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Mecham RP, Gibson MA. The microfibril-associated glycoproteins (MAGPs) and the microfibrillar niche. Matrix Biol 2015; 47:13-33. [PMID: 25963142 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The microfibril-associated glycoproteins MAGP-1 and MAGP-2 are extracellular matrix proteins that interact with fibrillin to influence microfibril function. The two proteins are related through a 60 amino acid matrix-binding domain but their sequences differ outside of this region. A distinguishing feature of both proteins is their ability to interact with TGFβ family growth factors, Notch and Notch ligands, and multiple elastic fiber proteins. MAGP-2 can also interact with αvβ3 integrins via a RGD sequence that is not found in MAGP-1. Morpholino knockdown of MAGP-1 expression in zebrafish resulted in abnormal vessel wall architecture and altered vascular network formation. In the mouse, MAGP-1 deficiency had little effect on elastic fibers in blood vessels and lung but resulted in numerous unexpected phenotypes including bone abnormalities, hematopoietic changes, increased fat deposition, diabetes, impaired wound repair, and a bleeding diathesis. Inactivation of the gene for MAGP-2 in mice produced a neutropenia yet had minimal effects on bone or adipose homeostasis. Double knockouts had phenotypes characteristic of each individual knockout as well as several additional traits only seen when both genes are inactivated. A common mechanism underlying all of the traits associated with the knockout phenotypes is altered TGFβ signaling. This review summarizes our current understanding of the function of the MAGPs and discusses ideas related to their role in growth factor regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Mark A Gibson
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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102
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Veljkovic V, Goeijenbier M, Glisic S, Veljkovic N, Perovic VR, Sencanski M, Branch DR, Paessler S. In silico analysis suggests repurposing of ibuprofen for prevention and treatment of EBOLA virus disease. F1000Res 2015; 4:104. [PMID: 26167272 PMCID: PMC4482208 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6436.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The large 2014/2015 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa points out the urgent need to develop new preventive and therapeutic approaches that are effective against Ebola viruses and can be rapidly utilized. Recently, a simple theoretical criterion for the virtual screening of molecular libraries for candidate inhibitors of Ebola virus infection was proposed. Using this method the ‘drug space’ was screened and 267 approved and 382 experimental drugs as candidates for treatment of the Ebola virus disease (EVD) have been selected. Detailed analysis of these drugs revealed the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen as an inexpensive, widely accessible and minimally toxic candidate for prevention and treatment of EVD. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism underlying this possible protective effect of ibuprofen against EVD is suggested in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veljko Veljkovic
- Center for Multidisciplinary Research, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, University of Belgrade, Mihajla Petrovica 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Sanja Glisic
- Center for Multidisciplinary Research, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, University of Belgrade, Mihajla Petrovica 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Veljkovic
- Center for Multidisciplinary Research, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, University of Belgrade, Mihajla Petrovica 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir R Perovic
- Center for Multidisciplinary Research, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, University of Belgrade, Mihajla Petrovica 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Sencanski
- Center for Multidisciplinary Research, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, University of Belgrade, Mihajla Petrovica 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Donald R Branch
- Canadian Blood Services, Center for Innovation, 67 College Street, Toronto, M5G 2M1, Canada
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Pathology, Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, USA
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Guo D, Shen C, Chen Y, Yang S, Wang L, Jin Y, He L, Chen J, Zhao X, Zhou W, Zhao H, Yao Y. Polymorphisms of the TGFBRAP1 gene in relation to blood pressure variability and plasma TGF-β1. Clin Exp Hypertens 2015; 37:420-5. [DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2015.1013113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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104
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Munjal C, Opoka AM, Osinska H, James JF, Bressan GM, Hinton RB. TGF-β mediates early angiogenesis and latent fibrosis in an Emilin1-deficient mouse model of aortic valve disease. Dis Model Mech 2015; 7:987-96. [PMID: 25056700 PMCID: PMC4107327 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.015255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve disease (AVD) is characterized by elastic fiber fragmentation (EFF), fibrosis and aberrant angiogenesis. Emilin1 is an elastin-binding glycoprotein that regulates elastogenesis and inhibits TGF-β signaling, but the role of Emilin1 in valve tissue is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that Emilin1 deficiency results in AVD, mediated by non-canonical (MAPK/phosphorylated Erk1 and Erk2) TGF-β dysregulation. Using histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, quantitative gene expression analysis, immunoblotting and echocardiography, we examined the effects of Emilin1 deficiency (Emilin1−/−) in mouse aortic valve tissue. Emilin1 deficiency results in early postnatal cell-matrix defects in aortic valve tissue, including EFF, that progress to latent AVD and premature death. The Emilin1−/− aortic valve displays early aberrant provisional angiogenesis and late neovascularization. In addition, Emilin1−/− aortic valves are characterized by early valve interstitial cell activation and proliferation and late myofibroblast-like cell activation and fibrosis. Interestingly, canonical TGF-β signaling (phosphorylated Smad2 and Smad3) is upregulated constitutively from birth to senescence, whereas non-canonical TGF-β signaling (phosphorylated Erk1 and Erk2) progressively increases over time. Emilin1 deficiency recapitulates human fibrotic AVD, and advanced disease is mediated by non-canonical (MAPK/phosphorylated Erk1 and Erk2) TGF-β activation. The early manifestation of EFF and aberrant angiogenesis suggests that these processes are crucial intermediate factors involved in disease progression and therefore might provide new therapeutic targets for human AVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Munjal
- Division of Cardiology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Amy M Opoka
- Division of Cardiology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hanna Osinska
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeanne F James
- Division of Cardiology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Giorgio M Bressan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Robert B Hinton
- Division of Cardiology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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105
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EMILIN2 regulates platelet activation, thrombus formation, and clot retraction. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115284. [PMID: 25658937 PMCID: PMC4319747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis, like other cardiovascular diseases, has a strong genetic component, with largely unknown determinants. EMILIN2, Elastin Microfibril Interface Located Protein2, was identified as a candidate gene for thrombosis in mouse and human quantitative trait loci studies. EMILIN2 is expressed during cardiovascular development, on cardiac stem cells, and in heart tissue in animal models of heart disease. In humans, the EMILIN2 gene is located on the short arm of Chromosome 18, and patients with partial and complete deletion of this chromosome region have cardiac malformations. To understand the basis for the thrombotic risk associated with EMILIN2, EMILIN2 deficient mice were generated. The findings of this study indicate that EMILIN2 influences platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate, collagen, and thrombin with both EMILIN2-deficient platelets and EMILIN2-deficient plasma contributing to the impaired aggregation response. Purified EMILIN2 added to platelets accelerated platelet aggregation and reduced clotting time when added to EMILIN2-deficient mouse and human plasma. Carotid occlusion time was 2-fold longer in mice with platelet-specific EMILIN2 deficiency, but stability of the clot was reduced in mice with both global EMILIN2 deficiency and with platelet-specific EMILIN2 deficiency. In vitro clot retraction was markedly decreased in EMILIN2 deficient mice, indicating that platelet outside-in signaling was dependent on EMILIN2. EMILIN1 deficient mice and EMILIN2:EMILIN1 double deficient mice had suppressed platelet aggregation and delayed clot retraction similar to EMILIN2 mice, but EMILIN2 and EMILIN1 had opposing affects on clot retraction, suggesting that EMILIN1 may attenuate the effects of EMILIN2 on platelet aggregation and thrombosis. In conclusion, these studies identify multiple influences of EMILIN2 in pathophysiology and suggest that its role as a prothrombotic risk factor may arise from its effects on platelet aggregation and platelet mediated clot retraction.
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106
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Harikrishnan K, Cooley MA, Sugi Y, Barth JL, Rasmussen LM, Kern CB, Argraves KM, Argraves WS. Fibulin-1 suppresses endothelial to mesenchymal transition in the proximal outflow tract. Mech Dev 2015; 136:123-32. [PMID: 25575930 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) that occurs during cardiac outflow tract (OFT) development is critical for formation of the semilunar valves. Fibulin-1 (Fbln1) is an extracellular matrix protein that is present at several sites of EMT, including the OFT (i.e., E9.5-10.5). The aim of this study was to determine the role of Fbln1 in EMT during the earliest events of OFT development. Examination of proximal OFT cushions in Fbln1 null embryos detected hypercellularity at both E9.5 (93% increase; p = 0.002) and E10.5 (43% increase; p = 0.01) as compared to wild type, suggesting that Fbln1 normally suppresses OFT endocardial cushion EMT. This was supported by studies of proximal OFT cushion explants, which showed that explants from Fbln1 null embryos displayed a 58% increase in cells migrating from the explants as compared to wild type (p = 0.005). We next evaluated the effects of Fbln1 deficiency on the expression of factors that regulate proximal OFT EMT. At E9.5, Fbln1 null proximal OFT endocardium and EMT-derived mesenchyme showed increased TGFβ2 (58% increase; p = 0.01) and increased Snail1-positive nuclei (27% increase; p = 0.0003). Histological examination of OFT cushions in Fbln1 null embryos (E9.5) also detected cells present in the cushion that were determined to be erythrocytes based on round morphology, autofluorescence, and positive staining for hemoglobin. Erythrocytes were also detected in Fbln1 null OFT cushions at E10.5. Together, the findings indicate that Fbln1 normally suppresses proximal OFT EMT preventing proximal cushion hypercellularity and blood cell accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthi Harikrishnan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Marion A Cooley
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Yukiko Sugi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Jeremy L Barth
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Lars M Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christine B Kern
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Kelley M Argraves
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - W Scott Argraves
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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107
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Bot S, Andreuzzi E, Capuano A, Schiavinato A, Colombatti A, Doliana R. Multiple-interactions among EMILIN1 and EMILIN2 N- and C-terminal domains. Matrix Biol 2015; 41:44-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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108
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Review of Molecular and Mechanical Interactions in the Aortic Valve and Aorta: Implications for the Shared Pathogenesis of Aortic Valve Disease and Aortopathy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2014; 7:823-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-014-9602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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110
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Chen J, Zhao X, Wang H, Chen Y, Wang W, Zhou W, Wang X, Tang J, Zhao Y, Lu X, Chen S, Wang L, Shen C, Yang S. Common variants in TGFBR2 and miR-518 genes are associated with hypertension in the Chinese population. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27:1268-76. [PMID: 24687999 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpu047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An animal study reported that TGF-β1 maturation was linked to the homeostasis of blood pressure and elastogenesis of essential hypertension (EH). Recent advances require further research of TGF-β1 receptor in EH. METHODS A case-control study comprised of 2,012 adult hypertension case patients and 2,210 adult control subjects was conducted, and the association with blood pressure was further tested in children. Logistic regression and calculated genetic risk score were used to evaluate the effects of one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and multiple SNPs on EH, respectively. RESULTS The genetic risk score of 10 SNPs showed a significant association with hypertension; the odds ratio of the upper quartile vs. the lower quartile was 1.282 (P = 4.67 × 10(-3)). rs7256241 in miR-518 was significantly associated with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) change in control subjects (P = 0.002), and this association was also observed in children (P = 0.04). The systolic blood pressure (SBP) and DBP of female patients taking reserpine were higher with the C and G alleles of rs3773661 (P = 0.004) and rs7256241 (P = 0.002), respectively. In patients taking Zhen Ju Jiang Ya tablets, SBP and DBP decreased linearly with rs749794 (P = 0.004 and P = 0.048, respectively). SBP decreased linearly with rs1155705 (P = 0.007) and rs11709624 (P = 0.04), but increased with rs1036096 (P = 0.03) in male patients. In male patients taking Jiang Ya tablets, SBP increased linearly with rs11709624 (P = 0.007), DBP increased linearly with rs1155705 (P = 0.03) whereas decreased with rs7256241 (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that TGFBR2 and miR-518 harbor variants that increase the risk of EH and affect blood pressure homeostasis as well as efficacy of antihypertensive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Institute of Geriatrics, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianghai Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Yixing, China
| | - Hairu Wang
- Nanjing Institute of Industry Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanchun Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Yixing, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Yixing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Yixing, China
| | - Xuecai Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Yixing, China
| | - Junming Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Yixing, China
| | - Yanping Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Yixing, China
| | - Xiangfeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shufeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Laiyuan Wang
- National Human Genome Center at Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China;
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, People's Hospital of Yixing City, Yixing, China
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Lourenço JD, Neves LP, Olivo CR, Duran A, Almeida FM, Arantes PMM, Prado CM, Leick EA, Tanaka AS, Martins MA, Sasaki SD, Lopes FDTQS. A treatment with a protease inhibitor recombinant from the cattle tick (Rhipicephalus Boophilus microplus) ameliorates emphysema in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98216. [PMID: 24886716 PMCID: PMC4041648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To determine whether a serine protease inhibitor treatment can prevent or minimize emphysema in mice. Methods C57BL/6 mice were subjected to porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) nasal instillation to induce emphysema and were treated with a serine protease inhibitor (rBmTI-A) before (Protocol 1) and after (Protocol 2) emphysema development. In both protocols, we evaluated lung function to evaluate the airway resistance (Raw), tissue damping (Gtis) and tissue elastance (Htis). The inflammatory profile was analyzed in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BALF) and through the use of morphometry; we measured the mean linear intercept (Lm) (to verify alveolar enlargement), the volume proportion of collagen and elastic fibers, and the numbers of macrophages and metalloprotease 12 (MMP-12) positive cells in the parenchyma. We showed that at both time points, even after the emphysema was established, the rBmTI-A treatment was sufficient to reverse the loss of elastic recoil measured by Htis, the alveolar enlargement and the increase in the total number of cells in the BALF, with a primary decrease in the number of macrophages. Although, the treatment did not control the increase in macrophages in the lung parenchyma, it was sufficient to decrease the number of positive cells for MMP-12 and reduce the volume of collagen fibers, which was increased in PPE groups. These findings attest to the importance of MMP-12 in PPE-induced emphysema and suggest that this metalloprotease could be an effective therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luana P. Neves
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, UFABC, Santo André, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarice R. Olivo
- Department of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Duran
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, UFABC, Santo André, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carla M. Prado
- Biological Science Department, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Sergio D. Sasaki
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, UFABC, Santo André, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Khusainova RI, Pushkareva AE, Valiev RR, Khusnutdinova EK. Examination of structural changes in the transforming growth factor β receptor 1 (TGFβR1) gene in patients with chronic heart failure. RUSS J GENET+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795414050068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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113
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Zhang K, Pan X, Zheng J, Xu D, Zhang J, Sun L. Comparative tissue proteomics analysis of thoracic aortic dissection with hypertension using the iTRAQ technique. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2014; 47:431-8. [PMID: 24760388 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezu171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify differentially expressed proteins from the aortic tissue of thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) with hypertension and normal aorta and to explore the potential molecular pathogenesis of TAD. METHODS Aortic tissue samples were collected from two groups of age- and gender-matched patients with TAD and normal aorta. These samples were subjected to isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation analysis to identify the proteins involved in TAD. Signalling pathways were analysed using the Metacore software, and the identified proteins were validated by western blotting. RESULTS A total of 36 proteins were identified between two groups, with 19 of them being significantly down-regulated and 17 up-regulated in patients with TAD. Proteins including fibrillin-1, emilin-1, decorin, protein DJ-1 and histone H4 were validated by western blotting. The enrichment analysis performed using the Metacore process networks data showed that cell adhesion_cell-matrix interactions, proteolysis_extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling and inflammation_interleukin 6 (IL-6) signalling were the main protein interaction networks involved in TAD. We further observed indications of increased transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling and impaired aortic wall remodelling, both of which may be molecular mechanisms for the pathogenesis of TAD. CONCLUSIONS The differentially expressed proteins identified in our study are mainly involved in cell-matrix interaction, ECM remodelling and inflammation. These mechanisms, combined with the TGF-β signalling pathway, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of TAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Pan
- Beijing Aortic Disease Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Beijing Aortic Disease Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lizhong Sun
- Beijing Aortic Disease Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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114
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Visual DNA detection and SNP genotyping using asymmetric PCR and split DNA enzymes. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1039:141-51. [PMID: 24026693 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-535-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe a method to detect DNA sequences visually through a color change reaction using DNAzymes. We successfully applied the assay for the detection of Salmonella and Mycobacterium DNA, as well as for genotyping single base differences from within human genomic DNA samples. Our approach adopts a split probe targeting system, designed with G-rich sequences, which reassembles in the presence of target DNA, producing G-quadruplexes with catalytic activity. Asymmetric PCR is first performed to amplify the target region into single-stranded copies, with primer ratios tailored for optimum amplification. This is followed by direct addition of the visual probes, substrates, and reagents to produce a color change within 15 min should the desired target sequences be present. This approach hence offers a rapid readout, ease-of-use, and handling convenience, especially at the point-of-care.
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115
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Constam DB. Regulation of TGFβ and related signals by precursor processing. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 32:85-97. [PMID: 24508081 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Secreted cytokines of the TGFβ family are found in all multicellular organisms and implicated in regulating fundamental cell behaviors such as proliferation, differentiation, migration and survival. Signal transduction involves complexes of specific type I and II receptor kinases that induce the nuclear translocation of Smad transcription factors to regulate target genes. Ligands of the BMP and Nodal subgroups act at a distance to specify distinct cell fates in a concentration-dependent manner. These signaling gradients are shaped by multiple factors, including proteases of the proprotein convertase (PC) family that hydrolyze one or several peptide bonds between an N-terminal prodomain and the C-terminal domain that forms the mature ligand. This review summarizes information on the proteolytic processing of TGFβ and related precursors, and its spatiotemporal regulation by PCs during development and various diseases, including cancer. Available evidence suggests that the unmasking of receptor binding epitopes of TGFβ is only one (and in some cases a non-essential) function of precursor processing. Future studies should consider the impact of proteolytic maturation on protein localization, trafficking and turnover in cells and in the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Constam
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment SV ISREC, Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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116
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Matsuki K, Hathaway CK, Lawrence MG, Smithies O, Kakoki M. The role of transforming growth factor β1 in the regulation of blood pressure. Curr Hypertens Rev 2014; 10:223-38. [PMID: 25801626 PMCID: PMC4842018 DOI: 10.2174/157340211004150319123313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although human association studies suggest a link between polymorphisms in the gene encoding transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 and differing blood pressure levels, a causative mechanism for this correlation remains elusive. Recently we have generated a series of mice with graded expression of TGFβ1, ranging from approximately 10% to 300% compared to normal. We have found that blood pressure and plasma volume are negatively regulated by TGFβ1. Of note, the 10% hypomorph exhibits primary aldosteronism and markedly impaired urinary excretion of water and electrolytes. We here review previous literature highlighting the importance of TGFβ signaling as a natriuretic system, which we postulate is a causative mechanism explaining how polymorphisms in TGFβ1 could influence blood pressure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Masao Kakoki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7525, 701 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA.
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117
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Khavandi K, Arunakirinathan M, Greenstein AS, Heagerty AM. Retinal arterial hypertrophy: the new LVH? Curr Hypertens Rep 2013; 15:244-52. [PMID: 23575736 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-013-0347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of target organ damage represents the El Dorado for clinicians who treat hypertension. Although many of the cardiovascular sequelae of chronic hypertension are due to large artery atherosclerosis, an equal number are due to small artery dysfunction. These microvascular complications include eye disease (retinopathy), kidney failure, diastolic dysfunction of the heart and small vessel brain disease leading to stroke syndromes, dementia and even depression. Examination of the retinal vasculature represents the only way to reliably derive information regarding small arteries responsible for these diverse pathologies. This review aims to summarise the rapidly accruing evidence indicating that easily observable abnormalities of retinal arteries reflect target organ damage elsewhere in the body of hypertensive patients. In tandem, we also present putative mechanisms by which hypertension and diabetes fundamentally change small artery structure and function and how these processes may lead to target organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaivan Khavandi
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Department of Cardiology, St. Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London, UK.
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118
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Gao P, Xu TT, Lu J, Li L, Xu J, Hao DL, Chen HZ, Liu DP. Overexpression of SIRT1 in vascular smooth muscle cells attenuates angiotensin II-induced vascular remodeling and hypertension in mice. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 92:347-57. [PMID: 24352856 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Angiotensin II (AngII) induces the development of vascular hypertrophy and hypertension. We have shown previously that overexpression of class III deacetylase SIRT1 inhibits AngII-induced hypertrophy in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, the direct role of SIRT1 in VSMCs in response to AngII infusion in vivo remains unclear. Here, we found that the expression and activity of SIRT1 in mouse aortas was decreased significantly by AngII infusion. VSMC-specific SIRT1 transgene (SV-Tg) prevented the increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) caused by AngII infusion without affecting heart function in mice. SIRT1 overexpression alleviated vascular remodeling in mouse thoracic and renal aortas induced by AngII infusion, and significantly inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, vascular inflammation, and collagen synthesis in arterial walls. Reduced expression of transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β1) was also observed in the aortas of AngII-infused SV-Tg mice. Moreover, SIRT1 overexpression decreased AngII-increased binding of nuclear factor-κB on its specific binding sites on TGF-β1 promoter. Taken together, these data demonstrate that SIRT1 overexpression in VSMCs reduces SBP and inhibits AngII-induced vascular remodeling in mice. The inhibition of vascular remodeling contributes, at least in part, to the antihypertensive effect of SIRT1. KEY MESSAGE SIRT1 is reduced in aortas of AngII-infused hypertensive mice. SIRT1 VSMC transgene alleviates AngII-increased systolic blood pressure. SIRT1 VSMC transgene attenuates AngII-induced vascular remodeling. VSMC SIRT1 overexpression inhibits remodeling-related pathological changes. VSMC SIRT1 overexpression reduces AngII-induced TGF-β1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
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119
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Wu D, Shen YH, Russell L, Coselli JS, LeMaire SA. Molecular mechanisms of thoracic aortic dissection. J Surg Res 2013; 184:907-24. [PMID: 23856125 PMCID: PMC3788606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) is a highly lethal vascular disease. In many patients with TAD, the aorta progressively dilates and ultimately ruptures. Dissection formation, progression, and rupture cannot be reliably prevented pharmacologically because the molecular mechanisms of aortic wall degeneration are poorly understood. The key histopathologic feature of TAD is medial degeneration, a process characterized by smooth muscle cell depletion and extracellular matrix degradation. These structural changes have a profound impact on the functional properties of the aortic wall and can result from excessive protease-mediated destruction of the extracellular matrix, altered signaling pathways, and altered gene expression. Review of the literature reveals differences in the processes that lead to ascending versus descending and sporadic versus hereditary TAD. These differences add to the complexity of this disease. Although tremendous progress has been made in diagnosing and treating TAD, a better understanding of the molecular, cellular, and genetic mechanisms that cause this disease is necessary to developing more effective preventative and therapeutic treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell Wu
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 335, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Ying H. Shen
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Ludivine Russell
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Joseph S. Coselli
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Scott A. LeMaire
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 335, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
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120
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Badri KR, Yue M, Carretero OA, Aramgam SL, Cao J, Sharkady S, Kim GH, Taylor GA, Byron KL, Schuger L. Blood pressure homeostasis is maintained by a P311-TGF-β axis. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4502-12. [PMID: 24091331 DOI: 10.1172/jci69884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
P311 is an 8-kDa intracellular protein that is highly conserved across species and is expressed in the nervous system as well as in vascular and visceral smooth muscle cells. P311-null (P311-/-) mice display learning and memory defects, but alterations in their vasculature have not been previously described. Here we report that P311-/- mice are markedly hypotensive with accompanying defects in vascular tone and VSMC contractility. Functional abnormalities in P311-/- mice resulted from decreased total and active levels of TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 that arise as a specific consequence of decreased translation. Vascular hypofunctionality was fully rescued in vitro and in vivo by exogenous TGF-β1-TGF-β3. Conversely, P311-transgenic (P311(TG)) mice had elevated levels of TGF-β1-TGF-β3 and subsequent hypertension. Consistent with findings attained in mouse models, arteries recovered from hypertensive human patients displayed increased P311 expression. Thus, we identified P311 as the first protein known to modulate TGF-β translation and the first pan-regulator of TGF-β expression under steady-state conditions. Together, our findings point to P311 as a critical blood pressure regulator and establish a potential link between P311 expression and the development of hypertensive disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/pathology
- Aorta/physiopathology
- Aortography
- Blood Pressure
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Homeostasis
- Humans
- Hypotension/genetics
- Hypotension/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle Contraction
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- Up-Regulation
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein
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121
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EMILIN1/α9β1 integrin interaction is crucial in lymphatic valve formation and maintenance. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:4381-94. [PMID: 24019067 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00872-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vasculature plays a crucial role in the maintenance of tissue interstitial fluid balance. The role of functional collecting lymphatic vessels in lymph transport has been recently highlighted in pathologies leading to lymphedema, for which treatments are currently unavailable. Intraluminal valves are of paramount importance in this process. However, valve formation and maturation have not been entirely elucidated yet, in particular, the role played by the extracellular matrix (ECM). We hypothesized that EMILIN1, an ECM multidomain glycoprotein, regulates lymphatic valve formation and maintenance. Using a mouse knockout model, we show that in the absence of EMILIN1, mice exhibit defects in lymphatic valve structure and in lymph flow. By applying morphometric in vitro and in vivo functional assays, we conclude that this impaired phenotype depends on the lack of α9β1 integrin engagement, the specific lymphatic endothelial cell receptor for EMILIN1, and the ensuing derangement of cell proliferation and migration. Our data demonstrate a fundamental role for EMILIN1-integrin α9 interaction in lymphatic vasculature, especially in lymphatic valve formation and maintenance, and underline the importance of this ECM component in displaying a regulatory function in proliferation and acting as a "guiding" molecule in migration of lymphatic endothelial cells.
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122
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A new omics data resource of Pleurocybella porrigens for gene discovery. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69681. [PMID: 23936076 PMCID: PMC3720577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pleurocybellaporrigens is a mushroom-forming fungus, which has been consumed as a traditional food in Japan. In 2004, 55 people were poisoned by eating the mushroom and 17 people among them died of acute encephalopathy. Since then, the Japanese government has been alerting Japanese people to take precautions against eating the P. porrigens mushroom. Unfortunately, despite efforts, the molecular mechanism of the encephalopathy remains elusive. The genome and transcriptome sequence data of P. porrigens and the related species, however, are not stored in the public database. To gain the omics data in P. porrigens, we sequenced genome and transcriptome of its fruiting bodies and mycelia by next generation sequencing. Methodology/Principal Findings Short read sequences of genomic DNAs and mRNAs in P. porrigens were generated by Illumina Genome Analyzer. Genome short reads were de novo assembled into scaffolds using Velvet. Comparisons of genome signatures among Agaricales showed that P. porrigens has a unique genome signature. Transcriptome sequences were assembled into contigs (unigenes). Biological functions of unigenes were predicted by Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analyses. The majority of unigenes would be novel genes without significant counterparts in the public omics databases. Conclusions Functional analyses of unigenes present the existence of numerous novel genes in the basidiomycetes division. The results mean that the omics information such as genome, transcriptome and metabolome in basidiomycetes is short in the current databases. The large-scale omics information on P. porrigens, provided from this research, will give a new data resource for gene discovery in basidiomycetes.
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123
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E-selectin ligand 1 regulates bone remodeling by limiting bioactive TGF-β in the bone microenvironment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:7336-41. [PMID: 23589896 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1219748110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β is abundantly produced in the skeletal system and plays a crucial role in skeletal homeostasis. E-selectin ligand-1 (ESL-1), a Golgi apparatus-localized protein, acts as a negative regulator of TGF-β bioavailability by attenuating maturation of pro-TGF-β during cartilage homeostasis. However, whether regulation of intracellular TGF-β maturation by ESL-1 is also crucial during bone homeostasis has not been well defined. Here, we show that Esl-1(-/-) mice exhibit a severe osteopenia with elevated bone resorption and decreased bone mineralization. In primary culture, Esl-1(-/-) osteoclast progenitors show no difference in osteoclastogenesis. However, Esl-1(-/-) osteoblasts show delayed differentiation and mineralization and stimulate osteoclastogenesis more potently in the osteoblast-osteoclast coculture, suggesting that ESL-1 primarily acts in osteoblasts to regulate bone homeostasis. In addition, Esl-1(-/-) calvaria exhibit an elevated mature TGF-β/pro-TGF-β ratio, with increased expression of TGF-β downstream targets (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, parathyroid hormone-related peptide, connective tissue growth factor, and matrix metallopeptidase 13, etc.) and a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand). Moreover, in vivo treatment with 1D11, a pan-TGF-β antibody, significantly improved the low bone mass of Esl-1(-/-) mice, suggesting that elevated TGF-β signaling is the major cause of osteopenia in Esl-1(-/-) mice. In summary, our study identifies ESL-1 as an important regulator of bone remodeling and demonstrates that the modulation of TGF-β maturation is pivotal in the maintenance of a homeostatic bone microenvironment and for proper osteoblast-osteoclast coupling.
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124
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Brophy TM, Coller BS, Ahamed J. Identification of the thiol isomerase-binding peptide, mastoparan, as a novel inhibitor of shear-induced transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) activation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:10628-39. [PMID: 23463512 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.439034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-β1 is a disulfide-bonded homodimeric protein produced by platelets and other cells that plays a role in many physiologic and pathologic processes. TGF-β1 is secreted as an inactive large latent complex (LLC) comprised of TGF-β1, latency-associated peptide, and latent TGF-β binding protein 1. We previously demonstrated that shear force can activate LLC and that thiol-disulfide exchange contributes to the process. We have now investigated the role of thiol isomerases in the activation of LLC in platelet releasates (PR) and recombinant LLC. The wasp venom peptide mastoparan, which inhibits the chaperone activity of PDI, inhibited stirring- and shear-induced activation of latent TGF-β1 by 90 and 75% respectively. To identify the proteins that bind to mastoparan either directly or indirectly, PR were chromatographed on a mastoparan affinity column. Latent TGF-β binding protein 1, latency-associated peptide, TGF-β1, clusterin, von Willebrand factor, multimerin-1, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), ERp5, ERp57, and ERp72 eluted specifically from the column. Anti-PDI RL90 attenuated the inhibitory effect of mastoparan on LLC activation. Furthermore, reduced PDI inhibited activation of PR LLC, whereas oxidized PDI had no effect. We conclude that thiol isomerases and thiol-disulfide exchange contribute to TGF-β1 activation and identify a number of molecules that may participate in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Brophy
- Laboratory of Blood and Vascular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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125
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Na S, Zhang H, Huang F, Wang W, Ding Y, Li D, Jin Y. Regeneration of dental pulp/dentine complex with a three-dimensional and scaffold-free stem-cell sheet-derived pellet. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:261-70. [PMID: 23365018 DOI: 10.1002/term.1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dental pulp/dentine complex regeneration is indispensable to the construction of biotissue-engineered tooth roots and represents a promising approach to therapy for irreversible pulpitis. We used a tissue-engineering method based on odontogenic stem cells to design a three-dimensional (3D) and scaffold-free stem-cell sheet-derived pellet (CSDP) with the necessary physical and biological properties. Stem cells were isolated and identified and stem cells from root apical papilla (SCAPs)-based CSDPs were then fabricated and examined. Compact cell aggregates containing a high proportion of extracellular matrix (ECM) components were observed, and the CSDP culture time was prolonged. The expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), dentine sialoprotein (DSPP), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and runt-related gene 2 (RUNX2) mRNA was higher in CSDPs than in cell sheets (CSs), indicating that CSDPs have greater odonto/osteogenic potential. To further investigate this hypothesis, CSDPs and CSs were inserted into human treated dentine matrix fragments (hTDMFs) and transplanted into the subcutaneous space in the backs of immunodeficient mice, where they were cultured in vivo for 6 weeks. The root space with CSDPs was filled entirely with a dental pulp-like tissue with well-established vascularity, and a continuous layer of dentine-like tissue was deposited onto the existing dentine. A layer of odontoblast-like cells was found to express DSPP, ALP and BSP, and human mitochondria lined the surface of the newly formed dentine-like tissue. These results clearly indicate that SCAP-CSDPs with a mount of endogenous ECM have a strong capacity to form a heterotopic dental pulp/dentine complex in empty root canals; this method can be used in the fabrication of bioengineered dental roots and also provides an alternative treatment approach for pulp disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Na
- Research and Development Centre for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Hei Longjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Research and Development Centre for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Hei Longjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqi Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Hei Longjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Ding
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dechao Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Hei Longjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Jin
- Research and Development Centre for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral Histology and Pathology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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126
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Zhao Y, Wang H, Liu S, Zhao X, Chen Y, Yang Y, Wang W, Wu Y, Chen A, Tang J, Yao Y, Li Y, Chen J, Shen C, Yang S. Association study of CRP gene polymorphism and hypertension in Han Chinese population. Gene 2013; 512:41-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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127
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Schjoldager KTBG, Clausen H. Site-specific protein O-glycosylation modulates proprotein processing - deciphering specific functions of the large polypeptide GalNAc-transferase gene family. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1820:2079-94. [PMID: 23022508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) greatly expand the function and regulation of proteins, and glycosylation is the most abundant and diverse PTM. Of the many different types of protein glycosylation, one is quite unique; GalNAc-type (or mucin-type) O-glycosylation, where biosynthesis is initiated in the Golgi by up to twenty distinct UDP-N-acetyl-α-d-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (GalNAc-Ts). These GalNAc-Ts are differentially expressed in cells and have different (although partly overlapping) substrate specificities, which provide for both unique functions and considerable redundancy. Recently we have begun to uncover human diseases associated with deficiencies in GalNAc-T genes (GALNTs). Thus deficiencies in individual GALNTs produce cell and protein specific effects and subtle distinct phenotypes such as hyperphosphatemia with hyperostosis (GALNT3) and dysregulated lipid metabolism (GALNT2). These phenotypes appear to be caused by deficient site-specific O-glycosylation that co-regulates proprotein convertase (PC) processing of FGF23 and ANGPTL3, respectively. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here we summarize recent progress in uncovering the interplay between human O-glycosylation and protease regulated processing and describes other important functions of site-specific O-glycosylation in health and disease. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Site-specific O-glycosylation modifies pro-protein processing and other proteolytic events such as ADAM processing and thus emerges as an important co-regulator of limited proteolytic processing events. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our appreciation of this function may have been hampered by our sparse knowledge of the O-glycoproteome and in particular sites of O-glycosylation. New strategies for identification of O-glycoproteins have emerged and recently the concept of SimpleCells, i.e. human cell lines made deficient in O-glycan extension by zinc finger nuclease gene targeting, was introduced for broad O-glycoproteome analysis.
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Litteri G, Carnevale D, D’Urso A, Cifelli G, Braghetta P, Damato A, Bizzotto D, Landolfi A, Ros FD, Sabatelli P, Facchinello N, Maffei A, Volpin D, Colombatti A, Bressan GM, Lembo G. Vascular Smooth Muscle Emilin-1 Is a Regulator of Arteriolar Myogenic Response and Blood Pressure. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2178-84. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.254664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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129
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Wang Y, Wang L, Zhang F, Zhang C, Deng S, Wang R, Zhang Y, Huang D, Huang K. Inhibition of PARP prevents angiotensin II-induced aortic fibrosis in rats. Int J Cardiol 2012; 167:2285-93. [PMID: 22846599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosis is one of the major pathological features of hypertensive vascular disease. In this study, we aim to explore the possible protective effects of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor on angiotensin II (AngII)-induced aortic fibrosis. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were infused subcutaneously with AngII. PARP inhibitor was intraperitoneally injected once a day. Collagen deposition in thoracic aorta was assayed by Masson tricrome staining. The mRNA and protein expression of TGF-β target genes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in aorta was measured. Plasma level and aortic expression of TGF-β1 was assayed. Correlation of systolic blood pressure (SBP) with plasma level of TGF-β1 was analyzed. In cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), effects of PARP inhibition on TGF-β1 expression, Smad3 transactivity, and TGF-β/Smad3 target gene expression were investigated. RESULTS Infusion of AngII promoted aortic PARP activation. Treatment with PARP inhibitor alleviated AngII-induced collagen deposition and expression of TGF-β target genes involved in ECM remodeling in aorta of rat. AngII increased plasma level and aortic expression of TGF-β1. A positive correlation between SBP and plasma level of TGF-β1 was revealed. Treatment with PARP inhibitor prevented AngII-induced elevation of SBP. Further experiments uncovered that AngII treatment increased TGF-β dependent gene expression through Smad3 pathway in cultured VSMCs. Inhibition of PARP prevented AngII-induced increases in TGF-β1 expression, Smad3 transactivity and its target gene expression. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that inhibition of PARP prevents aortic fibrosis in AngII-induced hypertension in rats. This beneficial effect is mediated by inhibiting TGF-β/Smad3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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130
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Yu JG, Zhou RR, Cai GJ. From hypertension to stroke: mechanisms and potential prevention strategies. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 17:577-84. [PMID: 21951373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of disability and death worldwide. Prevention aimed at risk factors of stroke is the most effective strategy to curb the stroke pandemic. Hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for stroke. Despite the substantial evidence of the benefits of lowering blood pressure, conventional treatment does not normalize the burden of major cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension. Fully understanding the factors involved in the hypertension-induced stroke helps to develop new strategies for stroke prevention. Antihypertensive therapies selected should have positive blood pressure-independent effects on stroke risk. This review summarizes the factors involved in the hypertension-induced stroke, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and arterial baroreflex dysfunction, and potential strategies for its prevention, therefore, provides clues for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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131
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Rashid ST, Humphries JD, Byron A, Dhar A, Askari JA, Selley JN, Knight D, Goldin RD, Thursz M, Humphries MJ. Proteomic analysis of extracellular matrix from the hepatic stellate cell line LX-2 identifies CYR61 and Wnt-5a as novel constituents of fibrotic liver. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:4052-64. [PMID: 22694338 PMCID: PMC3411196 DOI: 10.1021/pr3000927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and subsequent
uncontrolled
accumulation of altered extracellular matrix (ECM) underpin liver
fibrosis, a wound healing response to chronic injury, which can lead
to organ failure and death. We sought to catalogue the components
of fibrotic liver ECM to obtain insights into disease etiology and
aid identification of new biomarkers. Cell-derived ECM was isolated
from the HSC line LX-2, an in vitro model of liver
fibrosis, and compared to ECM from human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs)
as a control. Mass spectrometry analyses of cell-derived ECMs identified,
with ≥99% confidence, 61 structural ECM or secreted proteins
(48 and 31 proteins for LX-2 and HFF, respectively). Gene ontology
enrichment analysis confirmed the enrichment of ECM proteins, and
hierarchical clustering coupled with protein–protein interaction
network analysis revealed a subset of proteins enriched to fibrotic
ECM, highlighting the existence of cell type-specific ECM niches.
Thirty-six proteins were enriched to LX-2 ECM as compared to HFF ECM,
of which Wnt-5a and CYR61 were validated by immunohistochemistry in
human and murine fibrotic liver tissue. Future studies will determine
if these and other components may play a role in the etiology of hepatic
fibrosis, serve as novel disease biomarkers, or open up new avenues
for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tamir Rashid
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, and Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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132
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Doyle JJ, Gerber EE, Dietz HC. Matrix-dependent perturbation of TGFβ signaling and disease. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2003-15. [PMID: 22641039 PMCID: PMC3426037 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is a multipotent cytokine that is sequestered in the extracellular matrix (ECM) through interactions with a number of ECM proteins. The ECM serves to concentrate latent TGFβ at sites of intended function, to influence the bioavailability and/or function of TGFβ activators, and perhaps to regulate the intrinsic performance of cell surface effectors of TGFβ signal propagation. The downstream consequences of TGFβ signaling cascades in turn provide feedback modulation of the ECM. This review covers recent examples of how genetic mutations in constituents of the ECM or TGFβ signaling cascade result in altered ECM homeostasis, cellular performance and ultimately disease, with an emphasis on emerging therapeutic strategies that seek to capitalize on this refined mechanistic understanding.
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Warner GM, Cheng J, Knudsen BE, Gray CE, Deibel A, Juskewitch JE, Lerman LO, Textor SC, Nath KA, Grande JP. Genetic deficiency of Smad3 protects the kidneys from atrophy and interstitial fibrosis in 2K1C hypertension. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 302:F1455-64. [PMID: 22378822 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00645.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) model is widely used as a model of human renovascular hypertension, mechanisms leading to the development of fibrosis and atrophy in the cuffed kidney and compensatory hyperplasia in the contralateral kidney have not been defined. Based on the well-established role of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathway in renal fibrosis, we tested the hypothesis that abrogation of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling would prevent fibrosis in the cuffed kidney. Renal artery stenosis (RAS) was established in mice with a targeted disruption of exon 2 of the Smad3 gene (Smad3 KO) and wild-type (WT) controls by placement of a polytetrafluoroethylene cuff on the right renal artery. Serial pulse-wave Doppler ultrasound assessments verified that blood flow through the cuffed renal artery was decreased to a similar extent in Smad3 KO and WT mice. Two weeks after surgery, systolic blood pressure and plasma renin activity were significantly elevated in both the Smad3 KO and WT mice. The cuffed kidney of WT mice developed renal atrophy (50% reduction in weight after 6 wk, P < 0.0001), which was associated with the development of interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, and interstitial inflammation. Remarkably, despite a similar reduction of renal blood flow, the cuffed kidney of the Smad3 KO mice showed minimal atrophy (9% reduction in weight, P = not significant), with no significant histopathological alterations (interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, and interstitial inflammation). We conclude that abrogation of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling confers protection against the development of fibrosis and atrophy in RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Warner
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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134
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Schiavinato A, Becker AKA, Zanetti M, Corallo D, Milanetto M, Bizzotto D, Bressan G, Guljelmovic M, Paulsson M, Wagener R, Braghetta P, Bonaldo P. EMILIN-3, peculiar member of elastin microfibril interface-located protein (EMILIN) family, has distinct expression pattern, forms oligomeric assemblies, and serves as transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) antagonist. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:11498-515. [PMID: 22334695 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.303578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
EMILIN-3 is a glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix belonging to a family that contains a characteristic N-terminal cysteine-rich EMI domain. Currently, EMILIN-3 is the least characterized member of the elastin microfibril interface-located protein (EMILIN)/Multimerin family. Using RNA, immunohistochemical, and protein chemistry approaches, we carried out a detailed characterization of the expression and biochemical properties of EMILIN-3 in mouse. During embryonic and postnatal development, EMILIN-3 showed a peculiar and dynamic pattern of gene expression and protein distribution. EMILIN-3 mRNA was first detected at E8.5-E9.5 in the tail bud and in the primitive gut, and at later stages it became abundant in the developing gonads and osteogenic mesenchyme. Interestingly and in contrast to other EMILIN/Multimerin genes, EMILIN-3 was not found in the cardiovascular system. Despite the absence of the globular C1q domain, immunoprecipitation and Western blot analyses demonstrated that EMILIN-3 forms disulfide-bonded homotrimers and higher order oligomers. Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated that the most C-terminal part of EMILIN-3 has a substantial α-helical content and forms coiled coil structures involved in EMILIN-3 homo-oligomerization. Transfection experiments with recombinant constructs showed that the EMI domain contributes to the higher order self-assembly but was dispensable for homotrimer formation. EMILIN-3 was found to bind heparin with high affinity, a property mediated by the EMI domain, thus revealing a new function for this domain that may contribute to the interaction of EMILIN-3 with other extracellular matrix and/or cell surface molecules. Finally, in vitro experiments showed that EMILIN-3 is able to function as an extracellular regulator of the activity of TGF-β ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvise Schiavinato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy
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135
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Hayashi H, Sakai T. Biological Significance of Local TGF-β Activation in Liver Diseases. Front Physiol 2012; 3:12. [PMID: 22363291 PMCID: PMC3277268 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a pivotal role in a diverse range of cellular responses, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, migration, adhesion, angiogenesis, stimulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis, and downregulation of ECM degradation. TGF-β and its receptors are ubiquitously expressed by most cell types and tissues in vivo. In intact adult tissues and organs, TGF-β is secreted in a biologically inactive (latent) form associated in a non-covalent complex with the ECM. In response to injury, local latent TGF-β complexes are converted into active TGF-β according to a tissue- and injury type-specific activation mechanism. Such a well and tightly orchestrated regulation in TGF-β activity enables an immediate, highly localized response to type-specific tissue injury. In the pathological process of liver fibrosis, TGF-β plays as a master profibrogenic cytokine in promoting activation and myofibroblastic differentiation of hepatic stellate cells, a central event in liver fibrogenesis. Continuous and/or persistent TGF-β signaling induces sustained production of ECM components and of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase synthesis. Therefore, the regulation of locally activated TGF-β levels is increasingly recognized as a therapeutic target for liver fibrogenesis. This review summarizes our present knowledge of the activation mechanisms and bioavailability of latent TGF-β in biological and pathological processes in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Hayashi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, OH, USA
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136
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Colombatti A, Spessotto P, Doliana R, Mongiat M, Bressan GM, Esposito G. The EMILIN/Multimerin family. Front Immunol 2012; 2:93. [PMID: 22566882 PMCID: PMC3342094 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Elastin microfibrillar interface proteins (EMILINs) and Multimerins (EMILIN1, EMILIN2, Multimerin1, and Multimerin2) constitute a four member family that in addition to the shared C-terminus gC1q domain typical of the gC1q/TNF superfamily members contain a N-terminus unique cysteine-rich EMI domain. These glycoproteins are homotrimeric and assemble into high molecular weight multimers. They are predominantly expressed in the extracellular matrix and contribute to several cellular functions in part associated with the gC1q domain and in part not yet assigned nor linked to other specific regions of the sequence. Among the latter is the control of arterial blood pressure, the inhibition of Bacillus anthracis cell cytotoxicity, the promotion of cell death, the proangiogenic function, and a role in platelet hemostasis. The focus of this review is to highlight the multiplicity of functions and domains of the EMILIN/Multimerin family with a particular emphasis on the regulatory role played by the ligand-receptor interactions of the gC1q domain. EMILIN1 is the most extensively studied member both from the structural and functional point of view. The structure of the gC1q of EMILIN1 solved by NMR highlights unique characteristics compared to other gC1q domains: it shows a marked decrease of the contact surface of the trimeric assembly and while conserving the jelly-roll topology with two β-sheets of antiparallel strands it presents a nine-stranded β-sandwich fold instead of the usual 10-stranded fold. This is likely due to the insertion of nine residues that disrupt the ordered strand organization and forma a highly dynamic protruding loop. In this loop the residue E933 is the site of interaction between gC1q and the α4β1 and α9β1 integrins, and contrary to integrin occupancy that usually upregulates cell growth, when gC1q is ligated by the integrin the cells reduce their proliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Colombatti
- Experimental Oncology 2, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Aviano, Italy.
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137
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Huang G, Greenspan DS. ECM roles in the function of metabolic tissues. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:16-22. [PMID: 22070921 PMCID: PMC3251694 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
All metazoan cells produce and/or interact with tissue-specific extracellular matrices (ECMs). Such ECMs play important structural roles not only in connective tissues, but in all tissues in which they provide support and anchorage for cells. However, in addition to such structural roles it has become increasingly clear that the tissue-specific microenvironments formed by the ECM play instructional roles that inform the proper phenotypes and functional behaviors of specialized cell types, and recent in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that ECM components also affect metabolic function. This review summarizes data that provide insights into the roles of the ECM in informing the proper development and functioning of highly specialized cells of metabolic tissues, such as adipocytes and islet β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Huang
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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138
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Liu C, Xi B. Pooled analyses of the associations of polymorphisms in the GRK4 and EMILIN1 genes with hypertension risk. Int J Med Sci 2012; 9:274-9. [PMID: 22639547 PMCID: PMC3360431 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.4171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The GRK4 and EMILIN1 genes have been suggested to be involved in the development of hypertension. However, the results have been inconsistent. In this study, a meta-analysis was performed to clarify the associations of polymorphisms in the GRK4 and EMILIN1 genes with hypertension risk. METHODS Published literature from PubMed and Embase databases were retrieved. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using fixed- or random-effects model. RESULTS Five studies for polymorphisms in the GRK4 gene and five studies for polymorphisms in the EMILIN1 gene were identified. The results suggested that rs1801058 polymorphism in the GRK4 gene was inversely associated with hypertension among East Asians (TT vs. CC: OR=0.39, 95%CI 0.28-0.55) and positively associated with hypertension among Europeans (TT vs. CC: OR= 2.38, 95%CI 1.38-4.10). Rs2960306 polymorphism in the GRK4 gene was significantly associated with hypertension among Europeans (TT vs. GG: OR=1.92, 95%CI 1.13-3.27). The significant associations were also observed for rs2011616 and rs2304682 polymorphisms in the EMILIN1 gene among Japanese (rs2011616: AA vs. GG: OR=0.38, 95%CI 0.18-0.82; rs2304682: GG vs. CC: OR=0.37, 95%CI 0.17-0.81) but not among Chinese. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggested that rs1801058 polymorphism in the GRK4 gene was associated with hypertension in East Asians and Europeans. The significant association was also found for rs2960306 polymorphism in the GRK4 gene among Europeans. In addition, there were significant associations of rs2011616 and rs2304682 polymorphisms in the EMILIN1 gene with hypertension among Japanese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibo Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou 318000, China.
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139
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Pardali E, Ten Dijke P. TGFβ signaling and cardiovascular diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:195-213. [PMID: 22253564 PMCID: PMC3258560 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.3805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) family members are involved in a wide range of diverse functions and play key roles in embryogenesis, development and tissue homeostasis. Perturbation of TGFβ signaling may lead to vascular and other diseases. In vitro studies have provided evidence that TGFβ family members have a wide range of diverse effects on vascular cells, which are highly dependent on cellular context. Consistent with these observations genetic studies in mice and humans showed that TGFβ family members have ambiguous effects on the function of the cardiovascular system. In this review we discuss the recent advances on TGFβ signaling in (cardio)vascular diseases, and describe the value of TGFβ signaling as both a disease marker and therapeutic target for (cardio)vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Pardali
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
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140
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Munger JS, Sheppard D. Cross talk among TGF-β signaling pathways, integrins, and the extracellular matrix. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:a005017. [PMID: 21900405 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a005017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The growth factor TGF-β is secreted in a latent complex consisting of three proteins: TGF-β, an inhibitor (latency-associated protein, LAP, which is derived from the TGF-β propeptide) and an ECM-binding protein (one of the latent TGF-β binding proteins, or LTBPs). LTBPs interact with fibrillins and other ECM components and thus function to localize latent TGF-β in the ECM. LAP contains an integrin-binding site (RGD), and several RGD-binding integrins are able to activate latent TGF-β through binding this site. Mutant mice defective in integrin-mediated activators, and humans and mice with fibrillin gene mutations, show the critical role of ECM and integrins in regulating TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Munger
- Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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141
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Carnevale D, Vecchione C, Mascio G, Esposito G, Cifelli G, Martinello K, Landolfi A, Selvetella G, Grieco P, Damato A, Franco E, Haase H, Maffei A, Ciraolo E, Fucile S, Frati G, Mazzoni O, Hirsch E, Lembo G. PI3Kγ inhibition reduces blood pressure by a vasorelaxant Akt/L-type calcium channel mechanism. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 93:200-9. [PMID: 22038741 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The lipid and protein kinase phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) is abundantly expressed in inflammatory cells and in the cardiovascular tissue. In recent years, its role in inflammation and in cardiac function and remodelling has been unravelled, highlighting the beneficial effects of its pharmacological inhibition. Furthermore, a role for PI3Kγ in the regulation of vascular tone has been emphasized. However, the impact of this signalling in the control of blood pressure is still poorly understood. Our study investigated the effect of a selective inhibition of PI3Kγ, obtained by using two independent small molecules, on blood pressure. Moreover, we dissected the molecular mechanisms involved in control of contraction of resistance arteries by PI3Kγ. METHODS AND RESULTS We showed that inhibition of PI3Kγ reduced blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive mice in a concentration-dependent fashion. This effect was dependent on enhanced vasodilatation, documented in vivo by decreased peripheral vascular resistance, and ex vivo by vasorelaxing effects on isolated resistance vessels. The vasorelaxation induced by PI3Kγ inhibition relied on blunted pressure-induced Akt phosphorylation and a myogenic contractile response. Molecular insights revealed that PI3Kγ inhibition affected smooth muscle L-type calcium channel current density and calcium influx by impairing plasma membrane translocation of the α1C L-type calcium channel subunit responsible for channel open-state probability. CONCLUSION Overall our findings suggest that PI3Kγ inhibition could be a novel tool to modulate calcium influx in vascular smooth muscle cells, thus relaxing resistance arteries and lowering blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Carnevale
- Department of Angiocardioneurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
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142
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Hubmacher D, Apte SS. Genetic and functional linkage between ADAMTS superfamily proteins and fibrillin-1: a novel mechanism influencing microfibril assembly and function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3137-48. [PMID: 21858451 PMCID: PMC4729447 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0780-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tissue microfibrils contain fibrillin-1 as a major constituent. Microfibrils regulate bioavailability of TGFβ superfamily growth factors and are structurally crucial in the ocular zonule. FBN1 mutations typically cause the Marfan syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder manifesting with skeletal overgrowth, aortic aneurysm, and lens dislocation (ectopia lentis). Infrequently, FBN1 mutations cause dominantly inherited Weill-Marchesani syndrome (WMS), isolated ectopia lentis (IEL), or the fibrotic condition, geleophysic dysplasia (GD). Intriguingly, mutations in ADAMTS [a disintegrin-like and metalloprotease (reprolysin-type) with thrombospondin type 1 motif] family members phenocopy these disorders, leading to recessive WMS (ADAMTS10), WMS-like syndrome (ADAMTS17), IEL (ADAMTSL4 and ADAMTS17) and GD (ADAMTSL2). An ADAMTSL2 founder mutation causes Musladin-Lueke syndrome, a fibrotic disorder in beagle dogs. The overlapping disease spectra resulting from fibrillin-1 and ADAMTS mutations, interaction of ADAMTS10 and ADAMTSL2 with fibrillin-1, and evidence that these ADAMTS proteins accelerate microfibril biogenesis, constitutes a consilience suggesting that some ADAMTS proteins evolved to provide a novel mechanism regulating microfibril formation and consequently cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Hubmacher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Suneel S. Apte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-ND20, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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143
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Doetschman T, Barnett JV, Runyan RB, Camenisch TD, Heimark RL, Granzier HL, Conway SJ, Azhar M. Transforming growth factor beta signaling in adult cardiovascular diseases and repair. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 347:203-23. [PMID: 21953136 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The majority of children with congenital heart disease now live into adulthood due to the remarkable surgical and medical advances that have taken place over the past half century. Because of this, adults now represent the largest age group with adult cardiovascular diseases. It includes patients with heart diseases that were not detected or not treated during childhood, those whose defects were surgically corrected but now need revision due to maladaptive responses to the procedure, those with exercise problems and those with age-related degenerative diseases. Because adult cardiovascular diseases in this population are relatively new, they are not well understood. It is therefore necessary to understand the molecular and physiological pathways involved if we are to improve treatments. Since there is a developmental basis to adult cardiovascular disease, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling pathways that are essential for proper cardiovascular development may also play critical roles in the homeostatic, repair and stress response processes involved in adult cardiovascular diseases. Consequently, we have chosen to summarize the current information on a subset of TGFβ ligand and receptor genes and related effector genes that, when dysregulated, are known to lead to cardiovascular diseases and adult cardiovascular deficiencies and/or pathologies. A better understanding of the TGFβ signaling network in cardiovascular disease and repair will impact genetic and physiologic investigations of cardiovascular diseases in elderly patients and lead to an improvement in clinical interventions.
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144
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Danussi C, Petrucco A, Wassermann B, Pivetta E, Modica TME, Del Bel Belluz L, Colombatti A, Spessotto P. EMILIN1-α4/α9 integrin interaction inhibits dermal fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 195:131-45. [PMID: 21949412 PMCID: PMC3187715 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201008013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The α4/α9 integrins directly engage the ECM glycoprotein EMILIN1 to inhibit skin cell proliferation upstream of TGF-β signaling. EMILIN1 promotes α4β1 integrin–dependent cell adhesion and migration and reduces pro–transforming growth factor–β processing. A knockout mouse model was used to unravel EMILIN1 functions in skin where the protein was abundantly expressed in the dermal stroma and where EMILIN1-positive fibrils reached the basal keratinocyte layer. Loss of EMILIN1 caused dermal and epidermal hyperproliferation and accelerated wound closure. We identified the direct engagement of EMILIN1 to α4β1 and α9β1 integrins as the mechanism underlying the homeostatic role exerted by EMILIN1. The lack of EMILIN1–α4/α9 integrin interaction was accompanied by activation of PI3K/Akt and Erk1/2 pathways as a result of the reduction of PTEN. The down-regulation of PTEN empowered Erk1/2 phosphorylation that in turn inhibited Smad2 signaling by phosphorylation of residues Ser245/250/255. These results highlight the important regulatory role of an extracellular matrix component in skin proliferation. In addition, EMILIN1 is identified as a novel ligand for keratinocyte α9β1 integrin, suggesting prospective roles for this receptor–ligand pair in skin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Danussi
- Division of Experimental Oncology 2, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy
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145
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Schjoldager KTBG, Vester-Christensen MB, Goth CK, Petersen TN, Brunak S, Bennett EP, Levery SB, Clausen H. A systematic study of site-specific GalNAc-type O-glycosylation modulating proprotein convertase processing. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:40122-32. [PMID: 21937429 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.287912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Site-specific GalNAc-type O-glycosylation is emerging as an important co-regulator of proprotein convertase (PC) processing of proteins. PC processing is crucial in regulating many fundamental biological pathways and O-glycans in or immediately adjacent to processing sites may affect recognition and function of PCs. Thus, we previously demonstrated that deficiency in site-specific O-glycosylation in a PC site of the fibroblast growth factor, FGF23, resulted in marked reduction in secretion of active unprocessed FGF23, which cause familial tumoral calcinosis and hyperostosis hyperphosphatemia. GalNAc-type O-glycosylation is found on serine and threonine amino acids and up to 20 distinct polypeptide GalNAc transferases catalyze the first addition of GalNAc to proteins making this step the most complex and differentially regulated steps in protein glycosylation. There is no reliable prediction model for O-glycosylation especially of isolated sites, but serine and to a lesser extent threonine residues are frequently found adjacent to PC processing sites. In the present study we used in vitro enzyme assays and ex vivo cell models to systematically address the boundaries of the region within site-specific O-glycosylation affect PC processing. The results demonstrate that O-glycans within at least ±3 residues of the RXXR furin cleavage site may affect PC processing suggesting that site-specific O-glycosylation is a major co-regulator of PC processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Ter-Borch Gram Schjoldager
- Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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146
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Association of intronic single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the EMILIN1 gene with essential hypertension in a Chinese population. J Hum Hypertens 2011; 26:553-61. [PMID: 21753788 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2011.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies in mice suggest that the elastin microfibril interfacer-1 gene (EMILIN1), the gene encoding elastin microfibril interfacer-1 protein, contributes to the pathogenesis of essential hypertension (EH) in humans. EMILIN1 in part maintains elastic fibres in vessel walls, and hence peripheral arterial compliance. In a case-control study, we assessed 942 non-obese non-diabetic Chinese, comprising 467 patients with EH and 475 normotensive control subjects (166 without, and 309 with, family history of hypertension in first-degree relatives (FHH)). Hypertension in first-degree relatives occurred in 88%, 65% and 0% of cases, all controls and controls without FHH, respectively. We scanned for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genotyped them in the EMILIN1 gene using high-resolution melt-curve analysis. No exonic variants were detected. We assessed the association of SNPs and their haplotypes with EH. Three SNPs in introns 1 and 5 (rs2289360, rs2011616 and rs7424556) were in strong pair-wise linkage disequilibrium (r(2)>0.89). All three SNPs were significantly associated with hypertension. Genotypic frequencies at the three SNPs differed significantly between cases and only those controls without FHH. Healthy controls with FHH should be excluded to increase the odds of detecting association. All the G alleles of rs2289360 (odds ratio = 1.69, P = 0.010), rs2011616 (odds ratio = 1.52, P = 0.038) and rs7424556 (odds ratio = 1.59, P = 0.023) were high-risk alleles in the recessive genetic model. We observed significant overall haplotypic association with EH (empirical P = 0.0072); GGG is a risk haplotype (P = 0.043). The overall results support EMILIN1 as a candidate gene for human EH.
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147
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Abstract
Aortic aneurysm is common, accounting for 1-2% of all deaths in industrialized countries. Early theories of the causes of human aneurysm mostly focused on inherited or acquired defects in components of the extracellular matrix in the aorta. Although several mutations in the genes encoding extracellular matrix proteins have been recognized, more recent discoveries have shown important perturbations in cytokine signalling cascades and intracellular components of the smooth muscle contractile apparatus. The modelling of single-gene heritable aneurysm disorders in mice has shown unexpected involvement of the transforming growth factor-β cytokine pathway in aortic aneurysm, highlighting the potential for new therapeutic strategies.
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Shen C, Lu X, Wang L, Chen S, Li Y, Liu X, Li J, Huang J, Gu D. Novel genetic variation in exon 28 of FBN1 gene is associated with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24:687-93. [PMID: 21331051 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2011.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, fibrillin-1 (FBN1) was reported to play an important role in maintaining the physiological arterial stiffness of essential hypertension (EH). Here, we designed a two-stage case-control study to investigate whether the FBN1 gene harbored any genetic variations associated with EH. METHODS In stage 1, six candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the FBN1 gene were genotyped and tested in 503 cases and 490 controls. SNPs associated with EH (P < 0.05) in stage 1 would be genotyped in stage 2 (814 cases and 779 controls), and analyzed in all the individuals by allele, genotype, haplotype, and diplotype. A meta-analysis was performed and inverse-variance method with random effect model was employed to estimate combined odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) for the identified SNPs. RESULTS In stage 1, rs140598 and rs6493333 had statistical association with EH (P < 0.05) and enter stage 2. Multiple logistic regression analysis confirmed that rs140598 but not rs6493333 significantly associated with EH in stage 2 sample. Meta-analysis showed that there was nearly no heterogeneity (I(2) = 0) of genetic variance of rs140598 in the two stages, and the associations of rs140598 in all three genetic models presented statistical significance. Further haplotype analyses showed that the Hap2 (G-C) might decreased the risk of EH when compared with reference haplotype Hap1 (C-C), adjusted OR (95%CI) was 0.823 (0.715-0.948), P = 0.006. CONCLUSION Our finding suggested there is a significant association of rs140598 of FBN1 gene with EH and further replication in other population for association study or prospective study should be warranted.
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Shiga A, Nozaki H, Yokoseki A, Nihonmatsu M, Kawata H, Kato T, Koyama A, Arima K, Ikeda M, Katada S, Toyoshima Y, Takahashi H, Tanaka A, Nakano I, Ikeuchi T, Nishizawa M, Onodera O. Cerebral small-vessel disease protein HTRA1 controls the amount of TGF-β1 via cleavage of proTGF-β1. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:1800-10. [PMID: 21320870 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small-vessel disease is a common disorder in elderly populations; however, its molecular basis is not well understood. We recently demonstrated that mutations in the high-temperature requirement A (HTRA) serine peptidase 1 (HTRA1) gene cause a hereditary cerebral small-vessel disease, cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL). HTRA1 belongs to the HTRA protein family, whose members have dual activities as chaperones and serine proteases and also repress transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family signaling. We demonstrated that CARASIL-associated mutant HTRA1s decrease protease activity and fail to decrease TGF-β family signaling. However, the precise molecular mechanism for decreasing the signaling remains unknown. Here we show that increased expression of ED-A fibronectin is limited to cerebral small arteries and is not observed in coronary, renal arterial or aortic walls in patients with CARASIL. Using a cell-mixing assay, we found that HTRA1 decreases TGF-β1 signaling triggered by proTGF-β1 in the intracellular space. HTRA1 binds and cleaves the pro-domain of proTGF-β1 in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and cleaved proTGF-β1 is degraded by ER-associated degradation. Consequently, the amount of mature TGF-β1 is reduced. These results establish a novel mechanism for regulating the amount of TGF-β1, specifically, the intracellular cleavage of proTGF-β1 in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Shiga
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8122, Japan
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Protein profile of exosomes from trabecular meshwork cells. J Proteomics 2011; 74:796-804. [PMID: 21362503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the role of exosomes in the trabecular meshwork (TM), the site of intraocular pressure control, the exosome proteome from primary cultures of human TM cell monolayers was analyzed. Exosomes were purified from urine and conditioned media from primary cultures of human TM cell monolayers and subjected to a two dimensional HPLC separation and MS/MS analyses using the MudPIT strategy. Spectra were searched against a human protein database using Sequest. Protein profiles were compared to each other and the Exocarta database and the presence of specific protein markers confirmed by Western blot analyses of exosomes from aqueous humor and human TM cell strains (n=5) that were untreated, or exposed to dexamethasone and/or ionomycin. TM cell exosomes contained 108 of the 143 most represented exosome proteins in ExoCarta, including previously characterized markers such as membrane organizing and tetraspanin proteins. Several cell-specific proteins in TM exosomes were identified including myocilin, emilin-1 and neuropilin-1. All TM exosome proteins had flotation densities on sucrose gradients and release responses to ionomycin typical for exosomes. Taken together, TM exosomes have a characteristic exosome protein profile plus contain unique proteins, including the glaucoma-causing protein, myocilin; suggesting a role for exosomes in the control of intraocular pressure.
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