101
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Zoeller JJ, Vagodny A, Taneja K, Tan BY, O'Brien N, Slamon DJ, Sampath D, Leverson JD, Bronson RT, Dillon DA, Brugge JS. Neutralization of BCL-2/X L Enhances the Cytotoxicity of T-DM1 In Vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1115-1126. [PMID: 30962322 PMCID: PMC6758547 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the most recent advances in the treatment of HER2+ breast cancer is the development of the antibody-drug conjugate, T-DM1. T-DM1 has proven clinical benefits for patients with advanced and/or metastatic breast cancer who have progressed on prior HER2-targeted therapies. However, T-DM1 resistance ultimately occurs and represents a major obstacle in the effective treatment of this disease. Because anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins can affect the threshold for induction of apoptosis and thus limit the effectiveness of the chemotherapeutic payload, we examined whether inhibition of BCL-2/XL would enhance the efficacy of T-DM1 in five HER2-expressing patient-derived breast cancer xenograft models. Inhibition of BCL-2/XL via navitoclax/ABT-263 significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of T-DM1 in two of three models derived from advanced and treatment-exposed metastatic breast tumors. No additive effects of combined treatment were observed in the third metastatic tumor model, which was highly sensitive to T-DM1, as well as a primary treatment-exposed tumor, which was refractory to T-DM1. A fifth model, derived from a treatment naïve primary breast tumor, was sensitive to T-DM1 but markedly benefited from combination treatment. Notably, both PDXs that were highly responsive to the combination therapy expressed low HER2 protein levels and lacked ERBB2 amplification, suggesting that BCL-2/XL inhibition can enhance sensitivity of tumors with low HER2 expression. Toxicities associated with combined treatments were significantly ameliorated with intermittent ABT-263 dosing. Taken together, these studies provide evidence that T-DM1 cytotoxicity could be significantly enhanced via BCL-2/XL blockade and support clinical investigation of this combination beyond ERBB2-amplified and/or HER2-overexpressed tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Zoeller
- Department of Cell Biology and Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aleksandr Vagodny
- Department of Cell Biology and Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Krishan Taneja
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin Y Tan
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Neil O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dennis J Slamon
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Deepak Sampath
- Translational Oncology, Genentech, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Deborah A Dillon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joan S Brugge
- Department of Cell Biology and Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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102
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Clarke PA, Roe T, Swabey K, Hobbs SM, McAndrew C, Tomlin K, Westwood I, Burke R, van Montfort R, Workman P. Dissecting mechanisms of resistance to targeted drug combination therapy in human colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2019; 38:5076-5090. [PMID: 30905967 PMCID: PMC6755994 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Genomic alterations in cancer cells result in vulnerabilities that clinicians can exploit using molecularly targeted drugs, guided by knowledge of the tumour genotype. However, the selective activity of these drugs exerts an evolutionary pressure on cancers that can result in the outgrowth of resistant clones. Use of rational drug combinations can overcome resistance to targeted drugs, but resistance may eventually develop to combinatorial therapies. We selected MAPK- and PI3K-pathway inhibition in colorectal cancer as a model system to dissect out mechanisms of resistance. We focused on these signalling pathways because they are frequently activated in colorectal tumours, have well-characterised mutations and are clinically relevant. By treating a panel of 47 human colorectal cancer cell lines with a combination of MEK- and PI3K-inhibitors, we observe a synergistic inhibition of growth in almost all cell lines. Cells with KRAS mutations are less sensitive to PI3K inhibition, but are particularly sensitive to the combined treatment. Colorectal cancer cell lines with inherent or acquired resistance to monotherapy do not show a synergistic response to the combination treatment. Cells that acquire resistance to an MEK-PI3K inhibitor combination treatment still respond to an ERK-PI3K inhibitor regimen, but subsequently also acquire resistance to this combination treatment. Importantly, the mechanisms of resistance to MEK and PI3K inhibitors observed, MEK1/2 mutation or loss of PTEN, are similar to those detected in the clinic. ERK inhibitors may have clinical utility in overcoming resistance to MEK inhibitor regimes; however, we find a recurrent active site mutation of ERK2 that drives resistance to ERK inhibitors in mono- or combined regimens, suggesting that resistance will remain a hurdle. Importantly, we find that the addition of low concentrations of the BCL2-family inhibitor navitoclax to the MEK-PI3K inhibitor regimen improves the synergistic interaction and blocks the acquisition of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Clarke
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK.
| | - Toby Roe
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Kate Swabey
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Steve M Hobbs
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Craig McAndrew
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Kathy Tomlin
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Isaac Westwood
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Rosemary Burke
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Robert van Montfort
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Paul Workman
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
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103
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Mulero-Sánchez A, Pogacar Z, Vecchione L. Importance of genetic screens in precision oncology. ESMO Open 2019; 4:e000505. [PMID: 31231569 PMCID: PMC6555615 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2019-000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision oncology aims to distinguish which patients are eligible for a specific treatment in order to achieve the best possible outcome. In the last few years, genetic screens have shown their potential to find the new targets and drug combinations as well as predictive biomarkers for response and/or resistance to cancer treatment. In this review, we outline how precision oncology is changing over time and describe the different applications of genetic screens. Finally, we present some practical examples that describe the utility and the limitations of genetic screens in precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mulero-Sánchez
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ziva Pogacar
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Loredana Vecchione
- Charite Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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104
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Han L, Zhang Q, Dail M, Shi C, Cavazos A, Ruvolo VR, Zhao Y, Kim E, Rahmani M, Mak DH, Jin SS, Chen J, Phillips DC, Koller PB, Jacamo R, Burks JK, DiNardo C, Daver N, Jabbour E, Wang J, Kantarjian HM, Andreeff M, Grant S, Leverson JD, Sampath D, Konopleva M. Concomitant targeting of BCL2 with venetoclax and MAPK signaling with cobimetinib in acute myeloid leukemia models. Haematologica 2019; 105:697-707. [PMID: 31123034 PMCID: PMC7049339 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.205534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) involves serial acquisition of mutations controlling several cellular processes, requiring combination therapies affecting key downstream survival nodes in order to treat the disease effectively. The BCL2 selective inhibitor venetoclax has potent anti-leukemia efficacy; however, resistance can occur due to its inability to inhibit MCL1, which is stabilized by the MAPK pathway. In this study, we aimed to determine the anti-leukemia efficacy of concomitant targeting of the BCL2 and MAPK pathways by venetoclax and the MEK1/2 inhibitor cobimetinib, respectively. The combination demonstrated synergy in seven of 11 AML cell lines, including those resistant to single agents, and showed growth-inhibitory activity in over 60% of primary samples from patients with diverse genetic alterations. The combination markedly impaired leukemia progenitor functions, while maintaining normal progenitors. Mass cytometry data revealed that BCL2 protein is enriched in leukemia stem/progenitor cells, primarily in venetoclax-sensitive samples, and that cobimetinib suppressed cytokine-induced pERK and pS6 signaling pathways. Through proteomic profiling studies, we identified several pathways inhibited downstream of MAPK that contribute to the synergy of the combination. In OCI-AML3 cells, the combination downregulated MCL1 protein levels and disrupted both BCL2:BIM and MCL1:BIM complexes, releasing BIM to induce cell death. RNA sequencing identified several enriched pathways, including MYC, mTORC1, and p53 in cells sensitive to the drug combination. In vivo, the venetoclax-cobimetinib combination reduced leukemia burden in xenograft models using genetically engineered OCI-AML3 and MOLM13 cells. Our data thus provide a rationale for combinatorial blockade of MEK and BCL2 pathways in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Han
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Monique Dail
- Department of Oncology Biomarkers, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ce Shi
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Antonio Cavazos
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vivian R Ruvolo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eugene Kim
- Department of Oncology Biomarkers, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mohamed Rahmani
- College of Medicine, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Duncan H Mak
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Jun Chen
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Paul Bottecelli Koller
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rodrigo Jacamo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jared K Burks
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Courtney DiNardo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Naval Daver
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elias Jabbour
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hagop M Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Steven Grant
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Deepak Sampath
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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105
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Abstract
RAS genes are the most commonly mutated oncogenes in cancer, but effective therapeutic strategies to target RAS-mutant cancers have proved elusive. A key aspect of this challenge is the fact that direct inhibition of RAS proteins has proved difficult, leading researchers to test numerous alternative strategies aimed at exploiting RAS-related vulnerabilities or targeting RAS effectors. In the past few years, we have witnessed renewed efforts to target RAS directly, with several promising strategies being tested in clinical trials at different stages of completion. Important advances have also been made in approaches designed to indirectly target RAS by improving inhibition of RAS effectors, exploiting synthetic lethal interactions or metabolic dependencies, using therapeutic combination strategies or harnessing the immune system. In this Review, we describe historical and ongoing efforts to target RAS-mutant cancers and outline the current therapeutic landscape in the collective quest to overcome the effects of this crucial oncogene.
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106
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Shapiro GI, LoRusso P, Kwak E, Pandya S, Rudin CM, Kurkjian C, Cleary JM, Pilat MJ, Jones S, de Crespigny A, Fredrickson J, Musib L, Yan Y, Wongchenko M, Hsieh HJ, Gates MR, Chan IT, Bendell J. Phase Ib study of the MEK inhibitor cobimetinib (GDC-0973) in combination with the PI3K inhibitor pictilisib (GDC-0941) in patients with advanced solid tumors. Invest New Drugs 2019; 38:419-432. [PMID: 31020608 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-019-00776-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We investigated the combination of the MEK inhibitor, cobimetinib, and the pan-PI3K inhibitor, pictilisib, in an open-label, phase Ib study. Experimental Design Patients with advanced solid tumors were enrolled in 3 dose escalation schedules: (1) both agents once-daily for 21-days-on 7-days-off ("21/7"); (2) intermittent cobimetinib and 21/7 pictilisib ("intermittent"); or (3) both agents once-daily for 7-days-on 7-days-off ("7/7"). Starting doses for the 21/7, intermittent, and 7/7 schedules were 20/80, 100/130, and 40/130 mg of cobimetinib/pictilisib, respectively. Nine indication-specific expansion cohorts interrogated the recommended phase II dose and schedule. Results Of 178 enrollees (dose escalation: n = 98), 177 patients were dosed. The maximum tolerated doses for cobimetinib/pictilisib (mg) were 40/100, 125/180, and not reached, for the 21/7, intermittent, and 7/7 schedules, respectively. Six dose-limiting toxicities included grade 3 (G3) elevated lipase, G4 elevated creatine phosphokinase, and G3 events including fatigue concurrent with a serious adverse event (SAE) of diarrhea, decreased appetite, and SAEs of hypersensitivity and dehydration. Common drug-related adverse events included nausea, fatigue, vomiting, decreased appetite, dysgeusia, rash, and stomatitis. Pharmacokinetic parameters of the drugs used in combination were unaltered compared to monotherapy exposures. Confirmed partial responses were observed in patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma (n = 1) and KRAS-mutant endometrioid adenocarcinoma (n = 1). Eighteen patients remained on study ≥6 months. Biomarker data established successful blockade of MAP kinase (MAPK) and PI3K pathways. The metabolic response rate documented by FDG-PET was similar to that observed with cobimetinib monotherapy. Conclusions Cobimetinib and pictilisib combination therapy in patients with solid tumors had limited tolerability and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey I Shapiro
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Mayer 446, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | | | - Eunice Kwak
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Pandya
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Carla Kurkjian
- Stephenson Cancer Center University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - James M Cleary
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Mayer 446, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - Suzanne Jones
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute/Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Luna Musib
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yibing Yan
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Iris T Chan
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Johanna Bendell
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute/Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN, USA
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107
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Xu K, Park D, Magis AT, Zhang J, Zhou W, Sica GL, Ramalingam SS, Curran WJ, Deng X. Small Molecule KRAS Agonist for Mutant KRAS Cancer Therapy. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:85. [PMID: 30971271 PMCID: PMC6456974 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer patients with KRAS mutation(s) have a poor prognosis due in part to the development of resistance to currently available therapeutic interventions. Development of a new class of anticancer agents that directly targets KRAS may provide a more attractive option for the treatment of KRAS-mutant lung cancer. Results Here we identified a small molecule KRAS agonist, KRA-533, that binds the GTP/GDP-binding pocket of KRAS. In vitro GDP/GTP exchange assay reveals that KRA-533 activates KRAS by preventing the cleavage of GTP into GDP, leading to the accumulation of GTP-KRAS, an active form of KRAS. Treatment of human lung cancer cells with KRA-533 resulted in increased KRAS activity and suppression of cell growth. Lung cancer cell lines with KRAS mutation were relatively more sensitive to KRA-533 than cell lines without KRAS mutation. Mutating one of the hydrogen-bonds among the KRA-533 binding amino acids in KRAS (mutant K117A) resulted in failure of KRAS to bind KRA-533. KRA-533 had no effect on the activity of K117A mutant KRAS, suggesting that KRA-533 binding to K117 is required for KRA-533 to enhance KRAS activity. Intriguingly, KRA-533-mediated KRAS activation not only promoted apoptosis but also autophagic cell death. In mutant KRAS lung cancer xenografts and genetically engineered mutant KRAS-driven lung cancer models, KRA-533 suppressed malignant growth without significant toxicity to normal tissues. Conclusions The development of this KRAS agonist as a new class of anticancer drug offers a potentially effective strategy for the treatment of lung cancer with KRAS mutation and/or mutant KRAS-driven lung cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12943-019-1012-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Dongkyoo Park
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Jun Zhang
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Gabriel L Sica
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Suresh S Ramalingam
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Walter J Curran
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Xingming Deng
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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108
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Mues M, Karra L, Romero-Moya D, Wandler A, Hangauer MJ, Ksionda O, Thus Y, Lindenbergh M, Shannon K, McManus MT, Roose JP. High-Complexity shRNA Libraries and PI3 Kinase Inhibition in Cancer: High-Fidelity Synthetic Lethality Predictions. Cell Rep 2019; 27:631-647.e5. [PMID: 30970263 PMCID: PMC6690758 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulated signal transduction is a cancer hallmark, and its complexity and interconnectivity imply that combination therapy should be considered, but large data volumes that cover the complexity are required in user-friendly ways. Here, we present a searchable database resource of synthetic lethality with a PI3 kinase signal transduction inhibitor by performing a saturation screen with an ultra-complex shRNA library containing 30 independent shRNAs per gene target. We focus on Ras-PI3 kinase signaling with T cell leukemia as a screening platform for multiple clinical and experimental reasons. Our resource predicts multiple combination-based therapies with high fidelity, ten of which we confirmed with small molecule inhibitors. Included are biochemical assays, as well as the IPI145 (duvelisib) inhibitor. We uncover the mechanism of synergy between the PI3 kinase inhibitor GDC0941 (pictilisib) and the tubulin inhibitor vincristine and demonstrate broad synergy in 28 cell lines of 5 cancer types and efficacy in preclinical leukemia mouse trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsilius Mues
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Laila Karra
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Damia Romero-Moya
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anica Wandler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew J Hangauer
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Olga Ksionda
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yvonne Thus
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Marthe Lindenbergh
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kevin Shannon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael T McManus
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeroen P Roose
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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109
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KRAS-mutant colon cancer cells respond to combined treatment of ABT263 and axitinib. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181786. [PMID: 30674639 PMCID: PMC6400663 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant challenges to develop selective and effective pharmacological inhibitors for important oncoproteins like RAS continue impeding the success to treat cancers driven by such mutations. In the present study, the ABT263 and axitinib combination imposed synergistic effects on RAS-mutant colon cancer cells. The combination inhibited in vitro and in vivo growth of the cancer cells by enhancing apoptosis. Furthermore, AKT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways were slightly down-regulated by the combination in KRAS-mutant colon cancer cells. The current results indicate that oncogene addiction can be targeted for therapy in colon cancer cells harboring the RAS-mutant. Therefore, targeting oncogene addiction can be a viable strategy for treating refractory cancers driven by important oncogenes, such as KRAS, which are otherwise difficult to be targeted by small molecules.
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110
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Duan Z, Chinn D, Tu MJ, Zhang QY, Huynh J, Chen J, Mack P, Yu AM, Kim EJ. Novel Synergistic Combination of Mitotic Arrest and Promotion of Apoptosis for Treatment of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:683-692. [PMID: 30844579 PMCID: PMC6402293 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The BCL-2 family of proteins, including anti-apoptotic members BCL-2, BCL-XL and MCL-1, are part of a complex network that controls apoptosis. BH3-mimetics such as ABT-263 inhibit anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins and have been developed as potential cancer therapeutics. Aurora Kinase A (AKA) is over-expressed in pancreatic cancer (PC) and controls G2-M transition during mitosis and AKA inhibitors have been developed that induce mitotic arrest. We hypothesized that mitotic arrest induced by AKA inhibition may sensitize PC to accelerated apoptosis by a BH3-mimetic. Our results demonstrated that ABT-263 plus MLN8237 treatment showed greater activity than either single drug alone, as well as strong synergism, in the inhibition of growth of pancreatic cell lines (AsPC-1, PANC-1, MIA PaCa-2, HPAF-II) and PC patient-derived organoids (PDOs). The higher efficacy of combination treatment was attributable to the higher levels of induction of apoptosis and reduction of MCL-1 in PC cells and PDOs. In addition, combination therapy was more effective than single drug in the suppression of tumor growth in AsPC-1 xenograft mouse models. Together, our findings suggest that combination therapy with ABT-263 and MLN8237 should be considered for further exploration as a novel treatment of deadly PC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Duan
- University of California at Davis Medical Center
| | | | - Mei-Juan Tu
- University of California at Davis Medical Center
| | | | | | - Justin Chen
- University of California at Davis Medical Center
| | - Philip Mack
- University of California at Davis Medical Center
| | - Ai-Ming Yu
- University of California at Davis Medical Center
| | - Edward J Kim
- University of California at Davis Medical Center.
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111
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Iavarone C, Zervantonakis IK, Selfors LM, Palakurthi S, Liu JF, Drapkin R, Matulonis UA, Hallberg D, Velculescu VE, Leverson JD, Sampath D, Mills GB, Brugge JS. Combined MEK and BCL-2/X L Inhibition Is Effective in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Patient-Derived Xenograft Models and BIM Levels Are Predictive of Responsiveness. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:642-655. [PMID: 30679390 PMCID: PMC6399746 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most patients with late-stage high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) initially respond to chemotherapy but inevitably relapse and develop resistance, highlighting the need for novel therapies to improve patient outcomes. The MEK/ERK pathway is activated in a large subset of HGSOC, making it an attractive therapeutic target. Here, we systematically evaluated the extent of MEK/ERK pathway activation and efficacy of pathway inhibition in a large panel of well-annotated HGSOC patient-derived xenograft models. The vast majority of models were nonresponsive to the MEK inhibitor cobimetinib (GDC-0973) despite effective pathway inhibition. Proteomic analyses of adaptive responses to GDC-0973 revealed that GDC-0973 upregulated the proapoptotic protein BIM, thus priming the cells for apoptosis regulated by BCL2-family proteins. Indeed, combination of both MEK inhibitor and dual BCL-2/XL inhibitor (ABT-263) significantly reduced cell number, increased cell death, and displayed synergy in vitro in most models. In vivo, GDC-0973 and ABT-263 combination was well tolerated and resulted in greater tumor growth inhibition than single agents. Detailed proteomic and correlation analyses identified two subsets of responsive models-those with high BIM at baseline that was increased with MEK inhibition and those with low basal BIM and high pERK levels. Models with low BIM and low pERK were nonresponsive. Our findings demonstrate that combined MEK and BCL-2/XL inhibition has therapeutic activity in HGSOC models and provide a mechanistic rationale for the clinical evaluation of this drug combination as well as the assessment of the extent to which BIM and/or pERK levels predict drug combination effectiveness in chemoresistant HGSOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Iavarone
- Department of Cell Biology, Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ioannis K Zervantonakis
- Department of Cell Biology, Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura M Selfors
- Department of Cell Biology, Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sangeetha Palakurthi
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Res, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joyce F Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ronny Drapkin
- Penn Ovarian Cancer Res Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ursula A Matulonis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dorothy Hallberg
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Victor E Velculescu
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Deepak Sampath
- Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Joan S Brugge
- Department of Cell Biology, Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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112
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Adderley H, Blackhall FH, Lindsay CR. KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer: Converging small molecules and immune checkpoint inhibition. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:711-716. [PMID: 30852159 PMCID: PMC6444074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS is the most frequent oncogene in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a molecular subset characterized by historical disappointments in targeted treatment approaches such as farnesyl transferase inhibition, downstream MEK inhibition, and synthetic lethality screens. Unlike other important mutational subtypes of NSCLC, preclinical work supports the hypothesis that KRAS mutations may be vulnerable to immunotherapy approaches, an efficacy associated in particular with TP53 co-mutation. In this review we detail reasons for previous failures in KRAS-mutant NSCLC, evidence to suggest that KRAS mutation is a genetic marker of benefit from immune checkpoint inhibition, and emerging direct inhibitors of K-Ras which will soon be combined with immunotherapy during clinical development. With signs of real progress in this subgroup of unmet need, we anticipate that KRAS mutant NSCLC will be the most important molecular subset of cancer to evaluate the combination of small molecules and immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPI).
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113
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Cooper JM, Patel AJ, Chen Z, Liao CP, Chen K, Mo J, Wang Y, Le LQ. Overcoming BET Inhibitor Resistance in Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:3404-3416. [PMID: 30796033 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE BET bromodomain inhibitors have emerged as a promising therapy for numerous cancer types in preclinical studies, including neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)-associated malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST). However, potential mechanisms underlying resistance to these inhibitors in different cancers are not completely understood. In this study, we explore new strategy to overcome BET inhibitor resistance in MPNST.Experimental Design: Through modeling tumor evolution by studying genetic changes underlying the development of MPNST, a lethal sarcoma with no effective medical treatment, we identified a targetable addiction to BET bromodomain family member BRD4 in MPNST. This served as a controlled model system to delineate mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance to BET bromodomain inhibitors in this disease. RESULTS Here, we show that a malignant progression-associated increase in BRD4 protein levels corresponds to partial sensitivity to BET inhibition in MPNST. Strikingly, genetic depletion of BRD4 protein levels synergistically sensitized MPNST cells to diverse BET inhibitors in culture and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, MPNST sensitivity to combination genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of BRD4 revealed the presence of a unique addiction to BRD4 in MPNST. Our discovery that a synthetic lethality exists between BET inhibition and reduced BRD4 protein levels nominates MPNST for the investigation of emerging therapeutic interventions such as proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) that simultaneously target bromodomain activity and BET protein abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Cooper
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Amish J Patel
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas.,Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Chung-Ping Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Juan Mo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Lu Q Le
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas. .,Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas.,UTSW Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Clinic, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
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114
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Jang HY, Kim DH, Lee HJ, Kim WD, Kim SY, Hwang JJ, Lee SJ, Moon DH. Schedule-dependent synergistic effects of 5-fluorouracil and selumetinib in KRAS or BRAF mutant colon cancer models. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 160:110-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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115
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MAP kinase and autophagy pathways cooperate to maintain RAS mutant cancer cell survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:4508-4517. [PMID: 30709910 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817494116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in the small GTPase KRAS are frequently found in human cancers, and, currently, there are no effective targeted therapies for these tumors. Using a combinatorial siRNA approach, we analyzed a panel of KRAS mutant colorectal and pancreatic cancer cell lines for their dependency on 28 gene nodes that represent canonical RAS effector pathways and selected stress response pathways. We found that RAF node knockdown best differentiated KRAS mutant and KRAS WT cancer cells, suggesting RAF kinases are key oncoeffectors for KRAS addiction. By analyzing all 376 pairwise combination of these gene nodes, we found that cotargeting the RAF, RAC, and autophagy pathways can improve the capture of KRAS dependency better than targeting RAF alone. In particular, codepletion of the oncoeffector kinases BRAF and CRAF, together with the autophagy E1 ligase ATG7, gives the best therapeutic window between KRAS mutant cells and normal, untransformed cells. Distinct patterns of RAS effector dependency were observed across KRAS mutant cell lines, indicative of heterogeneous utilization of effector and stress response pathways in supporting KRAS addiction. Our findings revealed previously unappreciated complexity in the signaling network downstream of the KRAS oncogene and suggest rational target combinations for more effective therapeutic intervention.
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116
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Tao M, Shi Y, Tang L, Wang Y, Fang L, Jiang W, Lin T, Qiu A, Zhuang S, Liu N. Blockade of ERK1/2 by U0126 alleviates uric acid-induced EMT and tubular cell injury in rats with hyperuricemic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 316:F660-F673. [PMID: 30648910 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00480.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) are serine/threonine kinases and function as regulators of cellular proliferation and differentiation. Recently, we demonstrated that inhibition of ERK1/2 alleviates the development and progression of hyperuricemia nephropathy (HN). However, its potential roles in uric acid-induced tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tubular epithelial cell injury are unknown. In this study, we showed that hyperuricemic injury induced EMT as characterized by downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of vimentin and Snail1 in a rat model of HN. This was coincident with epithelial cells arrested at the G2/M phase of cell cycle, activation of Notch1/Jagged-1 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways, and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9. Administration of U0126, a selective inhibitor of ERK1/2, blocked all these responses. U0126 was also effective in inhibiting renal tubular cell injury, as shown by decreased expression of lipocalin-2 and kidney injury molecule-1 and active forms of caspase-3. U0126 or ERK1/2 siRNA can inhibit tubular cell EMT and cell apoptosis as characterized with decreased expression of cleaved caspase-3. Moreover, ERK1/2 inhibition suppressed hyperuricemic injury-induced oxidative stress as indicated by decreased malondialdehyde and increased superoxide dismutase. Collectively, ERK1/2 inhibition-elicited renal protection is associated with inhibition of EMT through inactivation of multiple signaling pathways and matrix metalloproteinases, as well as attenuation of renal tubule injury by enhancing cellular resistance to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tao
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Yingfeng Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Lunxian Tang
- Emergency Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Lu Fang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Andong Qiu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji University , Shanghai , China
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
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117
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Leber B, Kale J, Andrews DW. Unleashing Blocked Apoptosis in Cancer Cells: New MCL1 Inhibitors Find Their Groove. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:1511-1514. [DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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118
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Rabi T, Li F. Multiple mechanisms involved in a low concentration of FL118 enhancement of AMR-MeOAc to induce pancreatic cancer cell apoptosis and growth inhibition. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:2267-2283. [PMID: 30555743 PMCID: PMC6291652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in GTPase protein KRAS occurs in approximately 90% of pancreatic cancers. Mutated KRAS lead to constitutive activation of RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways in pancreatic cancer. There is currently no effective KRAS-targeted therapeutics available in the clinic for treating this subset of cancer. In this study we demonstrate that combination of a plant-isolated triterpenoid compound AMR-MeOAc with a low concentration of an antiapoptotic protein inhibitor, FL118 exhibited synergistic cytotoxic activity against pancreatic cancer cells with either mutant KRAS (HPAF-II, KRASG12D) or wild type KRAS (BxPC-3, KRASWT). In pancreatic cancer cells with mutant KRASG12D, AMR-MeOAc and FL118 acting together to inhibit the constitutive KRASG12D mutant activity, increase the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, apoptosis induction, and decrease of the expression of survivin and XIAP, while strongly inducing Bax. These effects were also associated with the decrease of B-RAF, ERK and p-ERK. Additionally, AMR-MeOAc and FL118 alone or in combination inhibited the constitutive activation of NF-κB in BxPC-3 cells, which suggests that inhibition of NF-κB in BxPC-3 cells by AMR-MeOAc and FL118 may also be a part of the mechanism of action, when pancreatic cancer cells possess wild type KRAS. Together, the novel combination treatment might provide an effective strategy to overcome the KRASG12D mutant-mediated and NF-κB activation-mediated resistance in pancreatic cancer with either KRASG12D mutation or NF-κB activation/wild type KRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangaiyan Rabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Fengzhi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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119
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Liang C, Shi S, Liu M, Qin Y, Meng Q, Hua J, Ji S, Zhang Y, Yang J, Xu J, Ni Q, Li M, Yu X. PIN1 Maintains Redox Balance via the c-Myc/NRF2 Axis to Counteract Kras-Induced Mitochondrial Respiratory Injury in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2018; 79:133-145. [PMID: 30355620 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Kras is a decisive oncogene in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). PIN1 is a key effector involved in the Kras/ERK axis, synergistically mediating various cellular events. However, the underlying mechanism by which PIN1 promotes the development of PDAC remains unclear. Here we sought to elucidate the effect of PIN1 on redox homeostasis in Kras-driven PDAC. PIN1 was prevalently upregulated in PDAC and predicted the prognosis of the disease, especially Kras-mutant PDAC. Downregulation of PIN1 inhibited PDAC cell growth and promoted apoptosis, partially due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Silencing of PIN1 damaged basal mitochondrial function by significantly increasing intracellular ROS. Furthermore, PIN1 maintained redox balance via synergistic activation of c-Myc and NRF2 to upregulate expression of antioxidant response element driven genes in PDAC cells. This study elucidates a new mechanism by which Kras/ERK/NRF2 promotes tumor growth and identifies PIN1 as a decisive target in therapeutic strategies aimed at disturbing the redox balance in pancreatic cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: This study suggests that antioxidation protects Kras-mutant pancreatic cancer cells from oxidative injury, which may contribute to development of a targeted therapeutic strategy for Kras-driven PDAC by impairing redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyang Liu
- Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingcai Meng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Hua
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunrong Ji
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Jingxuan Yang
- Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanxing Ni
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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120
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Stout MC, Campbell PM. RASpecting the oncogene: New pathways to therapeutic advances. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:217-228. [PMID: 30352234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RAS is the most commonly mutated driver of tumorigenesis, seen in about 30% of all cancer cases. There is a subset of tumors termed RAS-driven cancers in which RAS mutation or overactivation is evident, including as much as 95% in pancreatic and 50% in colon cancer. RAS is a family of small membrane bound GTPases that act as a signaling node to control both normal and cancer biology. Since the discovery of RAS' overall prominence in many tumor types and specifically in RAS-dependent cancers, it has been an obvious therapeutic target for drug development. However, RAS has proved a very elusive target, and after a few prominent RAS targeted drugs failed in clinical trials after decades of research, RAS was termed "undruggable" and research in this field was greatly hampered. An increase in knowledge about basic RAS biology has led to a resurgence in the generation of novel therapeutics targeting RAS signaling utilizing various and distinct approaches. These new drugs target RAS activation directly, block downstream signaling effectors and inhibit proper post-translational processing and trafficking/recycling of RAS. This review will cover how these new drugs were developed and how they have fared in preclinical and early phase clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Stout
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, USA; Cancer Biology Program and The Marvin & Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, USA
| | - Paul M Campbell
- Cancer Biology Program and The Marvin & Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, USA.
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121
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Clinical update on K-Ras targeted therapy in gastrointestinal cancers. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 130:78-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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122
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Burmi RS, Maginn EN, Gabra H, Stronach EA, Wasan HS. Combined inhibition of the PI3K/mTOR/MEK pathway induces Bim/Mcl-1-regulated apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 20:21-30. [PMID: 30261145 PMCID: PMC6343713 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1504718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) progression and chemotherapy insensitivity have been associated with aberrant PI3K/mTOR/MEK signalling. However, cell death responses activated by inhibitors of these pathways can differ – contextually varying with tumour genetic background. Here, we demonstrate that combining the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PF5212384 (PF384) and MEK inhibitor PD325901 (PD901) more effectively induces apoptosis compared with either agent alone, independent of KRAS mutational status in PDAC cell lines. Additionally, a non-caspase dependent decrease in cell viability upon PF384 treatment was observed, and may be attributed to autophagy and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Using reverse phase protein arrays, we identify key molecular events associated with the conversion of cytostatic responses (elicited by single inhibitor treatments) into a complete cell death response when PF384 and PD901 are combined. This response was also independent of KRAS mutation, occurring in both BxPC3 (KRAS wildtype) and MIA-PaCa-2 (KRASG12C mutated) cells. In both cell lines, Bim expression increased in response to PF384/PD901 treatment (by 60% and 48%, respectively), while siRNA-mediated silencing of Bim attenuated the apoptosis induced by combination treatment. In parallel, Mcl-1 levels decreased by 36% in BxPC3, and 30% in MIA-PaCa-2 cells. This is consistent with a functional role for Mcl-1, and siRNA-mediated silencing enhanced apoptosis in PF384/PD901-treated MIA-PaCa-2 cells, whilst Mcl-1 overexpression decreased apoptosis induction by 24%. Moreover, a novel role was identified for PDCD4 loss in driving the apoptotic response to PF384/PD901 in BxPC3 and MIA-PaCa-2 cell lines. Overall, our data indicates PF384/PD901 co-treatment activates the same apoptotic mechanism in wild-type or KRAS mutant PDAC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajpal S Burmi
- a Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Elaina N Maginn
- a Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Hani Gabra
- a Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom.,b Clinical Discovery Unit , Early Clinical Development, AstraZeneca , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Euan A Stronach
- a Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Harpreet S Wasan
- a Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom
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123
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Liu K, Guo J, Liu K, Fan P, Zeng Y, Xu C, Zhong J, Li Q, Zhou Y. Integrative analysis reveals distinct subtypes with therapeutic implications in KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma. EBioMedicine 2018; 36:196-208. [PMID: 30268834 PMCID: PMC6197714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinomas (LUADs) are heterogeneous and frequently occur in smokers. The heterogeneity of KRAS-mutant LUAD has been an obstacle for the drug discovery. METHODS We integrated multiplatform datatypes and identified two corresponding subtypes in the patients and cell lines. We further characterized the features of these two subtypes and performed drug screening to identify subtype-specific drugs. Finally, we used the defining features of the KRAS subtypes for drug sensitivity prediction. FINDINGS Patient-Subtype 1 (PS1) was characterized by increased smoking-related mutational signature activity, a low tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL)-associating score and STK11/KEAP1 co-mutations. Patient-Subtype 2 (PS2) was characterized by an increased smoking-related methylation signature activity, a high TIL-associating score and increased KRAS dependency. The cell line subtypes faithfully recapitulated all the patients' features. Drug screening of the two cell line subtypes yielded several potential candidates, such as cytarabine and enzastaurin for Cell-line-Subtype 1 (CS1) and a BTK inhibitor QL-XII-61 for Cell-line-Subtype 2 (CS2). The defining features, such as smoking-related methylation signature, were significantly associated with the sensitivity to several drugs. INTERPRETATION The heterogeneity of KRAS-mutant LUAD is associated with smoking-related genomic and epigenomic aberration along with other features such as immunogenicity, KRAS dependency and STK11/KEAP1 co-mutations. These features might be used as biomarkers for drug sensitivity prediction. FUND: This research was funded by the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China and the Education and Research Foundation for Young Scholars of Education Department of Fujian Province, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Department of Translational Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Center for Biomedical Big Data Research, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jintao Guo
- Department of Translational Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Center for Biomedical Big Data Research, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kuai Liu
- Department of Translational Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Center for Biomedical Big Data Research, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Peiyang Fan
- Department of Translational Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Center for Biomedical Big Data Research, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zeng
- BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518083, China
| | - Chaoqun Xu
- Department of Translational Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Center for Biomedical Big Data Research, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhong
- Department of Translational Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Center for Biomedical Big Data Research, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qiyuan Li
- Department of Translational Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Center for Biomedical Big Data Research, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Translational Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Center for Biomedical Big Data Research, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Nangia V, Siddiqui FM, Caenepeel S, Timonina D, Bilton SJ, Phan N, Gomez-Caraballo M, Archibald HL, Li C, Fraser C, Rigas D, Vajda K, Ferris LA, Lanuti M, Wright CD, Raskin KA, Cahill DP, Shin JH, Keyes C, Sequist LV, Piotrowska Z, Farago AF, Azzoli CG, Gainor JF, Sarosiek KA, Brown SP, Coxon A, Benes CH, Hughes PE, Hata AN. Exploiting MCL1 Dependency with Combination MEK + MCL1 Inhibitors Leads to Induction of Apoptosis and Tumor Regression in KRAS-Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:1598-1613. [PMID: 30254092 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BH3 mimetic drugs, which inhibit prosurvival BCL2 family proteins, have limited single-agent activity in solid tumor models. The potential of BH3 mimetics for these cancers may depend on their ability to potentiate the apoptotic response to chemotherapy and targeted therapies. Using a novel class of potent and selective MCL1 inhibitors, we demonstrate that concurrent MEK + MCL1 inhibition induces apoptosis and tumor regression in KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) models, which respond poorly to MEK inhibition alone. Susceptibility to BH3 mimetics that target either MCL1 or BCL-xL was determined by the differential binding of proapoptotic BCL2 proteins to MCL1 or BCL-xL, respectively. The efficacy of dual MEK + MCL1 blockade was augmented by prior transient exposure to BCL-xL inhibitors, which promotes the binding of proapoptotic BCL2 proteins to MCL1. This suggests a novel strategy for integrating BH3 mimetics that target different BCL2 family proteins for KRAS-mutant NSCLC. SIGNIFICANCE: Defining the molecular basis for MCL1 versus BCL-xL dependency will be essential for effective prioritization of BH3 mimetic combination therapies in the clinic. We discover a novel strategy for integrating BCL-xL and MCL1 inhibitors to drive and subsequently exploit apoptotic dependencies of KRAS-mutant NSCLCs treated with MEK inhibitors.See related commentary by Leber et al., p. 1511.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1494.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varuna Nangia
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Faria M Siddiqui
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Sean Caenepeel
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Daria Timonina
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Samantha J Bilton
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Nicole Phan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | | | - Hannah L Archibald
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Chendi Li
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Cameron Fraser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Diamanda Rigas
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Kristof Vajda
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Lorin A Ferris
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Lanuti
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cameron D Wright
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kevin A Raskin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel P Cahill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John H Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Colleen Keyes
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lecia V Sequist
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zofia Piotrowska
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anna F Farago
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher G Azzoli
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Justin F Gainor
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kristopher A Sarosiek
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sean P Brown
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Angela Coxon
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Cyril H Benes
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul E Hughes
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Aaron N Hata
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts. .,Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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125
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Ravindranathan P, Pasham D, Balaji U, Cardenas J, Gu J, Toden S, Goel A. A combination of curcumin and oligomeric proanthocyanidins offer superior anti-tumorigenic properties in colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13869. [PMID: 30218018 PMCID: PMC6138725 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining anti-cancer agents in cancer therapies is becoming increasingly popular due to improved efficacy, reduced toxicity and decreased emergence of resistance. Here, we test the hypothesis that dietary agents such as oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs) and curcumin cooperatively modulate cancer-associated cellular mechanisms to inhibit carcinogenesis. By a series of in vitro assays in colorectal cancer cell lines, we showed that the anti-tumorigenic properties of the OPCs-curcumin combination were superior to the effects of individual compounds. By RNA-sequencing based gene-expression profiling in six colorectal cancer cell lines, we identified the cooperative modulation of key cancer-associated pathways such as DNA replication and cell cycle pathways. Moreover, several pathways, including protein export, glutathione metabolism and porphyrin metabolism were more effectively modulated by the combination of OPCs and curcumin. We validated genes belonging to these pathways, such as HSPA5, SEC61B, G6PD, HMOX1 and PDE3B to be cooperatively modulated by the OPCs-curcumin combination. We further confirmed that the OPCs-curcumin combination more potently suppresses colorectal carcinogenesis and modulated expression of genes identified by RNA-sequencing in mice xenografts and in colorectal cancer patient-derived organoids. Overall, by delineating the cooperative mechanisms of action of OPCs and curcumin, we make a case for the clinical co-administration of curcumin and OPCs as a treatment therapy for patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Ravindranathan
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute and Charles A Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Divya Pasham
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute and Charles A Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Uthra Balaji
- Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jacob Cardenas
- Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jinghua Gu
- Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Shusuke Toden
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute and Charles A Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ajay Goel
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute and Charles A Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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126
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Zhou S, Xia H, Xu H, Tang Q, Nie Y, Gong QY, Bi F. ERRα suppression enhances the cytotoxicity of the MEK inhibitor trametinib against colon cancer cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:218. [PMID: 30185207 PMCID: PMC6125878 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ERRα, a constitutive transcription factor that regulates energy metabolism, plays an important role in the progression of various tumours. However, its role in cell survival and proliferation and its implication in targeted therapy in colon cancer remains elusive. METHODS The expression of ERRα in colon cancer tissues and cell lines was detected by using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. A wound healing assay and a transwell assay were performed to examine the migration and invasion of the colon cancer cells. A cell viability assay, clonogenic assay, western blot assay and the dual-luciferase reporter assay were employed to study the interaction between trametinib (inhibitor of MEK) and EGF treatment. Flow cytometry, western blotting, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and xenograft studies were used to identify whether the combination of trametinib and simvastatin had a synergistic effect. RESULTS ERRα positively regulated the cell proliferation, migration and invasion of colon cancer cells, and the suppression of ERRα completely reduced the EGF treatment-induced proliferation of colon cancer cells. Further investigation showed that trametinib partially restrained the up-regulation of ERRα induced by the EGF treatment, and ERRα inhibition increased the sensitivity of colon cancer cells to trametinib. At last, we combined trametinib with simvastatin, a common clinically used drug with a new reported function of transcriptional activity inhibition of ERRα, and found that this combination produced a synergistic effect in inhibiting the proliferation and survival of colon cancer cells in vitro as well as in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The present data indicated that ERRα acted as an oncogene in colon cancer cells, and the combined targeting of ERRα and MEK might be a promising therapeutic strategy for colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongwei Xia
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Huanji Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiulin Tang
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digest Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shanxi Province China
| | - Qi yong Gong
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Bi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology/Department of Medical Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041 China
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127
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Xu J, Zheng T, Le J, Jia L. Stepwise nanoassembly of a single hairpin probe and its biosensing. Talanta 2018; 187:272-278. [PMID: 29853047 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a novel trigger-induced DNA nanoassembly method using only one loop-stem shaped hairpin probe (HP) that consists of three different functional regions as a single building unit. The Region I is designed complementary to the trigger, while the Region II and Region III are projected to complementary with each other. When hybridized with the trigger, a toehold mediated strand displacement (TMSD) occurred on the strand of Region I, leading to the release of Region III for further hybridization with the Region II on another HP molecule and in turn inducing a stepwise growth of HP with the aid of polymerase. Unlike the conventional assembly approaches that rely on the sophisticated sequence design and complex operation, the single-HP nanoassembly is easy and fast. Moreover, because many HPs are opened during the assembly process, we exemplified the nanoassembly strategy by re-designing a new labeled hairpin probe to analyze the Kras oncogene with a high sensitivity and specificity. The present study demonstrated a novel promising DNA nanoassembly strategy for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Xu
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116 China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Jingqing Le
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Lee Jia
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116 China.
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128
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Soderquist RS, Crawford L, Liu E, Lu M, Agarwal A, Anderson GR, Lin KH, Winter PS, Cakir M, Wood KC. Systematic mapping of BCL-2 gene dependencies in cancer reveals molecular determinants of BH3 mimetic sensitivity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3513. [PMID: 30158527 PMCID: PMC6115427 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05815-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
While inhibitors of BCL-2 family proteins (BH3 mimetics) have shown promise as anti-cancer agents, the various dependencies or co-dependencies of diverse cancers on BCL-2 genes remain poorly understood. Here we develop a drug screening approach to define the sensitivity of cancer cells from ten tissue types to all possible combinations of selective BCL-2, BCL-XL, and MCL-1 inhibitors and discover that most cell lines depend on at least one combination for survival. We demonstrate that expression levels of BCL-2 genes predict single mimetic sensitivity, whereas EMT status predicts synergistic dependence on BCL-XL+MCL-1. Lastly, we use a CRISPR/Cas9 screen to discover that BFL-1 and BCL-w promote resistance to all tested combinations of BCL-2, BCL-XL, and MCL-1 inhibitors. Together, these results provide a roadmap for rationally targeting BCL-2 family dependencies in diverse human cancers and motivate the development of selective BFL-1 and BCL-w inhibitors to overcome intrinsic resistance to BH3 mimetics. Dependency of diverse cancers on specific BCL-2 family members and their combinations is unknown. Here they perform drug screening and find most cell lines to be dependent on at least one combination of BCL-2 family members, and using a CRISPR screen find BCL-w and BFL-1 to mediate resistance to BH3 mimetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Soderquist
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Lorin Crawford
- Department of Statistics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Esther Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Anika Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Grace R Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kevin H Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Peter S Winter
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Merve Cakir
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kris C Wood
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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129
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Lindsay CR, Jamal-Hanjani M, Forster M, Blackhall F. KRAS: Reasons for optimism in lung cancer. Eur J Cancer 2018; 99:20-27. [PMID: 29894909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite being the most frequent gain-of-function genetic alteration in human cancer, KRAS mutation has to date offered only limited potential as a prognostic and predictive biomarker. Results from the phase III SELECT-1 trial in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) recently added to a number of historical and more contemporary disappointments in targeting KRAS mutant disease, including farnesyl transferase inhibition and synthetic lethality partners such as STK33. This narrative review uses the context of these previous failures to demonstrate how the knowledge gained from these experiences can be used as a platform for exciting advances in NSCLC on the horizon. It now seems clear that mutational subtype (most commonly G12C) of individual mutations is of greater relevance than the categorical evaluation of KRAS mutation presence or otherwise. A number of direct small molecules targeted to these subtypes are in development and have shown promising biological activity, with some in the late stages of preclinical validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Lindsay
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, London and Manchester, UK.
| | - M Jamal-Hanjani
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, London and Manchester, UK; Department of Oncology, University College of London Hospital and UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - M Forster
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, London and Manchester, UK; Department of Oncology, University College of London Hospital and UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - F Blackhall
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, London and Manchester, UK
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130
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Knickelbein K, Tong J, Chen D, Wang YJ, Misale S, Bardelli A, Yu J, Zhang L. Restoring PUMA induction overcomes KRAS-mediated resistance to anti-EGFR antibodies in colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2018; 37:4599-4610. [PMID: 29755130 PMCID: PMC6195818 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic and acquired resistance to anti-EGFR antibody therapy, frequently mediated by a mutant or amplified KRAS oncogene, is a significant challenge in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the mechanism of KRAS-mediated therapeutic resistance is not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate that clinically used anti-EGFR antibodies, including cetuximab and panitumumab, induce killing of sensitive CRC cells through p73-dependent transcriptional activation of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein PUMA. PUMA induction and p73 activation are abrogated in CRC cells with acquired resistance to anti-EGFR antibodies due to KRAS alterations. Inhibition of aurora kinases preferentially kills mutant KRAS CRC cells and overcomes KRAS-mediated resistance to anti-EGFR antibodies in vitro and in vivo by restoring PUMA induction. Our results suggest that PUMA plays a critical role in meditating the sensitivity of CRC cells to anti-EGFR antibodies, and that restoration of PUMA-mediated apoptosis is a promising approach to improve the efficacy of EGFR-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Knickelbein
- UMPC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jingshan Tong
- UMPC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Dongshi Chen
- UMPC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Yi-Jun Wang
- UMPC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Sandra Misale
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer, New York, 10065, NY, USA
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo (TO), 10060, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo (TO), 10060, Italy
| | - Jian Yu
- UMPC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- UMPC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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131
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Aguirre AJ, Hahn WC. Synthetic Lethal Vulnerabilities in KRAS-Mutant Cancers. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a031518. [PMID: 29101114 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
KRAS is the most commonly mutated oncogene in human cancer. Most KRAS-mutant cancers depend on sustained expression and signaling of KRAS, thus making it a high-priority therapeutic target. Unfortunately, development of direct small molecule inhibitors of KRAS function has been challenging. An alternative therapeutic strategy for KRAS-mutant malignancies involves targeting codependent vulnerabilities or synthetic lethal partners that are preferentially essential in the setting of oncogenic KRAS. KRAS activates numerous effector pathways that mediate proliferation and survival signals. Moreover, cancer cells must cope with substantial oncogenic stress conferred by mutant KRAS. These oncogenic signaling pathways and compensatory coping mechanisms of KRAS-mutant cancer cells form the basis for synthetic lethal interactions. Here, we review the compendium of previously identified codependencies in KRAS-mutant cancers, including the results of numerous functional genetic screens aimed at identifying KRAS synthetic lethal targets. Importantly, many of these vulnerabilities may represent tractable therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Aguirre
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - William C Hahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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132
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Dasatinib sensitises KRAS -mutant cancer cells to mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor via inhibition of TAZ activity. Eur J Cancer 2018; 99:37-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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133
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Testa U, Castelli G, Pelosi E. Lung Cancers: Molecular Characterization, Clonal Heterogeneity and Evolution, and Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E248. [PMID: 30060526 PMCID: PMC6116004 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10080248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer causes the largest number of cancer-related deaths in the world. Most (85%) of lung cancers are classified as non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancer (15%) (SCLC). The 5-year survival rate for NSCLC patients remains very low (about 16% at 5 years). The two predominant NSCLC histological phenotypes are adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (LSQCC). ADCs display several recurrent genetic alterations, including: KRAS, BRAF and EGFR mutations; recurrent mutations and amplifications of several oncogenes, including ERBB2, MET, FGFR1 and FGFR2; fusion oncogenes involving ALK, ROS1, Neuregulin1 (NRG1) and RET. In LSQCC recurrent mutations of TP53, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, DDR2 and genes of the PI3K pathway have been detected, quantitative gene abnormalities of PTEN and CDKN2A. Developments in the characterization of lung cancer molecular abnormalities provided a strong rationale for new therapeutic options and for understanding the mechanisms of drug resistance. However, the complexity of lung cancer genomes is particularly high, as shown by deep-sequencing studies supporting the heterogeneity of lung tumors at cellular level, with sub-clones exhibiting different combinations of mutations. Molecular studies performed on lung tumors during treatment have shown the phenomenon of clonal evolution, thus supporting the occurrence of a temporal tumor heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Testa
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Germana Castelli
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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134
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Kidger AM, Sipthorp J, Cook SJ. ERK1/2 inhibitors: New weapons to inhibit the RAS-regulated RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 187:45-60. [PMID: 29454854 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The RAS-regulated RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signalling pathway is de-regulated in a variety of cancers due to mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), negative regulators of RAS (such as NF1) and core pathway components themselves (RAS, BRAF, CRAF, MEK1 or MEK2). This has driven the development of a variety of pharmaceutical agents to inhibit RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signalling in cancer and both RAF and MEK inhibitors are now approved and used in the clinic. There is now much interest in targeting at the level of ERK1/2 for a variety of reasons. First, since the pathway is linear from RAF-to-MEK-to-ERK then ERK1/2 are validated as targets per se. Second, innate resistance to RAF or MEK inhibitors involves relief of negative feedback and pathway re-activation with all signalling going through ERK1/2, validating the use of ERK inhibitors with RAF or MEK inhibitors as an up-front combination. Third, long-term acquired resistance to RAF or MEK inhibitors involves a variety of mechanisms (KRAS or BRAF amplification, MEK mutation, etc.) which re-instate ERK activity, validating the use of ERK inhibitors to forestall acquired resistance to RAF or MEK inhibitors. The first potent highly selective ERK1/2 inhibitors have now been developed and are entering clinical trials. They have one of three discrete mechanisms of action - catalytic, "dual mechanism" or covalent - which could have profound consequences for how cells respond and adapt. In this review we describe the validation of ERK1/2 as anti-cancer drug targets, consider the mechanism of action of new ERK1/2 inhibitors and how this may impact on their efficacy, anticipate factors that will determine how tumour cells respond and adapt to ERK1/2 inhibitors and consider ERK1/2 inhibitor drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Kidger
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, England, United Kingdom.
| | - James Sipthorp
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, England, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Cook
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, England, United Kingdom.
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135
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Dompe N, Klijn C, Watson SA, Leng K, Port J, Cuellar T, Watanabe C, Haley B, Neve R, Evangelista M, Stokoe D. A CRISPR screen identifies MAPK7 as a target for combination with MEK inhibition in KRAS mutant NSCLC. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199264. [PMID: 29912950 PMCID: PMC6005515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant KRAS represents one of the most frequently observed oncogenes in NSCLC, yet no therapies are approved for tumors that express activated KRAS variants. While there is strong rationale for the use of MEK inhibitors to treat tumors with activated RAS/MAPK signaling, these have proven ineffective clinically. We therefore implemented a CRISPR screening approach to identify novel agents to sensitize KRAS mutant NSCLC cells to MEK inhibitor treatment. This approach identified multiple components of the canonical RAS/MAPK pathway consistent with previous studies. In addition, we identified MAPK7 as a novel, strong hit and validated this finding using multiple orthogonal approaches including knockdown and pharmacological inhibition. We show that MAPK7 inhibition attenuates the re-activation of MAPK signaling occurring following long-term MEK inhibition, thereby illustrating that MAPK7 mediates pathway reactivation in the face of MEK inhibition. Finally, genetic knockdown of MAPK7 combined with the MEK inhibitor cobimetinib in a mutant KRAS NSCLC xenograft model to mediate improved tumor growth inhibition. These data highlight that MAPK7 represents a promising target for combination treatment with MEK inhibition in KRAS mutant NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Dompe
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Christiaan Klijn
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Sara A. Watson
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Katherine Leng
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Jenna Port
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Trinna Cuellar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Colin Watanabe
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Haley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Richard Neve
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Marie Evangelista
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - David Stokoe
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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136
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Yuan XH, Yang J, Wang XY, Zhang XL, Qin TT, Li K. Association between EGFR/KRAS mutation and expression of VEGFA, VEGFR and VEGFR2 in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:2105-2112. [PMID: 30008907 PMCID: PMC6036498 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) are two of the most notable driver genes in lung cancer, whilst vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling serves a critical function in tumor angiogenesis. However, few studies have focused on the potential connection between EGFR/KRAS mutational status, and VEGFA, VEGF receptor (VEGFR)1 and VEGFR2 expression in lung adenocarcinoma. EGFR (exon 19, 20 and 21) and KRAS (exon 2) mutations were detected using an amplification refractory mutation system technique, and the expression of VEGFA, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 was analyzed using immunohistochemistry in 204 patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Associations between EGFR/KRAS mutational status and VEGFA, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2 expression was analyzed using Pearson χ2 tests. It was revealed that EGFR 21 exon (P=0.033) and EGFR 20 exon (P=0.002) mutated tumors exhibited a significantly higher level of expression of VEGFA. EGFR 21 exon mutant tumors additionally demonstrated a significantly higher level of co-expression of VEGFA and VEGFR1 (P<0.001). EGFR 19 exon mutation was significantly associated with low levels of VEGFR1 (P=0.008). KRAS mutation was significantly associated with a high level of co-expression of VEGFA, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 (P=0.035), but no such association with the individual expression of VEGFA, VEGFR1 or VEGFR2 was identified. However, neither KRAS or EGFR mutations exhibited an association with the expression of VEGFR2. The present study may help in the treatment of various patients with KRAS or subtype of EGFR mutation with anti-angiogenesis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Han Yuan
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Henan, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China.,Tianjin Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Henan, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China.,Tianjin Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yue Wang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Henan, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China.,Tianjin Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ling Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Henan, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China.,Tianjin Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Qin
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Henan, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China.,Tianjin Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Kai Li
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Henan, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China.,Tianjin Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
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137
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Liu Y, Li Y, Liu S, Adeegbe DO, Christensen CL, Quinn MM, Dries R, Han S, Buczkowski K, Wang X, Chen T, Gao P, Zhang H, Li F, Hammerman PS, Bradner JE, Quayle SN, Wong KK. NK Cells Mediate Synergistic Antitumor Effects of Combined Inhibition of HDAC6 and BET in a SCLC Preclinical Model. Cancer Res 2018; 78:3709-3717. [PMID: 29760044 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) has the highest malignancy among all lung cancers, exhibiting aggressive growth and early metastasis to distant sites. For 30 years, treatment options for SCLC have been limited to chemotherapy, warranting the need for more effective treatments. Frequent inactivation of TP53 and RB1 as well as histone dysmodifications in SCLC suggest that transcriptional and epigenetic regulations play a major role in SCLC disease evolution. Here we performed a synthetic lethal screen using the BET inhibitor JQ1 and an shRNA library targeting 550 epigenetic genes in treatment-refractory SCLC xenograft models and identified HDAC6 as a synthetic lethal target in combination with JQ1. Combined treatment of human and mouse SCLC cell line-derived xenograft tumors with the HDAC6 inhibitor ricolinostat (ACY-1215) and JQ1 demonstrated significant inhibition of tumor growth; this effect was abolished upon depletion of NK cells, suggesting that these innate immune lymphoid cells play a role in SCLC tumor treatment response. Collectively, these findings suggest a potential new treatment for recurrent SCLC.Significance: These findings identify a novel therapeutic strategy for SCLC using a combination of HDAC6 and BET inhibitors. Cancer Res; 78(13); 3709-17. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yuyang Li
- Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shengwu Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dennis O Adeegbe
- Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Max M Quinn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ruben Dries
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shiwei Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kevin Buczkowski
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaoen Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ting Chen
- Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hua Zhang
- Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Fei Li
- Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Peter S Hammerman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James E Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York.
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138
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Das S, Ciombor KK, Haraldsdottir S, Goldberg RM. Promising New Agents for Colorectal Cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2018; 19:29. [PMID: 29752549 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-018-0543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Choosing the optimal treatment approach for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) demands that oncologists assess both clinical and genomic variables and individualize care based upon the findings. Clinically, choices depend on assessing the side of the colon in which the primary tumor originates, the sites and burden of metastatic disease, the patient's performance status, and their individual comorbidities. Genomic assessment of the tumor to discern the mutational status of genes such as RAS/RAF, HER2, and TRK, as well as assessing whether tumors have defective mismatch repair (dMMR) or high microsatellite instability (MSI-H), all factor in to potential treatment options and can determine clinical trial eligibility. Metastasectomy may be an option for patients with a low burden of disease and accessible liver- or lung-limited metastases. In some unresectable cases, systemic therapy with a FOLFOX- or FOLFIRI-based regimen with or without a biologic agent can lead to sufficient disease reduction to make a patient eligible for resection of metastatic disease. Tumor sidedness and RAS mutational status guide which biologic we add to the initial chemotherapy backbone, with patients with left-sided, RAS wild-type (WT) tumors receiving anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-directed therapy and patients with right-sided tumors or those with RAS mutations receiving bevacizumab. In patients with tumors that manifest microsatellite instability or deficient mismatch repair, we typically administer checkpoint inhibitors such as pembrolizumab or nivolumab after progression on irinotecan- or oxaliplatin-based therapies. In patients with progressive disease, we routinely send tumor tissue for next generation sequencing (NGS) to assess for the presence of actionable genomic alterations such as HER2, BRAF, and TRK fusions and offer them the option of enrollment on clinical trials with agents targeting those or other identified alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Das
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Avenue, 777 Preston Research Building, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kristen K Ciombor
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Avenue, 777 Preston Research Building, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sigurdis Haraldsdottir
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-6562, USA
| | - Richard M Goldberg
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 9300, 1801 HSS, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
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139
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Anderson GR, Winter PS, Lin KH, Nussbaum DP, Cakir M, Stein EM, Soderquist RS, Crawford L, Leeds JC, Newcomb R, Stepp P, Yip C, Wardell SE, Tingley JP, Ali M, Xu M, Ryan M, McCall SJ, McRee AJ, Counter CM, Der CJ, Wood KC. A Landscape of Therapeutic Cooperativity in KRAS Mutant Cancers Reveals Principles for Controlling Tumor Evolution. Cell Rep 2018; 20:999-1015. [PMID: 28746882 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial inhibition of effector and feedback pathways is a promising treatment strategy for KRAS mutant cancers. However, the particular pathways that should be targeted to optimize therapeutic responses are unclear. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we systematically mapped the pathways whose inhibition cooperates with drugs targeting the KRAS effectors MEK, ERK, and PI3K. By performing 70 screens in models of KRAS mutant colorectal, lung, ovarian, and pancreas cancers, we uncovered universal and tissue-specific sensitizing combinations involving inhibitors of cell cycle, metabolism, growth signaling, chromatin regulation, and transcription. Furthermore, these screens revealed secondary genetic modifiers of sensitivity, yielding a SRC inhibitor-based combination therapy for KRAS/PIK3CA double-mutant colorectal cancers (CRCs) with clinical potential. Surprisingly, acquired resistance to combinations of growth signaling pathway inhibitors develops rapidly following treatment, but by targeting signaling feedback or apoptotic priming, it is possible to construct three-drug combinations that greatly delay its emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace R Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Peter S Winter
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin H Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Merve Cakir
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Stein
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ryan S Soderquist
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lorin Crawford
- Department of Statistics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jim C Leeds
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rachel Newcomb
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Priya Stepp
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Catherine Yip
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Suzanne E Wardell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jennifer P Tingley
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Moiez Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Meagan Ryan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Autumn J McRee
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christopher M Counter
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Channing J Der
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kris C Wood
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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140
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Sumi T, Hirai S, Yamaguchi M, Tanaka Y, Tada M, Yamada G, Hasegawa T, Miyagi Y, Niki T, Watanabe A, Takahashi H, Sakuma Y. Survivin knockdown induces senescence in TTF‑1-expressing, KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinomas. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:33-46. [PMID: 29658609 PMCID: PMC5958877 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Survivin plays a key role in regulating the cell cycle and apoptosis, and is highly expressed in the majority of malignant tumors. However, little is known about the roles of survivin in KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinomas. In the present study, we examined 28 KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma tissues and two KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma cell lines, H358 and H441, in order to elucidate the potential of survivin as a therapeutic target. We found that 19 (68%) of the 28 KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinomas were differentiated tumors expressing thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) and E-cadherin. Patients with tumors immunohistochemically positive for survivin (n=18) had poorer outcomes than those with survivin-negative tumors (n=10). In the H358 and H441 cells, which expressed TTF-1 and E-cadherin, survivin knockdown alone induced senescence, not apoptosis. However, in monolayer culture, the H358 cells and H441 cells in which survivin was silenced, underwent significant apoptosis following combined treatment with ABT-263, a Bcl-2 inhibitor, and trametinib, a MEK inhibitor. Importantly, the triple combination of survivin knockdown with ABT-263 and trametinib treatment, clearly induced cell death in a three-dimensional cell culture model and in an in vivo tumor xenograft model. We also observed that the growth of the H358 and H441 cells was slightly, yet significantly suppressed in vitro when TTF-1 was silenced. These findings collectively suggest that the triple combination of survivin knockdown with ABT-263 and trametinib treatment, may be a potential strategy for the treatment of KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the well-differentiated type of KRAS-mutant lung tumors depends, at least in part, on TTF-1 for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Sumi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Sachie Hirai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Miki Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Makoto Tada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hasegawa
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyagi
- Molecular Pathology and Genetics Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Yokohama 241-0815, Japan
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Division of Integrative Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Atsushi Watanabe
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yuji Sakuma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
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141
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Román M, Baraibar I, López I, Nadal E, Rolfo C, Vicent S, Gil-Bazo I. KRAS oncogene in non-small cell lung cancer: clinical perspectives on the treatment of an old target. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:33. [PMID: 29455666 PMCID: PMC5817724 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0789-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung neoplasms are the leading cause of death by cancer worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) constitutes more than 80% of all lung malignancies and the majority of patients present advanced disease at onset. However, in the last decade, multiple oncogenic driver alterations have been discovered and each of them represents a potential therapeutic target. Although KRAS mutations are the most frequently oncogene aberrations in lung adenocarcinoma patients, effective therapies targeting KRAS have yet to be developed. Moreover, the role of KRAS oncogene in NSCLC remains unclear and its predictive and prognostic impact remains controversial. The study of the underlying biology of KRAS in NSCLC patients could help to determine potential candidates to evaluate novel targeted agents and combinations that may allow a tailored treatment for these patients. The aim of this review is to update the current knowledge about KRAS-mutated lung adenocarcinoma, including a historical overview, the biology of the molecular pathways involved, the clinical relevance of KRAS mutations as a prognostic and predictive marker and the potential therapeutic approaches for a personalized treatment of KRAS-mutated NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Román
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,Program of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iosune Baraibar
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,Program of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inés López
- Program of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ernest Nadal
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Phase I-Early Clinical Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Silvestre Vicent
- Program of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Gil-Bazo
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain. .,Program of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain. .,Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
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142
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Song KA, Niederst MJ, Lochmann TL, Hata AN, Kitai H, Ham J, Floros KV, Hicks MA, Hu H, Mulvey HE, Drier Y, Heisey DAR, Hughes MT, Patel NU, Lockerman EL, Garcia A, Gillepsie S, Archibald HL, Gomez-Caraballo M, Nulton TJ, Windle BE, Piotrowska Z, Sahingur SE, Taylor SM, Dozmorov M, Sequist LV, Bernstein B, Ebi H, Engelman JA, Faber AC. Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Antagonizes Response to Targeted Therapies in Lung Cancer by Suppressing BIM. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:197-208. [PMID: 29051323 PMCID: PMC5959009 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) confers resistance to a number of targeted therapies and chemotherapies. However, it has been unclear why EMT promotes resistance, thereby impairing progress to overcome it.Experimental Design: We have developed several models of EMT-mediated resistance to EGFR inhibitors (EGFRi) in EGFR-mutant lung cancers to evaluate a novel mechanism of EMT-mediated resistance.Results: We observed that mesenchymal EGFR-mutant lung cancers are resistant to EGFRi-induced apoptosis via insufficient expression of BIM, preventing cell death despite potent suppression of oncogenic signaling following EGFRi treatment. Mechanistically, we observed that the EMT transcription factor ZEB1 inhibits BIM expression by binding directly to the BIM promoter and repressing transcription. Derepression of BIM expression by depletion of ZEB1 or treatment with the BH3 mimetic ABT-263 to enhance "free" cellular BIM levels both led to resensitization of mesenchymal EGFR-mutant cancers to EGFRi. This relationship between EMT and loss of BIM is not restricted to EGFR-mutant lung cancers, as it was also observed in KRAS-mutant lung cancers and large datasets, including different cancer subtypes.Conclusions: Altogether, these data reveal a novel mechanistic link between EMT and resistance to lung cancer targeted therapies. Clin Cancer Res; 24(1); 197-208. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-A Song
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, VCU School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Matthew J Niederst
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy L Lochmann
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, VCU School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Aaron N Hata
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hidenori Kitai
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Jungoh Ham
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, VCU School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Konstantinos V Floros
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, VCU School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Mark A Hicks
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, VCU School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Haichuan Hu
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hillary E Mulvey
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yotam Drier
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel A R Heisey
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, VCU School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Mark T Hughes
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, VCU School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Neha U Patel
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, VCU School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Elizabeth L Lockerman
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Angel Garcia
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shawn Gillepsie
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hannah L Archibald
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maria Gomez-Caraballo
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tara J Nulton
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, VCU School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Brad E Windle
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, VCU School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Zofia Piotrowska
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sinem E Sahingur
- Department of Periodontics, VCU School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Shirley M Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Mikhail Dozmorov
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Lecia V Sequist
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bradley Bernstein
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hiromichi Ebi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Jeffrey A Engelman
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anthony C Faber
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, VCU School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia.
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143
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Anderson GR, Wardell SE, Cakir M, Crawford L, Leeds JC, Nussbaum DP, Shankar PS, Soderquist RS, Stein EM, Tingley JP, Winter PS, Zieser-Misenheimer EK, Alley HM, Yllanes A, Haney V, Blackwell KL, McCall SJ, McDonnell DP, Wood KC. PIK3CA mutations enable targeting of a breast tumor dependency through mTOR-mediated MCL-1 translation. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:369ra175. [PMID: 27974663 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aae0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Therapies that efficiently induce apoptosis are likely to be required for durable clinical responses in patients with solid tumors. Using a pharmacological screening approach, we discovered that combined inhibition of B cell lymphoma-extra large (BCL-XL) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/4E-BP axis results in selective and synergistic induction of apoptosis in cellular and animal models of PIK3CA mutant breast cancers, including triple-negative tumors. Mechanistically, inhibition of mTOR/4E-BP suppresses myeloid cell leukemia-1 (MCL-1) protein translation only in PIK3CA mutant tumors, creating a synthetic dependence on BCL-XL This dual dependence on BCL-XL and MCL-1, but not on BCL-2, appears to be a fundamental property of diverse breast cancer cell lines, xenografts, and patient-derived tumors that is independent of the molecular subtype or PIK3CA mutational status. Furthermore, this dependence distinguishes breast cancers from normal breast epithelial cells, which are neither primed for apoptosis nor dependent on BCL-XL/MCL-1, suggesting a potential therapeutic window. By tilting the balance of pro- to antiapoptotic signals in the mitochondria, dual inhibition of MCL-1 and BCL-XL also sensitizes breast cancer cells to standard-of-care cytotoxic and targeted chemotherapies. Together, these results suggest that patients with PIK3CA mutant breast cancers may benefit from combined treatment with inhibitors of BCL-XL and the mTOR/4E-BP axis, whereas alternative methods of inhibiting MCL-1 and BCL-XL may be effective in tumors lacking PIK3CA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace R Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Suzanne E Wardell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Merve Cakir
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Lorin Crawford
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jim C Leeds
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Daniel P Nussbaum
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Pallavi S Shankar
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ryan S Soderquist
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Stein
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jennifer P Tingley
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Peter S Winter
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Holly M Alley
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alexander Yllanes
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Victoria Haney
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | - Donald P McDonnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kris C Wood
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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144
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Guest ST, Kratche ZR, Irish JC, Wilson RC, Haddad R, Gray JW, Garrett-Mayer E, Ethier SP. Functional oncogene signatures guide rationally designed combination therapies to synergistically induce breast cancer cell death. Oncotarget 2017; 7:36138-36153. [PMID: 27153554 PMCID: PMC5094989 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical first step in the personalized approach to cancer treatment is the identification of activated oncogenes that drive each tumor. The Identification of driver oncogenes on a patient-by-patient basis is complicated by the complexity of the cancer genome and the fact that a particular genetic alteration may serve as a driver event only in a subset of tumors that harbor it. In this study, we set out to identify the complete set of functional oncogenes in a small panel of breast cancer cell lines. The cell lines in this panel were chosen because they each contain a known receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) oncogene. To identify additional drivers, we integrated functional genetic screens with copy number and mutation analysis, and cancer genome knowledge databases. The resulting functional oncogene signatures were able to predict responsiveness of cell lines to targeted inhibitors. However, as single agents, these drugs had little effect on clonogenic potential. By contrast, treatment with drug combinations that targeted multiple oncogenes in the signatures, even at very low doses, resulted in the induction of apoptosis and striking synergistic effects on clonogenicity. In particular, targeting a driver oncogene that mediates AKT phosphorylation in combination with targeting the anti-apoptotic BCL2L1 protein had profound effects on cell viability. Importantly, because the synergistic induction of cell death was achieved using low levels of each individual drug, it suggests that a therapeutic strategy based on this approach could avoid the toxicities that have been associated with the combined use of multiple-targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Guest
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Zachary R Kratche
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jonathan C Irish
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Robert C Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ramsi Haddad
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Joe W Gray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Elizabeth Garrett-Mayer
- Department of Public Health Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen P Ethier
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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145
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Hanselmann S, Wolter P, Malkmus J, Gaubatz S. The microtubule-associated protein PRC1 is a potential therapeutic target for lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 9:4985-4997. [PMID: 29435157 PMCID: PMC5797028 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether proteins that are involved in cytokinesis are potential targets for therapy of lung cancer. We find that the microtubule-associated protein PRC1 (protein required for cytokinesis 1), which plays a key role in organizing anti-parallel microtubule in the central spindle in cytokinesis, is overexpressed in lung cancer cell lines compared to normal cells. Increased expression of PRC1 is correlated with a poor prognosis of human lung adenocarcinoma patients. Lentiviral delivered, inducible RNAi of PRC1 demonstrated that proliferation of lung cancer cell lines strongly depends on PRC1. Significantly, we also show that PRC1 is required for tumorigenesis in vivo using a mouse model for non-small cell lung cancer driven by oncogenic K-RAS and loss of p53. When PRC1 is depleted by in vivo RNA interference, lung tumor formation is significantly reduced. Although PRC1 has been suggested to regulate Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in cancer cells, we find no evidence for a role of PRC1 in this pathway in lung cancer. Instead, we show that the depletion of PRC1 results in a strong increase in bi- and multinuclear cells due to defects in cytokinesis. This ultimately leads to apoptosis and senescence. Together these data establish PRC1 as a potential target for therapy of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Hanselmann
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Wolter
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Malkmus
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gaubatz
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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146
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Yoo BH, Khan IA, Koomson A, Gowda P, Sasazuki T, Shirasawa S, Gujar S, Rosen KV. Oncogenic RAS-induced downregulation of ATG12 is required for survival of malignant intestinal epithelial cells. Autophagy 2017; 14:134-151. [PMID: 28933585 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1370171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations of RAS GTPase contribute to the progression of many cancers, including colorectal carcinoma. So far, attempts to develop treatments of mutant RAS-carrying cancers have been unsuccessful due to insufficient understanding of the salient mechanisms of RAS signaling. We found that RAS downregulates the protein ATG12 in colon cancer cells. ATG12 is a mediator of autophagy, a process of degradation and reutilization of cellular components. In addition, ATG12 can kill cells via autophagy-independent mechanisms. We established that RAS reduces ATG12 levels in cancer cells by accelerating its proteasomal degradation. We further observed that RAS-dependent ATG12 loss in these cells is mediated by protein kinases MAP2K/MEK and MAPK1/ERK2-MAPK3/ERK1, known effectors of RAS. We also demonstrated that the reversal of the effect of RAS on ATG12 achieved by the expression of exogenous ATG12 in cancer cells triggers both apoptotic and nonapoptotic signals and efficiently kills the cells. ATG12 is known to promote autophagy by forming covalent complexes with other autophagy mediators, such as ATG5. We found that the ability of ATG12 to kill oncogenic RAS-carrying malignant cells does not require covalent binding of ATG12 to other proteins. In summary, we have identified a novel mechanism by which oncogenic RAS promotes survival of malignant intestinal epithelial cells. This mechanism is driven by RAS-dependent loss of ATG12 in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byong Hoon Yoo
- a Departments of Pediatrics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada
| | - Iman Aftab Khan
- a Departments of Pediatrics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada
| | - Ananda Koomson
- a Departments of Pediatrics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada
| | - Pramod Gowda
- a Departments of Pediatrics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada
| | | | - Senji Shirasawa
- c Department of Cell Biology , Faculty of Medicine, and Center for Advanced Molecular Medicine, Fukuoka University , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Shashi Gujar
- d Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada
| | - Kirill V. Rosen
- a Departments of Pediatrics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada
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147
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Kim C, Giaccone G. MEK inhibitors under development for treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 27:17-30. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1415324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chul Kim
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Giuseppe Giaccone
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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148
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Cook SJ, Stuart K, Gilley R, Sale MJ. Control of cell death and mitochondrial fission by ERK1/2 MAP kinase signalling. FEBS J 2017; 284:4177-4195. [PMID: 28548464 PMCID: PMC6193418 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ERK1/2 signalling pathway is best known for its role in connecting activated growth factor receptors to changes in gene expression due to activated ERK1/2 entering the nucleus and phosphorylating transcription factors. However, active ERK1/2 also translocate to a variety of other organelles including the endoplasmic reticulum, endosomes, golgi and mitochondria to access specific substrates and influence cell physiology. In this article, we review two aspects of ERK1/2 signalling at the mitochondria that are involved in regulating cell fate decisions. First, we describe the prominent role of ERK1/2 in controlling the BCL2-regulated, cell-intrinsic apoptotic pathway. In most cases ERK1/2 signalling promotes cell survival by activating prosurvival BCL2 proteins (BCL2, BCL-xL and MCL1) and repressing prodeath proteins (BAD, BIM, BMF and PUMA). This prosurvival signalling is co-opted by oncogenes to confer cancer cell-specific survival advantages and we describe how this information has been used to develop new drug combinations. However, ERK1/2 can also drive the expression of the prodeath protein NOXA to control 'autophagy or apoptosis' decisions during nutrient starvation. We also describe recent studies demonstrating a link between ERK1/2 signalling, DRP1 and the mitochondrial fission machinery and how this may influence metabolic reprogramming during tumorigenesis and stem cell reprogramming. With advances in subcellular proteomics it is likely that new roles for ERK1/2, and new substrates, remain to be discovered at the mitochondria and other organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. Cook
- Signalling ProgrammeThe Babraham InstituteCambridgeUK
| | - Kate Stuart
- Signalling ProgrammeThe Babraham InstituteCambridgeUK
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149
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Leverson JD, Sampath D, Souers AJ, Rosenberg SH, Fairbrother WJ, Amiot M, Konopleva M, Letai A. Found in Translation: How Preclinical Research Is Guiding the Clinical Development of the BCL2-Selective Inhibitor Venetoclax. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:1376-1393. [PMID: 29146569 PMCID: PMC5728441 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-0797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of apoptosis as a form of programmed cell death, targeting the apoptosis pathway to induce cancer cell death has been a high-priority goal for cancer therapy. After decades of effort, drug-discovery scientists have succeeded in generating small-molecule inhibitors of antiapoptotic BCL2 family proteins. Innovative medicinal chemistry and structure-based drug design, coupled with a strong fundamental understanding of BCL2 biology, were essential to the development of BH3 mimetics such as the BCL2-selective inhibitor venetoclax. We review a number of preclinical studies that have deepened our understanding of BCL2 biology and facilitated the clinical development of venetoclax.Significance: Basic research into the pathways governing programmed cell death have paved the way for the discovery of apoptosis-inducing agents such as venetoclax, a BCL2-selective inhibitor that was recently approved by the FDA and the European Medicines Agency. Preclinical studies aimed at identifying BCL2-dependent tumor types have translated well into the clinic thus far and will likely continue to inform the clinical development of venetoclax and other BCL2 family inhibitors. Cancer Discov; 7(12); 1376-93. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Martine Amiot
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Nantes, France
| | - Marina Konopleva
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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150
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Pistritto G, Trisciuoglio D, Ceci C, Garufi A, D'Orazi G. Apoptosis as anticancer mechanism: function and dysfunction of its modulators and targeted therapeutic strategies. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 8:603-19. [PMID: 27019364 PMCID: PMC4925817 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 974] [Impact Index Per Article: 139.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that results in the orderly and efficient removal of damaged cells, such as those resulting from DNA damage or during development. Apoptosis can be triggered by signals from within the cell, such as genotoxic stress, or by extrinsic signals, such as the binding of ligands to cell surface death receptors. Deregulation in apoptotic cell death machinery is an hallmark of cancer. Apoptosis alteration is responsible not only for tumor development and progression but also for tumor resistance to therapies. Most anticancer drugs currently used in clinical oncology exploit the intact apoptotic signaling pathways to trigger cancer cell death. Thus, defects in the death pathways may result in drug resistance so limiting the efficacy of therapies. Therefore, a better understanding of the apoptotic cell death signaling pathways may improve the efficacy of cancer therapy and bypass resistance. This review will highlight the role of the fundamental regulators of apoptosis and how their deregulation, including activation of anti-apoptotic factors (i.e., Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, etc) or inactivation of pro-apoptotic factors (i.e., p53 pathway) ends up in cancer cell resistance to therapies. In addition, therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating apoptotic activity are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppa Pistritto
- Department of Systems Medicine, University "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Trisciuoglio
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00158 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Ceci
- Department of Systems Medicine, University "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Garufi
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00158 Rome, Italy.,Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Tumor Biology Unit, University "G. d'Annunzio", 66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Gabriella D'Orazi
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00158 Rome, Italy.,Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Tumor Biology Unit, University "G. d'Annunzio", 66013 Chieti, Italy
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