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Altamimi TR, Gao S, Karwi QG, Fukushima A, Rawat S, Wagg CS, Zhang L, Lopaschuk GD. Adropin regulates cardiac energy metabolism and improves cardiac function and efficiency. Metabolism 2019; 98:37-48. [PMID: 31202835 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired cardiac insulin signalling and high cardiac fatty acid oxidation rates are characteristics of conditions of insulin resistance and diabetic cardiomyopathies. The potential role of liver-derived peptides such as adropin in mediating these changes in cardiac energy metabolism is unclear, despite the fact that in skeletal muscle adropin can preferentially promote glucose metabolism and improve insulin sensitivity. OBJECTIVES To determine the influence of adropin on cardiac energy metabolism, insulin signalling and cardiac efficiency. METHODS C57Bl/6 mice were injected with either vehicle or a secretable form of adropin (450 nmol/kg, i.p.) three times over a 24-h period. The mice were fasted to accentuate the differences between animals in adropin plasma levels before their hearts were isolated and perfused using a working heart system. In addition, direct addition of adropin to the perfusate of ex vivo hearts isolated from non-fasting mice was utilized to investigate the acute effects of the peptide on heart metabolism and ex vivo function. RESULTS In contrast to the observed fasting-induced predominance of fatty acid oxidation as a source of ATP production in control hearts, insulin inhibition of fatty acid oxidation was preserved by adropin treatment. Adropin-treated mouse hearts also showed a higher cardiac work, which was accompanied by improved cardiac efficiency and enhanced insulin signalling compared to control hearts. Interestingly, acute adropin administration to isolated working hearts also resulted in an inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, accompanied by a robust stimulation of glucose oxidation compared to vehicle-treated hearts. Adropin also increased activation of downstream cardiac insulin signalling. Moreover, both in vivo and ex vivo treatment protocols induced a reduction in the inhibitory phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), the major enzyme of glucose oxidation, and the protein levels of the responsible kinase PDH kinase 4 and the insulin-signalling inhibitory phosphorylation of JNK (p-T183/Y185) and IRS-1 (p-S307), suggesting acute receptor- and/or post-translational modification-mediated mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that adropin has important effects on energy metabolism in the heart and may be a putative candidate for the treatment of cardiac disease associated with impaired insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq R Altamimi
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, 423 Heritage Medical Research Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Su Gao
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, 423 Heritage Medical Research Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Qutuba G Karwi
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, 423 Heritage Medical Research Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq
| | - Arata Fukushima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Sonia Rawat
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, 423 Heritage Medical Research Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Cory S Wagg
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, 423 Heritage Medical Research Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Liyan Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, 423 Heritage Medical Research Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Gary D Lopaschuk
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, 423 Heritage Medical Research Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada.
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102
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Rech M, Barandiarán Aizpurua A, van Empel V, van Bilsen M, Schroen B. Pathophysiological understanding of HFpEF: microRNAs as part of the puzzle. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:782-793. [PMID: 29462282 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Half of all heart failure patients have preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Comorbidities associated with and contributing to HFpEF include obesity, diabetes and hypertension. Still, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of HFpEF are unknown. A preliminary consensus proposes that the multi-morbidity triggers a state of systemic, chronic low-grade inflammation, and microvascular dysfunction, causing reduced nitric oxide bioavailability to adjacent cardiomyocytes. As a result, the cardiomyocyte remodels its contractile elements and fails to relax properly, causing diastolic dysfunction, and eventually HFpEF. HFpEF is a complex syndrome for which currently no efficient therapies exist. This is notably due to the current one-size-fits-all therapy approach that ignores individual patient differences. MicroRNAs have been studied in relation to pathophysiological mechanisms and comorbidities underlying and contributing to HFpEF. As regulators of gene expression, microRNAs may contribute to the pathophysiology of HFpEF. In addition, secreted circulating microRNAs are potential biomarkers and as such, they could help stratify the HFpEF population and open new ways for individualized therapies. In this review, we provide an overview of the ever-expanding world of non-coding RNAs and their contribution to the molecular mechanisms underlying HFpEF. We propose prospects for microRNAs in stratifying the HFpEF population. MicroRNAs add a new level of complexity to the regulatory network controlling cardiac function and hence the understanding of gene regulation becomes a fundamental piece in solving the HFpEF puzzle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rech
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Arantxa Barandiarán Aizpurua
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa van Empel
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc van Bilsen
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.,CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Blanche Schroen
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Antioxidant and Cardioprotective Effects of EPA on Early Low-Severity Sepsis through UCP3 and SIRT3 Upholding of the Mitochondrial Redox Potential. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9710352. [PMID: 31534623 PMCID: PMC6732625 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9710352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis still causes death, often through cardiac failure and mitochondrial dysfunction. Dietary ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are known to protect against cardiac dysfunction and sepsis lethality. This study set out to determine whether early low-severity sepsis alters the cardiac mitochondrial function in animals fed a Western-type diet and whether dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) administration protects the myocardium against the deleterious effects of sepsis and if so to seek possible mechanisms for its effects. Rats were divided into two groups fed either an ω3 PUFA-deficient diet (“Western diet,” DEF group) or an EPA-enriched diet (EPA group) for 5 weeks. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups: sham-operated rats and rats subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). In vivo cardiac mechanical function was examined, and mitochondria were harvested to determine their functional activity. Oxidative stress was evaluated together with several factors involved in the regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolism. Sepsis had little effect on cardiac mechanical function but strongly depressed mitochondrial function in the DEF group. Conversely, dietary EPA greatly protected the mitochondria through a decreased oxidative stress of the mitochondrial matrix. The latter was probably due to an increased uncoupling protein-3 expression, already seen in the sham-operated animals. CLP rats in the EPA group also displayed increased mitochondrial sirtuin-3 protein expression that could reinforce the upholding of oxidative phosphorylation. Dietary EPA preconditioned the heart against septic damage through several modifications that protect mitochondrial integrity. This preconditioning can explain the cardioprotective effect of dietary EPA during sepsis.
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104
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Belli R, Bonato A, De Angelis L, Mirabilii S, Ricciardi MR, Tafuri A, Molfino A, Gorini S, Leigheb M, Costelli P, Caruso M, Muscaritoli M, Ferraro E. Metabolic Reprogramming Promotes Myogenesis During Aging. Front Physiol 2019; 10:897. [PMID: 31354530 PMCID: PMC6636331 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is the age-related progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength finally leading to poor physical performance. Impaired myogenesis contributes to the pathogenesis of sarcopenia, while mitochondrial dysfunctions are thought to play a primary role in skeletal muscle loss during aging. Here we studied the link between myogenesis and metabolism. In particular, we analyzed the effect of the metabolic modulator trimetazidine (TMZ) on myogenesis in aging. We show that reprogramming the metabolism by TMZ treatment for 12 consecutive days stimulates myogenic gene expression in skeletal muscle of 22-month-old mice. Our data also reveal that TMZ increases the levels of mitochondrial proteins and stimulates the oxidative metabolism in aged muscles, this finding being in line with our previous observations in cachectic mice. Moreover, we show that, besides TMZ also other types of metabolic modulators (i.e., 5-Aminoimidazole-4-Carboxamide Ribofuranoside-AICAR) can stimulate differentiation of skeletal muscle progenitors in vitro. Overall, our results reveal that reprogramming the metabolism stimulates myogenesis while triggering mitochondrial proteins synthesis in vivo during aging. Together with the previously reported ability of TMZ to increase muscle strength in aged mice, these new data suggest an interesting non-invasive therapeutic strategy which could contribute to improving muscle quality and neuromuscular communication in the elderly, and counteracting sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Belli
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine (Formerly Department of Clinical Medicine), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Bonato
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Simone Mirabilii
- Hematology, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ricciardi
- Hematology, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Agostino Tafuri
- Hematology, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Molfino
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine (Formerly Department of Clinical Medicine), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Gorini
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Hospital "Maggiore della Carità", Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Leigheb
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Hospital "Maggiore della Carità", Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Paola Costelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maurizia Caruso
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Muscaritoli
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine (Formerly Department of Clinical Medicine), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ferraro
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Hospital "Maggiore della Carità", Università del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Méndez A, Merlano S, Murgueitio R, Mendoza F, Rodríguez E. Evaluación de viabilidad miocárdica por Medicina nuclear. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE CARDIOLOGÍA 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rccar.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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106
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Koop A, Hagdorn Q, Bossers G, van Leusden T, Gerding A, van Weeghel M, Vaz F, Koonen D, Silljé H, Berger R, Bartelds B. Right ventricular pressure overload alters cardiac lipid composition. Int J Cardiol 2019; 287:96-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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107
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Fatima T, Hashmi S, Iqbal A, Siddiqui AJ, Sami SA, Basir N, Bokhari SS, Sharif H, Musharraf SG. Untargeted metabolomic analysis of coronary artery disease patients with diastolic dysfunction show disturbed oxidative pathway. Metabolomics 2019; 15:98. [PMID: 31236740 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) is common in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) with prevalence estimates of 34% and constitutes a predictor of all-cause mortality. Although diastolic dysfunction is induced by myocardial ischemia and has been shown to alter the clinical course, the role of coronary artery disease in the diastolic dysfunction and its progression into heart failure has not been completely elucidated. OBJECTIVE The present study was conducted to identify possible metabolites in coronary artery disease patients that are differentially regulated in patients with diastolic dysfunction. METHODS The serum of CAD (n = 75) patients and young healthy volunteers (n = 43) were analysed by using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Pre-processing of data results in 1547 features; among them 1064 features were annotated using NIST library. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Fifteen metabolites were found to be statistically different between cases and control. Variation in metabolites were identified and correlated with several clinically important echocardiography parameters i.e. LVDD grades, ejection fraction (EF) and E/e' values. The results suggested that metabolic products of fatty acid oxidation and glucose oxidation pathways such as oleic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, galactose, pyruvic and lactic acids are predominantly up regulated in patients with coronary artery disease and severity of diastolic dysfunction appears to be linked to increase in fatty acid oxidation and inflammation. The metabolic fingerprints of these patients give us an insight into the pathophysiological mechanism of diastolic dysfunction in coronary artery disease patients although it did not identify validated novel markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamkeen Fatima
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Satwat Hashmi
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Iqbal
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Amna Jabbar Siddiqui
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shahid A Sami
- Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Najeeb Basir
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Hasanat Sharif
- Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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108
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Affiliation(s)
- Diem H Tran
- 1 Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX
| | - Zhao V Wang
- 1 Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX
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Okawa Y, Hoshino A, Ariyoshi M, Kaimoto S, Tateishi S, Ono K, Uchihashi M, Iwai-Kanai E, Matoba S. Ablation of cardiac TIGAR preserves myocardial energetics and cardiac function in the pressure overload heart failure model. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H1366-H1377. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00395.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the advances in medical therapy, the morbidity and mortality of heart failure (HF) remain unacceptably high. HF results from reduced metabolism–contraction coupling efficiency, so the modulation of cardiac metabolism may be an effective strategy for therapeutic interventions. Tumor suppressor p53 (TP53) and its downstream target TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) are known to modulate cardiac metabolism and cell fate. To investigate TIGAR’s function in HF, we compared myocardial, metabolic, and functional outcomes between TIGAR knockout (TIGAR−/−) mice and wild-type (TIGAR+/+) mice subjected to chronic thoracic transverse aortic constriction (TAC), a pressure-overload HF model. In wild-type mice hearts, p53 and TIGAR increased markedly during HF development. Eight weeks after TAC surgery, the left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, fibrosis, oxidative damage, and myocyte apoptosis were significantly advanced in wild-type than in TIGAR−/− mouse heart. Further, myocardial high-energy phosphates in wild-type hearts were significantly decreased compared with those of TIGAR−/− mouse heart. Glucose oxidation and glycolysis rates were also reduced in isolated perfused wild-type hearts following TAC than those in TIGAR−/− hearts, which suggest that the upregulation of TIGAR in HF causes impaired myocardial energetics and function. The effects of TIGAR knockout on LV function were also replicated in tamoxifen (TAM)-inducible cardiac-specific TIGAR knockout mice ( TIGARflox/flox/Tg(Myh6-cre/Esr1) mice). The ablation of TIGAR during pressure-overload HF preserves myocardial function and energetics. Thus, cardiac TIGAR-targeted therapy to increase glucose metabolism will be a novel strategy for HF. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study is the first to demonstrate that TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) is upregulated in the myocardium during experimental heart failure (HF) in mice and that TIGAR knockout can preserve the heart function and myocardial energetics during HF. Reducing TIGAR to enhance myocardial glycolytic energy production is a promising therapeutic strategy for HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Okawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hoshino
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Ariyoshi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kaimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuhei Tateishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ono
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motoki Uchihashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eri Iwai-Kanai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto, Japan
- Faculty of Health Care, Tenri Health Care University, Nara, Japan
| | - Satoaki Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto, Japan
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Ellenberger C, Sologashvili T, Kreienbühl L, Cikirikcioglu M, Diaper J, Licker M. Myocardial Protection by Glucose-Insulin-Potassium in Moderate- to High-Risk Patients Undergoing Elective On-Pump Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesth Analg 2019; 126:1133-1141. [PMID: 29324494 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000002777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low cardiac output syndrome is a main cause of death after cardiac surgery. We sought to assess the impact of glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) to enhance myocardial protection in moderate- to high-risk patients undergoing on-pump heart surgery. METHODS A randomized controlled trial was performed in adult patients (Bernstein-Parsonnet score >7) scheduled for elective aortic valve replacement and/or coronary artery bypass surgery. Patients were randomized to GIK (20 IU of insulin, 10 mEq of potassium chloride in 50 mL of glucose 40%) or saline infusion given over 60 minutes on anesthetic induction. The primary end point was postcardiotomy ventricular dysfunction (PCVD), defined as new/worsening left ventricular dysfunction requiring inotropic support (≥120 minutes). Secondary end points were the intraoperative changes in left ventricular function as assessed by transoesophageal echocardiography, postoperative troponin levels, cardiovascular and respiratory complications, and intensive care unit and hospital length of stay. RESULTS From 224 randomized patients, 222 were analyzed (112 and 110 in the placebo and GIK groups, respectively). GIK pretreatment was associated with a reduced occurrence of PCVD (risk ratio [RR], 0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.25-0.66). In GIK-treated patients, the left systolic ventricular function was better preserved after weaning from bypass, plasma troponin levels were lower on the first postoperative day (2.9 ng·mL(-) [interquartile range {IQR}, 1.5-6.6] vs 4.3 ng·mL(-) [IQR, 2.4-8.2]), and cardiovascular (RR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.50-0.89) and respiratory complications (RR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.38-0.74) were reduced, along with a shorter length of stay in intensive care unit (3 days [IQR, 2-4] vs 3.5 days [IQR, 2-7]) and in hospital (14 days [IQR, 11-18.5] vs 16 days [IQR, 12.5-23.5]), compared with placebo-treated patients. CONCLUSIONS GIK pretreatment was shown to attenuate PCVD and to improve clinical outcome in moderate- to high-risk patients undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tornike Sologashvili
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Kreienbühl
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mustafa Cikirikcioglu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John Diaper
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care
| | - Marc Licker
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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111
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Ghosh GC, Ghosh RK, Bandyopadhyay D, Chatterjee K, Aneja A. Ranolazine: Multifaceted Role beyond Coronary Artery Disease, a Recent Perspective. Heart Views 2019; 19:88-98. [PMID: 31007857 PMCID: PMC6448470 DOI: 10.4103/heartviews.heartviews_18_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ranolazine is a piperazine derivative approved as an antianginal. Primarily used as a second-line antianginal in stable coronary artery disease. Ranolazine blocks the late Na + current and prevents the rise of cytosolic calcium. It decreases myocardial wall tension and improves coronary blood flow. Ranolazine is effective in atrial fibrillation (AF) as an adjunct to electrical or pharmacological cardioversion. It can be used in combination with amiodarone or dronedarone. It has also been used in AF arising after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Role of ranolazine is also being evaluated in pulmonary arterial hypertension, diastolic dysfunction, and chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity. Ranolazine has some anti-glycemic effect and has shown a reduction of hemoglobin A1c in multiple trials. The antianginal effect of ranolazine has also been seen to be more in patients with diabetes compared to those without diabetes. Ranolazine is being evaluated in patients with the peripheral arterial disease with intermittent claudication and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Pilot studies have shown that ranolazine may be beneficial in neurological conditions with myotonia. The evidence-base on the use of ranolazine in various conditions is rapidly increasing with results of further trials eagerly awaited. Accumulating evidence may see ranolazine in routine clinical use for many conditions beyond its traditional role as an antianginal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Chandra Ghosh
- Department of Cardiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raktim Kumar Ghosh
- MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Krishnarpan Chatterjee
- Department of Cardiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Aneja
- MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
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De Santa F, Vitiello L, Torcinaro A, Ferraro E. The Role of Metabolic Remodeling in Macrophage Polarization and Its Effect on Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1553-1598. [PMID: 30070144 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Macrophages are crucial for tissue homeostasis. Based on their activation, they might display classical/M1 or alternative/M2 phenotypes. M1 macrophages produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO). M2 macrophages upregulate arginase-1 and reduce NO and ROS levels; they also release anti-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and polyamines, thus promoting angiogenesis and tissue healing. Moreover, M1 and M2 display key metabolic differences; M1 polarization is characterized by an enhancement in glycolysis and in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) along with a decreased oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), whereas M2 are characterized by an efficient OxPhos and reduced PPP. Recent Advances: The glutamine-related metabolism has been discovered as crucial for M2 polarization. Vice versa, flux discontinuities in the Krebs cycle are considered additional M1 features; they lead to increased levels of immunoresponsive gene 1 and itaconic acid, to isocitrate dehydrogenase 1-downregulation and to succinate, citrate, and isocitrate over-expression. Critical Issues: A macrophage classification problem, particularly in vivo, originating from a gap in the knowledge of the several intermediate polarization statuses between the M1 and M2 extremes, characterizes this field. Moreover, the detailed features of metabolic reprogramming crucial for macrophage polarization are largely unknown; in particular, the role of β-oxidation is highly controversial. Future Directions: Manipulating the metabolism to redirect macrophage polarization might be useful in various pathologies, including an efficient skeletal muscle regeneration. Unraveling the complexity pertaining to metabolic signatures that are specific for the different macrophage subsets is crucial for identifying new compounds that are able to trigger macrophage polarization and that might be used for therapeutical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Santa
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Vitiello
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Cachexia and Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Torcinaro
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ferraro
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Cachexia and Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
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Zhang J, Niu J, Tian B, Zhao M. microRNA-193b protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse by targeting mastermind-like 1. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:14088-14094. [PMID: 30993760 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to explore the functions and roles of microRNA-193b (miR-193b) in the myocardium with ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and a potential therapeutic method for myocardial I/R injury. The mice were subjected to myocardial I/R with or without miR-193b pretreatment. The infarct size and myocardial enzymes were detected. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay was conducted to investigate the effect of miR-193b on cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The expression levels of miR-193b and mastermind-like 1 (MAML1) were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. The results suggested that the miR-193b expression level was significantly downregulated in the myocardium with I/R injury compared with control group. miR-193b overexpression is able to reduce infarct size and myocardial enzymes after myocardial I/R injury. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-193b could alleviate the apoptosis level after myocardial I/R injury. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that upregulated miRNA-193b alleviated myocardial I/R injury via targeting MAML1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhu Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Jingjing Niu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Baoqing Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
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Cardiopulmonary resuscitation ameliorates myocardial mitochondrial dysfunction in a cardiac arrest rat model. Am J Emerg Med 2019; 38:65-72. [PMID: 31027936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies implicate that the mitochondrial injury may play an important role in the development of post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction, however few of them are available regarding the ultrastructural alterations of myocardial mitochondria, mitochondrial energy producing and utilization ability in the stage of arrest time (no-low) and resuscitation time (low-flow). This study aimed to observe the dynamic changes of myocardial mitochondrial function and metabolic disorders during cardiac arrest (CA) and following cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). METHODS A total of 30 healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three groups: 1) VF/CPR: Ventricular fibrillation (VF) was electrically induced, and 5 min of CPR was performed after 10 min of untreated VF; 2) Untreated VF: VF was induced and untreated for 15 min; and 3) Sham: Rats were identically prepared without VF/CPR. Amplitude spectrum area (AMSA) at VF 5, 10 and 15 min were calculated from ECG signals. The rats' hearts were quickly removed at the predetermined time of 15 min after beginning the procedure to gather measurements of myocardial mitochondrial function, high-energy phosphate stores, lactate, mitochondrial ultrastructure, and myocardial glycogen. RESULTS The mitochondrial respiratory control ratios significantly decreased after CA compared to sham group. CPR significantly increased respiratory control ratios compared with untreated VF animals. A significant decrease of myocardial glycogen was observed after CA, and a more rapid depletion of myocardial glycogen was observed in CPR animals. CPR significantly reduced the tissue lactate. The mitochondrial ultrastructure abnormalities in CPR animals were less severe than untreated VF animals. AMSA decayed during untreated VF; however, it was significantly greater in CPR group than the untreated VF group. In addition, AMSA was clearly positively correlated with ATP, but negatively correlated with myocardial glycogen. CONCLUSION Impairment of myocardial mitochondrial function and the incapability of utilizing glycogen were observed after CA. Furthermore, optimal CPR might, in part, preserved mitochondrial function and enhanced utilization of myocardial glycogen.
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Sousa Fialho MDL, Abd Jamil AH, Stannard GA, Heather LC. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 signalling, metabolism and its therapeutic potential in cardiovascular disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:831-843. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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116
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Shoop S, Maria Z, Campolo A, Rashdan N, Martin D, Lovern P, Lacombe VA. Glial Growth Factor 2 Regulates Glucose Transport in Healthy Cardiac Myocytes and During Myocardial Infarction via an Akt-Dependent Pathway. Front Physiol 2019; 10:189. [PMID: 30971932 PMCID: PMC6445869 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuregulin (NRG), a paracrine factor in myocytes, promotes cardiac development via the ErbB receptors. NRG-1β also improves cardiac function and cell survival after myocardial infarction (MI), although the mechanisms underlying these cardioprotective effects are not well elucidated. Increased glucose uptake has been shown to be cardio-protective during MI. We hypothesized that treatment with a recombinant version of NRG-1β, glial growth factor 2 (GGF2), will enhance glucose transport in the healthy myocardium and during MI. Cardiac myocytes were isolated from MI and healthy adult rats, and subsequently incubated with or without insulin or GGF2. Glucose uptake was measured using a fluorescent D-glucose analog. The translocation of glucose transporter (GLUT) 4 to the cell surface, the rate-limiting step in glucose uptake, was measured using a photolabeled biotinylation assay in isolated myocytes. Similar to insulin, acute in vitro GGF2 treatment increased glucose uptake in healthy cardiac myocytes (by 40 and 49%, respectively, P = 0.002). GGF2 treatment also increased GLUT4 translocation in healthy myocytes by 184% (P < 0.01), while ErbB 2/4 receptor blockade (by afatinib) abolished these effects. In addition, GGF2 treatment enhanced Akt phosphorylation (at both threonine and serine sites, by 75 and 139%, respectively, P = 0.029 and P = 0.01), which was blunted by ErbB 2/4 receptor blockade. GGF2 treatment increased the phosphorylation of AS160 (an Akt effector) by 72% (P < 0.05), as well as the phosphorylation of PDK-1 and PKC (by 118 and 92%, respectively, P < 0.05). During MI, cardiac GLUT4 translocation was downregulated by 44% (P = 0.004) and was partially rescued by both in vitro insulin and GGF2 treatment. Our data demonstrate that acute GGF2 treatment increased glucose transport in cardiac myocytes by activating the ErbB 2/4 receptors and subsequent key downstream effectors (i.e., PDK-1, Akt, AS160, and PKC). These findings highlight novel mechanisms of action of GGF2, which warrant further investigation in patients with heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanell Shoop
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Zahra Maria
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States.,Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Allison Campolo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States.,Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Nabil Rashdan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Dominic Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Pamela Lovern
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Véronique A Lacombe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States.,Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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Oxygen as a key regulator of cardiomyocyte proliferation: New results about cell culture conditions! BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118460. [PMID: 30885672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the new therapeutically strategies aimed to treat cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is to enhance the natural ability of the heart to regenerate. This represents a great challenge for the coming years as all the mechanisms underlying the replacement of dying cells by functional cells of the same type are not completely elucidated. Among these, stimulating cardiomyocyte proliferation seems to be crucial for the restoration of normal cardiac function after CVDs. In this review, we summarized the recent advances about the modulation of cardiomyocyte proliferation in physiological (during ageing) and pathological conditions. We highlighted the role of oxygen and we presented new results demonstrating that performing neonatal cardiomyocyte cell cultures in "normoxic" oxygen conditions (i.e. 3% oxygen) increases their proliferation rate, when compared to "hyperoxic" conventional conditions (i.e. 20% oxygen). Thus, oxygen concentration seems to be a key factor in the control of cardiomyocyte proliferation.
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118
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Boutagy NE, Feher A, Alkhalil I, Umoh N, Sinusas AJ. Molecular Imaging of the Heart. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:477-533. [PMID: 30873600 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multimodality cardiovascular imaging is routinely used to assess cardiac function, structure, and physiological parameters to facilitate the diagnosis, characterization, and phenotyping of numerous cardiovascular diseases (CVD), as well as allows for risk stratification and guidance in medical therapy decision-making. Although useful, these imaging strategies are unable to assess the underlying cellular and molecular processes that modulate pathophysiological changes. Over the last decade, there have been great advancements in imaging instrumentation and technology that have been paralleled by breakthroughs in probe development and image analysis. These advancements have been merged with discoveries in cellular/molecular cardiovascular biology to burgeon the field of cardiovascular molecular imaging. Cardiovascular molecular imaging aims to noninvasively detect and characterize underlying disease processes to facilitate early diagnosis, improve prognostication, and guide targeted therapy across the continuum of CVD. The most-widely used approaches for preclinical and clinical molecular imaging include radiotracers that allow for high-sensitivity in vivo detection and quantification of molecular processes with single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography. This review will describe multimodality molecular imaging instrumentation along with established and novel molecular imaging targets and probes. We will highlight how molecular imaging has provided valuable insights in determining the underlying fundamental biology of a wide variety of CVDs, including: myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, and nonischemic and ischemic heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction. In addition, the potential of molecular imaging to assist in the characterization and risk stratification of systemic diseases, such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis will be discussed. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:477-533, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil E Boutagy
- Department of Medicine, Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Attila Feher
- Department of Medicine, Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Imran Alkhalil
- Department of Medicine, Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nsini Umoh
- Department of Medicine, Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Albert J Sinusas
- Department of Medicine, Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Lock MC, Darby JRT, Soo JY, Brooks DA, Perumal SR, Selvanayagam JB, Seed M, Macgowan CK, Porrello ER, Tellam RL, Morrison JL. Differential Response to Injury in Fetal and Adolescent Sheep Hearts in the Immediate Post-myocardial Infarction Period. Front Physiol 2019; 10:208. [PMID: 30890961 PMCID: PMC6412108 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Characterizing the response to myocardial infarction (MI) in the regenerative sheep fetus heart compared to the post-natal non-regenerative adolescent heart may reveal key morphological and molecular differences that equate to the response to MI in humans. We hypothesized that the immediate response to injury in (a) infarct compared with sham, and (b) infarct, border, and remote tissue, in the fetal sheep heart would be fundamentally different to the adolescent, allowing for repair after damage. Methods: We used a sheep model of MI induced by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery. Surgery was performed on fetuses (105 days) and adolescent sheep (6 months). Sheep were randomly separated into MI (n = 5) or Sham (n = 5) surgery groups at both ages. We used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), histological/immunohistochemical staining, and qRT-PCR to assess the morphological and molecular differences between the different age groups in response to infarction. Results: Magnetic resonance imaging showed no difference in fetuses for key functional parameters; however there was a significant decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction and cardiac output in the adolescent sheep heart at 3 days post-infarction. There was no significant difference in functional parameters between MRI sessions at Day 0 and Day 3 after surgery. Expression of genes involved in glucose transport and fatty acid metabolism, inflammatory cytokines as well as growth factors and cell cycle regulators remained largely unchanged in the infarcted compared to sham ventricular tissue in the fetus, but were significantly dysregulated in the adolescent sheep. Different cardiac tissue region-specific gene expression profiles were observed between the fetal and adolescent sheep. Conclusion: Fetuses demonstrated a resistance to cardiac damage not observed in the adolescent animals. The manipulation of specific gene expression profiles to a fetal-like state may provide a therapeutic strategy to treat patients following an infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell C Lock
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jack R T Darby
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jia Yin Soo
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Doug A Brooks
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sunthara Rajan Perumal
- Preclinical, Imaging and Research Laboratories, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Joseph B Selvanayagam
- Cardiac Imaging Research Group, Department of Heart Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mike Seed
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Division of Cardiology, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Enzo R Porrello
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross L Tellam
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Janna L Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Han X, Li M, Zhao Z, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Guan S, Chu L. Mechanisms underlying the cardio-protection of total ginsenosides against myocardial ischemia in rats in vivo and in vitro: Possible involvement of L-type Ca 2+ channels, contractility and Ca 2+ homeostasis. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 139:240-248. [PMID: 30826245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we aimed to observe the effects of total ginsenosides (TG) against isoproterenol (ISO) induced myocardial ischemia (MI) and to explore its underlying mechanisms based on L-type Ca2+ current (ICa-L), intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and contraction in isolated rat myocytes. Rat model of MI was induced by subcutaneously injection of ISO (85 mg/kg) for 2 consecutive days. J-point elevation, heart rate, serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) and lactated dehydrogenase (LDH), and heart morphology changes were observed. Influences of TG on ICa-L, [Ca2+]i and contraction in isolated rat myocytes were observed by the patch-clamp technique and IonOptix detection system. TG significantly reduced J-point elevation, heart rate, serum levels of CK and LDH, and improved heart pathologic morphology. TG decreased ICa-L in concentration-dependent manner with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 31.65 μg/mL. TG (300 μg/mL) decreased ICa-L of normal and ischemic ventricular myocytes by 64.33 ± 1.28% and 61.29 ± 1.38% respectively. At 30 μg/mL, TG reduced Ca2+ transient by 21.67 ± 0.94% and cell shortening by 38.43 ± 6.49%. This study showed that TG displayed cardioprotective effects on ISO-induced MI rats and the underlying mechanisms may be related to inhibition of ICa-L, damping of [Ca2+]i and decrease of contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, Hebei, China
| | - Mengying Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, Hebei, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, Hebei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, Hebei, China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, Hebei, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, Hebei, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, Hebei, China
| | - Shengjiang Guan
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, Hebei, China
| | - Li Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, Hebei, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns, Shijiazhuang 050200, Hebei, China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Several novel therapeutics being tested in patients with heart failure are based on myocardial energetics. This review will provide a summary of the recent trials in this area, including therapeutic options targeting various aspects of cellular and mitochondrial metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS Agents that improve the energetic balance in myocardial cells have the potential to improve clinical heart failure status. The most promising therapies currently under investigation in this arena include (1) elamipretide, a cardiolipin stabilizer; (2) repletion of iron deficiency with intravenous ferrous carboxymaltose; (3) coenzyme Q10; and (4) the partial adenosine receptor antagonists capadenoson and neladenosone. Myocardial energetics-based therapeutics are groundbreaking in that they utilize novel mechanisms of action to improve heart failure symptoms, without causing the adverse neurohormonal side effects associated with current guideline-based therapies. The drugs appear likely to be added to the heart failure therapy armamentarium as adjuncts to current regimens in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal N Bhatt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Javed Butler
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA
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122
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Magga J, Vainio L, Kilpiö T, Hulmi JJ, Taponen S, Lin R, Räsänen M, Szabó Z, Gao E, Rahtu-Korpela L, Alakoski T, Ulvila J, Laitinen M, Pasternack A, Koch WJ, Alitalo K, Kivelä R, Ritvos O, Kerkelä R. Systemic Blockade of ACVR2B Ligands Protects Myocardium from Acute Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Mol Ther 2019; 27:600-610. [PMID: 30765322 PMCID: PMC6404100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activin A and myostatin, members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily of secreted factors, are potent negative regulators of muscle growth, but their contribution to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is not known. The aim of this study was to investigate if activin 2B (ACVR2B) receptor ligands contribute to myocardial IR injury. Mice were treated with soluble ACVR2B decoy receptor (ACVR2B-Fc) and subjected to myocardial ischemia followed by reperfusion for 6 or 24 h. Systemic blockade of ACVR2B ligands by ACVR2B-Fc was protective against cardiac IR injury, as evidenced by reduced infarcted area, apoptosis, and autophagy and better preserved LV systolic function following IR. ACVR2B-Fc modified cardiac metabolism, LV mitochondrial respiration, as well as cardiac phenotype toward physiological hypertrophy. Similar to its protective role in IR injury in vivo, ACVR2B-Fc antagonized SMAD2 signaling and cell death in cardiomyocytes that were subjected to hypoxic stress. ACVR2B ligand myostatin was found to exacerbate hypoxic stress. In addition to acute cardioprotection in ischemia, ACVR2B-Fc provided beneficial effects on cardiac function in prolonged cardiac stress in cardiotoxicity model. By blocking myostatin, ACVR2B-Fc potentially reduces cardiomyocyte death and modifies cardiomyocyte metabolism for hypoxic conditions to protect the heart from IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Magga
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Laura Vainio
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Teemu Kilpiö
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha J Hulmi
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saija Taponen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Ruizhu Lin
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus Räsänen
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zoltán Szabó
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Erhe Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Lea Rahtu-Korpela
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Tarja Alakoski
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna Ulvila
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Laitinen
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00029 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arja Pasternack
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Kivelä
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Ritvos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Kerkelä
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
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Fueling the heart: Shifting the myocardial metabolome by targeting endothelial autophagy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 157:194-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Tuter DS, Kopylov PY, Syrkin AL, Glazachev OS, Komarov RN, Katkov AI, Severova LP, Ivanova EV, Zhang Y, Saner H. Intermittent systemic hypoxic-hyperoxic training for myocardial protection in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: first results from a single-centre, randomised controlled trial. Open Heart 2018; 5:e000891. [PMID: 30487981 PMCID: PMC6241980 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2018-000891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIP) provides protection against myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion injury during cardiac surgery, it is not widely used. Systemic intermittent hypoxic–hyperoxic training (IHHT) may be a suitable alternative. Methods This is a prospective, single-centre, randomised controlled trial. 127 patients with ischaemic heart disease and indication for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery from the Cardiology Clinic IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University were randomly assigned to IHHT, IHHT-control or RIP. Primary endpoint was serum concentration of troponin I and lactate 2 and 24 hours after surgery. Results Median value for troponin I 24 hours after surgery was 1.068 (0.388–1.397) ng/mL in the IHHT group and was significantly lower compared with IHHT-controls with 1.980 (1.068–3.239) ng/mL (p=0.012) and to the RIP group with 1.762 (1.288–2.186) ng/mL (p=0.029), while there was no significant difference between RIP and the IHHT-control. Serum lactate after surgery was 1.74 (1.23–2.04) mmol/L in the IHHT group and was also significantly lower compared with IHHT-controls with 2.10 (1.80–2.29) mmol/L (p=0.045) and RIP with 2.12 (1.91–2.33) mmol/L (p=0.032). No significant complications or serious adverse events were observed during IHHT. Intraoperative and early postoperative complications did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusions The results of this first trial using IHHT for myocardial protection against perioperative ischaemic myocardial injury in patients undergoing CABG surgery are promising and further larger trials should be done with adequate power to detect clinical rather than surrogate marker benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis S Tuter
- IE Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Abram L Syrkin
- IE Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg S Glazachev
- IE Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman N Komarov
- IE Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei I Katkov
- IE Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Hugo Saner
- IE Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,University Clinic for Cardiology, University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
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Dai Y, Wang Z, Quan M, Lv Y, Li Y, Xin HB, Qian Y. Asiatic acid protests against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via modulation of glycometabolism in rat cardiomyocyte. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:3573-3582. [PMID: 30498333 PMCID: PMC6207266 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s175116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Asiatic acid is a reported glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor derived from the tropical medicinal plant Centella asiatica and exhibits myocardial protection both in vivo and in vitro. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of asiatic acid on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury and investigate the underlying mechanisms associated with the modulation of glycometabolism in cardiomyocyte. Materials and methods The rats were subjected to MI/R with or without asiatic acid pretreatment. The cardiac function indexes, the size of myocardial infarction, and plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities were detected. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was analyzed by TUNEL assay. The Akt/GSK-3β activation was measured by Western blot. The glycogen content, plasma glucose and lactate concentrations were determined following MI/R. The mRNA and protein levels of PPARγ and GLUT4 were determined by real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. Results Asiatic acid pretreatment significantly improved the cardiac function indexes, attenuated the size of myocardial infarction, reduced LDH and CK activities, and suppressed cardiomyocyte apoptosis after MI/R. Asiatic acid activated Akt/GSK-3β signal pathway in the myocardium following MI/R injury. In addition, asiatic acid effectively suppressed MI/R-induced glycogen breakdown and inhibited the elevation of plasma glucose and lactate concentrations. Asiatic acid treatment increased PPARγ expression at both mRNA and protein levels, and promoted the translocation of GLUT4 to plasma membrane after MI/R insult. However, the effects mediated by asiatic acid on glycometabolism and GLUT4 translocation were reversed by the administration of LY294002, the Akt inhibitor. Conclusion These findings demonstrated that asiatic acid exerts beneficial effects on MI/R injury in rats. This protection may be related to the modulation of glycometabolism via Akt-dependent GLUT4 translocation and PPARγ activation in ischemic cardiomyocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Dai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China, ;
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China, ;
| | - Minxue Quan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China, ;
| | - Yanni Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330046, China
| | - Yunman Li
- Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hong-Bo Xin
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China, ;
| | - Yisong Qian
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China, ;
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126
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Gabriel-Costa D, Cunha TF, Paixão NA, Fortunato RS, Rego-Monteiro ICC, Barreto-Chaves MLM, Brum PC. Lactate-upregulation of lactate oxidation complex-related genes is blunted in left ventricle of myocardial infarcted rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 51:e7660. [PMID: 30304133 PMCID: PMC6172929 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20187660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lactate modulates the expression of lactate oxidation complex (LOC)-related genes and cardiac blood flow under physiological conditions, but its modulatory role remains to be elucidated regarding pathological cardiac stress. The present study evaluated the effect of lactate on LOC-related genes expression and hemodynamics of hearts submitted to myocardial infarction (MI). Four weeks after MI or sham operation, isolated hearts of male Wistar rats were perfused for 60 min with Na+-lactate (20 mM). As expected, MI reduced cardiac contractility and relaxation with no changes in perfusion. The impaired cardiac hemodynamics were associated with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels (Sham: 19.3±0.5 vs MI: 23.8±0.3 µM), NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity (Sham: 42.2±1.3 vs MI: 60.5±1.5 nmol·h−1·mg−1) and monocarboxylate transporter 1 (mct1) mRNA levels (Sham: 1.0±0.06 vs MI: 1.7±0.2 a.u.), but no changes in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, NADH oxidase (NADox), and xanthine oxidase activities. Lactate perfusion in MI hearts had no additional effect on ROS levels, NADox, and NOX activity, however, it partially reduced mct1 mRNA expression (MI-Lactate 1.3±0.08 a.u.). Interestingly, lactate significantly decreased SOD (MI-Lactate: 54.5±4.2 µmol·mg−1·min−1) and catalase (MI: 1.1±0.1 nmol·mg−1·min−1) activities in MI. Collectively, our data suggest that under pathological stress, lactate lacks its ability to modulate the expression of cardiac LOC-related genes and the perfused pressure in hearts submitted to chronic MI. Together, these data contribute to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of heart failure induced by MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gabriel-Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desempenho Humano Operacional, Universidade da Força Aérea, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Departamento de Biodinâmica do Movimento do Corpo Humano, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - T F Cunha
- Departamento de Biodinâmica do Movimento do Corpo Humano, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - N A Paixão
- Departamento de Biodinâmica do Movimento do Corpo Humano, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - R S Fortunato
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - I C C Rego-Monteiro
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - M L M Barreto-Chaves
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - P C Brum
- Departamento de Biodinâmica do Movimento do Corpo Humano, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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127
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Shimada-Takaura K, Takahashi K, Ito T, Schaffer S. Role for Taurine in Development of Oxidative Metabolism After Birth. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 975 Pt 2:1047-1057. [PMID: 28849521 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1079-2_83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The heart undergoes a major metabolic transition after birth, a change largely caused by alterations in substrate availability, hormone levels and transcription factor content. However, another factor that could contribute to the resulting upregulation of oxidative metabolism is the increase in taurine levels. We proposed that by increasing UUG decoding and the biosynthesis of mitochondria encoded proteins, elevations in taurine content enhance electron transport flux and increase oxidative metabolism. To test our hypothesis, the effect of reduced taurine content on oxidative metabolism of myocardial mitochondria and neonatal cardiomyocytes was examined. Taurine deficient neonatal mitochondria exhibited impaired oxidation of complex I specific- but not complex II specific-substrates, indicating that taurine deficiency regulates complex I activity. Taurine deficiency also reduced respiration of neonatal cardiomyocytes oxidizing carbohydrate (glucose, lactate and pyruvate). However, cardiomyocytes from 2-3 day-old hearts respiring either β-hydroxybutyrate, an important substrate in the neonatal heart, or palmitate, which is poorly metabolized during the early neonatal period, were resistant to the metabolic defects of taurine deficiency, These data support the hypothesis that taurine contributes to development of respiratory chain function after birth, which is required for oxidative metabolism of multiple substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Shimada-Takaura
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Museum of Osaka University, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kyoko Takahashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Museum of Osaka University, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Stephen Schaffer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA.
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128
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Bernardo BC, Ooi JYY, Weeks KL, Patterson NL, McMullen JR. Understanding Key Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Cardiac Protection to Mitigate Disease: Current Knowledge and Emerging Concepts. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:419-475. [PMID: 29351515 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00043.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefits of exercise on the heart are well recognized, and clinical studies have demonstrated that exercise is an intervention that can improve cardiac function in heart failure patients. This has led to significant research into understanding the key mechanisms responsible for exercise-induced cardiac protection. Here, we summarize molecular mechanisms that regulate exercise-induced cardiac myocyte growth and proliferation. We discuss in detail the effects of exercise on other cardiac cells, organelles, and systems that have received less or little attention and require further investigation. This includes cardiac excitation and contraction, mitochondrial adaptations, cellular stress responses to promote survival (heat shock response, ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy-lysosomal system, endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response, DNA damage response), extracellular matrix, inflammatory response, and organ-to-organ crosstalk. We summarize therapeutic strategies targeting known regulators of exercise-induced protection and the challenges translating findings from bench to bedside. We conclude that technological advancements that allow for in-depth profiling of the genome, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome, combined with animal and human studies, provide new opportunities for comprehensively defining the signaling and regulatory aspects of cell/organelle functions that underpin the protective properties of exercise. This is likely to lead to the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca C Bernardo
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne , Australia ; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia ; Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia ; Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia ; and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences , Victoria , Australia
| | - Jenny Y Y Ooi
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne , Australia ; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia ; Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia ; Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia ; and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences , Victoria , Australia
| | - Kate L Weeks
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne , Australia ; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia ; Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia ; Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia ; and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences , Victoria , Australia
| | - Natalie L Patterson
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne , Australia ; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia ; Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia ; Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia ; and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences , Victoria , Australia
| | - Julie R McMullen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne , Australia ; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia ; Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia ; Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia ; and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences , Victoria , Australia
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129
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Reddy SS, Agarwal H, Barthwal MK. Cilostazol ameliorates heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and diastolic dysfunction in obese and non-obese hypertensive mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 123:46-57. [PMID: 30138626 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cilostazol (Ciloz) a potent Type III phosphodiesterase inhibitor is effective against inflammation, insulin resistance and cardiomyopathy. However, the effect of Ciloz on obesity-associated left ventricular diastolic dysfunction has not been explored yet. Hence, we examined the effect of Ciloz on cardiac remodelling and dysfunction in non-obese and obese-insulin resistant mice infused with AngiotensinII (AngII). Male C57BL/6 J mice were initially subjected to 19 weeks of chow or high fat diet (HFD) regimen and thereafter animals were randomised for AngII (1500 ng/kg/min, s.c) infusion or saline and Ciloz (50 mg/kg, p.o) for another 1 week. Obese and non-obese mice infused with AngII exhibited significant diastolic dysfunction and features of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) since a decrease in fractional shortening and no change in ejection fraction were observed when compared with respective controls. Administration of AngII and Ciloz in HFD fed mice significantly improved the left ventricular function compared with AngII infused HFD mice as evinced from the echocardiographic data. Further, Ciloz treatment significantly reduced cardiomyocyte area, interstitial and perivascular fibrosis; and collagen deposition. Moreover, Ciloz reduced the inflammatory milieu in the heart as evinced by decreased F4/80+ and CD68+ cells; IL-1β and IL-6 gene transcripts. Quantitative assessment of the expression levels revealed substantial upregulation of MMP-9 (pro- and mature-forms) and α-SMA in the left ventricle of AngII infused HFD-fed mice, which was considerably suppressed by Ciloz regimen. The beneficial effect of Ciloz was associated with the normalization in gene expression of hypertrophic and fibrotic markers. Likewise, Ciloz administration markedly reduced the AngII and HFD induced TGF-β1/SMAD3 and Akt/mTOR signalling. Additionally, AngII administered and HFD-fed mice showed increased glycolytic flux, which was considerably diminished by Ciloz treatment as indicated from suppressed PKM2, HK-2, PDK-2, HIF-1α mRNA and GLUT-1 protein expression. Taken together, Ciloz might be therapeutically exploited against AngII and obesity-associated diastolic dysfunction thereby preventing overt heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukka Santosh Reddy
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Heena Agarwal
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Barthwal
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
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130
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A novel role of endothelial autophagy as a regulator of myocardial fatty acid oxidation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018; 157:185-193. [PMID: 30195591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to determine if endothelial autophagy affects myocardial energy metabolism. METHODS We used isolated working mouse hearts to compare cardiac function, energy metabolism, and ischemic response of hearts from endothelial cell-specific ATG7 knockout (EC-ATG7-/-) mice to hearts from their wild-type littermates. We also conducted gene analyses on human umbilical vein endothelial cells incubated with scrambled small interfering RNA or small interfering ATG7. RESULTS In the presence of insulin, working hearts from EC-ATG7-/- mice, relative to those from wild-type littermates, exhibited greater reductions in insulin-associated palmitate oxidation indicating a diminished reliance on fatty acids as a fuel source. Likewise, palmitate oxidation was markedly lower in the hearts of EC-ATG7-/- mice versus wild-type mice during reperfusion of ischemic hearts. Although hearts from EC-ATG7-/- mice revealed significantly lower triacylglycerol content compared with those from wild-type mice, ATG7-silenced human umbilical vein endothelial cells demonstrated appreciably lower fatty acid binding protein 4 and 5 expression relative to those treated with scrambled small interfering RNA. CONCLUSIONS Disruption of endothelial autophagy reduces cardiac fatty acid storage and dampens reliance on fatty acid oxidation as a cardiac fuel source. The autophagy network represents a novel target for designing new strategies aimed at resetting perturbed myocardial bioenergetics.
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131
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Renguet E, Bultot L, Beauloye C, Horman S, Bertrand L. The Regulation of Insulin-Stimulated Cardiac Glucose Transport via Protein Acetylation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:70. [PMID: 29946550 PMCID: PMC6005846 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular catabolism is the cell capacity to generate energy from various substrates to sustain its function. To optimize this energy production, cells are able to switch between various metabolic pathways in accordance to substrate availability via a modulation of several regulatory enzymes. This metabolic flexibility is essential for the healthy heart, an organ requiring large quantities of ATP to sustain its contractile function. In type 2 diabetes, excess of non-glucidic nutrients such as fatty acids, branched-chain amino-acids, or ketones bodies, induces cardiac metabolic inflexibility. It is characterized by a preferential use of these alternative substrates to the detriment of glucose, this participating in cardiomyocytes dysfunction and development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Identification of the molecular mechanisms leading to this metabolic inflexibility have been scrutinized during last decades. In 1963, Randle demonstrated that accumulation of some metabolites from fatty acid metabolism are able to allosterically inhibit regulatory steps of glucose metabolism leading to a preferential use of fatty acids by the heart. Nevertheless, this model does not fully recapitulate observations made in diabetic patients, calling for a more complex model. A new piece of the puzzle emerges from recent evidences gathered from different laboratories showing that metabolism of the non-glucidic substrates induces an increase in acetylation levels of proteins which is concomitant to the perturbation of glucose transport. The purpose of the present review is to gather, in a synthetic model, the different evidences that demonstrate the role of acetylation in the inhibition of the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in cardiac muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Renguet
- Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Bultot
- Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe Beauloye
- Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Division of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Horman
- Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Bertrand
- Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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132
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Abstract
Research has demonstrated that the high capacity requirements of the heart are satisfied by a preference for oxidation of fatty acids. However, it is well known that a stressed heart, as in pathological hypertrophy, deviates from its inherent profile and relies heavily on glucose metabolism, primarily achieved by an acceleration in glycolysis. Moreover, it has been suggested that the chronically lipid overloaded heart augments fatty acid oxidation and triglyceride synthesis to an even greater degree and, thus, develops a lipotoxic phenotype. In comparison, classic studies in exercise physiology have provided a basis for the acute metabolic changes that occur during physical activity. During an acute bout of exercise, whole body glucose metabolism increases proportionately to intensity while fatty acid metabolism gradually increases throughout the duration of activity, particularly during moderate intensity. However, the studies in chronic exercise training are primarily limited to metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle or to the mechanisms that govern physiological signaling pathways in the heart. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss the precise changes that chronic exercise training elicits on cardiac metabolism, particularly on substrate utilization. Although conflicting data exists, a pattern of enhanced fatty oxidation and normalization of glycolysis emerges, which may be a therapeutic strategy to prevent or regress the metabolic phenotype of the hypertrophied heart. This review also expands on the metabolic adaptations that chronic exercise training elicits in amino acid and ketone body metabolism, which have become of increased interest recently. Lastly, challenges with exercise training studies, which could relate to several variables including model, training modality, and metabolic parameter assessed, are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Kolwicz Jr.
- Heart and Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Health and Exercise Physiology Department, Ursinus College, Collegeville, PA, United States
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133
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Karwi QG, Uddin GM, Ho KL, Lopaschuk GD. Loss of Metabolic Flexibility in the Failing Heart. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:68. [PMID: 29928647 PMCID: PMC5997788 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To maintain its high energy demand the heart is equipped with a highly complex and efficient enzymatic machinery that orchestrates ATP production using multiple energy substrates, namely fatty acids, carbohydrates (glucose and lactate), ketones and amino acids. The contribution of these individual substrates to ATP production can dramatically change, depending on such variables as substrate availability, hormonal status and energy demand. This "metabolic flexibility" is a remarkable virtue of the heart, which allows utilization of different energy substrates at different rates to maintain contractile function. In heart failure, cardiac function is reduced, which is accompanied by discernible energy metabolism perturbations and impaired metabolic flexibility. While it is generally agreed that overall mitochondrial ATP production is impaired in the failing heart, there is less consensus as to what actual switches in energy substrate preference occur. The failing heart shift toward a greater reliance on glycolysis and ketone body oxidation as a source of energy, with a decrease in the contribution of glucose oxidation to mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. The heart also becomes insulin resistant. However, there is less consensus as to what happens to fatty acid oxidation in heart failure. While it is generally believed that fatty acid oxidation decreases, a number of clinical and experimental studies suggest that fatty acid oxidation is either not changed or is increased in heart failure. Of importance, is that any metabolic shift that does occur has the potential to aggravate cardiac dysfunction and the progression of the heart failure. An increasing body of evidence shows that increasing cardiac ATP production and/or modulating cardiac energy substrate preference positively correlates with heart function and can lead to better outcomes. This includes increasing glucose and ketone oxidation and decreasing fatty acid oxidation. In this review we present the physiology of the energy metabolism pathways in the heart and the changes that occur in these pathways in heart failure. We also look at the interventions which are aimed at manipulating the myocardial metabolic pathways toward more efficient substrate utilization which will eventually improve cardiac performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gary D. Lopaschuk
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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134
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Ellenberger C, Sologashvili T, Cikirikcioglu M, Verdon G, Diaper J, Cassina T, Licker M. Risk factors of postcardiotomy ventricular dysfunction in moderate-to-high risk patients undergoing open-heart surgery. Ann Card Anaesth 2018; 20:287-296. [PMID: 28701592 PMCID: PMC5535568 DOI: 10.4103/aca.aca_60_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Ventricular dysfunction requiring inotropic support frequently occurs after cardiac surgery, and the associated low cardiac output syndrome largely contributes to postoperative death. We aimed to study the incidence and potential risk factors of postcardiotomy ventricular dysfunction (PCVD) in moderate-to-high risk patients scheduled for open-heart surgery. Methods: Over a 5-year period, we prospectively enrolled 295 consecutive patients undergoing valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis or coronary artery bypass surgery who presented with Bernstein-Parsonnet scores >7. The primary outcome was the occurrence of PCVD as defined by the need for sustained inotropic drug support and by transesophageal echography. The secondary outcomes included in-hospital mortality and the incidence of any major adverse events as well as Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay. Results: The incidence of PCVD was 28.4%. Patients with PCVD experienced higher in-hospital mortality (12.6% vs. 0.6% in patients without PCVD) with a higher incidence of cardiopulmonary and renal complications as well as a prolonged stay in ICU (median + 2 days). Myocardial infarct occurred more frequently in patients with PCVD than in those without PCVD (19 [30.2%] vs. 12 [7.6%]). By logistic regression analysis, we identified four independent predictors of PCVD: left ventricular ejection fraction <40% (odds ratio [OR] = 6.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.59–15.60), age older than 75 years (OR = 3.35; 95% CI, 1.64–6.81), prolonged aortic clamping time (OR = 3.72; 95% CI, 1.66–8.36), and perioperative bleeding (OR = 2.33; 95% CI, 1.01–5.41). The infusion of glucose-insulin-potassium was associated with lower risk of PCVD (OR = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.06–0.33). Conclusions: This cohort study indicates that age, preoperative ventricular function, myocardial ischemic time, and perioperative bleeding are predictors of PCVD which is associated with poor clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Ellenberger
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tornike Sologashvili
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mustafa Cikirikcioglu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Verdon
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John Diaper
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tiziano Cassina
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marc Licker
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Geneva; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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135
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Ruiz M, Comtois P. The heart in lack of oxygen? A revisited method to improve cardiac performance ex vivo. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H776-H779. [PMID: 29351474 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00699.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Ruiz
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute , Montreal, Quebec , Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
| | - Philippe Comtois
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute , Montreal, Quebec , Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec , Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
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136
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Cytosolic carnitine acetyltransferase as a source of cytosolic acetyl-CoA: a possible mechanism for regulation of cardiac energy metabolism. Biochem J 2018; 475:959-976. [PMID: 29438065 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) in regulating cardiac energy metabolism is poorly understood. CrAT modulates mitochondrial acetyl-CoA/CoA (coenzyme A) ratios, thus regulating pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and glucose oxidation. Here, we propose that cardiac CrAT also provides cytosolic acetyl-CoA for the production of malonyl-CoA, a potent inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation. We show that in the murine cardiomyocyte cytosol, reverse CrAT activity (RCrAT, producing acetyl-CoA) is higher compared with the liver, which primarily uses ATP-citrate lyase to produce cytosolic acetyl-CoA for lipogenesis. The heart displayed a lower RCrAT Km for CoA compared with the liver. Furthermore, cytosolic RCrAT accounted for 4.6 ± 0.7% of total activity in heart tissue and 12.7 ± 0.2% in H9C2 cells, while highly purified heart cytosolic fractions showed significant CrAT protein levels. To investigate the relationship between CrAT and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), the cytosolic enzyme catalyzing malonyl-CoA production from acetyl-CoA, we studied ACC2-knockout mouse hearts which showed decreased CrAT protein levels and activity, associated with increased palmitate oxidation and acetyl-CoA/CoA ratio compared with controls. Conversely, feeding mice a high-fat diet for 10 weeks increased cardiac CrAT protein levels and activity, associated with a reduced acetyl-CoA/CoA ratio and glucose oxidation. These data support the presence of a cytosolic CrAT with a low Km for CoA, favoring the formation of cytosolic acetyl-CoA, providing an additional source to the classical ATP-citrate lyase pathway, and that there is an inverse relation between CrAT and the ratio of acetyl-CoA/CoA as evident in conditions affecting the regulation of cardiac energy metabolism.
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137
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Abstract
The heart failure accounts for the highest mortality rate all over the world. The development of preventive therapeutic approaches is still in their infancy. Owing to the extremely high energy demand of the heart, the bioenergetics pathways need to respond efficiently based on substrate availability. The metabolic regulation of such heart bioenergetics is mediated by various rate limiting enzymes involved in energy metabolism. Although all the pertinent mechanisms are not clearly understood, the progressive decline in the activity of metabolic enzymes leading to diminished ATP production is known to cause progression of the heart failure. Therefore, metabolic therapy that can maintain the appropriate activities of metabolic enzymes can be a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of the heart failure. The flavonoids that constitute various human dietary ingredients also effectively offer a variety of health benefits. The flavonoids target a variety of metabolic enzymes and facilitate effective management of the equilibrium between production and utilization of energy in the heart. This review discusses the broad impact of metabolic enzymes in the heart functions and explains how the dysregulated enzyme activity causes the heart failure. In addition, the prospects of targeting dysregulated metabolic enzymes by developing flavonoid-based metabolic approaches are discussed.
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138
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White CW, Messer SJ, Large SR, Conway J, Kim DH, Kutsogiannis DJ, Nagendran J, Freed DH. Transplantation of Hearts Donated after Circulatory Death. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:8. [PMID: 29487855 PMCID: PMC5816942 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac transplantation has become limited by a critical shortage of suitable organs from brain-dead donors. Reports describing the successful clinical transplantation of hearts donated after circulatory death (DCD) have recently emerged. Hearts from DCD donors suffer significant ischemic injury prior to organ procurement; therefore, the traditional approach to the transplantation of hearts from brain-dead donors is not applicable to the DCD context. Advances in our understanding of ischemic post-conditioning have facilitated the development of DCD heart resuscitation strategies that can be used to minimize ischemia-reperfusion injury at the time of organ procurement. The availability of a clinically approved ex situ heart perfusion device now allows DCD heart preservation in a normothermic beating state and minimizes exposure to incremental cold ischemia. This technology also facilitates assessments of organ viability to be undertaken prior to transplantation, thereby minimizing the risk of primary graft dysfunction. The application of a tailored approach to DCD heart transplantation that focuses on organ resuscitation at the time of procurement, ex situ preservation, and pre-transplant assessments of organ viability has facilitated the successful clinical application of DCD heart transplantation. The transplantation of hearts from DCD donors is now a clinical reality. Investigating ways to optimize the resuscitation, preservation, evaluation, and long-term outcomes is vital to ensure a broader application of DCD heart transplantation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon J Messer
- Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Large
- Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Daniel H Kim
- Cardiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Jayan Nagendran
- Cardiac Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Darren H Freed
- Cardiac Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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139
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Guarini G, Huqi A, Morrone D, Capozza PFG, Marzilli M. Trimetazidine and Other Metabolic Modifiers. Eur Cardiol 2018; 13:104-111. [PMID: 30697354 DOI: 10.15420/ecr.2018.15.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment goals for people with chronic angina should focus on the relief of symptoms and improving mortality rates so the patient can feel better and live longer. The traditional haemodynamic approach to ischaemic heart disease was based on the assumption that increasing oxygen supply and decreasing oxygen demand would improve symptoms. However, data from clinical trials, show that about one third of people continue to have angina despite a successful percutaneous coronary intervention and medical therapy. Moreover, several trials on chronic stable angina therapy and revascularisation have failed to show benefits in terms of primary outcome (survival, cardiovascular death, all-cause mortality), symptom relief or echocardiographic parameters. Failure to significantly improve quality of life and prognosis may be attributed in part to a limited understanding of ischaemic heart disease, by neglecting the fact that ischaemia is a metabolic disorder. Shifting cardiac metabolism from free fatty acids towards glucose is a promising approach for the treatment of patients with stable angina, independent of the underlying disease (macrovascular and/or microvascular disease). Cardiac metabolic modulators open the way to a greater understanding of ischaemic heart disease and its common clinical manifestations as an energetic disorder rather than an imbalance between the demand and supply of oxygen and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacinta Guarini
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, University of Pisa Italy
| | - Alda Huqi
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Ospedale della Versilia, Lido di Camaiore Italy
| | - Doralisa Morrone
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, University of Pisa Italy
| | | | - Mario Marzilli
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, University of Pisa Italy
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140
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Riddy DM, Delerive P, Summers RJ, Sexton PM, Langmead CJ. G Protein–Coupled Receptors Targeting Insulin Resistance, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 70:39-67. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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141
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Gatta L, Vitiello L, Gorini S, Chiandotto S, Costelli P, Giammarioli AM, Malorni W, Rosano G, Ferraro E. Modulating the metabolism by trimetazidine enhances myoblast differentiation and promotes myogenesis in cachectic tumor-bearing c26 mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:113938-113956. [PMID: 29371959 PMCID: PMC5768376 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimetazidine (TMZ) is a metabolic reprogramming agent able to partially inhibit mitochondrial free fatty acid β-oxidation while enhancing glucose oxidation. Here we have found that the metabolic shift driven by TMZ enhances the myogenic potential of skeletal muscle progenitor cells leading to MyoD, Myogenin, Desmin and the slow isoforms of troponin C and I over-expression. Moreover, similarly to exercise, TMZ stimulates the phosphorylation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and up-regulates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC1α), both of which are known to enhance the mitochondrial biogenesis necessary for myoblast differentiation. TMZ also induces autophagy which is required during myoblast differentiation and promotes myoblast alignment which allows cell fusion and myofiber formation. Finally, we found that intraperitoneally administered TMZ (5mg/kg) is able to stimulate myogenesis in vivo both in a mice model of cancer cachexia (C26 mice) and upon cardiotoxin damage. Collectively, our work demonstrates that TMZ enhances myoblast differentiation and promotes myogenesis, which might contribute recovering stem cell blunted regenerative capacity and counteracting muscle wasting, thanks to the formation of new myofibers; TMZ is already in use in humans as an anti-anginal drug and its repositioning might impact significantly on aging and regeneration-impaired disorders, including cancer cachexia, as well as have implications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Gatta
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Cachexia and Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Vitiello
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Cachexia and Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Gorini
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Cachexia and Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Chiandotto
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (DMCM), C/o Department of Surgery "Pietro Valdoni", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Costelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology-IIM, Chieti, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Giammarioli
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Malorni
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rosano
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Institute, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
| | - Elisabetta Ferraro
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Cachexia and Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
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142
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Molinari F, Pin F, Gorini S, Chiandotto S, Pontecorvo L, Penna F, Rizzuto E, Pisu S, Musarò A, Costelli P, Rosano G, Ferraro E. The mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming agent trimetazidine as an 'exercise mimetic' in cachectic C26-bearing mice. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017; 8:954-973. [PMID: 29130633 PMCID: PMC5700442 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is characterized by muscle depletion and exercise intolerance caused by an imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation and by impaired myogenesis. Myofibre metabolic efficiency is crucial so as to assure optimal muscle function. Some drugs are able to reprogram cell metabolism and, in some cases, to enhance metabolic efficiency. Based on these premises, we chose to investigate the ability of the metabolic modulator trimetazidine (TMZ) to counteract skeletal muscle dysfunctions and wasting occurring in cancer cachexia. METHODS For this purpose, we used mice bearing the C26 colon carcinoma as a model of cancer cachexia. Mice received 5 mg/kg TMZ (i.p.) once a day for 12 consecutive days. A forelimb grip strength test was performed and tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius muscles were excised for analysis. Ex vivo measurement of skeletal muscle contractile properties was also performed. RESULTS Our data showed that TMZ induces some effects typically achieved through exercise, among which is grip strength increase, an enhanced fast-to slow myofibre phenotype shift, reduced glycaemia, PGC1α up-regulation, oxidative metabolism, and mitochondrial biogenesis. TMZ also partially restores the myofibre cross-sectional area in C26-bearing mice, while modulation of autophagy and apoptosis were excluded as mediators of TMZ effects. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our data show that TMZ acts like an 'exercise mimetic' and is able to enhance some mechanisms of adaptation to stress in cancer cachexia. This makes the modulation of the metabolism, and in particular TMZ, a suitable candidate for a therapeutic rehabilitative protocol design, particularly considering that TMZ has already been approved for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Molinari
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Cachexia and Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Pin
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, IIM, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Gorini
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Cachexia and Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Chiandotto
- DMCM Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, c/o Department of Surgery 'Pietro Valdoni', Sapienza University of Rome, Via Scarpa, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Pontecorvo
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Cachexia and Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, IIM, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuele Rizzuto
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Pisu
- Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Scarpa, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Musarò
- Institute Pasteur Cenci-Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, IIM, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Scarpa, 00161, Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Costelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, IIM, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rosano
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Cachexia and Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 00166, Rome, Italy.,Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Institute, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace London, SW17, UK
| | - Elisabetta Ferraro
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Cachexia and Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 00166, Rome, Italy
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143
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Sato M, Evans BA, Sandström AL, Chia LY, Mukaida S, Thai BS, Nguyen A, Lim L, Tan CYR, Baltos JA, White PJ, May LT, Hutchinson DS, Summers RJ, Bengtsson T. α 1A-Adrenoceptors activate mTOR signalling and glucose uptake in cardiomyocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 148:27-40. [PMID: 29175420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of G protein-coupled receptors to modulate mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity is a newly emerging paradigm with the potential to link cell surface receptors with cell survival. Cardiomyocyte viability is linked to signalling pathways involving Akt and mTOR, as well as increased glucose uptake and utilization. Our aim was to determine whether the α1A-adrenoceptor (AR) couples to these protective pathways, and increased glucose uptake. We characterised α1A-AR signalling in CHO-K1 cells co-expressing the human α1A-AR and GLUT4 (CHOα1AGLUT4myc) and in neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (NRVM), and measured glucose uptake, intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, and phosphorylation of mTOR, Akt, 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) and S6 ribosomal protein (S6rp). In both systems, noradrenaline and the α1A-AR selective agonist A61603 stimulated glucose uptake by parallel pathways involving mTOR and AMPK, whereas another α1-AR agonist oxymetazoline increased glucose uptake predominantly by mTOR. All agonists promoted phosphorylation of mTOR at Ser2448 and Ser2481, indicating activation of both mTORC1 and mTORC2, but did not increase Akt phosphorylation. In CHOα1AGLUT4myc cells, siRNA directed against rictor but not raptor suppressed α1A-AR mediated glucose uptake. We have thus identified mTORC2 as a key component in glucose uptake stimulated by α1A-AR agonists. Our findings identify a novel link between the α1A-AR, mTORC2 and glucose uptake, that have been implicated separately in cardiomyocyte survival. Our studies provide an improved framework for examining the utility of α1A-AR selective agonists as tools in the treatment of cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Sato
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A Evans
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Anna L Sandström
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ling Yeong Chia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Saori Mukaida
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Bui San Thai
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Anh Nguyen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Linzi Lim
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christina Y R Tan
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jo-Anne Baltos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Paul J White
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Lauren T May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Dana S Hutchinson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Roger J Summers
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Tore Bengtsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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144
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Changes in macroautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy, and mitochondrial metabolism in murine skeletal and cardiac muscle during aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 9:583-599. [PMID: 28238968 PMCID: PMC5361683 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aging causes a general decline in cellular metabolic activity, and function in different tissues and whole body homeostasis. However, the understanding about the metabolomic and autophagy changes in skeletal muscle and heart during aging is still limited. We thus examined markers for macroautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), mitochondrial quality control, as well as cellular metabolites in skeletal and cardiac muscle from young (5 months old) and aged (27 months old) mice. We found decreased autophagic degradation of p62 and increased ubiquitinated proteins in both tissues from aged mice, suggesting a decline in macroautophagy during aging. In skeletal muscle from aged mice, there also was a decline in LC3B-I conjugation to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) possibly due to decreased protein levels of ATG3 and ATG12-ATG5. The CMA markers, LAMP-2A and Hsc70, and mitochondrial turnover markers, Drp1, PINK1 and PGC1α also were decreased. Metabolomics analysis showed impaired β-oxidation in heart of aged mice, whereas increased branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and ceramide levels were found in skeletal muscle of aged mice that in turn, may contribute to insulin resistance in muscle. Taken together, our studies showed similar declines in macroautophagy but distinct effects on CMA, mitochondrial turnover, and metabolic dysfunction in muscle vs. heart during aging.
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145
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Attenuation of miR-34a protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxic stress through maintenance of glycolysis. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170925. [PMID: 28894025 PMCID: PMC5672082 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MiRNAs are a class of endogenous, short, single-stranded, non-coding RNAs, which are tightly linked to cardiac disorders such as myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. MiR-34a is known to be involved in the hypoxia-induced cardiomyocytes apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanisms are unclear. In the present study, we demonstrate that under low glucose supply, rat cardiomyocytes are susceptible to hypoxia. Under short-time hypoxia, cellular glucose uptake and lactate product are induced but under long-time hypoxia, the cellular glucose metabolism is suppressed. Interestingly, an adaptive up-regulation of miR-34a by long-time hypoxia was observed both in vitro and in vivo, leading to suppression of glycolysis in cardiomyocytes. We identified lactate dehydrogenase-A (LDHA) as a direct target of miR-34a, which binds to the 3′-UTR region of LDHA mRNA in cardiomyocytes. Moreover, inhibition of miR-34a attenuated hypoxia-induced cardiomyocytes dysfunction through restoration of glycolysis. The present study illustrates roles of miR-34a in the hypoxia-induced cardiomyocytes dysfunction and proposes restoration of glycolysis of dysfunctional cardiomyocytes by inhibiting miR-34a during I/R might be an effectively therapeutic approach against I/R injury.
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146
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Li Z, Gupte AA, Zhang A, Hamilton DJ. Pet Imaging and its Application in Cardiovascular Diseases. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2017; 13:29-33. [PMID: 28413580 DOI: 10.14797/mdcj-13-1-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide and represent a great challenge for modern research and medicine. Despite advances in preventing and treating CVD over the decades, there remains an urgent need to develop sensitive and safe methods for early detection and personalized treatment. With refinements of molecular imaging technologies such as positron emission tomography (PET), noninvasive imaging of CVDs is experiencing impressive progress in both preclinical and clinical settings. In this review, we summarize advances in cardiovascular PET imaging, highlight the latest development of CVD imaging probes, and illustrate the potential for individualized therapy based on metabolic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Anisha A Gupte
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Anjun Zhang
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Dale J Hamilton
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
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147
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Abushouk AI, El-Husseny MWA, Bahbah EI, Elmaraezy A, Ali AA, Ashraf A, Abdel-Daim MM. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors as therapeutic targets for heart failure. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:692-700. [PMID: 28886529 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a common clinical syndrome that affects more than 23 million individuals worldwide. Despite the marked advances in its management, the mortality rates in HF patients have remained unacceptably high. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear transcription regulators, involved in the regulation of fatty acid and glucose metabolism. PPAR agonists are currently used for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia; however, their role as therapeutic agents for HF remains under investigation. Preclinical studies have shown that pharmacological modulation of PPARs can upregulate the expression of fatty acid oxidation genes in cardiomyocytes. Moreover, PPAR agonists were proven able to improve ventricular contractility and reduce cardiac remodelling in animal models through their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-fibrotic, and anti-apoptotic activities. Whether these effects can be replicated in humans is yet to be proven. This article reviews the interactions of PPARs with the pathophysiological mechanisms of HF and how the pharmacological modulation of these receptors can be of benefit for HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eshak I Bahbah
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elmaraezy
- NovaMed Medical Research Association, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aya Ashraf Ali
- Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt; Minia Medical Research Society, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Ashraf
- Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt; Minia Medical Research Society, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; Department of Ophthalmology and Micro-Technology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
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148
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Noordali H, Loudon BL, Frenneaux MP, Madhani M. Cardiac metabolism - A promising therapeutic target for heart failure. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 182:95-114. [PMID: 28821397 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Both heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Although many established pharmacological interventions exist for HFrEF, hospitalization and death rates remain high, and for those with HFpEF (approximately half of all heart failure patients), there are no effective therapies. Recently, the role of impaired cardiac energetic status in heart failure has gained increasing recognition with the identification of reduced capacity for both fatty acid and carbohydrate oxidation, impaired function of the electron transport chain, reduced capacity to transfer ATP to the cytosol, and inefficient utilization of the energy produced. These nodes in the genesis of cardiac energetic impairment provide potential therapeutic targets, and there is promising data from recent experimental and early-phase clinical studies evaluating modulators such as carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 inhibitors, partial fatty acid oxidation inhibitors and mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants. Metabolic modulation may provide significant symptomatic and prognostic benefit for patients suffering from heart failure above and beyond guideline-directed therapy, but further clinical trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Noordali
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Brodie L Loudon
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Melanie Madhani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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149
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Mitochondria as a target of cardioprotection in models of preconditioning. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2017; 49:357-368. [PMID: 28730272 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-017-9720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the recent years the view on mitochondria in the heart as a cellular powerhouse providing ATP supply needed to sustain contractile function, basal metabolic processes, and ionic homeostasis has changed radically. At present it is known that dysfunctions of these organelles are essential in the development of a large number of diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, mitochondria are considered to be a very promising target of endogenous strategies that are essential in the protection of the myocardium from acute ischemia/reperfusion injury. These strategies including ischemic preconditioning, remote ischemic preconditioning as well as the acute phase of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, provide a similar effect of protection. Alterations observed in the functional and structural properties of heart mitochondria caused by short-term pathological impulses are associated with endogenous cardioprotective processes. It seems that the extent of mitochondrial membrane fluidization could be an active response mechanism to injury with a subtle effect on membrane-associated processes which further affect the environment of the whole organelle, thus inducing metabolic changes in the heart. In this review article, we provide an overview of endogenous protective mechanisms induced by hypoxic, pseudohypoxic and ischemic conditions with special consideration of the role of heart mitochondria in these processes.
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150
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Gopal K, Saleme B, Al Batran R, Aburasayn H, Eshreif A, Ho KL, Ma WK, Almutairi M, Eaton F, Gandhi M, Park EA, Sutendra G, Ussher JR. FoxO1 regulates myocardial glucose oxidation rates via transcriptional control of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 expression. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H479-H490. [PMID: 28687587 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00191.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is the rate-limiting enzyme for glucose oxidation and a critical regulator of metabolic flexibility during the fasting to feeding transition. PDH is regulated via both PDH kinases (PDHK) and PDH phosphatases, which phosphorylate/inactivate and dephosphorylate/activate PDH, respectively. Our goal was to determine whether the transcription factor forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) regulates PDH activity and glucose oxidation in the heart via increasing the expression of Pdk4, the gene encoding PDHK4. To address this question, we differentiated H9c2 myoblasts into cardiac myocytes and modulated FoxO1 activity, after which Pdk4/PDHK4 expression and PDH phosphorylation/activity were assessed. We assessed binding of FoxO1 to the Pdk4 promoter in cardiac myocytes in conjunction with measuring the role of FoxO1 on glucose oxidation in the isolated working heart. Both pharmacological (1 µM AS1842856) and genetic (siRNA mediated) inhibition of FoxO1 decreased Pdk4/PDHK4 expression and subsequent PDH phosphorylation in H9c2 cardiac myocytes, whereas 10 µM dexamethasone-induced Pdk4/PDHK4 expression was abolished via pretreatment with 1 µM AS1842856. Furthermore, transfection of H9c2 cardiac myocytes with a vector expressing FoxO1 increased luciferase activity driven by a Pdk4 promoter construct containing the FoxO1 DNA-binding element region, but not in a Pdk4 promoter construct lacking this region. Finally, AS1842856 treatment in fasted mice enhanced glucose oxidation rates during aerobic isolated working heart perfusions. Taken together, FoxO1 directly regulates Pdk4 transcription in the heart, thereby controlling PDH activity and subsequent glucose oxidation rates.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although studies have shown an association between FoxO1 activity and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 expression, our study demonstrated that pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 is a direct transcriptional target of FoxO1 (but not FoxO3/FoxO4) in the heart. Furthermore, we report here, for the first time, that FoxO1 inhibition increases glucose oxidation in the isolated working mouse heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshav Gopal
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bruno Saleme
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rami Al Batran
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hanin Aburasayn
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amina Eshreif
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kim L Ho
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wayne K Ma
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Malak Almutairi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Farah Eaton
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Manoj Gandhi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edwards A Park
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Gopinath Sutendra
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John R Ussher
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; .,Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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