101
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Xi C, Peng S, Wu Z, Zhou Q, Zhou J. WITHDRAWN: Toxicity of triptolide and the molecular mechanisms involved. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017:S1382-6689(17)30271-5. [PMID: 29037923 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xi
- Pharmaceutical Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Shaojun Peng
- School of Medicine, Yichun University, 576 XueFu Road, Yuanzhou District, Yichun 336000, PR China
| | - Zhengping Wu
- School of Medicine, Yichun University, 576 XueFu Road, Yuanzhou District, Yichun 336000, PR China
| | - Qingping Zhou
- Internet and Education Technology Center, Yichun University, 576 XueFu Road, Yuanzhou District, Yichun 336000, PR China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Medicine, Yichun University, 576 XueFu Road, Yuanzhou District, Yichun 336000, PR China.
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102
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Yu M, Liu X, Wu H, Ni W, Chen S, Xu Y. Small interfering RNA against ERK1/2 attenuates cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:4671-4680. [PMID: 29201166 PMCID: PMC5704260 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke may contribute to pulmonary vascular remodeling (PVR), a result of the proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), before pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) are considered to be involved the process of PVR. This study investigated the potential role of ERK1/2 in the proliferation of rat PASMCs (rPASMCs) and cigarette smoke-induced PVR in rats. A small interfering RNA (siRNA) against ERK1/2 (ERK1/2-siRNA) was synthesized, and it significantly reduced the expression of ERK1/2 and cyclin E1, significantly increased the proportion of cells arrested at G0/G1 phase and significantly suppressed the proliferation of rPASMCs treated with cigarette smoke extract compared with controls (all P<0.05). In rats, ERK1/2-siRNA, which was administered intranasally, also inhibited the activation of ERK1/2 and the upregulation of cyclin E1, both of which were induced after the rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for 3 months. ERK1/2-siRNA also significantly reduced PVR (observed by vessel wall thickness and the proportion of fully muscularized vessels) in cigarette smoke-exposed rats compared with a negative control siRNA (P<0.05). Collectively, these data indicated that ERK1/2-siRNA could attenuate PVR in cigarette smoke-exposed rats, and it may have therapeutic value in the treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muqing Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xiansheng Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Hongxu Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Wang Ni
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Shixin Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yongjian Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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103
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Greig FH, Kennedy S, Gibson G, Ramos JW, Nixon GF. PEA-15 (Phosphoprotein Enriched in Astrocytes 15) Is a Protective Mediator in the Vasculature and Is Regulated During Neointimal Hyperplasia. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.006936. [PMID: 28893763 PMCID: PMC5634313 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neointimal hyperplasia following angioplasty occurs via vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. The mechanisms involved are not fully understood but include mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2). We recently identified the intracellular mediator PEA-15 (phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes 15) in vascular smooth muscle cells as a regulator of ERK1/2-dependent proliferation in vitro. PEA-15 acts as a cytoplasmic anchor for ERK1/2, preventing nuclear localization and thereby reducing ERK1/2-dependent gene expression. The aim of the current study was to examine the role of PEA-15 in neointimal hyperplasia in vivo. METHOD AND RESULTS Mice deficient in PEA-15 or wild-type mice were subjected to wire injury of the carotid artery. In uninjured arteries from PEA-15-deficient mice, ERK1/2 had increased nuclear translocation and increased basal ERK1/2-dependent transcription. Following wire injury, arteries from PEA-15-deficient mice developed neointimal hyperplasia at an increased rate compared with wild-type mice. This occurred in parallel with an increase in a proliferative marker and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. In wild-type mice, PEA-15 expression was decreased in vascular smooth muscle cells at an early stage before any increase in intima:media ratio. This regulation of PEA-15 expression following injury was also observed in an ex vivo human model of hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate, for the first time, a novel protective role for PEA-15 against inappropriate vascular proliferation. PEA-15 expression may also be repressed during vascular injury, suggesting that maintenance of PEA-15 expression is a novel therapeutic target in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona H Greig
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Kennedy
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - George Gibson
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Aberdeen Royal Hospital, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Joe W Ramos
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Centre University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI
| | - Graeme F Nixon
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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104
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Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are modulated during in vitro and in vivo infection with the intracellular bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 36:2147-2154. [PMID: 28856457 PMCID: PMC5653709 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-3038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium that causes the disease melioidosis. The disease can be fatal if left untreated or when antibiotic therapy is delayed and total clearance of the pathogen from the host is often not accomplished with current therapies. Thus, new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of infections caused by B. pseudomallei are required. To better understand host responses to B. pseudomallei infection, the activation of key proteins involved in the TLR inflammatory cascade was measured by western blotting. Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) p38 and ERK were both significantly altered during both in vitro and in vivo infection. In considering an approach for therapy of B. pseudomallei infection the inhibition of ERK was achieved in vitro using the inhibitor PD0325901, along with decreased TNF-α production. However, the reduction in phosphorylated ERK and TNF-α release did not correspond with decreased bacterial replication or enhance clearance from infected macrophages. Despite this apparent lack of effect on the intracellular growth of B. pseudomallei in vitro, it is not clear what effect inhibition of ERK activation might have on outcome of disease in vivo. It may be that decreasing the levels of TNF-α in vivo could aid in reducing the overactive immune response that is known to ensue following B. pseudomallei infection, thereby increasing host survival.
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105
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Beamish JA, Chen E, Putnam AJ. Engineered extracellular matrices with controlled mechanics modulate renal proximal tubular cell epithelialization. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181085. [PMID: 28715434 PMCID: PMC5513452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common and associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Recovery from many forms of AKI involves the proliferation of renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs), but the influence of the microenvironment in which this recovery occurs remains poorly understood. Here we report the development of a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel platform to study the influence of substrate mechanical properties on the proliferation of human RPTECs as a model for recovery from AKI. PEG diacrylate based hydrogels were generated with orthogonal control of mechanics and cell-substrate interactions. Using this platform, we found that increased substrate stiffness promotes RPTEC spreading and proliferation. RPTECs showed similar degrees of apoptosis and Yes-associated protein (YAP) nuclear localization regardless of stiffness, suggesting these were not key mediators of the effect. However, focal adhesion formation, cytoskeletal organization, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation were all enhanced with increasing substrate stiffness. Inhibition of ERK activation substantially attenuated the effect of stiffness on proliferation. In long-term culture, hydrogel stiffness promoted the formation of more complete epithelial monolayers with tight junctions, cell polarity, and an organized basement membrane. These data suggest that increased stiffness potentially may have beneficial consequences for the renal tubular epithelium during recovery from AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Beamish
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Evan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Putnam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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106
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D'Oria R, Laviola L, Giorgino F, Unfer V, Bettocchi S, Scioscia M. PKB/Akt and MAPK/ERK phosphorylation is highly induced by inositols: Novel potential insights in endothelial dysfunction in preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens 2017; 10:107-112. [PMID: 29153661 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PKB/Akt and MAP/ERK are intracellular kinases regulating cell survival, proliferation and metabolism and as such hold a strategical role in preeclampsia. In fact intracellular pathways related to immunological alterations, endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance in preeclampsia converge on these molecules. Inositol second messengers are involved in metabolic and cell signaling pathways and are highly expressed during preeclampsia. To evaluate the pathophysiological significance of this response, the effect of myo-inositol and d-chiro inositol on the activation of PKB/Akt and MAPK/ERK was assessed in human endothelial cells in vitro. Time-course and dose-response analyses of phosphorylation following incubation with inositols showed an approximately 6-fold and 15-fold increase for myo-inositol and d-chiro inositol (p<0.05), respectively. Both inositols promoted a significantly higher PKB/Akt and MAPK/ERK phosphorylation than insulin. Thus, exogenously administered inositols can activate PKB/Akt and MAPK/ERK in human endothelial cells in vitro. The increased production of d-chiro inositol phosphoglycans (IPG-P) during preeclampsia may thus represent a compensatory response, potentially promoting cell survival and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella D'Oria
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Laviola
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Giorgino
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Vittorio Unfer
- Department of Medical Sciences, IPUS-Institute of Higher Education, Chiasso, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Bettocchi
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology (DIGON), I Clinic, Medical University Policlinico of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Scioscia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Negrar, Verona, Italy.
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107
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GPE Promotes the Proliferation and Migration of Mouse Embryonic Neural Stem Cells and Their Progeny In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2017. [PMID: 28621713 PMCID: PMC5486102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate a possible role of the N-terminal tripeptide of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I), Gly-Pro-Glu (GPE), physiologically generated in neurons following IGF-I-specific cleavage, in promoting neural regeneration after an injury. Primary cultures of mouse neural stem cells (NSCs), obtained from 13.5 Days post-conception (dpc) mouse embryos, were challenged with either GPE, growth hormone (GH), or GPE + GH and the effects on cell proliferation, migration, and survival were evaluated both under basal conditions and in response to a wound healing assay. The cellular pathways activated by GPE were also investigated by using specific chemical inhibitors. The results of the study indicate that GPE treatment promotes the proliferation and the migration of neural stem cells in vitro through a mechanism that involves the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase PI3K-Akt pathways. Intriguingly, both GPE effects and the signaling pathways activated were similar to those observed after GH treatment. Based upon the results obtained from this study, GPE, as well as GH, may be useful in promoting neural protection and/or regeneration after an injury.
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108
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Application of vitamin D and vitamin D analogs in acute myelogenous leukemia. Exp Hematol 2017; 50:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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109
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Lewinska A, Adamczyk-Grochala J, Kwasniewicz E, Deregowska A, Wnuk M. Ursolic acid-mediated changes in glycolytic pathway promote cytotoxic autophagy and apoptosis in phenotypically different breast cancer cells. Apoptosis 2017; 22:800-815. [PMID: 28213701 PMCID: PMC5401707 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived pentacyclic triterpenotids with multiple biological activities are considered as promising candidates for cancer therapy and prevention. However, their mechanisms of action are not fully understood. In the present study, we have analyzed the effects of low dose treatment (5-20 µM) of ursolic acid (UA) and betulinic acid (BA) on breast cancer cells of different receptor status, namely MCF-7 (ER+, PR+/-, HER2-), MDA-MB-231 (ER-, PR-, HER2-) and SK-BR-3 (ER-, PR-, HER2+). UA-mediated response was more potent than BA-mediated response. Triterpenotids (5-10 µM) caused G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, an increase in p21 levels and SA-beta-galactosidase staining that was accompanied by oxidative stress and DNA damage. UA (20 µM) also diminished AKT signaling that affected glycolysis as judged by decreased levels of HK2, PKM2, ATP and lactate. UA-induced energy stress activated AMPK that resulted in cytotoxic autophagy and apoptosis. UA-mediated elevation in nitric oxide levels and ATM activation may also account for AMPK activation-mediated cytotoxic response. Moreover, UA-promoted apoptosis was associated with decreased pERK1/2 signals and the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential. Taken together, we have shown for the first time that UA at low micromolar range may promote its anticancer action by targeting glycolysis in phenotypically distinct breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lewinska
- Department of Genetics, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland.
| | | | - Ewa Kwasniewicz
- Department of Genetics, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland
| | - Anna Deregowska
- Department of Genetics, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Wnuk
- Department of Genetics, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland
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110
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Toxicity of triptolide and the molecular mechanisms involved. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:531-541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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111
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Bliksøen M, Rutkovskiy A, Vaage J, Stensløkken KO. Mode of perfusion influences infarct size, coronary flow and stress kinases in the isolated mouse heart. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 220:36-46. [PMID: 27543941 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM The isolated, retrogradely perfused heart (modified Langendorff model) is a widely used method in experimental heart research. The presence of an intraventricular balloon is necessary to get functional measurements. We have previously shown that the balloon induces phosphorylation of some suggested cardioprotective mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK): P38-MAPK, ERK 1/2 and JNK. We hypothesized that the balloon could influence cardioprotection, protect against ischaemia reperfusion injury and interfere with coronary flow. METHODS AND RESULTS Isolated mouse hearts were perfused for 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 min with a balloon in the left ventricle. We found a wavelike phosphorylation of all MAPK while AKT displayed a gradual dephosphorylation when compared to non-perfused hearts. Hearts were subjected to 20 min of stabilization with or without the balloon, followed by 35 min of ischaemia and 120 min of reperfusion. Although the MAPK were phosphorylated, the infarcts were larger in the balloon group. When the balloon was present during the entire protocol, compared to removal at the end of ischaemia, the infarct size was also larger, especially in the endocardial layer. The balloon reduced post-ischaemic endocardial coronary flow, despite a higher average flow, indicating a hyperperfused epicard. Blocking the balloon-induced ERK 1/2 phosphorylation during stabilization did not affect infarct size. The effect of post-conditioning was influenced by the balloon, showing reduced infarct size when the balloon was present. CONCLUSION The balloon used for pressure measurements may contributes to cell death possibly by reducing endocardial coronary flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Bliksøen
- Division of Physiology; Department of Molecular Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care; Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål; Oslo Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - A. Rutkovskiy
- Division of Physiology; Department of Molecular Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care; Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål; Oslo Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Centre for Heart Failure Research; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
| | - J. Vaage
- Division of Physiology; Department of Molecular Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care; Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål; Oslo Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - K.-O. Stensløkken
- Division of Physiology; Department of Molecular Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Centre for Heart Failure Research; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
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112
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Kurahara H, Bohl C, Natsugoe S, Nishizono Y, Harihar S, Sharma R, Iwakuma T, Welch DR. Suppression of pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis by HMP19 identified through genome-wide shRNA screen. Int J Cancer 2017; 139:628-38. [PMID: 27012470 PMCID: PMC4867126 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic effectiveness against metastatic or even locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is dismal, with 5‐year survival less than 5%. Even in patients who undergo potentially curative resection, most patients' tumors recur in the liver. Improving therapies targeting or preventing liver metastases is crucial for improving prognosis. To identify genes suppressing metastasis, a genome‐wide shRNA screen was done using the human non‐metastatic PDAC cell line, S2‐028. After identification of candidates, functional validation was done using intrasplenic and orthotopic injections in athymic mice. HMP19 strongly inhibited metastasis but also partially attenuated tumor growth in the pancreas. Knockdown of HMP19 increased localization of activated ERK1/2 in the nucleus, corresponding to facilitated cell proliferation, decreased p27Kip1 and increased cyclin E1. Over‐expression of HMP19 exerted the opposite effects. Using a tissue microarray of 84 human PDAC, patients with low expression of HMP19 showed significantly higher incidence of liver metastasis (p = 0.0175) and worse prognosis (p = 0.018) after surgery. HMP19, a new metastasis/tumor suppressor in PDAC, appears to alter signaling that leads to cell proliferation and appears to offer prognostic value in human PDAC. What's new? Pancreatic cancer is a frequently intractable disease, due in part to its late diagnosis and propensity to metastasize. Indeed, potentially curative resection fails in more than half of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), owing to recurrence in the pancreas as well as to metastasis, particularly to the liver. Prognosis may be improved, however, by leveraging the inhibitory strength of novel metastasis suppressors. A promising candidate is HMP19, described in this study. In xenograft models, HMP19 overexpression significantly suppressed PDAC tumor growth and spread. Its elevated expression in clinical samples was associated with reduced liver metastasis and improved patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kurahara
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS.,Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Christopher Bohl
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Shoji Natsugoe
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuka Nishizono
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Sitaram Harihar
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Tomoo Iwakuma
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS.,University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS.,University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS
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113
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Wang W, LeBlanc ME, Chen X, Chen P, Ji Y, Brewer M, Tian H, Spring SR, Webster KA, Li W. Pathogenic role and therapeutic potential of pleiotrophin in mouse models of ocular vascular disease. Angiogenesis 2017; 20:479-492. [PMID: 28447229 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-017-9557-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR), neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Pleiotrophin, a well-known angiogenic factor, was recently reported to be upregulated in the vitreous fluid of patients with proliferative DR (PDR). However, its pathogenic role and therapeutic potential in ocular vascular diseases have not been defined in vivo. Here using corneal pocket assays, we demonstrated that pleiotrophin induced angiogenesis in vivo. To investigate the pathological role of pleiotrophin we used neutralizing antibody to block its function in multiple in vivo models of ocular vascular diseases. In a mouse model of DR, intravitreal injection of pleiotrophin-neutralizing antibody alleviated diabetic retinal vascular leakage. In a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), which is a surrogate model of ROP and PDR, we demonstrated that intravitreal injection of anti-pleiotrophin antibody prevented OIR-induced pathological retinal neovascularization and aberrant vessel tufts. Finally, pleiotrophin-neutralizing antibody ameliorated laser-induced choroidal neovascularization, a mouse model of nAMD, suggesting that pleiotrophin is involved in choroidal vascular disease. These findings suggest that pleiotrophin plays an important role in the pathogenesis of DR with retinal vascular leakage, ROP with retinal neovascularization and nAMD with choroidal neovascularization. The results also support pleiotrophin as a promising target for anti-angiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwen Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michelle E LeBlanc
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Xiuping Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Renji Hospital of Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanli Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Zhengzhou Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Megan Brewer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Hong Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Samantha R Spring
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Keith A Webster
- Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA. .,Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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114
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Binding and inhibition of the ternary complex factor Elk-4/Sap1 by the adapter protein Dok-4. Biochem J 2017; 474:1509-1528. [PMID: 28275114 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The adapter protein Dok-4 (downstream of kinase-4) has been reported as both an activator and inhibitor of Erk and Elk-1, but lack of knowledge about the identity of its partner molecules has precluded any mechanistic insight into these seemingly conflicting properties. We report that Dok-4 interacts with the transactivation domain of Elk-4 through an atypical phosphotyrosine-binding domain-mediated interaction. Dok-4 possesses a nuclear export signal and can relocalize Elk-4 from nucleus to cytosol, whereas Elk-4 possesses two nuclear localization signals that restrict interaction with Dok-4. The Elk-4 protein, unlike Elk-1, is highly unstable in the presence of Dok-4, through both an interaction-dependent mechanism and a pleckstrin homology domain-dependent but interaction-independent mechanism. This is reversed by proteasome inhibition, depletion of endogenous Dok-4 or lysine-to-arginine mutation of putative Elk-4 ubiquitination sites. Finally, Elk-4 transactivation is potently inhibited by Dok-4 overexpression but enhanced by Dok-4 knockdown in MDCK renal tubular cells, which correlates with increased basal and EGF-induced expression of Egr-1, Fos and cylcinD1 mRNA, and cell proliferation despite reduced Erk activation. Thus, Dok-4 can target Elk-4 activity through multiple mechanisms, including binding of the transactivation domain, nuclear exclusion and protein destabilization, without a requirement for inhibition of Erk.
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115
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LeBlanc ME, Wang W, Chen X, Caberoy NB, Guo F, Shen C, Ji Y, Tian H, Wang H, Chen R, Li W. Secretogranin III as a disease-associated ligand for antiangiogenic therapy of diabetic retinopathy. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1029-1047. [PMID: 28330905 PMCID: PMC5379984 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
LeBlanc et al. uncover secretogranin III (Scg3) as a unique disease-associated vascular permeability and angiogenic factor using comparative ligandomics. Scg3-neutralizing antibodies alleviate vascular leakage in diabetic retinopathy mice and retinal neovascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy mice with high efficacy. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss with retinal vascular leakage and/or neovascularization. Current antiangiogenic therapy against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has limited efficacy. In this study, we applied a new technology of comparative ligandomics to diabetic and control mice for the differential mapping of disease-related endothelial ligands. Secretogranin III (Scg3) was discovered as a novel disease-associated ligand with selective binding and angiogenic activity in diabetic but not healthy vessels. In contrast, VEGF bound to and induced angiogenesis in both diabetic and normal vasculature. Scg3 and VEGF signal through distinct receptor pathways. Importantly, Scg3-neutralizing antibodies alleviated retinal vascular leakage in diabetic mice with high efficacy. Furthermore, anti-Scg3 prevented retinal neovascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy mice, a surrogate model for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). ROP is the most common cause of vision impairment in children, with no approved drug therapy. These results suggest that Scg3 is a promising target for novel antiangiogenic therapy of DR and ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E LeBlanc
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Weiwen Wang
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Xiuping Chen
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136.,Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Nora B Caberoy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154
| | - Feiye Guo
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Chen Shen
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Yanli Ji
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136.,Department of Ophthalmology, Zhengzhou Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Hong Tian
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136.,School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.,Everglades Biopharma, Miami, FL 33156
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Wei Li
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 .,Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
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116
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Nagai T, Urushihara M, Kinoshita Y, Jamba A, Kondo S, Kagami S. Differential regulation of angiotensin II-induced extracellular signal regulated kinase-1/2 and -5 in progressive glomerulonephritis. Nephrology (Carlton) 2017; 21:950-958. [PMID: 26624246 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM Extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and ERK5 are key kinases of the signalling pathways involved in various cellular responses to kidney injury; however, the mechanistic links between those kinase and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activations in glomerulonephritis (GN) have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we sought to clarify the potential roles of ERK1/2 and ERK5 via RAS activation in the pathogenesis of GN. METHODS A rat model of progressive GN was induced by anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) injection and the signal transduction pathway in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced glomerular pathologic alterations were investigated in primary cultured mesangial cells (MCs). RESULTS Rats developed typical cellular crescents in glomeruli on day 7 that progressed to severe fibrocellular crescents and glomerulosclerosis on day 28. Strong expression of phospho-ERK1/2 was observed on day 7 and phospho-ERK5 expression was markedly increased on day 28 of GN. An angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB) suppressed those augmentations. Moreover, ARB treatment attenuated the increases in macrophage infiltration and PCNA-positive cells observed on day 7 in GN rats, as well as the increase in collagen type 1 expression on day 28. Consistently, MCs stimulated by Ang II showed significant increases in proliferation and the expression of MCP-1 and collagen type 1. Interestingly, while the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 abolished the elevations in MCP-1 expression and cell proliferation, the ERK5 inhibitor BIX02189 abrogated the elevation in collagen type 1 expression. CONCLUSION Altogether, these data suggest that ERK1/2 regulates acute inflammatory reactions, while ERK5 promotes the development of RAS-induced chronic glomerular fibrosis activation in GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nagai
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Maki Urushihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
| | - Yukiko Kinoshita
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ariunbold Jamba
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shuji Kondo
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shoji Kagami
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Zhang M, Zhang P, Liu Y, Lv L, Zhang X, Liu H, Zhou Y. RSPO3-LGR4 Regulates Osteogenic Differentiation Of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Via ERK/FGF Signalling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42841. [PMID: 28220828 PMCID: PMC5318871 DOI: 10.1038/srep42841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The four R-spondins (RSPOs) and their three related receptors, LGR4, 5 and 6, have emerged as a major ligand-receptor system with critical roles in development and stem cell survival. However, the exact roles of the RSPO-LGR system in osteogenesis remain largely unknown. In the present study, we showed that RSPO3-shRNA increased the osteogenic potential of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) significantly. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that RSPO3 is a negative regulator of ERK/FGF signalling. We confirmed that inhibition of the ERK1/2 signalling pathway blocked osteogenic differentiation in hASCs, and the increased osteogenic capacity observed after RSPO3 knockdown in hASCs was reversed by inhibition of ERK signalling. Further, silencing of LGR4 inhibited the activity of ERK signalling and osteogenic differentiation of hASCs. Most importantly, we found that loss of LGR4 abrogated RSPO3-regulated osteogenesis and RSPO3-induced ERK1/2 signalling inhibition. Collectively, our data show that ERK signalling works downstream of LGR4 and RSPO3 regulates osteoblastic differentiation of hASCs possibly via the LGR4-ERK signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China.,National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China.,National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yunsong Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China.,National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Longwei Lv
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China.,National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China.,National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hao Liu
- National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China.,Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China.,National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
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118
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Wang W, Zhou J, Zhao L, Chen S. Combination of SL327 and Sunitinib Malate leads to an additive anti-cancer effect in doxorubicin resistant thyroid carcinoma cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:985-990. [PMID: 28178630 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play crucial roles in numerous cancer cell processes including cell survival, proliferation, and migration. MEK1/2 MAPK kinases are very important for cancer survival and development. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a deadly type of thyroid cancer and there are no very effective systemic treatment strategies for ATC so far. Also, ATC can easily become resistant to therapy of traditional therapeutic drugs for ATC, such as doxorubicin. Drug combination treatment could be a promising therapeutic strategy for ATC, especially for drug resistant ATC. METHODS We explored the combination effect between a MEK1/2 inhibitor SL327 and a multi-targeted RTK inhibitor Sunitinib Malate in doxorubicin resistant ATC cells using cell viability assay, cell migration assay, nuclei morphology and caspase-3 activity analysis, as well as in vivo tumor growth assay. RESULTS There is a significant additive effect between SL327 and Sunitinib Malate in reducing viability, increasing apoptosis, and suppressing migration of doxorubicin-resistant ATC cells. Importantly, combination of SL327 and Sunitinib Malate induced significant additive suppression of in vivo doxorubicin-resistant ATC tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the combination of MEK1/2 inhibitor and RTK inhibitor is promising for treatment of ATC especially doxorubicin-resistant ATC. The combination might not only enhance the anti-cancer efficacy, but also reduce the side effects and overcome drug resistance developed in ATC treatment. All these might provide useful information for clinical therapeutics of ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrine, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Shandong, 264000, PR China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Endocrine, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Shandong, 264000, PR China
| | - Lujie Zhao
- Department of Hemodialysis, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Shandong, 264000, PR China
| | - Shulin Chen
- Department of Endocrine, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Shandong, 264000, PR China.
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119
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Zheng X, Cheng G, Luo J, Ye Q, Deng Y, Wu L. Odanacatib Inhibits Resistin-induced Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy Through the Inactivation of ERK Signaling Pathway. INT J PHARMACOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.212.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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120
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Fu SL, Chen CA, Hung LC, Lee MS, Chiou WY, Lin HY, Su YC, Lee CC, Hung SK. Preliminary results of a non-invasive method to measure tumor size and distribution in vivo. Exp Ther Med 2017; 12:3614-3620. [PMID: 28105095 PMCID: PMC5228536 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging of reporter gene expression in cancer cells can provide rapid, sensitive and non-invasive monitoring of tumor behavior. The aim of the present study was to establish a non-invasive method to measure tumor size and distribution in vivo. Briefly, H-Ras-transformed cells were stably transfected with a plasmid containing the luciferase gene (Luc), designated as Ras/Luc. Ras/Luc cells were injected into the back or tail vein of nude BALB/cAnN-Foxn1nu/CrlNarl mice (age, 6-8 weeks). Mice were subsequently administered D-luciferin via intra-peritoneal injection, prior to image acquisition. Photons emitted from the mice were detected via an imaging system. Tumor size and distribution in vivo were quantified as photons/second. Andrographolide has demonstrated radiosensitization in previous in vitro and in vivo studies. In the present study, the potential effects of andrographolide cancer metastasis were investigated further, using an imaging system. Preliminary results of andrographolide combined with radiation indicated the inhibition of cancer metastasis. The present mechanistic study of andrographolide-mediated effects demonstrated that activated extracellular signal regulated kinase protein and H2O2 production levels were significantly increased by andrographolide. In summary, the present study established a non-invasive method to measure tumor size and distribution in vivo and indicated that andrographolide may be a potential therapeutic strategy in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Fu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chien-An Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongxing Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 10341, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ling-Chien Hung
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Moon-Sing Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Chiayi 62247, Taiwan, R.O.C.; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualian 97061, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Yen Chiou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Chiayi 62247, Taiwan, R.O.C.; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualian 97061, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hon-Yi Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Chiayi 62247, Taiwan, R.O.C.; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualian 97061, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Chieh Su
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualian 97061, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Hematological Oncology, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Chiayi 62247, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ching-Chih Lee
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualian 97061, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Otolaryngology, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Chiayi 62247, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shih-Kai Hung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Chiayi 62247, Taiwan, R.O.C.; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualian 97061, Taiwan, R.O.C
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121
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Sulforaphane promotes ER stress, autophagy, and cell death: implications for cataract surgery. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:553-564. [PMID: 28083623 PMCID: PMC5403866 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) commonly develops following cataract surgery and is a wound-healing response that can ultimately lead to secondary visual loss. Improved management of this problem is required. The isothiocyanate, sulforaphane (SFN), is reported to exert cytoprotective and cytotoxic actions, and the latter may be exploited to treat/prevent PCO. SFN concentrations of 10 μM and above significantly impaired wound-healing in a human lens capsular bag model. A similar pattern of response was also seen with a human lens cell line, FHL124. SFN treatment promoted increased expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress genes, which also corresponded with protein expression. Evidence of autophagy was observed in response to SFN as determined by increased microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3)-II levels and detection of autophagic vesicles. This response was disrupted by established autophagy inhibitors chloroquine and 3-MA. SFN was found to promote MAPK signaling, and inhibition of ERK activation using U0126 prevented SFN-induced LC3-II elevation and vesicle formation. SFN also significantly increased levels of reactive oxygen species. Taken together, our findings suggest that SFN is capable of reducing lens cell growth and viability and thus could serve as a putative therapeutic agent for PCO. Key message SFN reduces lens epithelial cell growth, migration, and viability. SFN can promote ER stress and autophagy in lens cells. SFN promotes MAPK signaling, and inhibition of MEK can suppress SFN-induced autophagy. ER stress and autophagy in lens cells are likely promoted by ROS production. SFN may help prevent posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery.
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122
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Li C, A. Williams J. Regulation of CCK-induced ERK1/2 activation by PKC epsilon in rat pancreatic acinar cells. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2017.4.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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123
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Brumbaugh K, Liao WC, Houchins JP, Cooper J, Stoesz S. Phosphosite-Specific Antibodies: A Brief Update on Generation and Applications. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1554:1-40. [PMID: 28185181 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6759-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate addition is a posttranslational modification of proteins, and this modification can affect the activity and other properties of intracellular proteins. Different animal species can be used to generate phosphosite-specific antibodies as either polyclonals or monoclonals, and each approach offers its own benefits and disadvantages. The validation of phosphosite-specific antibodies requires multiple techniques and tactics to demonstrate their specificity. These antibodies can be used in arrays, flow cytometry, and imaging platforms. The specificity of phosphosite-specific antibodies is vital for their use in proteomics and profiling of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Brumbaugh
- Bio-Techne, Inc., 614 McKinley Place NE, Minneapolis, MN, 55413, USA.
| | - Wen-Chie Liao
- Bio-Techne, Inc., 614 McKinley Place NE, Minneapolis, MN, 55413, USA
| | - J P Houchins
- Bio-Techne, Inc., 614 McKinley Place NE, Minneapolis, MN, 55413, USA
| | - Jeff Cooper
- Bio-Techne, Inc., 614 McKinley Place NE, Minneapolis, MN, 55413, USA
| | - Steve Stoesz
- Bio-Techne, Inc., 614 McKinley Place NE, Minneapolis, MN, 55413, USA
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124
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Tang H, Xue G. Major Physiological Signaling Pathways in the Regulation of Cell Proliferation and Survival. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 249:13-30. [PMID: 28233182 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple signaling pathways regulate cell proliferation and survival and are therefore important for maintaining homeostasis of development. The balance between cell growth and death is achieved through orchestrated signal transduction pathways mediated by complex functional interactions between signaling axes, among which, PI3K/Akt and Ras/MAPK as well as JAK/STAT play a dominant role in promoting cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. In clinical cancer therapies, drug resistance is the major challenge that occurs in almost all targeted therapeutic strategies. Recent advances in research have suggested that the intrinsic pro-survival signaling crosstalk is the driving force in acquired resistance to a targeted therapy, which may be abolished by interfering with the cross-reacting network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Gongda Xue
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
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125
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Hirata H, Gupta M, Vedula SRK, Lim CT, Ladoux B, Sokabe M. Quantifying Tensile Force and ERK Phosphorylation on Actin Stress Fibers. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1487:223-234. [PMID: 27924570 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6424-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ERK associates with the actin cytoskeleton, and the actin-associated pool of ERK can be activated (phosphorylated in the activation loop) to induce specific cell responses. Increasing evidence has shown that mechanical conditions of cells significantly affect ERK activation. In particular, tension developed in the actin cytoskeleton has been implicated as a critical mechanism driving ERK signaling. However, a quantitative study of the relationship between actin tension and ERK phosphorylation is missing. In this chapter, we describe our novel methods to quantify tensile force and ERK phosphorylation on individual actin stress fibers. These methods have enabled us to show that ERK is activated on stress fibers in a tensile force-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Hirata
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore. .,R-Pharm Japan and Mechanobiology Laboratory, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Mukund Gupta
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Sri Ram Krishna Vedula
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,L'oreal Research and Innovation, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), CNRS UMR 7592, Paris, 75013, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Masahiro Sokabe
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Mechanobiology Laboratory, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
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126
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Chao ML, Guo J, Cheng WL, Zhu XY, She ZG, Huang Z, Ji Y, Li H. Loss of Caspase-Activated DNase Protects Against Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.004362. [PMID: 28007744 PMCID: PMC5210397 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease that is closely related to inflammation and macrophage apoptosis, which leads to secondary necrosis and proinflammatory responses in advanced lesions. Caspase‐activated DNase (CAD) is a double‐strand specific endonuclease that leads to the subsequent degradation of chromosome DNA during apoptosis. However, whether CAD is involved in the progression of atherosclerosis remains elusive. Methods and Results CAD−/−ApoE−/− and ApoE−/− littermates were fed a high‐fat diet for 28 weeks to develop atherosclerosis. Human specimens were collected from coronary heart disease (CHD) patients who were not suitable for transplantation. CAD expression was increased in the atheromatous lesions of CHD patients and high‐fat diet‐treated ApoE‐deficient mice. Further investigation demonstrated that CAD deficiency inhibited high‐fat diet‐induced atherosclerosis, as evidenced by decreased atherosclerotic plaques, inhibited inflammatory response, and macrophage apoptosis, as well as enhanced stability of plaques in CAD−/−ApoE−/− mice compared to the ApoE−/− controls. Bone marrow transplantation verified the effect of CAD on atherosclerosis from macrophages. Mechanically, the decrease in the phosphorylated levels of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1 and 2 (MEK‐ERK1/2) that resulted from CAD knockout and the activation of nuclear factor kappa B signaling mediated by CAD stimulation that was suppressed by inhibiting ERK1/2 phosphorylation revealed the potential association between the role of CAD in atherosclerosis and the MAPK signaling pathway. Conclusions In conclusion, CAD deficiency protects against atherosclerosis through inhibiting inflammation and macrophage apoptosis, which is partially through inactivation of the MEK‐ERK1/2 signaling pathway. This finding provides a promising therapeutic target for treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Lin Chao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhong Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Lin Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Yong Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zan Huang
- College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China .,The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Droguett D, Carrillo I, Castillo C, Gómez F, Negrete M, Liempi A, Muñoz L, Galanti N, Maya JD, Kemmerling U. Trypanosoma cruzi induces cellular proliferation in the trophoblastic cell line BeWo. Exp Parasitol 2016; 173:9-17. [PMID: 27939813 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) is partially responsible for the progressive globalization of Chagas disease. During congenital transmission the parasite must cross the placental barrier where the trophoblast, a continuous renewing epithelium, is the first tissue in contact with the parasite. The trophoblast turnover implies cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptotic cell death. The epithelial turnover is considered part of innate immunity. We previously demonstrated that T. cruzi induces cellular differentiation and apoptosis in this tissue. Here we demonstrate that T. cruzi induces cellular proliferation in a trophoblastic cell line. We analyzed the cellular proliferation in BeWo cells by determining DNA synthesis by BrdU incorporation assays, mitotic index, cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry, as well as quantification of nucleolus organizer regions by histochemistry and expression of the proliferation markers PCNA and Ki67 by Western blotting and/or immunofluorescence. Additionally, we determined the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway activation by the parasite by Western blotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Droguett
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Departamento de Estomatología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | - Ileana Carrillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Fresia Gómez
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Miguel Negrete
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Ana Liempi
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Lorena Muñoz
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Norbel Galanti
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
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128
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Xu Z, Sun J, Tong Q, Lin Q, Qian L, Park Y, Zheng Y. The Role of ERK1/2 in the Development of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:2001. [PMID: 27941647 PMCID: PMC5187801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition that affects carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism and may impair numerous organs and functions of the organism. Cardiac dysfunction afflicts many patients who experience the oxidative stress of the heart. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the major complications that accounts for more than half of diabetes-related morbidity and mortality cases. Chronic hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia from diabetes mellitus cause cardiac oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, impaired cellular calcium handling, mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic disturbances, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix, which ultimately lead to DCM. Although many studies have explored the mechanisms leading to DCM, the pathophysiology of DCM has not yet been fully clarified. In fact, as a potential mechanism, the associations between DCM development and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation have been the subjects of tremendous interest. Nonetheless, much remains to be investigated, such as tissue- and cell-specific processes of selection of MAPK activation between pro-apoptotic vs. pro-survival fate, as well as their relation with the pathogenesis of diabetes and associated complications. In general, it turns out that MAPK signaling pathways, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and p38 MAP kinase, are demonstrated to be actively involved in myocardial dysfunction, hypertrophy, fibrosis and heart failure. As one of MAPK family members, the activation of ERK1/2 has also been known to be involved in cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction. However, many recent studies have demonstrated that ERK1/2 signaling activation also plays a crucial role in FGF21 signaling and exerts a protective environment of glucose and lipid metabolism, therefore preventing abnormal healing and cardiac dysfunction. The duration, extent, and subcellular compartment of ERK1/2 activation are vital to differential biological effects of ERK1/2. Moreover, many intracellular events, including mitochondrial signaling and protein kinases, manipulate signaling upstream and downstream of MAPK, to influence myocardial survival or death. In this review, we will summarize the roles of ERK1/2 pathways in DCM development by the evidence from current studies and will present novel opinions on "differential influence of ERK1/2 action in cardiac dysfunction, and protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury".
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
- Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Jian Sun
- Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Qian Tong
- Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Qian Lin
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Lingbo Qian
- Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Yongsoo Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- College of Medicine & Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04963, Korea.
| | - Yang Zheng
- Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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129
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Akinrinde AS, Omobowale O, Oyagbemi A, Asenuga E, Ajibade T. Protective effects of kolaviron and gallic acid against cobalt-chloride-induced cardiorenal dysfunction via suppression of oxidative stress and activation of the ERK signaling pathway. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:1276-1284. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt (Co) toxicity is a potential public health problem due to recent renewed use of Co in orthopedic implants, dietary supplements, and blood doping in athletes and horses. We investigated the protective roles of kolaviron (KV), a bi-flavonoid of Garcinia kola, and gallic acid (GA) on cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-induced cardiorenal damage in rats. CoCl2 caused significant increases (p < 0.05) in serum creatine kinase–myocardial band (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST), xanthine oxidase (XO), urea, creatinine, malondialdehyde, H2O2, nitric oxide, as well as C-reactive protein expression, along with significant (p < 0.05) reduction in cardiac and renal expression of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase. KV and GA prevented the toxic effects of CoCl2 by stimulating ERK expression and reversing Co-induced biochemical changes. Administration of CoCl2 alone did not significantly alter ECG patterns in the rats, although co-treatment with KV (200 mg/kg) produced QT-segment prolongation and also appeared to potentiate Co hypotension. Histopathology of the heart and kidneys of rats treated with KV and GA confirmed the biochemical data. KV and GA thus protected against cardiac and renal damage in Co intoxication via antioxidant and (or) cell survival mechanisms, possibly involving ERK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinleye Stephen Akinrinde
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, 900001 Nigeria
| | - Olutayo Omobowale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, 900001 Nigeria
| | - Ademola Oyagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, 900001 Nigeria
| | - Ebunoluwa Asenuga
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Benin, Nigeria
| | - Temitayo Ajibade
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, 900001 Nigeria
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130
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Piperigkou Z, Bouris P, Onisto M, Franchi M, Kletsas D, Theocharis AD, Karamanos NK. Estrogen receptor beta modulates breast cancer cells functional properties, signaling and expression of matrix molecules. Matrix Biol 2016; 56:4-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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131
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Lewinska A, Adamczyk-Grochala J, Kwasniewicz E, Deregowska A, Wnuk M. Diosmin-induced senescence, apoptosis and autophagy in breast cancer cells of different p53 status and ERK activity. Toxicol Lett 2016; 265:117-130. [PMID: 27890807 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Relatively low bioavailability of plant-derived nutraceuticals with anticancer properties may limit their usefulness for prevention and therapy of cancer. In the present study, we have screened for nutraceuticals (n=30) that would act at low micromolar range against phenotypically distinct breast cancer cell lines, namely MCF-7 (ER+, PR+/-, HER2-), MDA-MB-231 (ER-, PR-, HER2-) and SK-BR-3 (ER-, PR-, HER2+), and diosmin, a citrus fruit flavonoid belonging to a flavone subclass, was selected. MCF-7 cell line was found to be the most sensitive to diosmin treatment. Diosmin caused G2/M cell cycle arrest, elevation in p53, p21 and p27 levels and stress-induced premature senescence when used at lower concentrations (5 and 10μM). Diosmin (20μM) also promoted apoptosis that was not observed in normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC). Diosmin stimulated oxidative and nitrosative stress, DNA damage and changes in global DNA methylation patterns. The status of p53 (wild type versus mutant) and the levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 in a steady state, and diosmin-induced autophagy may reflect diverse response to diosmin treatment in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR-3 cells, which in turn results in different cell fates. Taken together, diosmin that acts at low micromolar range against breast cancer cells may be considered as a promising candidate for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lewinska
- Department of Genetics, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100 Kolbuszowa, Poland.
| | | | - Ewa Kwasniewicz
- Department of Genetics, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100 Kolbuszowa, Poland
| | - Anna Deregowska
- Department of Genetics, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100 Kolbuszowa, Poland; Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Wnuk
- Department of Genetics, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100 Kolbuszowa, Poland
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132
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Andrianifahanana M, Hernandez DM, Yin X, Kang JH, Jung MY, Wang Y, Yi ES, Roden AC, Limper AH, Leof EB. Profibrotic up-regulation of glucose transporter 1 by TGF-β involves activation of MEK and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 pathways. FASEB J 2016; 30:3733-3744. [PMID: 27480571 PMCID: PMC5067255 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600428r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
TGF-β plays a central role in the pathogenesis of fibroproliferative disorders. Defining the exact underlying molecular basis is therefore critical for the development of viable therapeutic strategies. Here, we show that expression of the facilitative glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) is induced by TGF-β in fibroblast lines and primary cells and is required for the profibrotic effects of TGF-β. In addition, enhanced GLUT1 expression is observed in fibrotic areas of lungs of both patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and mice that are subjected to a fibrosis-inducing bleomycin treatment. By using pharmacologic and genetic approaches, we demonstrate that up-regulation of GLUT1 occurs via the canonical Smad2/3 pathway and requires autocrine activation of the receptor tyrosine kinases, platelet-derived and epidermal growth factor receptors. Engagement of the common downstream effector PI3K subsequently triggers activation of the MEK and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2, which cooperate in regulating GLUT1 expression. Of note, inhibition of GLUT1 activity and/or expression is shown to impair TGF-β-driven fibrogenic processes, including cell proliferation and production of profibrotic mediators. These findings provide new perspectives on the interrelation of metabolism and profibrotic TGF-β signaling and present opportunities for potential therapeutic intervention.-Andrianifahanana, M., Hernandez, D. M., Yin, X., Kang, J.-H., Jung, M.-Y., Wang, Y., Yi, E. S., Roden, A. C., Limper, A. H., Leof, E. B. Profibrotic up-regulation of glucose transporter 1 by TGF-β involves activation of MEK and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahefatiana Andrianifahanana
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Danielle M Hernandez
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xueqian Yin
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jeong-Han Kang
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mi-Yeon Jung
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Youli Wang
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eunhee S Yi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anja C Roden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew H Limper
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Edward B Leof
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA;
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133
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Li XL, Zeng D, Chen Y, Ding L, Li WJ, Wei T, Ou DB, Yan S, Wang B, Zheng QS. Role of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors in cardiomyocyte differentiation from murine-induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Prolif 2016; 50. [PMID: 27790820 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes are a promising source of cells for regenerative heart disease therapies, but progress towards their use has been limited by their low differentiation efficiency and high cellular heterogeneity. Previous studies have demonstrated expression of adrenergic receptors (ARs) in stem cells after differentiation; however, roles of ARs in fate specification of stem cells, particularly in cardiomyocyte differentiation and development, have not been characterized. MATERIALS AND METHODS Murine-induced pluripotent stem cells (miPSCs) were cultured in hanging drops to form embryoid bodies, cells of which were then differentiated into cardiomyocytes. To determine whether ARs regulated miPSC differentiation into cardiac lineages, effects of the AR agonist, epinephrine (EPI), on miPSC differentiation and underlying signalling mechanisms, were evaluated. RESULTS Treatment with EPI, robustly enhanced miPSC cardiac differentiation, as indicated by increased expression levels of cardiac-specific markers, GATA4, Nkx2.5 and Tnnt2. Although β-AR signalling is the foremost signalling pathway in cardiomyocytes, EPI-enhanced cardiac differentiation depended more on α-AR signalling than β-AR signalling. In addition, selective activation of α1 -AR signalling with specific agonists induced vigorous cardiomyocyte differentiation, whereas selective activation of α2 - or β-AR signalling induced no or less differentiation, respectively. EPI- and α1 -AR-dependent cardiomyocyte differentiation from miPSCs occurred through specific promotion of CPC proliferation via the MEK-ERK1/2 pathway and regulation of miPS cell-cycle progression. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that activation of ARs, particularly of α1 -ARs, promoted miPSC differentiation into cardiac lineages via MEK-ERK1/2 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Li
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Di Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Department of Emergency, Chinese PLA No.401 Hospital, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Lu Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Wen-Ju Li
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Ting Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Dong-Bo Ou
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Song Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Qiang-Sun Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
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134
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Li Y, Jiang Z, Xue D, Deng G, Li M, Liu X, Wang Y. Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae induces sheep airway epithelial cell apoptosis through an ERK signalling-mediated mitochondria pathway. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:222. [PMID: 27663303 PMCID: PMC5035462 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0842-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (M. ovipneumoniae) is a species of Mycoplasma bacteria that specifically infects sheep and goat, causing ovine infectious pleuropneumonia. However, the mechanism underlying the pathogen-host interaction between M. ovipneumoniae and airway epithelial cells is unknown. Methods A primary air-liquid interface (ALI) epithelial culture model generated from the bronchial epithelial cells of Ningxia Tan sheep (ovis aries) was employed to explore the potential mechanism of M. ovipneumoniae-induced cell apoptosis by characterizing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) and anti-oxidative enzymes, as well as the mitochondrial membrane potentials, cytochrome C release, and activities of ERK and caspase signalling pathways. Results Increased ROS production and MDA concentration with mitochondrial membrane dysfunction and apoptotic cell death but decreased expression of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), glutathione synthetase (GSS), total superoxide dismutaes (T-SOD) and Mn-SOD were observed in sheep airway epithelial cells infected with M. ovipneumoniae. Mechanistically, the M. ovipneumoniae-induced cell apoptosis and disruption of mitochondrial integrity reflected mechanisms by which pathogen-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling sequentially led to mitochondrial damage and release of Cyt-C into the cytoplasm, which in turn triggered the activation of caspase signalling cascade, resulting in the apoptosis of host cells. Conclusions These results suggest that M. ovipneumoniae-induced ROS and MAPK signalling-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathways might play key roles in the pathogenesis of M. ovipneumoniae infection in sheep lungs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0842-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China.,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China
| | - Zhongjia Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China.,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China
| | - Di Xue
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China.,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China
| | - Guangcun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China.,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China.,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China. .,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China. .,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology, the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China.
| | - Yujiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China. .,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China.
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135
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Zhang R, Witkowska K, Afonso Guerra-Assunção J, Ren M, Ng FL, Mauro C, Tucker AT, Caulfield MJ, Ye S. A blood pressure-associated variant of the SLC39A8 gene influences cellular cadmium accumulation and toxicity. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:4117-4126. [PMID: 27466201 PMCID: PMC5291231 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have revealed a relationship between inter-individual variation in blood pressure and the single nucleotide polymorphism rs13107325 in the SLC39A8 gene. This gene encodes the ZIP8 protein which co-transports divalent metal cations, including heavy metal cadmium, the accumulation of which has been associated with increased blood pressure. The polymorphism results in two variants of ZIP8 with either an alanine (Ala) or a threonine (Thr) at residue 391. We investigated the functional impact of this variant on protein conformation, cadmium transport, activation of signalling pathways and cell viability in relation to blood pressure regulation. Following incubation with cadmium, higher intracellular cadmium was detected in cultured human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) expressing heterologous ZIP8-Ala391, compared with HEK293 cells expressing heterologous ZIP8-Thr391. This Ala391-associated cadmium accumulation also increased the phosphorylation of the signal transduction molecule ERK2, activation of the transcription factor NFκB, and reduced cell viability. Similarly, vascular endothelial cells with the Ala/Ala genotype had higher intracellular cadmium concentration and lower cell viability than their Ala/Thr counterpart following cadmium exposure. These results indicate that the ZIP8 Ala391-to-Thr391 substitution has an effect on intracellular cadmium accumulation and cell toxicity, providing a potential mechanistic explanation for the association of this genetic variant with blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shu Ye
- William Harvey Research Institute
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre in Cardiovascular Disease, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, People's Republic of China
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136
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Ahmad DAJ, Negm OH, Alabdullah ML, Mirza S, Hamed MR, Band V, Green AR, Ellis IO, Rakha EA. Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 159:457-67. [PMID: 27592113 PMCID: PMC5021722 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3967-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are signalling transduction molecules that have different functions and diverse behaviour in cancer. In breast cancer, MAPK is related to oestrogen receptor (ER) and HER2. METHODS Protein expression of a large panel of MAPKs (JNK1/2, ERK, p38, C-JUN and ATF2 including phosphorylated forms) were assessed immunohistochemically in a large (n = 1400) and well-characterised breast cancer series prepared as tissue microarray. Moreover, reverse phase protein array was applied to quantify protein expression of MAPKs in six breast cancer cell lines with different phenotypes including HER2-transfected cells. RESULTS MAPKs expression was associated with clinicopathological variables characteristic of good prognosis. These associations were most significant in the whole series and in the ER+ subgroup compared to other BC classes. Most of MAPKs showed a positive association with ER, BCL2 and better outcome and were negatively associated with the proliferation marker Ki67 and p53. Association of MAPK with HER2 was mainly seen in the ER- subgroup. Reverse phase protein array confirmed immunohistochemistry results and revealed differential expression of MAPK proteins in ER+ and ER- cell lines. CONCLUSIONS MAPKs are associated with good prognosis and their expression is mainly related to ER. Studying a large panel rather than individual biomarkers may provide improved understanding of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena A J Ahmad
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Department of Histopathology, School of Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, The University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Pathology, Mosul Medical School, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Ola H Negm
- School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby Road, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK. .,Faculty of Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - M Layth Alabdullah
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sameer Mirza
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska, Omaha, USA
| | - Mohamed R Hamed
- School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby Road, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.,Faculty of Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Vimla Band
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska, Omaha, USA
| | - Andrew R Green
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Department of Histopathology, School of Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, The University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian O Ellis
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Department of Histopathology, School of Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, The University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Department of Histopathology, School of Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, The University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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137
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Nanomedicine strategies to overcome the pathophysiological barriers of pancreatic cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2016; 13:750-765. [PMID: 27531700 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the leading causes of cancer- related deaths. PDAC remains one of the most difficult-to-treat cancers, owing to its unique pathobiological features: a nearly impenetrable desmoplastic stroma, and hypovascular and hypoperfused tumour vessels render most treatment options largely ineffective. Progress in understanding the pathobiology and signalling pathways involved in disease progression is helping researchers to develop novel ways to fight PDAC, including improved nanotechnology-based drug-delivery platforms that have the potential to overcome the biological barriers of the disease that underlie persistent drug resistance. So-called 'nanomedicine' strategies have the potential to enable targeting of the Hedgehog-signalling pathway, the autophagy pathway, and specific RAS-mutant phenotypes, among other pathological processes of the disease. These novel therapies, alone or in combination with agents designed to disrupt the pathobiological barriers of the disease, could result in superior treatments, with increased efficacy and reduced off-target toxicities compared with the current standard-of-care regimens. By overcoming drug-delivery challenges, advances can be made in the treatment of PDAC, a disease for which limited improvement in overall survival has been achieved over the past several decades. We discuss the approaches to nanomedicine that have been pursued to date and those that are the focus of ongoing research, and outline their potential, as well as the key challenges that must be overcome.
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138
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Liu FY, Wang LP, Wang Q, Han P, Zhuang WP, Li MJ, Yuan H. miR-302b regulates cell cycles by targeting CDK2 via ERK signaling pathway in gastric cancer. Cancer Med 2016; 5:2302-13. [PMID: 27465546 PMCID: PMC5055145 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the molecular mechanism of miR‐302b in the regulation of cell proliferation and cell cycle regulation in gastric cancer. Samples of tumor and adjacent normal tissues were collected from 30 gastric cancer patients. Bioinformatics and the dual luciferase report were used for verification of the relationship between miR‐302b expression and cyclin‐dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). RT‐PCR and western blot were used to examine CDK2 mRNA and protein levels. The impacts of miR‐302b on CDK2 expression and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway were assessed in cells transfected with miR‐302b analogs and CDK2 overexpression carrier, respectively. We used 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2, 5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) to assay gastric cancer cell growth after transfection, flow cytometry to analyze cell cycle. Compared with normal tissues, miR‐302b expression was significantly lower in gastric cancer tissues, which was significantly related to lymph node metastasis, metastasis distance, and TNM staging. miR‐302b expression was increased in miR‐302b mimics transfected cells and was significantly decreased in miR‐302b inhibitors transfected cells. CDK2 is a target gene of miR‐302b. Decreased miR‐302b and increased CDK2 expressions can significantly promote proliferation and G1/S phase transformation in gastric cancer. miR‐302b promoted the proliferation of gastric cancer cells through upregulation of CDK2, thereby inhibiting ERK pathway, which can in turn inhibit the promoting ability of miR‐302b on proliferation. The upregulation of miR‐302b reduced the expression of CDK2, and inhibited ERK signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation and G1/S phase conversion rate. Therefore, miR‐302b provides new perspectives for research of cell regulation and proliferation in gastric cancer, and new targets for gastric cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Yun Liu
- Department of Nursing, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276003, China
| | - Li-Ping Wang
- Department of Nursing, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276003, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276003, China
| | - Ping Han
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276003, China
| | - Wen-Ping Zhuang
- Department of Nursing, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276003, China.
| | - Mu-Juan Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Hua Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
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139
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Zhao L, Mi Y, Guan H, Xu Y, Mei Y. Velvet antler peptide prevents pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis via transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 pathway inhibition. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 783:33-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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140
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Lai YJ, Yu D, Zhang JH, Chen GJ. Cooperation of Genomic and Rapid Nongenomic Actions of Estrogens in Synaptic Plasticity. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4113-4126. [PMID: 27324789 PMCID: PMC5509832 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9979-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuroplasticity refers to the changes in the molecular and cellular processes of neural circuits that occur in response to environmental experiences. Clinical and experimental studies have increasingly shown that estrogens participate in the neuroplasticity involved in cognition, behavior, and memory. It is generally accepted that estrogens exert their effects through genomic actions that occur over a period of hours to days. However, emerging evidence indicates that estrogens also rapidly influence the neural circuitry through nongenomic actions. In this review, we provide an overview of the genomic and nongenomic actions of estrogens and discuss how these actions may cooperate in synaptic plasticity. We then summarize the role of epigenetic modifications, synaptic protein synthesis, and posttranslational modifications, and the splice variants of estrogen receptors in the complicated network of estrogens. The combination of genomic and nongenomic mechanisms endows estrogens with considerable diversity in modulating neural functions including synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Lai
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Haikou Municipal Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, 570208, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Haikou Municipal Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, 570208, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Guo-Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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141
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Vurusaner B, Leonarduzzi G, Gamba P, Poli G, Basaga H. Oxysterols and mechanisms of survival signaling. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 49:8-22. [PMID: 27017897 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols, a family of oxidation products of cholesterol, are increasingly drawing attention of scientists to their multifaceted biochemical properties, several of them of clear relevance to human pathophysiology. Taken up by cells through both vesicular and non-vesicular ways or often generated intracellularly, oxysterols contribute to modulate not only the inflammatory and immunological response but also cell viability, metabolism and function by modulating several signaling pathways. Moreover, they have been recognized as elective ligands for the most important nuclear receptors. The outcome of such a complex network of intracellular reactions promoted by these cholesterol oxidation products appears to be largely dependent not only on the type of cells, the dynamic conditions of the cellular and tissue environment but also on the concentration of the oxysterols. Here focus has been given to the cascade of molecular events exerted by relatively low concentrations of certain oxysterols that elicit survival and functional signals in the cells, with the aim to contribute to further expand the knowledge about the biological and physiological potential of the biochemical reactions triggered and modulated by oxysterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Vurusaner
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orhanli-Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Paola Gamba
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | - Huveyda Basaga
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orhanli-Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey.
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142
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Jeoung M, Jang ER, Liu J, Wang C, Rouchka EC, Li X, Galperin E. Shoc2-tranduced ERK1/2 motility signals--Novel insights from functional genomics. Cell Signal 2016; 28:448-459. [PMID: 26876614 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) pathway plays a central role in defining various cellular fates. Scaffold proteins modulating ERK1/2 activity control growth factor signals transduced by the pathway. Here, we analyzed signals transduced by Shoc2, a critical positive modulator of ERK1/2 activity. We found that loss of Shoc2 results in impaired cell motility and delays cell attachment. As ERKs control cellular fates by stimulating transcriptional response, we hypothesized that the mechanisms underlying changes in cell adhesion could be revealed by assessing the changes in transcription of Shoc2-depleted cells. Using quantitative RNA-seq analysis, we identified 853 differentially expressed transcripts. Characterization of the differentially expressed genes showed that Shoc2 regulates the pathway at several levels, including expression of genes controlling cell motility, adhesion, crosstalk with the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) pathway, and expression of transcription factors. To understand the mechanisms underlying delayed attachment of cells depleted of Shoc2, changes in expression of the protein of extracellular matrix (lectin galactoside-binding soluble 3-binding protein; LGALS3BP) were functionally analyzed. We demonstrated that delayed adhesion of the Shoc2-depleted cells is a result of attenuated expression and secretion of LGALS3BP. Together our results suggest that Shoc2 regulates cell motility by modulating ERK1/2 signals to cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoungkun Jeoung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Eun Ryoung Jang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- Markey Cancer Center and Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Chi Wang
- Markey Cancer Center and Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Eric C Rouchka
- Department of Computer Engineering and Computer Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States; Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States
| | - Emilia Galperin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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143
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DCT015, a new sorafenib derivate, inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis in gastric cancer models. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:9221-32. [PMID: 26768619 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4826-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate antiproliferative activities against gastric cancer and anti-angiogenesis of DCT015, a novel sorafenib derivate, and potential mechanisms. The effects of DCT015 on proliferation and apoptosis in gastric cancer cells were evaluated by cytotoxicity assays, apoptosis analysis, flow cytometry analysis, and Western blotting assays. The in vivo antitumor effects were carried out in nude mice bearing gastric cancer. On the other hand, the anti-angiogenesis effects of DCT015 were measured by human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation, migration, tube formation, and Western blotting analysis. The results showed that DCT015 inhibited the proliferation, induced the morphological changes of apoptosis, and increased the apoptosis percentage, as well as increased the "sub-G1" population in gastric cancer cells. DCT015 also significantly decreased the tumor volumes and tumor weights in vivo by oral administration. Immunohistochemistry assay demonstrated that DCT015 inhibited tumor growth and neovascularization. In vitro studies found that DCT015 inhibited both MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways by Western blotting assays. Moreover, DCT015 significantly inhibited VEGF-induced migration and tube formation in HUVECs. Western blotting analysis showed that DCT015 downregulated VEGF-induced VEGFR2 phosphorylation with the decreased phosphorylation of the downstream key proteins. Taken together, our findings highlight that DCT015 is a promising orally anticancer drug for treating gastric cancer.
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Abstract
Stress-response kinases, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are activated in response to the challenge of a myriad of stressors. c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), and p38 MAPKs are the predominant members of the MAPK family in the heart. Extensive studies have revealed critical roles of activated MAPKs in the processes of cardiac injury and heart failure and many other cardiovascular diseases. Recently, emerging evidence suggests that MAPKs also promote the development of cardiac arrhythmias. Thus, understanding the functional impact of MAPKs in the heart could shed new light on the development of novel therapeutic approaches to improve cardiac function and prevent arrhythmia development in the patients. This review will summarize the recent findings on the role of MAPKs in cardiac remodeling and arrhythmia development and point to the critical need of future studies to further elucidate the fundamental mechanisms of MAPK activation and arrhythmia development in the heart.
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145
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Kim B, Breton S. The MAPK/ERK-Signaling Pathway Regulates the Expression and Distribution of Tight Junction Proteins in the Mouse Proximal Epididymis. Biol Reprod 2016; 94:22. [PMID: 26658708 PMCID: PMC4809559 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.134965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial segment (IS) in rodents is functionally and structurally distinct from other epididymal segments and plays an important role in sperm maturation. The MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway is maintained active in the IS by testicular luminal factors and plays crucial roles in the maintenance and differentiation of the IS epithelium. Tight junctions (TJs) are constituents of the blood-epididymis barrier, which mediates the paracellular transport of ions, solutes, and water and controls epithelial cell differentiation, thereby contributing to the establishment of a unique luminal environment. We examine here the role of the MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway in the regulation of TJ proteins in the IS. Inhibition of mitogen activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK or MEK1/2) with PD325901, followed by reduction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation (pERK), decreased zonula occludens (ZO)-2 expression and increased ZO-3 expression in TJs but had no effect on ZO-1 expression. In control mice, in addition to being located in TJs, claudin (Cldn)-1, Cldn-3, and Cldn-4 were detected in the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells, with enriched expression of Cldn-1 and Cldn-4 in basal cells. PD325901 reduced the expression of Cldn-1 and Cldn-4 at all locations without affecting Cldn-3. Occludin was undetectable in the IS of control mice, but PD325901 triggered its expression in TJs. No effect was observed for any of the proteins examined in the other epididymal regions. Our results indicate the participation of the MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway in the regulation of cell-cell events that control the formation and maintenance of the blood-epididymis barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongki Kim
- Center for Systems Biology, Program in Membrane Biology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sylvie Breton
- Center for Systems Biology, Program in Membrane Biology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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146
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You B, Yang YL, Xu Z, Dai Y, Liu S, Mao JH, Tetsu O, Li H, Jablons DM, You L. Inhibition of ERK1/2 down-regulates the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway in human NSCLC cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:4357-68. [PMID: 25738359 PMCID: PMC4414195 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of the EGFR/ERK and Hippo/YAP pathway have been found in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Herein, we show that ERK1 and ERK2 have an effect on the Hippo/YAP pathway in human NSCLC cells. Firstly, inhibition of ERK1/2 by siRNA or small-molecular inhibitors decreased the YAP protein level, the reporter activity of the Hippo pathway, and the mRNA levels of the Hippo downstream genes, CTGF, Gli2, and BIRC5. Secondly, degradation of YAP protein was accelerated after ERK1/2 depletion in NSCLC cell lines, in which YAP mRNA level was not decreased. Thirdly, forced over-expression of the ERK2 gene rescued the YAP protein level and Hippo reporter activity after siRNA knockdown targeting 3′UTR of the ERK2 gene in NSCLC cells. Fourthly, depletion of ERK1/2 reduced the migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. Combined depletion of ERK1/2 had a greater effect on cell migration than depletion of either one separately. Finally, the MEK1/2 inhibitor Trametinib decreased YAP protein level and transcriptional activity of the Hippo pathway in NSCLC cell lines. Our results suggest that ERK1/2 inhibition participates in reducing YAP protein level, which in turn down-regulates expression of the downstream genes of the Hippo pathway to suppress migration and invasion of NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin You
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Affiliated with Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Lin Yang
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhidong Xu
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yuyuan Dai
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Osamu Tetsu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Affiliated with Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - David M Jablons
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Liang You
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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147
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Zalewska T, Bielawski A, Stanaszek L, Wieczerzak K, Ziemka-Nałęcz M, Nalepa I. Imipramine administration induces changes in the phosphorylation of FAK and PYK2 and modulates signaling pathways related to their activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:424-33. [PMID: 26620976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antidepressants can modify neuronal functioning by affecting many levels of signal transduction pathways that are involved in neuroplasticity. We investigated whether the phosphorylation status of focal adhesion kinase (FAK/PTK2) and its homolog, PYK2/PTK2B, and their complex with the downstream effectors (Src kinase, p130Cas, and paxillin) are affected by administration of the antidepressant drug, imipramine. The treatment influence on the levels of ERK1/2 kinases and their phosphorylated forms (pERK1/2) or the Gαq, Gα11 and Gα12 proteins were also assessed. METHODS Rats were injected with imipramine (10 mg/kg, twice daily) for 21 days. The levels of proteins investigated in their prefrontal cortices were measured by Western blotting. RESULTS Imipramine induced contrasting changes in the phosphorylation of FAK and PYK2 at Tyr397 and Tyr402, respectively. The decreased FAK phosphorylation and increased PYK2 phosphorylation were reflected by changes in the levels of their complex with Src and p130Cas, which was observed predominantly after chronic imipramine treatment. Similarly only chronic imipramine decreased the Gαq expression while Gα11 and Gα12 proteins were untouched. Acute and chronic treatment with imipramine elevated ERK1 and ERK2 total protein levels, whereas only the pERK1 was significantly affected by the drug. CONCLUSION The enhanced activation of PYK2 observed here could function as compensation for FAK inhibition. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These data demonstrate that treatment with imipramine, which is a routine in counteracting depressive disorders, enhances the phosphorylation of PYK2, a non-receptor kinase instrumental in promoting synaptic plasticity. This effect documents as yet not considered target in the mechanism of imipramine action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Zalewska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Bielawski
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Luiza Stanaszek
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Wieczerzak
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Ziemka-Nałęcz
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Irena Nalepa
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
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148
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Pest MA, Pest CA, Bellini MR, Feng Q, Beier F. Deletion of Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1 Does Not Predispose Mice to Increased Spontaneous Osteoarthritis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142822. [PMID: 26562438 PMCID: PMC4643037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease with poorly understood etiology and pathobiology. Mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including ERK and p38 play important roles in the mediation of downstream pathways involved in cartilage degenerative processes. Dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) dephosphorylates the threonine/serine and tyrosine sites on ERK and p38, causing deactivation of downstream signalling. In this study we examined the role of DUSP1 in spontaneous OA development at 21 months of age using a genetically modified mouse model deficient in Dusp1 (DUSP1 knockout mouse). RESULTS Utilizing histochemical stains of paraffin embedded knee joint sections in DUSP1 knockout and wild type female and male mice, we showed similar structural progression of cartilage degeneration associated with OA at 21 months of age. A semi-quantitative cartilage degeneration scoring system also demonstrated similar scores in the various aspects of the knee joint articular cartilage in DUSP1 knockout and control mice. Examination of overall articular cartilage thickness in the knee joint demonstrated similar results between DUSP1 knockout and wild type mice. Immunostaining for cartilage neoepitopes DIPEN, TEGE and C1,2C was similar in the cartilage lesion sites and chondrocyte pericellular matrix of both experimental groups. Likewise, immunostaining for phosphoERK and MMP13 showed similar intensity and localization between groups. SOX9 immunostaining demonstrated a decreased number of positive cells in DUSP1 knockout mice, with correspondingly decreased staining intensity. Analysis of animal walking patterns (gait) did not show a discernable difference between groups. CONCLUSION Loss of DUSP1 does not cause changes in cartilage degeneration and gait in a mouse model of spontaneous OA at 21 months of age. Altered staining was observed in SOX9 immunostaining which may prove promising for future studies examining the role of DUSPs in cartilage and OA, as well as models of post-traumatic OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Andrew Pest
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Courtney Alice Pest
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Qingping Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Frank Beier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
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149
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Caunt CJ, Sale MJ, Smith PD, Cook SJ. MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitors and cancer therapy: the long and winding road. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:577-92. [PMID: 26399658 DOI: 10.1038/nrc4000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of the ERK signalling pathway in cancer is thought to be most prominent in tumours in which mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinases RAS, BRAF, CRAF, MEK1 or MEK2 drive growth factor-independent ERK1 and ERK2 activation and thence inappropriate cell proliferation and survival. New drugs that inhibit RAF or MEK1 and MEK2 have recently been approved or are currently undergoing late-stage clinical evaluation. In this Review, we consider the ERK pathway, focusing particularly on the role of MEK1 and MEK2, the 'gatekeepers' of ERK1/2 activity. We discuss their validation as drug targets, the merits of targeting MEK1 and MEK2 versus BRAF and the mechanisms of action of different inhibitors of MEK1 and MEK2. We also consider how some of the systems-level properties (intrapathway regulatory loops and wider signalling network connections) of the ERK pathway present a challenge for the success of MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitors, discuss mechanisms of resistance to these inhibitors, and review their clinical progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Caunt
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Matthew J Sale
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Paul D Smith
- AstraZeneca, Oncology iMed, Cancer Biosciences, Cancer Research UK, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Simon J Cook
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
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150
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Sugimoto N, Leu H, Inoue N, Shimizu M, Toma T, Kuroda M, Saito T, Wada T, Yachie A. The critical role of lipopolysaccharide in the upregulation of aquaporin 4 in glial cells treated with Shiga toxin. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:78. [PMID: 26385393 PMCID: PMC4575422 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2011, there was an outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections in Japan. Approximately 62 % of patients with hemolytic-uremic syndrome also showed symptoms of encephalopathy. To determine the mechanisms of onset for encephalopathy during STEC infections, we conducted an in vitro study with glial cell lines and primary glial cells. Results Shiga toxin 2 (Stx-2) in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or LPS alone activates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling in glial cells. Similarly, Stx-2 in combination with LPS, or LPS alone increases expression levels of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) in glial cells. It is possible that overexpression of AQP4 results in a rapid and increased influx of osmotic water across the plasma membrane into cells, thereby inducing cell swelling and cerebral edema. Conclusions We have showed that a combination of Stx-2 and LPS induced apoptosis of glial cells recently. Glial cells are indispensable for cerebral homeostasis; therefore, their dysfunction and death impairs cerebral homeostasis and results in encephalopathy. We postulate that the onset of encephalopathy in STEC infections occurs when Stx-2 attacks vascular endothelial cells of the blood–brain barrier, inducing their death. Stx-2 and LPS then attack the exposed glial cells that are no longer in contact with the endothelial cells. AQP4 is overexpressed in glial cells, resulting in their swelling and adversely affecting cerebral homeostasis. Once cerebral homeostasis is affected in such a way, encephalopathy is the likely result in STEC patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-015-0184-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotoshi Sugimoto
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan. .,Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Hue Leu
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan. .,Dan Phuong General Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Natsumi Inoue
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Masaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Toma
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Mondo Kuroda
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Takekatsu Saito
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Taizo Wada
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Yachie
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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