; 12:11. [PMID: 27408612 PMCID: PMC4940919 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-015-0104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ocean acidification caused by the anthropogenic release of CO2 is considered a major threat to marine ecosystems. One unexpected impact of elevated water CO2 levels is that behavioral alterations may occur in tropical reef fish and certain temperate fish species. These effects appear to alter many different types of sensory and cognitive functions; if widespread and persistent, they have the potential to cause ecosystem changes. Methods We investigated whether economically and ecologically important Atlantic cod also display behavioral abnormalities by exposing 52 juvenile cod to control conditions (500 μatm, duplicate tanks) or an end-of-the-century ocean acidification scenario (1000 μatm, duplicate tanks) for one month, during which time the fish were examined for a range of behaviors that have been reported to be affected by elevated CO2 in other fish. The behaviors were swimming activity, as measured by number of lines crossed per minute, the emergence from shelter, determined by how long it took the fish to exit a shelter after a disturbance, relative lateralization (a measure of behavioral turning side preference), and absolute lateralization (the strength of behavioral symmetry). Results We found no effect of CO2 treatment on any of the four behaviors tested: activity (F = 1.61, p = 0.33), emergence from shelter (F = 0.13, p = 0.76), relative lateralization (F = 2.82, p = 0.50), and absolute lateralization (F = 0.80, p = 0.26). Conclusion Our results indicate that the behavior of Atlantic cod could be resilient to the impacts of near-future levels of water CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Jutfelt
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden ; The Lovén Centre Kristineberg, Kristineberg 566, SE-451 78 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Maria Hedgärde
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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107
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Miletto Petrazzini M, Agrillo C. Turning to the larger shoal: are there individual differences in small- and large-quantity discrimination of guppies? ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2015.1029011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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108
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Mazue GPF, Dechaume-Moncharmont FX, Godin JGJ. Boldness-exploration behavioral syndrome: interfamily variability and repeatability of personality traits in the young of the convict cichlid (Amatitlania siquia). Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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109
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Näslund J, Bererhi B, Johnsson JI. Design of Emergence Test Arenas Can Affect the Results of Boldness Assays. Ethology 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joacim Näslund
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Badreddine Bererhi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Jörgen I. Johnsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
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110
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Patton BW, Braithwaite VA. Changing tides: ecological and historical perspectives on fish cognition. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2015; 6:159-176. [PMID: 26263070 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The capacity for specialization and radiation make fish an excellent group in which to investigate the depth and variety of animal cognition. Even though early observations of fish using tools predates the discovery of tool use in chimpanzees, fish cognition has historically been somewhat overlooked. However, a recent surge of interest is now providing a wealth of material on which to draw examples, and this has required a selective approach to choosing the research described below. Our goal is to illustrate the necessity for basing cognitive investigations on the ecological and evolutionary context of the species at hand. We also seek to illustrate the importance of ecology and the environment in honing a range of sensory systems that allow fish to glean information and support informed decision-making. The various environments and challenges with which fish interact require equally varied cognitive skills, and the solutions that fish have developed are truly impressive. Similarly, we illustrate how common ecological problems will frequently produce common cognitive solutions. Below, we focus on four topics: spatial learning and memory, avoiding predators and catching prey, communication, and innovation. These are used to illustrate how both simple and sophisticated cognitive processes underpin much of the adaptive behavioral flexibility exhibited throughout fish phylogeny. Never before has the field had such a wide array of interdisciplinary techniques available to access both cognitive and mechanistic processes underpinning fish behavior. This capacity comes at a critical time to predict and manage fish populations in an era of unprecedented global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wren Patton
- Center for Brain, Behavior & Cognition, Ecology Program, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Victoria A Braithwaite
- Center for Brain, Behavior & Cognition, Departments of Biology and Ecosystem Science and Management, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
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111
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How ecology shapes prey fish cognition. Behav Processes 2014; 109 Pt B:190-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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112
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Ingley SJ, Rehm J, Johnson JB. Size doesn't matter, sex does: a test for boldness in sister species of Brachyrhaphis fishes. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:4361-9. [PMID: 25540696 PMCID: PMC4267873 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of divergent natural selection on the evolution of behavioral traits has long been a focus of behavioral ecologists. Predation, due to its ubiquity in nature and strength as a selective agent, has been considered an important environmental driver of behavior. Predation is often confounded with other environmental factors that could also play a role in behavioral evolution. For example, environments that contain predators are often more ecologically complex and “risky” (i.e., exposed and dangerous). Previous work shows that individuals from risky environments are often more bold, active, and explorative than those from low-risk environments. To date, most comparative studies of environmentally driven behavioral divergence are limited to comparisons among populations within species that occur in divergent selective environments but neglect comparisons between species following speciation. This limits our understanding of how behavior evolves post-speciation. The Central American live-bearing fish genus Brachyrhaphis provides an ideal system for examining the relationship between selective environments and behavior, within and between species. Here, we test for differences in boldness between sister species B. roseni and B. terrabensis that occur in streams with and without piscivorous predators, respectively. We found that species do differ in boldness, with species that occur with predators being bolder than those that do not. Within each species, we found that sexes differed in boldness, with males being bolder than females. We also tested for a relationship between size (a surrogate for metabolic rate) and boldness, but found no size effects. Therefore, sex, not size, affects boldness. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that complex and risky environments favor individuals with more bold behavioral traits, but they are not consistent with the hypothesis that size (and therefore metabolic rate) drives divergence in boldness. Finally, our results provide evidence that behavioral trait divergence continues even after speciation is complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer J Ingley
- Evolutionary Ecology Laboratories, Department of Biology, Brigham Young University Provo, Utah, 84602
| | - Jeremy Rehm
- Evolutionary Ecology Laboratories, Department of Biology, Brigham Young University Provo, Utah, 84602
| | - Jerald B Johnson
- Evolutionary Ecology Laboratories, Department of Biology, Brigham Young University Provo, Utah, 84602 ; Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University Provo, Utah, 84602
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113
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Smith C, Spence R, Barber I, Przybylski M, Wootton RJ. The role of calcium and predation on plate morph evolution in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Ecol Evol 2014; 4:3550-4. [PMID: 25478147 PMCID: PMC4224530 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
While the genetic basis to plate morph evolution of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is well described, the environmental variables that select for different plate and spine morphs are incompletely understood. Using replicate populations of three-spined sticklebacks on North Uist, Scotland, we previously investigated the role of predation pressure and calcium limitation on the adaptive evolution of stickleback morphology and behavior. While dissolved calcium proved a significant predictor of plate and spine morph, predator abundance did not. Ecol. Evol., xxx, 2014 and xxx performed a comparable analysis to our own to address the same question. They failed to detect a significant effect of dissolved calcium on morphological evolution, but did establish a significant effect of predation; albeit in the opposite direction to their prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Smith
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews St. Andrews, KY16 8LB, U.K
| | - Rowena Spence
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews St. Andrews, KY16 8LB, U.K
| | - Iain Barber
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester Leicester, LE1 7RH, U.K
| | - Mirosław Przybylski
- Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, University of Łódź Łódź, Poland
| | - Robert J Wootton
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, U.K
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114
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Repeated geographic divergence in behavior: a case study employing phenotypic trajectory analyses. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-014-1767-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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115
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Andersson A, Laikre L, Bergvall UA. Two shades of boldness: novel object and anti-predator behavior reflect different personality dimensions in domestic rabbits. J ETHOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-014-0401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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116
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Laterality is linked to personality in the black-lined rainbowfish, Melanotaenia nigrans. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-014-1712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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117
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Magnhagen C, Wacker S, Forsgren E, Cats Myhre L, Espy E, Amundsen T. Context consistency and seasonal variation in boldness of male two-spotted gobies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93354. [PMID: 24671255 PMCID: PMC3966876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to attribute the behaviour of an animal to its personality it is important to study whether certain behavioural traits show up consistently across a variety of contexts. The aim of this study was to investigate whether breeding state males of the two-spotted goby, Gobiusculus flavescens, showed consistent degree of boldness when tested in four different behaviour assays. We also wanted to investigate whether boldness varied over the breeding season in accordance with changes in male-male competition for matings. We used two standard assays (the emergence test and the open field test), and two simple assays related to threat response. Repeated runs of each of the tests were highly correlated, and we found significant correlations between all four assays. Thus, we have documented both a within and a between-context consistency in risk-taking behaviour. Furthermore, we found that goby males studied during the middle of the breeding season were bolder than males studied at the end of the season. Since male two-spotted gobies face strongly decreasing male-male competition as the season progresses, the benefit of being bold for the mating success of the males may differ over the time of the breeding season. The difference in behaviour found over the season thus corresponds well with the sexual dynamics of this model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carin Magnhagen
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Wacker
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Lise Cats Myhre
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Elizabeth Espy
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trond Amundsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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118
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Trompf L, Brown C. Personality affects learning and trade-offs between private and social information in guppies, Poecilia reticulata. Anim Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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119
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Effect of predation threat on repeatability of individual crab behavior revealed by mark-recapture. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-013-1666-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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120
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Petelle MB, McCoy DE, Alejandro V, Martin JG, Blumstein DT. Development of boldness and docility in yellow-bellied marmots. Anim Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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121
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Duan M, Zhang T, Hu W, Xie S, Sundström LF, Li Z, Zhu Z. Risk-taking behaviour may explain high predation mortality of GH-transgenic common carp Cyprinus carpio. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2013; 83:1183-1196. [PMID: 24580661 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The competitive ability and habitat selection of juvenile all-fish GH-transgenic common carp Cyprinus carpio and their size-matched non-transgenic conspecifics, in the absence and presence of predation risk, under different food distributions, were compared. Unequal-competitor ideal-free-distribution analysis showed that a larger proportion of transgenic C. carpio fed within the system, although they were not overrepresented at a higher-quantity food source. Moreover, the analysis showed that transgenic C. carpio maintained a faster growth rate, and were more willing to risk exposure to a predator when foraging, thereby supporting the hypothesis that predation selects against maximal growth rates by removing individuals that display increased foraging effort. Without compensatory behaviours that could mitigate the effects of predation risk, the escaped or released transgenic C. carpio with high-gain and high-risk performance would grow well but probably suffer high predation mortality in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Conservation of Aquatic Organisms, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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122
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Brown C, Irving E. Individual personality traits influence group exploration in a feral guppy population. Behav Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/art090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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123
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Beckmann C, Biro PA. On the Validity of a Single (Boldness) Assay in Personality Research. Ethology 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christa Beckmann
- Centre for Integrative Ecology; School of Life & Environmental Sciences; Deakin University; Geelong; Vic.; Australia
| | - Peter A. Biro
- Centre for Integrative Ecology; School of Life & Environmental Sciences; Deakin University; Geelong; Vic.; Australia
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124
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Irving E, Brown C. Examining the link between personality and laterality in a feral guppy Poecilia reticulata population. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2013; 83:311-325. [PMID: 23902308 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether variation in the strength and direction of lateralization in a detour task was linked with variation in three common personality measurements: boldness, activity and sociability, in a population of wild guppies Poecilia reticulata. Additionally, the aim was to determine whether any consistent correlations between these behavioural traits, known as behavioural syndromes, were present in the study population. The results revealed that all three personality traits were highly repeatable over time in both sexes. Evidence of a complex syndrome in the form of a correlation between boldness, sociability and activity was found; however, this relationship was only present in males. Males that were more active in a familiar environment emerged more quickly from shelter into a novel environment and were more social. In general, male P. reticulata were bold, active and antisocial compared to females, with these differences probably a reflection of opposing life-history strategies. Only a weak link between the strength of cerebral lateralisation and personality was discovered and this was mediated by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Irving
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
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125
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Spence R, Wootton RJ, Barber I, Przybylski M, Smith C. Ecological causes of morphological evolution in the three-spined stickleback. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:1717-26. [PMID: 23789080 PMCID: PMC3686204 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The central assumption of evolutionary theory is that natural selection drives the adaptation of populations to local environmental conditions, resulting in the evolution of adaptive phenotypes. The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) displays remarkable phenotypic variation, offering an unusually tractable model for understanding the ecological mechanisms underpinning adaptive evolutionary change. Using populations on North Uist, Scotland we investigated the role of predation pressure and calcium limitation on the adaptive evolution of stickleback morphology and behavior. Dissolved calcium was a significant predictor of plate and spine morph, while predator abundance was not. Stickleback latency to emerge from a refuge varied with morph, with populations with highly reduced plates and spines and high predation risk less bold. Our findings support strong directional selection in three-spined stickleback evolution, driven by multiple selective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena Spence
- School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt. Andrews, KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Robert J Wootton
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Iain Barber
- Department of Biology, University of LeicesterLeicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mirosław Przybylski
- Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, University of ŁódźŁódź, Poland
| | - Carl Smith
- School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt. Andrews, KY16 8LB, UK
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126
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Carter AJ, Feeney WE, Marshall HH, Cowlishaw G, Heinsohn R. Animal personality: what are behavioural ecologists measuring? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2012; 88:465-75. [PMID: 23253069 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that an individual may be constrained, and even behave sub-optimally, because of its personality type has fundamental implications for understanding individual- to group-level processes. Despite recent interest in the study of animal personalities within behavioural ecology, the field is fraught with conceptual and methodological difficulties inherent in any young discipline. We review the current agreement of definitions and methods used in personality studies across taxa and systems, and find that current methods risk misclassifying traits. Fortunately, these problems have been faced before by other similar fields during their infancy, affording important opportunities to learn from past mistakes. We review the tools that were developed to overcome similar methodological problems in psychology. These tools emphasise the importance of attempting to measure animal personality traits using multiple tests and the care that needs to be taken when interpreting correlations between personality traits or their tests. Accordingly, we suggest an integrative theoretical framework that incorporates these tools to facilitate a robust and unified approach in the study of animal personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alecia J Carter
- The Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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127
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Brown GE, Ferrari MCO, Malka PH, Fregeau L, Kayello L, Chivers DP. Retention of acquired predator recognition among shy versus bold juvenile rainbow trout. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-012-1422-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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128
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Quantifying personality in the terrestrial hermit crab: Different measures, different inferences. Behav Processes 2012; 91:133-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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129
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How not to measure boldness: novel object and antipredator responses are not the same in wild baboons. Anim Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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130
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Ruiz-Gomez ML, Huntingford FA. Boldness and aggressiveness in early and late hatched three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2012; 81:966-976. [PMID: 22880730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Levels of boldness and the degree of aggressiveness were compared in juvenile three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus that had hatched early and late in the breeding season. The most striking result found in this study was that early hatched individuals were bolder when exploring a novel environment than were late-hatched individuals. No differences in levels of aggression between early and late hatchlings were found, but a relationship between boldness and aggressiveness was present regardless of hatching date. The implications of these findings are discussed in the light of research on individual variation in behaviour and the development of behavioural syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Ruiz-Gomez
- Fish Biology Group, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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131
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Thomson JS, Watts PC, Pottinger TG, Sneddon LU. Plasticity of boldness in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: do hunger and predation influence risk-taking behaviour? Horm Behav 2012; 61:750-7. [PMID: 22498695 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Boldness, a measure of an individual's propensity for taking risks, is an important determinant of fitness but is not necessarily a fixed trait. Dependent upon an individual's state, and given certain contexts or challenges, individuals may be able to alter their inclination to be bold or shy in response. Furthermore, the degree to which individuals can modulate their behaviour has been linked with physiological responses to stress. Here we attempted to determine whether bold and shy rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, can exhibit behavioural plasticity in response to changes in state (nutritional availability) and context (predation threat). Individual trout were initially assessed for boldness using a standard novel object paradigm; subsequently, each day for one week fish experienced either predictable, unpredictable, or no simulated predator threat in combination with a high (2% body weight) or low (0.15%) food ration, before being reassessed for boldness. Bold trout were generally more plastic, altering levels of neophobia and activity relevant to the challenge, whereas shy trout were more fixed and remained shy. Increased predation risk generally resulted in an increase in the expression of three candidate genes linked to boldness, appetite regulation and physiological stress responses - ependymin, corticotrophin releasing factor and GABA(A) - but did not produce a significant increase in plasma cortisol. The results suggest a divergence in the ability of bold and shy trout to alter their behavioural profiles in response to internal and exogenous factors, and have important implications for our understanding of the maintenance of different behavioural phenotypes in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack S Thomson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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132
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Archard GA, Earley RL, Hanninen AF, Braithwaite VA. Correlated behaviour and stress physiology in fish exposed to different levels of predation pressure. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.01968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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133
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Seda JB, Childress MJ, Ptacek MB. Individual Variation in Male Size and Behavioral Repertoire in the Sailfin Molly Poecilia latipinna. Ethology 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2012.02025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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134
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Raoult V, Brown C, Zuberi A, Williamson JE. Blood cortisol concentrations predict boldness in juvenile mulloway (Argyosomus japonicus). J ETHOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-011-0314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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135
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Barreto RE, de Miranda Cabral Gontijo ÁM, Delicio HC. Correlations Between Pre- and Post-Fasting Growth in Nile Tilapia. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2008.9706953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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136
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Roberts LJ, Garcia de Leaniz C. Something smells fishy: predator-naïve salmon use diet cues, not kairomones, to recognize a sympatric mammalian predator. Anim Behav 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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137
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Briffa M, Greenaway J. High in situ repeatability of behaviour indicates animal personality in the beadlet anemone Actinia equina (Cnidaria). PLoS One 2011; 6:e21963. [PMID: 21755015 PMCID: PMC3130786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
'Animal personality' means that individuals differ from one another in either single behaviours or suites of related behaviours in a way that is consistent over time. It is usually assumed that such consistent individual differences in behaviour are driven by variation in how individuals respond to information about their environment, rather than by differences in external factors such as variation in microhabitat. Since behavioural variation is ubiquitous in nature we might expect 'animal personality' to be present in diverse taxa, including animals with relatively simple nervous systems. We investigated in situ startle responses in a sea anemone, Actinia equina, to determine whether personalities might be present in this example of an animal with a simple nervous system. We found very high levels of repeatability among individuals that were re-identified in the same locations over a three week sampling period. In a subset of the data, where we used tide-pool temperature measurements to control for a key element of variation in microhabitat, these high levels of repeatability remained. Although a range of other consistent differences in micro-habitat features could have contributed to consistent differences between the behaviour of individuals, these data suggest the presence of animal personality in A. equina. Rather than being restricted to certain groups, personality may be a general feature of animals and may be particularly pronounced in species with simple nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Briffa
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
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138
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Cote J, Fogarty S, Brodin T, Weinersmith K, Sih A. Personality-dependent dispersal in the invasive mosquitofish: group composition matters. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 278:1670-8. [PMID: 21068033 PMCID: PMC3081767 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding/predicting ecological invasions is an important challenge in modern ecology because of their immense economical and ecological costs. Recent studies have revealed that within-species variation in behaviour (i.e. animal personality) can shed light on the invasion process. The general hypothesis is that individuals' personality type may affect their colonization success, suggesting that some individuals might be better invaders than others. We have recently shown that, in the invasive mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), social personality trait was an important indicator of dispersal distance, with more asocial individuals dispersing further. Here, we tested how mean personality within a population, in addition to individual personality type, affect dispersal and settlement decisions in the mosquitofish. We found that individual dispersal tendencies were influenced by the population's mean boldness and sociability score. For example, individuals from populations with more asocial individuals or with more bold individuals are more likely to disperse regardless of their own personality type. We suggest that identifying behavioural traits facilitating invasions, even at the group level, can thus have direct applications in pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Cote
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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139
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140
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Examination of boldness traits in sexual and asexual mollies (Poecilia latipinna, P. formosa). Acta Ethol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-011-0097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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141
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Killen SS, Marras S, McKenzie DJ. Fuel, fasting, fear: routine metabolic rate and food deprivation exert synergistic effects on risk-taking in individual juvenile European sea bass. J Anim Ecol 2011; 80:1024-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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142
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Conrad JL, Weinersmith KL, Brodin T, Saltz JB, Sih A. Behavioural syndromes in fishes: a review with implications for ecology and fisheries management. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 78:395-435. [PMID: 21284626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the contribution of research on fishes to the growing field of behavioural syndromes. Current knowledge of behavioural syndromes in fishes is reviewed with respect to five main axes of animal personality: (1) shyness-boldness, (2) exploration-avoidance, (3) activity, (4) aggressiveness and (5) sociability. Compared with other taxa, research on fishes has played a leading role in describing the shy-bold personality axis and has made innovative contributions to the study of the sociability dimension by incorporating social network theory. Fishes are virtually the only major taxon in which behavioural correlations have been compared between populations. This research has guided the field in examining how variation in selection regime may shape personality. Recent research on fishes has also made important strides in understanding genetic and neuroendocrine bases for behavioural syndromes using approaches involving artificial selection, genetic mapping, candidate gene and functional genomics. This work has illustrated consistent individual variation in highly complex neuroendocrine and gene expression pathways. In contrast, relatively little work on fishes has examined the ontogenetic stability of behavioural syndromes or their fitness consequences. Finally, adopting a behavioural syndrome framework in fisheries management issues including artificial propagation, habitat restoration and invasive species, may promote restoration success. Few studies, however, have examined the ecological relevance of behavioural syndromes in the field. Knowledge of how behavioural syndromes play out in the wild will be crucial to incorporating such a framework into management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Conrad
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A.
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143
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Archard GA, Braithwaite VA. Increased exposure to predators increases both exploration and activity level in Brachyrhaphis episcopi. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 78:593-601. [PMID: 21284637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Two temperament traits, tendency to explore and activity level, were measured in a tropical poeciliid fish, the Panamanian bishop Brachyrhaphis episcopi. Open-field arena tests were used to quantify how predation pressure shapes activity levels and exploratory behaviours. Fish behaviour differed between high and low-predation populations. Fish that experienced higher levels of predation were both more explorative and more active. There were also some individual differences within populations; fish varied in their levels of exploration and activity in a novel open arena, but these differences were not related to sex or size. Together with previous studies on this species, these results indicate that there is a behavioural syndrome associated with predation pressure. Fish from high-predation populations are bolder, more explorative and more active than those from low-predation populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Archard
- School of Forest Resources and Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A.
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144
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Bergvall UA, Schäpers A, Kjellander P, Weiss A. Personality and foraging decisions in fallow deer, Dama dama. Anim Behav 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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145
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Wilson CD, Arnott G, Reid N, Roberts D. The pitfall with PIT tags: marking freshwater bivalves for translocation induces short-term behavioural costs. Anim Behav 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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146
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Archard GA, Braithwaite VA. Variation in aggressive behaviour in the poeciliid fish Brachyrhaphis episcopi: Population and sex differences. Behav Processes 2011; 86:52-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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147
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Witsenburg F, Schürch R, Otti O, Heg D. Behavioural types and ecological effects in a natural population of the cooperative cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher. Anim Behav 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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148
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Behavioural syndromes in Steller’s jays: the role of time frames in the assessment of behavioural traits. Anim Behav 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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149
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Huntingford FA, Andrew G, Mackenzie S, Morera D, Coyle SM, Pilarczyk M, Kadri S. Coping strategies in a strongly schooling fish, the common carp Cyprinus carpio. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2010; 76:1576-1591. [PMID: 20557617 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Individual common carp Cyprinus carpio were screened repeatedly for risk taking (rate of exploration of a novel, potentially dangerous environment) and for competitive ability (success in gaining access to a spatially restricted food source). Marked differences in behaviour were evident, and significant consistency in individual responses across trials was found for both risk taking and competitive ability. In addition, there was a significant positive relationship between individual performance in these two contexts, with fish that explored more quickly in the novel environment tending to be among the first to gain access to restricted food. In two follow-up studies, resting metabolic rate, blood lactate and glucose and the expression of the cortisol receptor gene in the head kidney and brain were compared in fish from the two extremes of the risk-taking spectrum. Mass-specific metabolic rate was significantly higher in risk-taking than in risk-avoiding fish, while plasma lactate and glucose concentrations and expression of the cortisol receptor gene were lower. It was concluded that a behavioural syndrome based on boldness and aggression exists in C. carpio, as it does in many other animals, and that this is associated with differences in metabolic and stress physiology (down to the genomic level) similar to those described in animals with different coping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Huntingford
- Fish Biology Group, Division of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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150
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Harris S, Ramnarine IW, Smith HG, Pettersson LB. Picking personalities apart: estimating the influence of predation, sex and body size on boldness in the guppy Poecilia reticulata. OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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