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Vanpouille-Box C, Hoffmann JA, Galluzzi L. Pharmacological modulation of nucleic acid sensors - therapeutic potential and persisting obstacles. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:845-867. [PMID: 31554927 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid sensors, primarily TLR and RLR family members, as well as cGAS-STING signalling, play a critical role in the preservation of cellular and organismal homeostasis. Accordingly, deregulated nucleic acid sensing contributes to the origin of a diverse range of disorders, including infectious diseases, as well as cardiovascular, autoimmune and neoplastic conditions. Accumulating evidence indicates that normalizing aberrant nucleic acid sensing can mediate robust therapeutic effects. However, targeting nucleic acid sensors with pharmacological agents, such as STING agonists, presents multiple obstacles, including drug-, target-, disease- and host-related issues. Here, we discuss preclinical and clinical data supporting the potential of this therapeutic paradigm and highlight key limitations and possible strategies to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vanpouille-Box
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jules A Hoffmann
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies, Strasbourg, France.,CNRS UPR 9022, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Strasbourg, France.,Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. .,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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102
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Kwon Y, Park OJ, Kim J, Cho JH, Yun CH, Han SH. Cyclic Dinucleotides Inhibit Osteoclast Differentiation Through STING-Mediated Interferon-β Signaling. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:1366-1375. [PMID: 30779854 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), such as cyclic diadenylate monophosphate and cyclic diguanylate monophosphate, are commensal bacteria-derived second messengers in the gut that modulate bacterial survival, colonization, and biofilm formation. Recently, CDNs have been discovered to have an immunomodulatory activity by inducing the expression of type I interferon (IFN) through STING signaling pathway in macrophages. Because CDNs are possibly absorbed and delivered into the bone marrow, where bone-resorbing osteoclasts are derived from monocyte/macrophage lineages, CDNs could affect bone metabolism by regulating osteoclast differentiation. In this study, we investigated the effect of CDNs on the differentiation and function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. When bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) were differentiated into osteoclasts with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) in the presence of CDNs, the differentiation was inhibited by CDNs in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, CDNs did not influence the differentiation of committed osteoclasts or osteoblast precursors. STING signaling pathway appeared to be critical for CDNs-mediated inhibition of osteoclast differentiation since CDNs induced the phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF3, a representative feature of STING activation, and osteoclast differentiation was restored in STING knockdown BMMs with siRNA. Moreover, CDNs increased the mRNA expression of STING-meditated IFN-β, which is a negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis. In addition, CDNs also induced the phosphorylation of STAT1, which mediates IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR) signal transduction. The inhibitory effects of CDNs on osteoclast differentiation were not observed in the presence of antibody blocking IFNAR or in macrophages derived from IFNAR1-/- mice. Experiments using a mouse calvarial implantation model showed that RANKL-induced bone resorption was inhibited by CDNs. Taken together, these results suggest that CDNs inhibit osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption through induction of IFN-β via the STING signaling pathway. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongkag Kwon
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Jin Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseon Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Cho
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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103
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Accumulation of Cytoplasmic DNA Due to ATM Deficiency Activates the Microglial Viral Response System with Neurotoxic Consequences. J Neurosci 2019; 39:6378-6394. [PMID: 31189575 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0774-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) is a PI3K-like kinase best known for its role in the DNA damage response (DDR), especially after double-strand breaks. Mutations in the ATM gene result in a condition known as ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) that is characterized by cancer predisposition, radiosensitivity, neurodegeneration, sterility, and acquired immune deficiency. We show here that the innate immune system is not spared in A-T. ATM-deficient microglia adopt an active phenotype that includes the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines that are toxic to cultured neurons and likely contribute to A-T neurodegeneration. Causatively, ATM dysfunction results in the accumulation of DNA in the cytoplasm of microglia as well as a variety of other cell types. In microglia, cytoplasmic DNA primes an antiviral response via the DNA sensor, STING (stimulator of interferon genes). The importance of this response pathway is supported by our finding that inhibition of STING blocks the overproduction of neurotoxic cytokines. Cytosolic DNA also activates the AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2) containing inflammasome and induces proteolytic processing of cytokine precursors such as pro-IL-1β. Our study furthers our understanding of neurodegeneration in A-T and highlights the role of cytosolic DNA in the innate immune response.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Conventionally, the immune deficiencies found in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) patients are viewed as defects of the B and T cells of the acquired immune system. In this study, we demonstrate the microglia of the innate immune system are also affected and uncover the mechanism by which this occurs. Loss of ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) activity leads to a slowing of DNA repair and an accumulation of cytoplasmic fragments of genomic DNA. This ectopic DNA induces the antivirus response, which triggers the production of neurotoxic cytokines. This expands our understanding of the neurodegeneration found in A-T and offers potentially new therapeutic options.
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104
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Rabe JL, Gardner L, Hunter R, Fonseca JA, Dougan J, Gearheart CM, Leibowitz MS, Lee-Miller C, Baturin D, Fosmire SP, Zelasko SE, Jones CL, Slansky JE, Rupji M, Dwivedi B, Henry CJ, Porter CC. IL12 Abrogates Calcineurin-Dependent Immune Evasion during Leukemia Progression. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3702-3713. [PMID: 31142509 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exploitation of the immune system has emerged as an important therapeutic strategy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, the mechanisms of immune evasion during leukemia progression remain poorly understood. We sought to understand the role of calcineurin in ALL and observed that depletion of calcineurin B (CnB) in leukemia cells dramatically prolongs survival in immune-competent but not immune-deficient recipients. Immune-competent recipients were protected from challenge with leukemia if they were first immunized with CnB-deficient leukemia, suggesting robust adaptive immunity. In the bone marrow (BM), recipients of CnB-deficient leukemia harbored expanded T-cell populations as compared with controls. Gene expression analyses of leukemia cells extracted from the BM identified Cn-dependent significant changes in the expression of immunoregulatory genes. Increased secretion of IL12 from CnB-deficient leukemia cells was sufficient to induce T-cell activation ex vivo, an effect that was abolished when IL12 was neutralized. Strikingly, recombinant IL12 prolonged survival of mice challenged with highly aggressive B-ALL. Moreover, gene expression analyses from children with ALL showed that patients with higher expression of either IL12A or IL12B exhibited prolonged survival. These data suggest that leukemia cells are dependent upon calcineurin for immune evasion by restricting the regulation of proinflammatory genes, particularly IL12. SIGNIFICANCE: This report implicates calcineurin as an intracellular signaling molecule responsible for immune evasion during leukemia progression and raises the prospect of re-examining IL12 as a therapeutic in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Rabe
- Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lori Gardner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rae Hunter
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jairo A Fonseca
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jodi Dougan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Cathy Lee-Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Dmitry Baturin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Susan P Fosmire
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Susan E Zelasko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Courtney L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jill E Slansky
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Manali Rupji
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bhakti Dwivedi
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Curtis J Henry
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christopher C Porter
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia
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105
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Jing W, McAllister D, Vonderhaar EP, Palen K, Riese MJ, Gershan J, Johnson BD, Dwinell MB. STING agonist inflames the pancreatic cancer immune microenvironment and reduces tumor burden in mouse models. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:115. [PMID: 31036082 PMCID: PMC6489306 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0573-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is characterized by an immune suppressive stromal reaction that creates a barrier to therapy. A murine transgenic pancreatic cancer cell line that recapitulates human disease was used to test whether a STimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) agonist could reignite immunologically inert pancreatic tumors. STING agonist treatment potently changed the tumor architecture, altered the immune profile, and increased the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Notably, STING agonist increased numbers and activity of cytotoxic T cells within tumors and decreased levels of suppressive regulatory T cells. Further, STING agonist treatment upregulated costimulatory molecule expression on cross-presenting dendritic cells and reprogrammed immune-suppressive macrophages into immune-activating subtypes. STING agonist promoted the coordinated and differential cytokine production by dendritic cells, macrophages, and pancreatic cancer cells. Cumulatively, these data demonstrate that pancreatic cancer progression is potently inhibited by STING agonist, which reignited immunologically cold pancreatic tumors to promote trafficking and activation of tumor-killing T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donna McAllister
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Emily P Vonderhaar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Katie Palen
- , Department of Medicine, Milwaukee, USA.,Cell Therapy Laboratories, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Matthew J Riese
- , Department of Medicine, Milwaukee, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,MCW Center for Immunology, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Jill Gershan
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Bryon D Johnson
- , Department of Medicine, Milwaukee, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,MCW Center for Immunology, Milwaukee, USA.,Cell Therapy Laboratories, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Michael B Dwinell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA. .,MCW Center for Immunology, Milwaukee, USA.
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106
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Berger G, Marloye M, Lawler SE. Pharmacological Modulation of the STING Pathway for Cancer Immunotherapy. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:412-427. [PMID: 30885429 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The advent of immunotherapy in recent years has shown the potential to revolutionize the treatment of cancer. Unleashing antitumor T cell responses via immune checkpoint blockade has led to remarkable responses in previously untreatable tumors. The master regulator of interferon-mediated antiviral responses - stimulator of interferon genes (STING) - has now emerged as a critical mediator of innate immune sensing of cancer, and is a promising target for local immunostimulation, promoting intratumoral inflammation, and facilitating antitumor T cell responses. Pharmacological activation of the STING pathway can lead to T cell-mediated tumor regression in preclinical tumor models, and novel STING activating small molecules are now being tested in clinical trials. Here we will introduce the STING pathway and review the current state of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Berger
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mickaël Marloye
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sean E Lawler
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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107
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Yum S, Li M, Frankel AE, Chen ZJ. Roles of the cGAS-STING Pathway in Cancer Immunosurveillance and Immunotherapy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030518-055636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a cytosolic DNA sensor that initiates innate immune responses. DNA-bound cGAS produces cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to induce inflammatory cytokines and other immune mediators. cGAS detects DNA without sequence specificity and responds to both cytosolic foreign DNA from pathogens and self-DNA leaked into the cytosol due to genome instability or cellular damage. Because of the diverse sources of cytosolic DNA, the cGAS-STING pathway plays a critical role during infection, autoimmune diseases, and senescence. Moreover, cGAS detects tumor-derived DNA and stimulates endogenous antitumor immunity. Thus, the cGAS-STING pathway is a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the role of the cGAS-STING pathway in various diseases and highlight various approaches targeting the cGAS-STING pathway for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyun Yum
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Minghao Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Arthur E. Frankel
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604, USA
| | - Zhijian J. Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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108
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Hu Q, Ren H, Li G, Wang D, Zhou Q, Wu J, Zheng J, Huang J, Slade DA, Wu X, Ren J. STING-mediated intestinal barrier dysfunction contributes to lethal sepsis. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:497-508. [PMID: 30878597 PMCID: PMC6443583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut integrity is compromised in abdominal sepsis with increased cellular apoptosis and altered barrier permeability. Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) form a physiochemical barrier that separates the intestinal lumen from the host's internal milieu and is strongly involved in the mucosal inflammatory response and immune response. Recent research indicates the involvement of the stimulator of interferons genes (STING) pathway in uncontrolled inflammation and gut mucosal immune response. METHODS We investigated the role of STING signaling in sepsis and intestinal barrier function using intestinal biopsies from human patients with abdominal sepsis and with an established model of abdominal sepsis in mice. FINDINGS In human abdominal sepsis, STING expression was elevated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and intestinal biopsies compared with healthy controls, and the degree of STING expression in the human intestinal lamina propria correlated with the intestinal inflammation in septic patients. Moreover, elevated STING expression was associated with high levels of serum intestinal fatty acid binding protein that served as a marker of enterocyte damage. In mice, the intestinal STING signaling pathway was markedly activated following the induction of sepsis induced by cecal ligation perforation (CLP). STING knockout mice showed an alleviated inflammatory response, attenuated gut permeability, and decreased bacterial translocation. Whereas mice treated with a STING agonist (DMXAA) following CLP developed greater intestinal apoptosis and a more severe systemic inflammatory response. We demonstrated that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was released during sepsis, inducing the intestinal inflammatory response through activating the STING pathway. We finally investigated DNase I administration at 5 hours post CLP surgery, showing that it reduced systemic mtDNA and inflammatory cytokines levels, organ damage, and bacterial translocation, suggesting that inhibition of mtDNA-STING signaling pathway protects against CLP-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction. INTERPRETATION Our results indicate that the STING signaling pathway can contribute to lethal sepsis by promoting IEC apoptosis and through disrupting the intestinal barrier. Our findings suggest that regulation of the mtDNA-STING pathway may be a promising therapeutic strategy to promote mucosal healing and protect the intestinal barrier in septic patients. FUND: National Natural Science Foundation of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyuan Hu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huajian Ren
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guanwei Li
- Department of colorectal and anal surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dingyu Wang
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiashuo Zheng
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinjian Huang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dominic A Slade
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Department of Surgery, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Lane, Salford, United Kingdom.
| | - Xiuwen Wu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jianan Ren
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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109
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Shae D, Becker KW, Christov P, Yun DS, Lytton-Jean AKR, Sevimli S, Ascano M, Kelley M, Johnson DB, Balko JM, Wilson JT. Endosomolytic polymersomes increase the activity of cyclic dinucleotide STING agonists to enhance cancer immunotherapy. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 14:269-278. [PMID: 30664751 PMCID: PMC6402974 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) agonists of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) are a promising class of immunotherapeutics that activate innate immunity to increase tumour immunogenicity. However, the efficacy of CDNs is limited by drug delivery barriers, including poor cellular targeting, rapid clearance and inefficient transport to the cytosol where STING is localized. Here, we describe STING-activating nanoparticles (STING-NPs)-rationally designed polymersomes for enhanced cytosolic delivery of the endogenous CDN ligand for STING, 2'3' cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP). STING-NPs increase the biological potency of cGAMP, enhance STING signalling in the tumour microenvironment and sentinel lymph node, and convert immunosuppressive tumours to immunogenic, tumoricidal microenvironments. This leads to enhanced therapeutic efficacy of cGAMP, inhibition of tumour growth, increased rates of long-term survival, improved response to immune checkpoint blockade and induction of immunological memory that protects against tumour rechallenge. We validate STING-NPs in freshly isolated human melanoma tissue, highlighting their potential to improve clinical outcomes of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Shae
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kyle W Becker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Plamen Christov
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dong Soo Yun
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Abigail K R Lytton-Jean
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sema Sevimli
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Manuel Ascano
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mark Kelley
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Douglas B Johnson
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Justin M Balko
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John T Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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110
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STING signaling remodels the tumor microenvironment by antagonizing myeloid-derived suppressor cell expansion. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:2314-2328. [PMID: 30816302 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING), a major adaptor protein in antiviral innate immune signaling, is considered as one of the most important regulators of antiviral and antitumor immunity. Although STING agonists are now intensively studied in clinical trials as a new class of adjuvants to boost cancer immunotherapy, the tumor-intrinsic role of the STING pathway in shaping the tumor microenvironment remains controversial. Here, we discovered that STING plays a vital role in regulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) differentiation and antitumor immunity in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Mechanistic analyses reveal that STING represses NPC-derived MDSC induction by enhancing SOCS1 expression in both tumor cells and MDSCs. SOCS1 physically interacts with STAT3 through its SH2 domain to prevent STAT3 phosphorylation and dimerization, resulting in reduced MDSC induction via inhibition of GM-CSF and IL-6 production. Notably, reduced tumoral STING expression was found to be significantly associated with a poor prognosis for NPC patients. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism linking STING to tumor microenvironmental cytokine production and MDSC induction.
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111
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Novel non-nucleotidic STING agonists for cancer immunotherapy. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:2767-2769. [PMID: 30526033 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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112
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Kline DE, MacNabb BW, Chen X, Chan WC, Fosco D, Kline J. CD8α + Dendritic Cells Dictate Leukemia-Specific CD8 + T Cell Fates. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3759-3769. [PMID: 30420437 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
APCs are essential for the orchestration of antitumor T cell responses. Batf3-lineage CD8α+ and CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs), in particular, are required for the spontaneous initiation of CD8+ T cell priming against solid tumors. In contrast, little is known about the APCs that regulate CD8+ T cell responses against hematological malignancies. Using an unbiased approach, we aimed to characterize the APCs responsible for regulating CD8+ T cell responses in a syngeneic murine leukemia model. We show with single-cell resolution that CD8α+ DCs alone acquire and cross-present leukemia Ags in vivo, culminating in the induction of leukemia-specific CD8+ T cell tolerance. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the mere acquisition of leukemia cell cargo is associated with a unique transcriptional program that may be important in regulating tolerogenic CD8α+ DC functions in mice with leukemia. Finally, we show that systemic CD8α+ DC activation with a TLR3 agonist completely prevents their ability to generate leukemia-specific CD8+ T cell tolerance in vivo, resulting instead in the induction of potent antileukemia T cell immunity and prolonged survival of leukemia-bearing mice. Together, our data reveal that Batf3-lineage DCs imprint disparate CD8+ T cell fates in hosts with solid tumors versus systemic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Kline
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.,Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | | | - Xiufen Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Wen-Ching Chan
- Center for Research Informatics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Dominick Fosco
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Justin Kline
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; .,Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; and
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Treatment with mRNA coding for the necroptosis mediator MLKL induces antitumor immunity directed against neo-epitopes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3417. [PMID: 30143632 PMCID: PMC6109072 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05979-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy can induce durable antitumor responses. However, many patients poorly respond to such therapies. Here we describe a generic antitumor therapy that is based on the intratumor delivery of mRNA that codes for the necroptosis executioner mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) protein. This intervention stalls primary tumor growth and protects against distal and disseminated tumor formation in syngeneic mouse melanoma and colon carcinoma models. Moreover, MLKL-mRNA treatment combined with immune checkpoint blockade further improves the antitumor activity. MLKL-mRNA treatment rapidly induces T cell responses directed against tumor neo-antigens and requires CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to prevent tumor growth. Type I interferon signaling and Batf3-dependent dendritic cells are essential for this mRNA treatment to elicit tumor antigen-specific T cell responses. Moreover, MLKL-mRNA treatment blunts the growth of human lymphoma in mice with a reconstituted human adaptive immune system. MLKL-based treatment can thus be exploited as an effective antitumor immunotherapy. Necroptosis has immunogenic cell death properties. Here, the authors show that the intra-tumor delivery of mRNA that codes for the necroptosis effector MLKL triggers neo-epitope-specific anti-tumor T cell responses and inhibits primary tumor growth and lung metastasis.
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Lim B, Woodward WA, Wang X, Reuben JM, Ueno NT. Inflammatory breast cancer biology: the tumour microenvironment is key. Nat Rev Cancer 2018; 18:485-499. [PMID: 29703913 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-018-0010-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare and aggressive disease that accounts for ~2-4% of all breast cancers. However, despite its low incidence rate, IBC is responsible for 7-10% of breast cancer-related mortality in Western countries. Thus, the discovery of robust biological targets and the development of more effective therapeutics in IBC are crucial. Despite major international efforts to understand IBC biology, genomic studies have not led to the discovery of distinct biological mechanisms in IBC that can be translated into novel therapeutic strategies. In this Review, we discuss these molecular profiling efforts and highlight other important aspects of IBC biology. We present the intrinsic characteristics of IBC, including stemness, metastatic potential and hormone receptor positivity; the extrinsic features of the IBC tumour microenvironment (TME), including various constituent cell types; and lastly, the communication between these intrinsic and extrinsic components. We summarize the latest perspectives on the key biological features of IBC, with particular emphasis on the TME as an important contributor to the aggressive nature of IBC. On the basis of the current understanding of IBC, we hope to develop the next generation of translational studies, which will lead to much-needed survival improvements in patients with this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Lim
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Wendy A Woodward
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James M Reuben
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Naoto T Ueno
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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STING agonist therapy in combination with PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade enhances response to carboplatin chemotherapy in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:440-449. [PMID: 30046165 PMCID: PMC6133940 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) of the ovary is predominantly
diagnosed at late stages and primarily treated with debulking surgery followed by
platinum/taxane-based chemotherapy. Although certain patients benefit
significantly from currently used chemotherapy, there are patients who either do
not respond or have an inadequate duration of response. We previously showed that
tumours from chemoresistant patients have an immunosuppressed pre-existing tumour
immune microenvironment with decreased expression of Type I Interferon (IFN1)
genes. Methods Efficacy of a ‘STimulator of
INterferon Genes’ agonist was evaluated in combination with carboplatin
chemotherapy and PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade therapy in the ID8-Trp53−/− immunocompetent
murine model of HGSC. Results Treatment with STING agonist led to decreased ascites accumulation
and decreased tumour burden. Survival of mice treated with a combination of
carboplatin, STING agonist and anti-PD-1 antibody was the longest. Tumour immune
transcriptomic profiling revealed higher IFN response, antigen presentation and
MHC II genes in tumours from STING agonist-treated mice compared to vehicle
controls. Flow cytometry analysis revealed significantly higher intra-tumoural
PD-1+ and
CD69+CD62L−,
CD8+ T cells in STING agonist-treated mice. Conclusions These findings will enable rational design of clinical trials aimed
at combinatorial approaches to improve chemotherapy response and survival in HGSC
patients.
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Clifford C, Vitkin N, Nersesian S, Reid-Schachter G, Francis JA, Koti M. Multi-omics in high-grade serous ovarian cancer: Biomarkers from genome to the immunome. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 80:e12975. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cole Clifford
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences; Queen's University; Kingston ON Canada
| | - Natasha Vitkin
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences; Queen's University; Kingston ON Canada
- Cancer Biology and Genetics; Queen's Cancer Research Institute; Queen's University; Kingston ON Canada
| | - Sarah Nersesian
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences; Queen's University; Kingston ON Canada
- Cancer Biology and Genetics; Queen's Cancer Research Institute; Queen's University; Kingston ON Canada
| | | | - Julie-Ann Francis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Kingston Health Sciences Center; Queen's University; Kingston ON Canada
| | - Madhuri Koti
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences; Queen's University; Kingston ON Canada
- Cancer Biology and Genetics; Queen's Cancer Research Institute; Queen's University; Kingston ON Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Kingston Health Sciences Center; Queen's University; Kingston ON Canada
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Combination of anti-vascular agent - DMXAA and HIF-1α inhibitor - digoxin inhibits the growth of melanoma tumors. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7355. [PMID: 29743548 PMCID: PMC5943409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25688-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular disrupting agents as DMXAA inhibit tumor growth only for a short period of time followed by rapid tumor regrowth. Among others, hypoxia and presence of transcription factor HIF-1α are responsible for tumors regrowth. The aim of our study was to investigate the inhibition of murine melanoma growth by combining two agents: anti-vascular - DMXAA and the HIF-1α inhibitor - digoxin and explaining the mechanism of action of this combination. After DMXAA treatment tumor size was reduced only for a limited time. After 7 days regrowth of tumors was observed and number of vessels was increased especially in tumor's peripheral areas. DMXAA also induced an influx of immune cells: macrophages, CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes, NK cells, CD4+ lymphocytes. Administration of digoxin alone inhibited the growth of tumors. Administration of both agents in the proper sequence significantly inhibited the regrowth of tumors better than either agents alone. Combination therapy reduced number of newly formed vessels. In tumors of mice treated with combination therapy, the number of macrophages M1, CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes, NK cells and to a lesser extent CD4+ cells was increased. The combination of anti-vascular agents with HIF-1α inhibitors appears to be an effective therapeutic option.
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118
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Zhao Q, Wei Y, Pandol SJ, Li L, Habtezion A. STING Signaling Promotes Inflammation in Experimental Acute Pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:1822-1835.e2. [PMID: 29425920 PMCID: PMC6112120 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Acute pancreatitis (AP) is characterized by severe inflammation and acinar cell death. Transmembrane protein 173 (TMEM173 or STING) is a DNA sensor adaptor protein on immune cells that recognizes cytosolic nucleic acids and transmits signals that activate production of interferons and the innate immune response. We investigated whether leukocyte STING signaling mediates inflammation in mice with AP. METHODS We induced AP in C57BL/6J mice (control) and C57BL/6J-Tmem173gt/J mice (STING-knockout mice) by injection of cerulein or placement on choline-deficient DL-ethionine supplemented diet. In some mice, STING signaling was induced by administration of a pharmacologic agonist. AP was also induced in C57BL/6J mice with bone marrow transplants from control or STING-knockout mice and in mice with disruption of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (Cgas) gene. Pancreata were collected, analyzed by histology, and acini were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunoblots, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bone-marrow-derived macrophages were collected from mice and tested for their ability to detect DNA from dying acinar cells in the presence and absence of deoxyribonuclease (DNaseI). RESULTS STING signaling was activated in pancreata from mice with AP but not mice without AP. STING-knockout mice developed less severe AP (less edema, inflammation, and markers of pancreatic injury) than control mice, whereas mice given a STING agonist developed more severe AP than controls. In immune cells collected from pancreata, STING was expressed predominantly in macrophages. Levels of cGAS were increased in mice with vs without AP, and cGAS-knockout mice had decreased edema, inflammation, and other markers of pancreatic injury upon induction of AP than control mice. Wild-type mice given bone marrow transplants from STING-knockout mice had less pancreatic injury and lower serum levels of lipase and pancreatic trypsin activity following induction of AP than mice given wild-type bone marrow. DNA from dying acinar cells activated STING signaling in macrophages, which was inhibited by addition of DNaseI. CONCLUSIONS In mice with AP, STING senses acinar cell death (by detecting DNA from dying acinar cells) and activates a signaling pathway that promotes inflammation. Macrophages express STING and activate pancreatic inflammation in AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglan Zhao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Yi Wei
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Veterans Affairs, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lingyin Li
- Biochemistry Department and the ChEM-H institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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119
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Iurescia S, Fioretti D, Rinaldi M. Targeting Cytosolic Nucleic Acid-Sensing Pathways for Cancer Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:711. [PMID: 29686682 PMCID: PMC5900005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system provides the first line of defense against pathogen infection though also influences pathways involved in cancer immunosurveillance. The innate immune system relies on a limited set of germ line-encoded sensors termed pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), signaling proteins and immune response factors. Cytosolic receptors mediate recognition of danger damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) signals. Once activated, these sensors trigger multiple signaling cascades, converging on the production of type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines. Recent studies revealed that PRRs respond to nucleic acids (NA) released by dying, damaged, cancer cells, as danger DAMPs signals, and presence of signaling proteins across cancer types suggests that these signaling mechanisms may be involved in cancer biology. DAMPs play important roles in shaping adaptive immune responses through the activation of innate immune cells and immunological response to danger DAMPs signals is crucial for the host response to cancer and tumor rejection. Furthermore, PRRs mediate the response to NA in several vaccination strategies, including DNA immunization. As route of double-strand DNA intracellular entry, DNA immunization leads to expression of key components of cytosolic NA-sensing pathways. The involvement of NA-sensing mechanisms in the antitumor response makes these pathways attractive drug targets. Natural and synthetic agonists of NA-sensing pathways can trigger cell death in malignant cells, recruit immune cells, such as DCs, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells, into the tumor microenvironment and are being explored as promising adjuvants in cancer immunotherapies. In this minireview, we discuss how cGAS–STING and RIG-I–MAVS pathways have been targeted for cancer treatment in preclinical translational researches. In addition, we present a targeted selection of recent clinical trials employing agonists of cytosolic NA-sensing pathways showing how these pathways are currently being targeted for clinical application in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Iurescia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Fioretti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Rinaldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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Silvestris N, Brunetti O, Pinto R, Petriella D, Argentiero A, Fucci L, Tommasi S, Danza K, De Summa S. Immunological mutational signature in adenosquamous cancer of pancreas: an exploratory study of potentially therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:453-461. [PMID: 29561217 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1456530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adenosquamous cancer of pancreas (ASCP) is a rare variant of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). It is characterized by poor prognosis and lacks of literature data supporting the choice of systemic therapies. The role of immunotherapy for this malignancy is still unknown. In this study, we evaluated any differences between immune-related genes of PDAC and its adenosquamous variant with the aim to characterize these histothistotypes and eventually identify potential biomarkers useful for an immune-therapy approach in ASCP. METHODS We compared the mutational status of a customized gene panel, including 41 genes involved in immunity checkpoint, inflammation and control of leukocytes, B and T cells proliferation of PDAC and ASCP. Moreover, we evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). RESULTS We observed a status of 'hypermutation' of genes included in our panel in ASCP (22/41 mutated genes). Furtheremore, PD-L1 was found to be expressed in about 15% of the squamous component of ASCP tissue. CONCLUSION Due to genetic characteristics and to PD-L1 expression in ASCP compared to PDAC tissue, we can conclude that ASCP presents a potential sensitivity to immunological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Silvestris
- a Medical Oncology Unit and Scientific Directorate , Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" , Bari , Italy
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- b Medical Oncology Unit , Hospital of Barletta , Barletta , Italy
| | - Rosamaria Pinto
- c Pharmacogenetics and Molecular Diagnostic Unit , Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" , Bari , Italy
| | - Daniela Petriella
- c Pharmacogenetics and Molecular Diagnostic Unit , Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" , Bari , Italy
| | | | - Livia Fucci
- e Histopathological Unit , Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" , Bari , Italy
| | - Stefania Tommasi
- c Pharmacogenetics and Molecular Diagnostic Unit , Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" , Bari , Italy
| | - Katia Danza
- c Pharmacogenetics and Molecular Diagnostic Unit , Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" , Bari , Italy
| | - Simona De Summa
- c Pharmacogenetics and Molecular Diagnostic Unit , Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" , Bari , Italy
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121
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Vatner RE, Janssen EM. STING, DCs and the link between innate and adaptive tumor immunity. Mol Immunol 2017; 110:13-23. [PMID: 29273394 PMCID: PMC6768428 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer and the immune system are intimately related. Much of the bulk of tumors is comprised of stromal leukocytes with immune functions, which serve to both promote and inhibit tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. The T lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system are essential for tumor immunity, and these T cells are generated by cross-priming against tumor associated antigens. Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential in this process, serving as the cellular link between innate and adaptive immunity. As a prerequisite for priming of adaptive immune responses, DCs must take up tumor antigens, process them and present them in the context of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). DCs also serve as sensors of innate activation signals from cancer that are necessary for their activation and effective priming of cancer specific T cells. Here we discuss the role of DCs in the sensing of cancer and in priming the adaptive response against tumors. Furthermore, we present the essential role of the Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) signaling pathway in producing type I interferons (IFNs) that are essential in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph E Vatner
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7038, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 234 Goodman Street, ML 0757, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States.
| | - Edith M Janssen
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7038, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
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Borriello F, Pietrasanta C, Lai JCY, Walsh LM, Sharma P, O'Driscoll DN, Ramirez J, Brightman S, Pugni L, Mosca F, Burkhart DJ, Dowling DJ, Levy O. Identification and Characterization of Stimulator of Interferon Genes As a Robust Adjuvant Target for Early Life Immunization. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1772. [PMID: 29312305 PMCID: PMC5732947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization is key to preventing infectious diseases, a leading cause of death early in life. However, due to age-specific immunity, vaccines often demonstrate reduced efficacy in newborns and young infants as compared to adults. Here, we combined in vitro and in vivo approaches to identify adjuvant candidates for early life immunization. We employed newborn and adult bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) to perform a screening of pattern recognition receptor agonists and found that the stimulator of interferon genes ligand 2′3′-cGAMP (hereafter cGAMP) induces a comparable expression of surface maturation markers in newborn and adult BMDCs. Then, we utilized the trivalent recombinant hemagglutinin (rHA) influenza vaccine, Flublok, as a model antigen to investigate the role of cGAMP in adult and early life immunization. cGAMP adjuvantation alone could increase rHA-specific antibody titers in adult but not newborn mice. Remarkably, as compared to alum or cGAMP alone, immunization with cGAMP formulated with alum (Alhydrogel) enhanced newborn rHA-specific IgG2a/c titers ~400-fold, an antibody subclass associated with the development of IFNγ-driven type 1 immunity in vivo and endowed with higher effector functions, by 42 days of life. Highlighting the amenability for successful vaccine formulation and delivery, we next confirmed that cGAMP adsorbs onto alum in vitro. Accordingly, immunization early in life with (cGAMP+alum) promoted IFNγ production by CD4+ T cells and increased the proportions and absolute numbers of CD4+ CXCR5+ PD-1+ T follicular helper and germinal center (GC) GL-7+ CD138+ B cells, suggesting an enhancement of the GC reaction. Adjuvantation effects were apparently specific for IgG2a/c isotype switching without effect on antibody affinity maturation, as there was no effect on rHA-specific IgG avidity. Overall, our studies suggest that cGAMP when formulated with alum may represent an effective adjuvantation system to foster humoral and cellular aspects of type 1 immunity for early life immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Borriello
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Pietrasanta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jacqueline C Y Lai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lois M Walsh
- Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Science Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David N O'Driscoll
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Juan Ramirez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Spencer Brightman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lorenza Pugni
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - David J Burkhart
- Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Science Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - David J Dowling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ofer Levy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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123
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Bähr O, Gross S, Harter PN, Kirches E, Mawrin C, Steinbach JP, Mittelbronn M. ASA404, a vascular disrupting agent, as an experimental treatment approach for brain tumors. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:5443-5451. [PMID: 29098034 PMCID: PMC5652230 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors, including gliomas, brain metastases and anaplastic meningiomas, are associated with poor prognosis, and represent an unmet medical need. ASA404 (DMXAA), a vascular disrupting agent, has demonstrated promising results in several preclinical tumor models and early phase clinical trials. However, two phase III trials in non-small cell lung cancer reported insufficient results. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of ASA404 on brain tumors. The effects of ASA404 were evaluated in vitro and in vivo using subcutaneous, and orthotopical models for malignant glioma (U-87, LN-229, U-251, LN-308 and Tu-2449), brain metastasis (HT-29) and malignant meningioma (IOMM-Lee). The acute effects of ASA404 on tumor tissue were analyzed using conventional and immunohistochemical staining techniques [hematoxylin and eosin, MIB-1 antibody/proliferation maker protein Ki-67, cleaved caspase-8, stimulator of interferon genes (STING), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1]. Furthermore, the sizes of subcutaneous tumors were measured and the symptom-free survival rates of animals with intracranial tumors receiving ASA404 treatment were analyzed. ASA404 demonstrated low toxicity in vitro, but exhibited strong effects on subcutaneous tumors 24 h following a single dose of ASA404 (25 mg/kg). ASA404 induced necrosis, hemorrhages and inhibited the proliferation, and growth of tumors in the subcutaneous glioma models. However, ASA404 failed to demonstrate comparable effects in any of the intracranial tumor models examined and did not result in a prolongation of survival. Expression of STING, the molecular target of ASA404, and infiltration of macrophages, the cells mediating ASA404 activity, did not differ between subcutaneous and intracranial tumors. In conclusion, ASA404 demonstrates clear efficacy in subcutaneous tumor models, but has no relevant activity in orthotopic brain tumor models. The expression of STING and infiltration with macrophages were not determined to be involved in the differential activity observed among tumor models. It is possible that the low penetration of ASA-404 into the brain prevents concentrations sufficient enough reaching the tumor in order to exhibit acute effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bähr
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gross
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patrick N Harter
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger-Institute), Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elmar Kirches
- Institute of Neuropathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian Mawrin
- Institute of Neuropathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Joachim P Steinbach
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger-Institute), Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg.,Luxembourg Centre of Neuropathology (LCNP), Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.,Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
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Hall J, Ralph EC, Shanker S, Wang H, Byrnes LJ, Horst R, Wong J, Brault A, Dumlao D, Smith JF, Dakin LA, Schmitt DC, Trujillo J, Vincent F, Griffor M, Aulabaugh AE. The catalytic mechanism of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and implications for innate immunity and inhibition. Protein Sci 2017; 26:2367-2380. [PMID: 28940468 PMCID: PMC5699495 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is activated by ds-DNA binding to produce the secondary messenger 2',3'-cGAMP. cGAS is an important control point in the innate immune response; dysregulation of the cGAS pathway is linked to autoimmune diseases while targeted stimulation may be of benefit in immunoncology. We report here the structure of cGAS with dinucleotides and small molecule inhibitors, and kinetic studies of the cGAS mechanism. Our structural work supports the understanding of how ds-DNA activates cGAS, suggesting a site for small molecule binders that may cause cGAS activation at physiological ATP concentrations, and an apparent hotspot for inhibitor binding. Mechanistic studies of cGAS provide the first kinetic constants for 2',3'-cGAMP formation, and interestingly, describe a catalytic mechanism where 2',3'-cGAMP may be a minor product of cGAS compared with linear nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Hall
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340
| | - Erik C Ralph
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340
| | - Suman Shanker
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340
| | - Hong Wang
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340
| | - Laura J Byrnes
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340
| | - Reto Horst
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340
| | - Jimson Wong
- Hit Discovery and Lead Profiling, Pfizer Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340
| | - Amy Brault
- Hit Discovery and Lead Profiling, Pfizer Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340
| | - Darren Dumlao
- Hit Discovery and Lead Profiling, Pfizer Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340
| | - James F Smith
- Hit Discovery and Lead Profiling, Pfizer Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340
| | - Leslie A Dakin
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, 610 Main St, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Daniel C Schmitt
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340
| | - John Trujillo
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340
| | - Fabien Vincent
- Hit Discovery and Lead Profiling, Pfizer Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI), Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340
| | - Matt Griffor
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340
| | - Ann E Aulabaugh
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340
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125
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Dhanak D, Edwards JP, Nguyen A, Tummino PJ. Small-Molecule Targets in Immuno-Oncology. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:1148-1160. [PMID: 28938090 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in understanding the role and molecular mechanisms underlying immune surveillance and control of (pre)malignancies is revolutionizing clinical practice in the treatment of cancer. Presently, multiple biologic drugs targeting the immune checkpoint proteins PD(L)1 or CTLA4 have been approved and/or are in advanced stages of clinical development for many cancers. In addition, combination therapy with these agents and other immunomodulators is being intensively explored with the aim of improving primary response rates or prolonging overall survival. The effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy with biologics is spurring research in alternate approaches including small-molecule-mediated targeting of intracellular pathways modulating the innate and adaptive immune response. This focus of this review is on some of the key intracellular pathways where the development of a small-molecule therapeutic is attractive, tractable, and potentially synergistic with extracellular biologic-mediated immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashyant Dhanak
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, P O Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
| | - James P Edwards
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, P O Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Ancho Nguyen
- Immuno Oncology Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, P O Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Peter J Tummino
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, P O Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
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126
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Mouw KW, Goldberg MS, Konstantinopoulos PA, D'Andrea AD. DNA Damage and Repair Biomarkers of Immunotherapy Response. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:675-693. [PMID: 28630051 PMCID: PMC5659200 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA-damaging agents are widely used in clinical oncology and exploit deficiencies in tumor DNA repair. Given the expanding role of immune checkpoint blockade as a therapeutic strategy, the interaction of tumor DNA damage with the immune system has recently come into focus, and it is now clear that the tumor DNA repair landscape has an important role in driving response to immune checkpoint blockade. Here, we summarize the mechanisms by which DNA damage and genomic instability have been found to shape the antitumor immune response and describe clinical efforts to use DNA repair biomarkers to guide use of immune-directed therapies.Significance: Only a subset of patients respond to immune checkpoint blockade, and reliable predictive biomarkers of response are needed to guide therapy decisions. DNA repair deficiency is common among tumors, and emerging experimental and clinical evidence suggests that features of genomic instability are associated with response to immune-directed therapies. Cancer Discov; 7(7); 675-93. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent W Mouw
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham & Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael S Goldberg
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Panagiotis A Konstantinopoulos
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Medical Gynecology Oncology Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alan D D'Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham & Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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127
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MITA modulated autophagy flux promotes cell death in breast cancer cells. Cell Signal 2017; 35:73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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128
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Curran EK, Godfrey J, Kline J. Mechanisms of Immune Tolerance in Leukemia and Lymphoma. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:513-525. [PMID: 28511816 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms through which immune responses are generated against solid cancers are well characterized and knowledge of the immune evasion pathways exploited by these malignancies has grown considerably. However, for hematological cancers, which develop and disseminate quite differently than solid tumors, the pathways that regulate immune activation or tolerance are less clear. Growing evidence suggests that, while numerous immune escape pathways are shared between hematological and solid malignancies, several unique pathways are exploited by leukemia and lymphoma. Below we discuss immune evasion mechanisms in leukemia and lymphoma, highlighting key differences from solid tumors. A more complete characterization of the mechanisms of immune tolerance in hematological malignancies is critical to inform the development of future immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Curran
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James Godfrey
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Justin Kline
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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129
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Chen X, Fosco D, Kline DE, Kline J. Calreticulin promotes immunity and type I interferon-dependent survival in mice with acute myeloid leukemia. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1278332. [PMID: 28507789 PMCID: PMC5414882 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1278332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of cancer cells to particular chemotherapeutic agents or γ-irradiation induces a form of cell death that stimulates an immune response in mice. This “immunogenic cell death” requires calreticulin (CRT) translocation to the plasma membrane, which has been shown to promote cancer cell phagocytosis. However, it remains unclear whether the effect of CRT on cancer cell phagocytosis is alone sufficient to affect tumor immunity. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells expressing cell-surface CRT were generated in order to characterize the mechanism(s) through which CRT activates tumor immune responses. Potent immune-mediated control or rejection of AML was observed in mice with CRT-expressing leukemia. The “CRT effect” was ultimately T-cell dependent, but dendritic cells (DCs), and CD8α+ DCs in particular, were also necessary, indicating that CRT might act directly on these DCs. CRT-expressing AML cells were slightly more susceptible to phagocytosis by DCs in vivo, but this effect was unlikely to explain the potent immunity observed. CRT did not affect classical DC maturation markers, but induced expression of type I interferon (IFN), which was critical for its positive effect on survival. In conclusion, CRT functions as a “danger signal” that promotes a host type I IFN response associated with the induction of potent leukemia-specific T-cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufen Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dominick Fosco
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Douglas E Kline
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Justin Kline
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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130
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Tao J, Zhou X, Jiang Z. cGAS-cGAMP-STING: The three musketeers of cytosolic DNA sensing and signaling. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:858-870. [PMID: 27706894 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of host defense against invading pathogens. The detection of aberrant nucleic acids which represent some conserved PAMPs triggers robust type I IFN-mediated innate immune responses. Host- or pathogen-derived cytosolic DNA binds and activates the DNA sensor cGAS, which synthesizes the second messenger 2'3'-cGAMP and triggers STING-dependent downstream signaling. Here, we highlight recent progress in cGAS-cGAMP-STING, the Three Musketeers of cytosolic DNA sensing and signaling, and their essential roles in infection, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. We also focus on the regulation of these critical signal components by variant host/pathogen proteins and update our understanding of this indispensable pathway to provide new insights for drug discovery. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(11):858-870, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengfan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.
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