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Abstract
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled tumour cell proliferation resulting from aberrant activity of various cell cycle proteins. Therefore, cell cycle regulators are considered attractive targets in cancer therapy. Intriguingly, animal models demonstrate that some of these proteins are not essential for proliferation of non-transformed cells and development of most tissues. By contrast, many cancers are uniquely dependent on these proteins and hence are selectively sensitive to their inhibition. After decades of research on the physiological functions of cell cycle proteins and their relevance for cancer, this knowledge recently translated into the first approved cancer therapeutic targeting of a direct regulator of the cell cycle. In this Review, we focus on proteins that directly regulate cell cycle progression (such as cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)), as well as checkpoint kinases, Aurora kinases and Polo-like kinases (PLKs). We discuss the role of cell cycle proteins in cancer, the rationale for targeting them in cancer treatment and results of clinical trials, as well as the future therapeutic potential of various cell cycle inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Otto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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102
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Lohse I, Mason J, Cao PM, Pintilie M, Bray M, Hedley DW. Activity of the novel polo-like kinase 4 inhibitor CFI-400945 in pancreatic cancer patient-derived xenografts. Oncotarget 2017; 8:3064-3071. [PMID: 27902970 PMCID: PMC5356865 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) plays a key role in centriole replication. Hence PLK4 inhibition disrupts mitosis, and offers a novel approach to treating chromosomally unstable cancers, including pancreatic cancer. CFI-400945 is a first in class small molecule PLK4 inhibitor, currently undergoing early phase clinical trials. RESULTS Treatment with CFI-400945 significantly reduced tumor growth and increased survival in four out of the six models tested. Consistent with PLK4 inhibition, we observed reduced expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67 associated with an increase in nuclear diameter during treatment with CFI-400945. Additionally, treatment with CFI-400945 resulted in a significant reduction of tumor-initiating cells. DISCUSSION These results support the further investigation of PLK4 as a drug target in pancreatic cancer. METHODS Sensitivity to CFI-400945 was tested in a series of six patient-derived pancreatic cancer xenografts, selected to represent the range of growth characteristics, genetic features, and hypoxia found in pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Lohse
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Mason
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pinjiang Mary Cao
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melania Pintilie
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Bray
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David W Hedley
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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103
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Berger T, Saunders ME, Mak TW. Beyond the Oncogene Revolution: Four New Ways to Combat Cancer. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 81:85-92. [PMID: 28057846 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2016.81.031161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
It has become clear that tumorigenesis results from much more than just the activation of an oncogene and/or the inactivation of a tumor-suppressor gene, and that the cancer cell genome contains many more alterations than can be specifically targeted at once. This observation has led our group to a search for alternative ways to kill cancer cells (while sparing normal cells) by focusing on properties unique to the former. We have identified four approaches with the potential to generate new anticancer therapies: combatting the tactics by which cancers evade antitumor immune responses, targeting metabolic adaptations that tumor cells use to survive conditions that would kill normal cells, manipulating a cancer cell's response to excessive oxidative stress, and exploiting aneuploidy. This review describes our progress to date on these fronts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Berger
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Mary E Saunders
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Tak W Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
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104
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Liu Z, Wei W, Xiong L, Feng Q, Shi Y, Wang N, Yu L. Selective and efficient synthesis of trans-arylvinylboronates and trans-hetarylvinylboronates using palladium catalyzed cross-coupling. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03984g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A versatile method of palladium catalyzed cross-coupling between pinacol vinylboronate and (het)arylbromides to obtain trans-(het)arylvinylboronates in excellent yields and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer center
- West China Hospital
- West China Medical School
- Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center
- Chengdu 610041
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer center
- West China Hospital
- West China Medical School
- Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center
- Chengdu 610041
| | - Lu Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer center
- West China Hospital
- West China Medical School
- Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center
- Chengdu 610041
| | - Qiang Feng
- College of Chemistry and Life Science
- Chengdu Normal University
- Chengdu 611130
- China
| | - Yaojie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer center
- West China Hospital
- West China Medical School
- Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center
- Chengdu 610041
| | - Ningyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer center
- West China Hospital
- West China Medical School
- Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center
- Chengdu 610041
| | - Luoting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer center
- West China Hospital
- West China Medical School
- Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center
- Chengdu 610041
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105
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Gorrini C, Mak TW. Fundamental Pathways in Breast Cancer 2: Maintenance of Genomic Stability. Breast Cancer 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48848-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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106
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Liu Z, Lei Q, Wei W, Xiong L, Shi Y, Yan G, Gao C, Ye T, Wang N, Yu L. Synthesis and biological evaluation of (E)-4-(3-arylvinyl-1H-indazol-6-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine derivatives as PLK4 inhibitors for the treatment of breast cancer. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02518a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SAR explorations identified (E)-4-(3-arylvinyl-1H-indazol-6-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine derivative14ias a potential PLK4 inhibitor with significant anti-breast cancer activityin vitroandin vivo.
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107
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Abstract
The centrosome, an organelle discovered >100 years ago, is the main microtubule-organizing center in mammalian organisms. The centrosome is composed of a pair of centrioles surrounded by the pericentriolar material (PMC) and plays a major role in the regulation of cell cycle transitions (G1-S, G2-M, and metaphase-anaphase), ensuring the normality of cell division. Hundreds of proteins found in the centrosome exert a variety of roles, including microtubule dynamics, nucleation, and kinetochore–microtubule attachments that allow correct chromosome alignment and segregation. Errors in these processes lead to structural (shape, size, number, position, and composition), functional (abnormal microtubule nucleation and disorganized spindles), and numerical (centrosome amplification [CA]) centrosome aberrations causing aneuploidy and genomic instability. Compelling data demonstrate that centrosomes are implicated in cancer, because there are important oncogenic and tumor suppressor proteins that are localized in this organelle and drive centrosome aberrations. Centrosome defects have been found in pre-neoplasias and tumors from breast, ovaries, prostate, head and neck, lung, liver, and bladder among many others. Several drugs/compounds against centrosomal proteins have shown promising results. Other drugs have higher toxicity with modest or no benefits, and there are more recently developed agents being tested in clinical trials. All of this emerging evidence suggests that targeting centrosome aberrations may be a future avenue for therapeutic intervention in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yainyrette Rivera-Rivera
- Department of Pharmacology, Ponce Health Sciences University-School of Medicine, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Harold I Saavedra
- Department of Pharmacology, Ponce Health Sciences University-School of Medicine, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico
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108
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Plk4 Promotes Cancer Invasion and Metastasis through Arp2/3 Complex Regulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton. Cancer Res 2016; 77:434-447. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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109
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Mak T. A Journey in Science: "Not Lost in Translation". Mol Med 2016; 22:675-679. [PMID: 27819109 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Real innovations in medicine and science are historic and singular; the stories behind each occurrence are precious. At Molecular Medicine we have established the Anthony Cerami Award in Translational Medicine to document and preserve these histories. The monographs recount the seminal events as told in the voice of the original investigators who provided the crucial early insight. These essays capture the essence of discovery, chronicling the birth of ideas that created new fields of research; and launched trajectories that persisted and ultimately influenced how disease is prevented, diagnosed, and treated. In this volume, the Cerami Award Monograph is by Tak Mak, PhD, Professor, The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre in Toronto. A visionary in the field of cancer, this is the story of Dr. Mak's scientific journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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110
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St-Denis N, Gupta GD, Lin ZY, Gonzalez-Badillo B, Veri AO, Knight JD, Rajendran D, Couzens AL, Currie KW, Tkach JM, Cheung SW, Pelletier L, Gingras AC. Phenotypic and Interaction Profiling of the Human Phosphatases Identifies Diverse Mitotic Regulators. Cell Rep 2016; 17:2488-2501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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111
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Cosenza MR, Krämer A. Centrosome amplification, chromosomal instability and cancer: mechanistic, clinical and therapeutic issues. Chromosome Res 2016; 24:105-26. [PMID: 26645976 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-015-9505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Centrosomes, the main microtubule-organizing centers in most animal cells, are of crucial importance for the assembly of a bipolar mitotic spindle and subsequent faithful segregation of chromosomes into two daughter cells. Centrosome abnormalities can be found in virtually all cancer types and have been linked to chromosomal instability (CIN) and tumorigenesis. Although our knowledge on centrosome structure, replication, and amplification has greatly increased within recent years, still only very little is known on nature, causes, and consequences of centrosome aberrations in primary tumor tissues. In this review, we summarize our current insights into the mechanistic link between centrosome aberrations, aneuploidy, CIN and tumorigenesis. Mechanisms of induction and cellular consequences of aneuploidy, tetraploidization and CIN, as well as origin and effects of supernumerary centrosomes will be discussed. In addition, animal models for both CIN and centrosome amplification will be outlined. Finally, we describe approaches to exploit centrosome amplification, aneuploidy and CIN for novel and specific anticancer treatment strategies based on the modulation of chromosome missegregation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Raffaele Cosenza
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alwin Krämer
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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112
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Design and optimization of (3-aryl-1 H -indazol-6-yl)spiro[cyclopropane-1,3′-indolin]-2′-ones as potent PLK4 inhibitors with oral antitumor efficacy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4625-4630. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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113
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Ferrari S, Gentili C. Maintaining Genome Stability in Defiance of Mitotic DNA Damage. Front Genet 2016; 7:128. [PMID: 27493659 PMCID: PMC4954828 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The implementation of decisions affecting cell viability and proliferation is based on prompt detection of the issue to be addressed, formulation and transmission of a correct set of instructions and fidelity in the execution of orders. While the first and the last are purely mechanical processes relying on the faithful functioning of single proteins or macromolecular complexes (sensors and effectors), information is the real cue, with signal amplitude, duration, and frequency ultimately determining the type of response. The cellular response to DNA damage is no exception to the rule. In this review article we focus on DNA damage responses in G2 and Mitosis. First, we set the stage describing mitosis and the machineries in charge of assembling the apparatus responsible for chromosome alignment and segregation as well as the inputs that control its function (checkpoints). Next, we examine the type of issues that a cell approaching mitosis might face, presenting the impact of post-translational modifications (PTMs) on the correct and timely functioning of pathways correcting errors or damage before chromosome segregation. We conclude this essay with a perspective on the current status of mitotic signaling pathway inhibitors and their potential use in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ferrari
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Gentili
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
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114
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Vora SM, Phillips BT. The benefits of local depletion: The centrosome as a scaffold for ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated degradation. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2124-2134. [PMID: 27294844 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1196306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is the major microtubule-organizing center in animal cells but is dispensable for proper microtubule spindle formation in many biological contexts and is thus thought to fulfill additional functions. Recent observations suggest that the centrosome acts as a scaffold for proteasomal degradation in the cell to regulate a variety of biological processes including cell fate acquisition, cell cycle control, stress response, and cell morphogenesis. Here, we review the body of studies indicating a role for the centrosome in promoting proteasomal degradation of ubiquitin-proteasome substrates and explore the functional relevance of this system in different biological contexts. We discuss a potential role for the centrosome in coordinating local degradation of proteasomal substrates, allowing cells to achieve stringent spatiotemporal control over various signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setu M Vora
- a Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA
| | - Bryan T Phillips
- a Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA
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115
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Li Z, Dai K, Wang C, Song Y, Gu F, Liu F, Fu L. Expression of Polo-Like Kinase 4(PLK4) in Breast Cancer and Its Response to Taxane-Based Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. J Cancer 2016; 7:1125-32. [PMID: 27326256 PMCID: PMC4911880 DOI: 10.7150/jca.14307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Polo-like kinase 4(PLK4) is an important evolutionarily regulator involved in centrosome duplication. We here investigated the expression of PLK4 mRNA and PLK4 in breast cancer, and evaluated its predictive value for response to taxane-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. METHOD The PLK4 mRNA expression was measured in breast cancer tissues and corresponding normal breast tissues from 30 breast cancer patients by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).The association of the expression of PLK4 with clinicopathological parameters and prognostic significance was evaluated in 154 cases of invasive breast cancer. In addition, we immunohistochemically examined the changes of PLK4 expression in biopsy and postoperative tumor specimens of another 64 breast cancer patients who received taxane-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS The level of PLK4 mRNA expression in cancerous tissues had a significant difference compared to the corresponding normal breast tissues (P=0.021). There is a correlation of PLK4 expression with higher incidence of lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis or surrounding recurrence (P=0.043; P=0.006). High PLK4 expression was found to be a detrimental prognostic factor measured by overall survival (OS) (P=0.003) and progress-free survival (PFS) (P=0.003). Moreover, the results demonstrated that PLK4 expression was a negative predictor of response to taxane-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (rs= - 0.253, P=0.044). CONCLUSION The findings of this current study indicated that PLK4 expression in breast cancer could be a potential prognostic factor and a negative predictor of response to taxane-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fangfang Liu
- Department of Breast Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Breast Pathology and Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tianjin 300060, China
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116
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Zhang YL, Li YF, Wang JW, Yu B, Shi YK, Liu HM. Multicomponent assembly of novel antiproliferative steroidal dihydropyridinyl spirooxindoles. Steroids 2016; 109:22-8. [PMID: 26976211 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent assembly of steroidal dihydropyridinyl spirooxindoles from pregnenolone, isatins, malononitrile, and ammonium acetate is described, which involves the formation of two C-C bonds, two C-N bonds, and an all-carbon quaternary stereogenic center in a single operation. MTT assays showed that some of these compounds had moderate to excellent cytotoxicity against the tested cancer cell lines and were more potent than 5-FU. Particularly, compound 5o represented excellent inhibitory effect toward EC-109 (IC50=0.3 μM), being about 33-fold more potent than 5-FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University and Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, PR China
| | - Ya-Fei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University and Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Jun-Wei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University and Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University and Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yun-Kai Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University and Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University and Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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117
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Dominguez-Brauer C, Thu KL, Mason JM, Blaser H, Bray MR, Mak TW. Targeting Mitosis in Cancer: Emerging Strategies. Mol Cell 2016; 60:524-36. [PMID: 26590712 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cell cycle is an evolutionarily conserved process necessary for mammalian cell growth and development. Because cell-cycle aberrations are a hallmark of cancer, this process has been the target of anti-cancer therapeutics for decades. However, despite numerous clinical trials, cell-cycle-targeting agents have generally failed in the clinic. This review briefly examines past cell-cycle-targeted therapeutics and outlines how experience with these agents has provided valuable insight to refine and improve anti-mitotic strategies. An overview of emerging anti-mitotic approaches with promising pre-clinical results is provided, and the concept of exploiting the genomic instability of tumor cells through therapeutic inhibition of mitotic checkpoints is discussed. We believe this strategy has a high likelihood of success given its potential to enhance therapeutic index by targeting tumor-specific vulnerabilities. This reasoning stimulated our development of novel inhibitors targeting the critical regulators of genomic stability and the mitotic checkpoint: AURKA, PLK4, and Mps1/TTK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Dominguez-Brauer
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Kelsie L Thu
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Jacqueline M Mason
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Heiko Blaser
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Mark R Bray
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Tak W Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
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118
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Denu RA, Zasadil LM, Kanugh C, Laffin J, Weaver BA, Burkard ME. Centrosome amplification induces high grade features and is prognostic of worse outcomes in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:47. [PMID: 26832928 PMCID: PMC4734858 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Centrosome amplification (CA) has been reported in nearly all types of human cancer and is associated with deleterious clinical factors such as higher grade and stage. However, previous reports have not shown how CA affects cellular differentiation and clinical outcomes in breast cancer. Methods We analyzed centrosomes by immunofluorescence and compared to ploidy and chromosomal instability (CIN) as assessed by 6-chromosome FISH in a cohort of 362 breast cancers with median clinical follow-up of 8.4 years. Centrosomes were recognized by immunofluorescence using antibodies for pericentriolar material (PCM; pericentrin) and centrioles (polyglutamylated tubulin). CA was experimentally induced in cell culture by overexpression of polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4). Results CA is associated with reduced all-cause and breast cancer-specific overall survival and recurrence-free survival. CA correlates strongly with high-risk subtypes (e.g. triple negative) and higher stage and grade, and the prognostic nature of CA can be explained largely by these factors. A strong correlation between CA and high tumor ploidy demonstrates that chromosome and centrosome doubling often occur in concert. CA is proposed to be a method of inducing CIN via aberrant mitotic cell divisions; consonant with this, we observed a strong correlation between CA and CIN in breast cancers. However, some CA tumors had low levels of CIN, indicating that protective mechanisms are at play, such as centrosome clustering during mitosis. Intriguingly, some high-risk tumors have more acentriolar centrosomes, suggesting PCM fragmentation as another mechanism of CA. In vitro induction of CA in two non-transformed human cell lines (MCF10A and RPE) demonstrated that CA induces a de-differentiated cellular state and features of high-grade malignancy, supporting the idea that CA intrinsically causes high-grade tumors. Conclusions CA is associated with deleterious clinical factors and outcomes in breast cancer. Cell doubling events are the most prevalent causes of CA in cancer, although PCM fragmentation may be a secondary cause. CA promotes high-risk breast cancer in part by inducing high-grade features. These findings highlight the importance of centrosome aberrations in the biology of human breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2083-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Denu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Medical Scientist Training Program and the Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Lauren M Zasadil
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Training Program and the Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Craig Kanugh
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA.
| | - Jennifer Laffin
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA.
| | - Beth A Weaver
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology and University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Mark E Burkard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology and University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6059 WIMR, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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119
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Yuen ST, Leung SY. Genomics Study of Gastric Cancer and Its Molecular Subtypes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 908:419-39. [PMID: 27573784 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41388-4_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a heterogeneous disease encompassing diverse morphological (intestinal versus diffuse) and molecular subtypes (MSI, EBV, TP53 mutation). Recent advances in genomic technology have led to an improved understanding of the driver gene mutational profile, gene expression, and epigenetic alterations that underlie each of the subgroups, with therapeutic implications in some of these alterations. There have been attempts to classify gastric cancers based on these genomic features, with an aim to improve prognostication and predict responsiveness to specific drug therapy. The eventual aims of these genomic studies are to develop deep biological insights into the carcinogenic pathway in each of these subtypes. Future large-scale drug screening strategies may then be able to link these genomic features to drug responsiveness, eventually leading to genome-guided personalized medicine with improved cure rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Tsan Yuen
- Department of Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Suet Yi Leung
- Department of Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.
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120
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Joukov V, Walter JC, De Nicolo A. Assays to Study Mitotic Centrosome and Spindle Pole Assembly and Regulation. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1413:207-235. [PMID: 27193852 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3542-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation during cell division requires proper bipolar spindle assembly and critically depends on spindle pole integrity. In most animal cells, spindle poles form as the result of the concerted action of various factors operating in two independent pathways of microtubule assembly mediated by chromatin/RanGTP and by centrosomes. Mutation or deregulation of a number of spindle pole-organizing proteins has been linked to human diseases, including cancer and microcephaly. Our knowledge on how the spindle pole-organizing factors function at the molecular level and cooperate with one another is still quite limited. As the list of these factors expands, so does the need for the development of experimental approaches to study their function. Cell-free extracts from Xenopus laevis eggs have played an instrumental role in the dissection of the mechanisms of bipolar spindle assembly and have recently allowed the reconstitution of the key steps of the centrosome-driven microtubule nucleation pathway (Joukov et al., Mol Cell 55:578-591, 2014). Here we describe assays to study both centrosome-dependent and centrosome-independent spindle pole formation in Xenopus egg extracts. We also provide experimental procedures for the use of artificial centrosomes, such as microbeads coated with an anti-Aurora A antibody or a recombinant fragment of the Cep192 protein, to model and study centrosome maturation in egg extract. In addition, we detail the protocol for a microtubule regrowth assay that allows assessment of the centrosome-driven spindle microtubule assembly in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Joukov
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Room C1-226A, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Johannes C Walter
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arcangela De Nicolo
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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Leoni A, Locatelli A, Morigi R, Rambaldi M. 2-Indolinone a versatile scaffold for treatment of cancer: a patent review (2008-2014). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 26:149-73. [PMID: 26561198 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1118059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 2-Indolinone is a well-known aromatic heterocyclic organic compound. A lot of work has been done on this bicyclic structure by academic and company researchers to synthesize compounds directed to a plethora of molecular targets in order to discover new drug leads. This review presents up-to-date information in the field of cancer therapy research based on this small building block. AREAS COVERED The present review gives an account of the recent patent literature (2008-2014) describing the discovery of 2-indolinone derivatives with selected therapeutic activities. In this period, a large amount of patents were published on this topic. We have limited the analysis to 37 patents on 2-indolinone derivatives having potential clinical application as chemotherapeutic agents. In this review, the therapeutic applications of 2-indolinone derivatives for the treatment of cancer reported in international patents have been discussed. EXPERT OPINION 2-Indolinone is the scaffold of the compounds considered from a medicinal chemistry perspective. Many of them have been developed and marketed for therapeutic use. In cancer chemotherapy, progress has been made in designing selective 2-indolinone derivatives. Some of them show preclinical efficacy. However, 2-indolinone has not exhausted all of its potential in the development of new compounds for clinical applications and remains a great tool for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Leoni
- a Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Alessandra Locatelli
- a Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Rita Morigi
- a Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Mirella Rambaldi
- a Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Bologna , Bologna , Italy
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122
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Abstract
Over a century ago, centrosome aberrations were postulated to cause cancer by promoting genome instability. The mechanisms governing centrosome assembly and function are increasingly well understood, allowing for a timely reappraisal of this postulate. This Review discusses recent advances that shed new light on the relationship between centrosomes and cancer, and raise the possibility that centrosome aberrations contribute to this disease in different ways than initially envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gönczy
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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123
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78495111110.1016/j.molcel.2015.11.006" />
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124
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Fan G, Sun L, Shan P, Zhang X, Huan J, Zhang X, Li D, Wang T, Wei T, Zhang X, Gu X, Yao L, Xuan Y, Hou Z, Cui Y, Cao L, Li X, Zhang S, Wang C. Loss of KLF14 triggers centrosome amplification and tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8450. [PMID: 26439168 PMCID: PMC4600754 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosome amplification is frequent in cancer, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we report that disruption of the Kruppel-like factor 14 (KLF14) gene in mice causes centrosome amplification, aneuploidy and spontaneous tumorigenesis. Molecularly, KLF14 functions as a transcriptional repressor of Plk4, a polo-like kinase whose overexpression induces centrosome overduplication. Transient knockdown of KLF14 is sufficient to induce Plk4-directed centrosome amplification. Clinically, KLF14 transcription is significantly downregulated, whereas Plk4 transcription is upregulated in multiple types of cancers, and there exists an inverse correlation between KLF14 and Plk4 protein expression in human breast and colon cancers. Moreover, KLF14 depletion promotes AOM/DSS-induced colon tumorigenesis. Our findings reveal that KLF14 reduction serves as a mechanism leading to centrosome amplification and tumorigenesis. On the other hand, forced expression of KLF14 leads to mitotic catastrophe. Collectively, our findings identify KLF14 as a tumour suppressor and highlight its potential as biomarker and therapeutic target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjian Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Lianhui Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Peipei Shan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xianying Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jinliang Huan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, USF Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Dali Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Tingting Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaoyang Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Liangfang Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yang Xuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yongping Cui
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Liu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, College of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Xiaotao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shengping Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Chuangui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, College of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China
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125
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Lambrus BG, Uetake Y, Clutario KM, Daggubati V, Snyder M, Sluder G, Holland AJ. p53 protects against genome instability following centriole duplication failure. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:63-77. [PMID: 26150389 PMCID: PMC4494000 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201502089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Centriole function has been difficult to study because of a lack of specific tools that allow persistent and reversible centriole depletion. Here we combined gene targeting with an auxin-inducible degradation system to achieve rapid, titratable, and reversible control of Polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4), a master regulator of centriole biogenesis. Depletion of Plk4 led to a failure of centriole duplication that produced an irreversible cell cycle arrest within a few divisions. This arrest was not a result of a prolonged mitosis, chromosome segregation errors, or cytokinesis failure. Depleting p53 allowed cells that fail centriole duplication to proliferate indefinitely. Washout of auxin and restoration of endogenous Plk4 levels in cells that lack centrioles led to the penetrant formation of de novo centrioles that gained the ability to organize microtubules and duplicate. In summary, we uncover a p53-dependent surveillance mechanism that protects against genome instability by preventing cell growth after centriole duplication failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bramwell G Lambrus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Yumi Uetake
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Kevin M Clutario
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Vikas Daggubati
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Michael Snyder
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Greenfield Sluder
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Andrew J Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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126
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Yu B, Sun XN, Shi XJ, Qi PP, Zheng YC, Yu DQ, Liu HM. Efficient synthesis of novel antiproliferative steroidal spirooxindoles via the [3+2] cycloaddition reactions of azomethine ylides. Steroids 2015; 102:92-100. [PMID: 26256638 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel steroidal spirooxindoles 3a-h were synthesized from pregnenolone in a high regioselective manner using the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition as the key step. This protocol resulted in the formation of two C-C bonds, one C-N bond and the creation of one pyrrolidine ring and three contiguous stereocenters in a single operation. Biological evaluation showed that these synthesized steroidal spirooxindoles exhibited moderate to good antiproliferative activity against the tested cell lines and some of them were more potent than 5-FU. Among them, compounds 3e and 3f displayed the best antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 cells with the IC50 values of 4.0 and 3.9μM, respectively. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that compound 3d caused the cellular apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in a concentration-dependent manner. Docking results indicated that compound 3d fitted well into the MDM2 active site 1RV1 by interacting with Lys94 and Thr101 residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Nan Sun
- The Affiliated Hospital of Huanghe Sanmenxia of Henan University of Science and Technology, Sanmenxia 472000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jing Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Ping-Ping Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yi-Chao Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - De-Quan Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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127
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PLK4 trans-Autoactivation Controls Centriole Biogenesis in Space. Dev Cell 2015; 35:222-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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128
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Moyer TC, Clutario KM, Lambrus BG, Daggubati V, Holland AJ. Binding of STIL to Plk4 activates kinase activity to promote centriole assembly. J Cell Biol 2015; 209:863-78. [PMID: 26101219 PMCID: PMC4477857 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201502088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of STIL activates Plk4, and the subsequent phosphorylation of STIL by Plk4 primes the binding of STIL to SAS6 to promote centriole assembly. Centriole duplication occurs once per cell cycle in order to maintain control of centrosome number and ensure genome integrity. Polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4) is a master regulator of centriole biogenesis, but how its activity is regulated to control centriole assembly is unclear. Here we used gene editing in human cells to create a chemical genetic system in which endogenous Plk4 can be specifically inhibited using a cell-permeable ATP analogue. Using this system, we demonstrate that STIL localization to the centriole requires continued Plk4 activity. Most importantly, we show that direct binding of STIL activates Plk4 by promoting self-phosphorylation of the activation loop of the kinase. Plk4 subsequently phosphorylates STIL to promote centriole assembly in two steps. First, Plk4 activity promotes the recruitment of STIL to the centriole. Second, Plk4 primes the direct binding of STIL to the C terminus of SAS6. Our findings uncover a molecular basis for the timing of Plk4 activation through the cell cycle–regulated accumulation of STIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler C Moyer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Kevin M Clutario
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Bramwell G Lambrus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Vikas Daggubati
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Andrew J Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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129
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Gurpinar E, Vousden KH. Hitting cancers' weak spots: vulnerabilities imposed by p53 mutation. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:486-95. [PMID: 25960041 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein p53 plays a critical role in limiting malignant development and progression. Almost all cancers show loss of p53 function, through either mutation in the p53 gene itself or defects in the mechanisms that activate p53. While reactivation of p53 can effectively limit tumor growth, this is a difficult therapeutic goal to achieve in the many cancers that do not retain wild type p53. An alternative approach focuses on identifying vulnerabilities imposed on cancers by virtue of the loss of or alterations in p53, to identify additional pathways that can be targeted to specifically kill or inhibit the growth of p53 mutated cells. These indirect ways of exploiting mutations in p53 - which occur in more than half of all human cancers - provide numerous exciting therapeutic possibilities.
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130
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Kazazian K, Brashavitskaya O, Zih FSW, Berger-Richardson D, Xu RSZ, Pacholczyk K, Macmillan J, Swallow CJ. Polo-Like Kinases in Colorectal Cancer: Potential for Targeted Therapy. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-015-0275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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131
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Wong YL, Anzola JV, Davis RL, Yoon M, Motamedi A, Kroll A, Seo CP, Hsia JE, Kim SK, Mitchell JW, Mitchell BJ, Desai A, Gahman TC, Shiau AK, Oegema K. Cell biology. Reversible centriole depletion with an inhibitor of Polo-like kinase 4. Science 2015; 348:1155-60. [PMID: 25931445 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa5111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Centrioles are ancient organelles that build centrosomes, the major microtubule-organizing centers of animal cells. Extra centrosomes are a common feature of cancer cells. To investigate the importance of centrosomes in the proliferation of normal and cancer cells, we developed centrinone, a reversible inhibitor of Polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4), a serine-threonine protein kinase that initiates centriole assembly. Centrinone treatment caused centrosome depletion in human and other vertebrate cells. Centrosome loss irreversibly arrested normal cells in a senescence-like G1 state by a p53-dependent mechanism that was independent of DNA damage, stress, Hippo signaling, extended mitotic duration, or segregation errors. In contrast, cancer cell lines with normal or amplified centrosome numbers could proliferate indefinitely after centrosome loss. Upon centrinone washout, each cancer cell line returned to an intrinsic centrosome number "set point." Thus, cells with cancer-associated mutations fundamentally differ from normal cells in their response to centrosome loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liang Wong
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John V Anzola
- Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Robert L Davis
- Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michelle Yoon
- Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amir Motamedi
- Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ashley Kroll
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chanmee P Seo
- Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Judy E Hsia
- Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sun K Kim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jennifer W Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Brian J Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Arshad Desai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Timothy C Gahman
- Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew K Shiau
- Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Karen Oegema
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Čajánek L, Glatter T, Nigg EA. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Mib1 regulates Plk4 and centriole biogenesis. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1674-82. [PMID: 25795303 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.166496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrioles function as core components of centrosomes and as basal bodies for the formation of cilia and flagella. Thus, effective control of centriole numbers is essential for embryogenesis, tissue homeostasis and genome stability. In mammalian cells, the centriole duplication cycle is governed by Polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4). Here, we identify the E3 ubiquitin ligase Mind bomb (Mib1) as a new interaction partner of Plk4. We show that Mib1 localizes to centriolar satellites but redistributes to centrioles in response to conditions that induce centriole amplification. The E3 ligase activity of Mib1 triggers ubiquitylation of Plk4 on multiple sites, causing the formation of Lys11-, Lys29- and Lys48-ubiquitin linkages. These modifications control the abundance of Plk4 and its ability to interact with centrosomal proteins, thus counteracting centriole amplification induced by excess Plk4. Collectively, these results identify the interaction between Mib1 and Plk4 as a new and important element in the control of centriole homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Čajánek
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Timo Glatter
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erich A Nigg
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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Drug discovery using spirooxindole cores: Success and Challenges [corrected]. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 95:35-40. [PMID: 25791677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The identification of novel anticancer agents with high efficacy and low toxicity has always been an intriguing topic in medicinal chemistry. The unique structural features of spirooxindoles together with diverse biological activities have made them promising structures in new drug discovery. “Among spirooxindoles, CFI-400945, recently discovered by Sampson et al., is a potent PLK4 inhibitor, which has entered phase I clinical trials for the treatment of solid tumors. However, questions remain as to whether PLK4 is the only relevant therapeutic target for CFI-400945. To highlight this significant progress of CFI-400945 in last two years, this review centers on the identification from a focused kinase library, structural optimizations and strategies involved, structure-activity relationships, modes of action, target validation, chemical synthesis and, more importantly, the kinase selectivity between PLK4 and other targets [corrected].
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134
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Liu JC, Voisin V, Wang S, Wang DY, Jones RA, Datti A, Uehling D, Al-awar R, Egan SE, Bader GD, Tsao M, Mak TW, Zacksenhaus E. Combined deletion of Pten and p53 in mammary epithelium accelerates triple-negative breast cancer with dependency on eEF2K. EMBO Mol Med 2014; 6:1542-60. [PMID: 25330770 PMCID: PMC4287974 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressors Pten and p53 are frequently lost in breast cancer, yet the consequences of their combined inactivation are poorly understood. Here, we show that mammary-specific deletion of Pten via WAP-Cre, which targets alveolar progenitors, induced tumors with shortened latency compared to those induced by MMTV-Cre, which targets basal/luminal progenitors. Combined Pten-p53 mutations accelerated formation of claudin-low, triple-negative-like breast cancer (TNBC) that exhibited hyper-activated AKT signaling and more mesenchymal features relative to Pten or p53 single-mutant tumors. Twenty-four genes that were significantly and differentially expressed between WAP-Cre:Pten/p53 and MMTV-Cre:Pten/p53 tumors predicted poor survival for claudin-low patients. Kinome screens identified eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K) inhibitors as more potent than PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors on both mouse and human Pten/p53-deficient TNBC cells. Sensitivity to eEF2K inhibition correlated with AKT pathway activity. eEF2K monotherapy suppressed growth of Pten/p53-deficient TNBC xenografts in vivo and cooperated with doxorubicin to efficiently kill tumor cells in vitro. Our results identify a prognostic signature for claudin-low patients and provide a rationale for using eEF2K inhibitors for treatment of TNBC with elevated AKT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff C Liu
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sharon Wang
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dong-Yu Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, ON, Canada Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert A Jones
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alessandro Datti
- SMART Laboratory for High-Throughput Screening Programs, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - David Uehling
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rima Al-awar
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sean E Egan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary D Bader
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ming Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tak W Mak
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada SMART Laboratory for High-Throughput Screening Programs, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eldad Zacksenhaus
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Medical Biophysics, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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135
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PLK4 inhibitor shows potent antitumour activity. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
In this issue of Cancer Cell, Mason and colleagues describe the development of a Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) inhibitor (CFI-400945), with promising activity against tumors formed in mice from patient-derived tumor tissue. A clinical trial has been initiated, but questions remain as to whether PLK4 is the only relevant therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Don W Cleveland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Sampson PB, Liu Y, Forrest B, Cumming G, Li SW, Patel NK, Edwards L, Laufer R, Feher M, Ban F, Awrey DE, Mao G, Plotnikova O, Hodgson R, Beletskaya I, Mason JM, Luo X, Nadeem V, Wei X, Kiarash R, Madeira B, Huang P, Mak TW, Pan G, Pauls HW. The Discovery of Polo-Like Kinase 4 Inhibitors: Identification of (1R,2S)-2-(3-((E)-4-(((cis)-2,6-Dimethylmorpholino)methyl)styryl)-1H-indazol-6-yl)-5′-methoxyspiro[cyclopropane-1,3′-indolin]-2′-one (CFI-400945) as a Potent, Orally Active Antitumor Agent. J Med Chem 2014; 58:130-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5005336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter B. Sampson
- Campbell Family
Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT
East Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1L7, Canada
| | - Yong Liu
- Campbell Family
Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT
East Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1L7, Canada
| | - Bryan Forrest
- Campbell Family
Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT
East Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1L7, Canada
| | - Graham Cumming
- Celtic Catalysts, 1-03 Nova Centre, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sze-Wan Li
- Campbell Family
Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT
East Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1L7, Canada
| | - Narendra Kumar Patel
- Campbell Family
Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT
East Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1L7, Canada
| | - Louise Edwards
- Campbell Family
Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT
East Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1L7, Canada
| | - Radoslaw Laufer
- Campbell Family
Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT
East Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1L7, Canada
| | - Miklos Feher
- Campbell Family
Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT
East Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1L7, Canada
| | - Fuqiang Ban
- Campbell Family
Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT
East Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1L7, Canada
| | - Donald E. Awrey
- Campbell Family
Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT
East Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1L7, Canada
| | - Guodong Mao
- Campbell Family
Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT
East Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1L7, Canada
| | - Olga Plotnikova
- Campbell Family
Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT
East Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1L7, Canada
| | - Richard Hodgson
- Campbell Family
Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT
East Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1L7, Canada
| | - Irina Beletskaya
- Campbell Family
Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT
East Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1L7, Canada
| | - Jacqueline M. Mason
- Campbell Family
Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT
East Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1L7, Canada
| | - Xunyi Luo
- Campbell Family
Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT
East Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1L7, Canada
| | - Vincent Nadeem
- Campbell Family
Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT
East Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1L7, Canada
| | - Xin Wei
- Campbell Family
Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT
East Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1L7, Canada
| | - Reza Kiarash
- Campbell Family
Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT
East Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1L7, Canada
| | - Brian Madeira
- Campbell Family
Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT
East Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1L7, Canada
| | - Ping Huang
- Campbell Family
Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT
East Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1L7, Canada
| | - Tak W. Mak
- Campbell Family
Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT
East Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1L7, Canada
| | - Guohua Pan
- Campbell Family
Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT
East Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1L7, Canada
| | - Henry W. Pauls
- Campbell Family
Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, TMDT
East Tower, MaRS Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario MG5 1L7, Canada
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