1
|
Herzner AM, Khan Z, Van Nostrand EL, Chan S, Cuellar T, Chen R, Pechuan-Jorge X, Komuves L, Solon M, Modrusan Z, Haley B, Yeo GW, Behrens TW, Albert ML. ADAR and hnRNPC deficiency synergize in activating endogenous dsRNA-induced type I IFN responses. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212507. [PMID: 34297039 PMCID: PMC8313407 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) initiates type I IFN responses. Endogenous retroelements, notably Alu elements, constitute a source of dsRNA. Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing by ADAR induces mismatches in dsRNA and prevents recognition by MDA5 and autoinflammation. To identify additional endogenous dsRNA checkpoints, we conducted a candidate screen in THP-1 monocytes and found that hnRNPC and ADAR deficiency resulted in synergistic induction of MDA5-dependent IFN responses. RNA-seq analysis demonstrated dysregulation of Alu-containing introns in hnRNPC-deficient cells via utilization of unmasked cryptic splice sites, including introns containing ADAR-dependent A-to-I editing clusters. These putative MDA5 ligands showed reduced editing in the absence of ADAR, providing a plausible mechanism for the combined effects of hnRNPC and ADAR. This study contributes to our understanding of the control of repetitive element-induced autoinflammation and suggests that patients with hnRNPC-mutated tumors might maximally benefit from ADAR inhibition-based immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zia Khan
- Department of Human Genetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Eric L Van Nostrand
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program and the Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Sara Chan
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Trinna Cuellar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Ronald Chen
- Department of Human Genetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Laszlo Komuves
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Margaret Solon
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics & Lipidomics and Next Generation Sequencing, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Benjamin Haley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program and the Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Matthew L Albert
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vartanian S, Lee J, Klijn C, Gnad F, Bagniewska M, Schaefer G, Zhang D, Tan J, Watson SA, Liu L, Chen H, Liang Y, Watanabe C, Cuellar T, Kan D, Hartmaier RJ, Lau T, Costa MR, Martin SE, Merchant M, Haley B, Stokoe D. ERBB3 and IGF1R Signaling Are Required for Nrf2-Dependent Growth in KEAP1-Mutant Lung Cancer. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4828-4839. [PMID: 31416841 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in KEAP1 and NFE2L2 (encoding the protein Nrf2) are prevalent in both adeno and squamous subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer, as well as additional tumor indications. The consequence of these mutations is stabilized Nrf2 and chronic induction of a battery of Nrf2 target genes. We show that knockdown of Nrf2 caused modest growth inhibition of cells growing in two-dimension, which was more pronounced in cell lines expressing mutant KEAP1. In contrast, Nrf2 knockdown caused almost complete regression of established KEAP1-mutant tumors in mice, with little effect on wild-type (WT) KEAP1 tumors. The strong dependency on Nrf2 could be recapitulated in certain anchorage-independent growth environments and was not prevented by excess extracellular glutathione. A CRISPR screen was used to investigate the mechanism(s) underlying this dependence. We identified alternative pathways critical for Nrf2-dependent growth in KEAP1-mutant cell lines, including the redox proteins thioredoxin and peroxiredoxin, as well as the growth factor receptors IGF1R and ERBB3. IGF1R inhibition was effective in KEAP1-mutant cells compared with WT, especially under conditions of anchorage-independent growth. These results point to addiction of KEAP1-mutant tumor cells to Nrf2 and suggest that inhibition of Nrf2 or discrete druggable Nrf2 target genes such as IGF1R could be an effective therapeutic strategy for disabling these tumors. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies pathways activated by Nrf2 that are important for the proliferation and tumorigenicity of KEAP1-mutant non-small cell lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Florian Gnad
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
| | | | | | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
| | | | | | - Liling Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
| | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Yuxin Liang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Trinna Cuellar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Ted Lau
- Department of Discovery Oncology
| | | | | | | | - Benjamin Haley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dompe N, Klijn C, Watson SA, Leng K, Port J, Cuellar T, Watanabe C, Haley B, Neve R, Evangelista M, Stokoe D. A CRISPR screen identifies MAPK7 as a target for combination with MEK inhibition in KRAS mutant NSCLC. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199264. [PMID: 29912950 PMCID: PMC6005515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant KRAS represents one of the most frequently observed oncogenes in NSCLC, yet no therapies are approved for tumors that express activated KRAS variants. While there is strong rationale for the use of MEK inhibitors to treat tumors with activated RAS/MAPK signaling, these have proven ineffective clinically. We therefore implemented a CRISPR screening approach to identify novel agents to sensitize KRAS mutant NSCLC cells to MEK inhibitor treatment. This approach identified multiple components of the canonical RAS/MAPK pathway consistent with previous studies. In addition, we identified MAPK7 as a novel, strong hit and validated this finding using multiple orthogonal approaches including knockdown and pharmacological inhibition. We show that MAPK7 inhibition attenuates the re-activation of MAPK signaling occurring following long-term MEK inhibition, thereby illustrating that MAPK7 mediates pathway reactivation in the face of MEK inhibition. Finally, genetic knockdown of MAPK7 combined with the MEK inhibitor cobimetinib in a mutant KRAS NSCLC xenograft model to mediate improved tumor growth inhibition. These data highlight that MAPK7 represents a promising target for combination treatment with MEK inhibition in KRAS mutant NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Dompe
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Christiaan Klijn
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Sara A. Watson
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Katherine Leng
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Jenna Port
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Trinna Cuellar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Colin Watanabe
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Haley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Richard Neve
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Marie Evangelista
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - David Stokoe
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Callow MG, Watanabe C, Wickliffe KE, Bainer R, Kummerfield S, Weng J, Cuellar T, Janakiraman V, Chen H, Chih B, Liang Y, Haley B, Newton K, Costa MR. CRISPR whole-genome screening identifies new necroptosis regulators and RIPK1 alternative splicing. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:261. [PMID: 29449584 PMCID: PMC5833675 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0301-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The necroptotic cell death pathway is a key component of human pathogen defense that can become aberrantly derepressed during tissue homeostasis to contribute to multiple types of tissue damage and disease. While formation of the necrosome kinase signaling complex containing RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL has been extensively characterized, additional mechanisms of its regulation and effector functions likely remain to be discovered. We screened 19,883 mouse protein-coding genes by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout for resistance to cytokine-induced necroptosis and identified 112 regulators and mediators of necroptosis, including 59 new candidate pathway components with minimal or no effect on cell growth in the absence of necroptosis induction. Among these, we further characterized the function of PTBP1, an RNA binding protein whose activity is required to maintain RIPK1 protein abundance by regulating alternative splice-site selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marinella G Callow
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Colin Watanabe
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Katherine E Wickliffe
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Russell Bainer
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Sarah Kummerfield
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Julie Weng
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Trinna Cuellar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | | | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ben Chih
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Yuxin Liang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Benjamin Haley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Kim Newton
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Michael R Costa
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guler GD, Tindell CA, Pitti R, Wilson C, Nichols K, KaiWai Cheung T, Kim HJ, Wongchenko M, Yan Y, Haley B, Cuellar T, Webster J, Alag N, Hegde G, Jackson E, Nance TL, Giresi PG, Chen KB, Liu J, Jhunjhunwala S, Settleman J, Stephan JP, Arnott D, Classon M. Repression of Stress-Induced LINE-1 Expression Protects Cancer Cell Subpopulations from Lethal Drug Exposure. Cancer Cell 2017; 32:221-237.e13. [PMID: 28781121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of phenotypic heterogeneity within cell populations is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that underlies population survival upon stressful exposures. We show that the genomes of a cancer cell subpopulation that survives treatment with otherwise lethal drugs, the drug-tolerant persisters (DTPs), exhibit a repressed chromatin state characterized by increased methylation of histone H3 lysines 9 and 27 (H3K9 and H3K27). We also show that survival of DTPs is, in part, maintained by regulators of H3K9me3-mediated heterochromatin formation and that the observed increase in H3K9me3 in DTPs is most prominent over long interspersed repeat element 1 (LINE-1). Disruption of the repressive chromatin over LINE-1 elements in DTPs results in DTP ablation, which is partially rescued by reducing LINE-1 expression or function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gulfem Dilek Guler
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Robert Pitti
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Catherine Wilson
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Katrina Nichols
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Hyo-Jin Kim
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Yibing Yan
- LS Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Haley
- Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Trinna Cuellar
- Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Navneet Alag
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ganapati Hegde
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Erica Jackson
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jinfeng Liu
- Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jeff Settleman
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - David Arnott
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marie Classon
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kategaya L, Cuellar T, Haley B, Liu J, Tran A, Cao Y, Stokoe D, McCleland M, Blackwood B, Yee S, Drobnick J, Drummond J, Ernst J, Kwok M, Ly C, Pastor R, Lello PD, Ndubaku C, Blake R, Tsui V, Murray J, Maurer T, Wertz I. Abstract B23: Crucial deubiquitinases in cancer cell survival. Clin Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3265.pmccavuln16-b23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are enzymes that proteolytically cleave ubiquitin from substrates. Substrates include oncogenes, tumor suppressors and polyubiquitinated proteins marked for degradation by the proteasome. Ubiquitin specific peptidase-7 (USP7) deubiquitinates MDM2 (an oncogene). MDM2 is a ligase that ubiquitinates p53 (a tumor suppressor protein), targeting it for proteosomal degradation. As such, USP7 is a promising cancer target because its inhibition stabilizes p53 and thereby promotes apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, processes that are often deregulated in tumors (Nicholson and Suresh Kumar, 2011). We found that USP7 was selectively druggable following a fragment-based lead discovery effort to obtain USP7 antagonists. Cellular and xenograft studies confirm that inhibiting USP7 activity stabilized p53 levels and p53-downstream target, p21. Additionally, normal primary and p53-null cells were less sensitive than the corresponding p53-WT cancer cells to USP7 inhibition.
To investigate whether other DUBs are involved in cancer cell survival, we carried out a drop-out CRISPR screen using a pooled DUB library in HCT116 and A549 cells. Out of the approximately 100 DUBs targeted, nine, including USP7, were found to affect cell viability. These hits were validated using siRNA-mediated knockdown in cancer cell lines (A549, HCT116, MCF7). Three DUBs that robustly decreased cell proliferation were further tested in normal cells (Human Mammary Epithelial Cells and Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells). DUB protein expression levels and activity were also determined. In general, DUB expression levels, activity and knockdown efficiency were higher in cancer cells compared to normal cells. Collectively, our studies support the hypothesis that USP7 inhibition may be an efficacious strategy to promote cancer cell death. Furthermore, there are other DUBs that should be considered as novel cancer targets.
Citation Format: Lorna Kategaya, Trinna Cuellar, Ben Haley, Jinfeng Liu, Andy Tran, Yi Cao, David Stokoe, Mark McCleland, Beth Blackwood, Sharon Yee, Joy Drobnick, Jake Drummond, James Ernst, Michael Kwok, Cuong Ly, Richard Pastor, Paola Di Lello, Chudi Ndubaku, Robert Blake, Vickie Tsui, Jeremy Murray, Till Maurer, Ingrid Wertz. Crucial deubiquitinases in cancer cell survival. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Targeting the Vulnerabilities of Cancer; May 16-19, 2016; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(1_Suppl):Abstract nr B23.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yi Cao
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cuong Ly
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kayagaki N, Stowe IB, Lee BL, O'Rourke K, Anderson K, Warming S, Cuellar T, Haley B, Roose-Girma M, Phung QT, Liu PS, Lill JR, Li H, Wu J, Kummerfeld S, Zhang J, Lee WP, Snipas SJ, Salvesen GS, Morris LX, Fitzgerald L, Zhang Y, Bertram EM, Goodnow CC, Dixit VM. Caspase-11 cleaves gasdermin D for non-canonical inflammasome signalling. Nature 2015; 526:666-71. [PMID: 26375259 DOI: 10.1038/nature15541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2332] [Impact Index Per Article: 259.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria including Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, and Burkholderia thailandensis activates mouse caspase-11, causing pyroptotic cell death, interleukin-1β processing, and lethal septic shock. How caspase-11 executes these downstream signalling events is largely unknown. Here we show that gasdermin D is essential for caspase-11-dependent pyroptosis and interleukin-1β maturation. A forward genetic screen with ethyl-N-nitrosourea-mutagenized mice links Gsdmd to the intracellular lipopolysaccharide response. Macrophages from Gsdmd(-/-) mice generated by gene targeting also exhibit defective pyroptosis and interleukin-1β secretion induced by cytoplasmic lipopolysaccharide or Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, Gsdmd(-/-) mice are protected from a lethal dose of lipopolysaccharide. Mechanistically, caspase-11 cleaves gasdermin D, and the resulting amino-terminal fragment promotes both pyroptosis and NLRP3-dependent activation of caspase-1 in a cell-intrinsic manner. Our data identify gasdermin D as a critical target of caspase-11 and a key mediator of the host response against Gram-negative bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Kayagaki
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Irma B Stowe
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Bettina L Lee
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Karen O'Rourke
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Keith Anderson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Søren Warming
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Trinna Cuellar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Benjamin Haley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Merone Roose-Girma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Qui T Phung
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Peter S Liu
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Jennie R Lill
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Jiansheng Wu
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Sarah Kummerfeld
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Scott J Snipas
- Program in Cell Death Signaling Networks, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Guy S Salvesen
- Program in Cell Death Signaling Networks, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Lucy X Morris
- The Australian Phenomics Facility, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Linda Fitzgerald
- The Australian Phenomics Facility, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Yafei Zhang
- The Australian Phenomics Facility, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Edward M Bertram
- The Australian Phenomics Facility, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Vishva M Dixit
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Khandelwal P, Cuellar T, Cosentino C, Saunders AJ. P1-194 A genome-screen informed search for genes involved in APP processing. Neurobiol Aging 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(04)80507-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|