101
|
Dobson KS, McLarnon MJW, Pandya K, Pusch D. A latent profile analysis of adverse childhood experiences and adult health in a community sample. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 114:104927. [PMID: 33517141 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood adversity is generally associated with adult mental health problems, but most studies have an insufficient sample size to examine relationships among various aspects of childhood adversity and adult mental health outcomes. Further, past research has predominantly been restricted to a single or limited types of adverse events, which ignores the inherent interdependence among childhood adversity indicators. OBJECTIVE The current study explored various configurations of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and then examined the relationships among these configurations and various mental health constructs with a person-centered analytic framework. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A sample of 3, 932 adult outpatients was recruited in primary care settings, during regular physician visits. METHODS Participants provided informed consent, demographic information, and then completed validated measure of ACEs (emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, family dysfunction), and a series of validated mental health measures. RESULTS Latent profile analyses revealed four configurations (or profiles) of ACEs, which were analysed for their relationships with mental health outcomes. The profile with a dominance of physical neglect was associated with the highest levels of anxiety and depression. The profiles with high levels of sexual abuse, either alone or combined with general adversity, had more emotional problems than the profile with low levels of adversity. The profiles characterizing mistreatment did not consistently differ from each other on the mental health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS It is critical to consider ACEs in their complex relationship with each other. Different patterns of ACEs are associated with differential health outcomes in adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith S Dobson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Matthew J W McLarnon
- Department of General Management and Human Resources, Bissett School of Business, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, Alberta, T3E 6K6, Canada.
| | - Khanjan Pandya
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Dennis Pusch
- Private Practice, Southport Psychological Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Du Preez A, Eum J, Eiben I, Eiben P, Zunszain PA, Pariante CM, Thuret S, Fernandes C. Do different types of stress differentially alter behavioural and neurobiological outcomes associated with depression in rodent models? A systematic review. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 61:100896. [PMID: 33359461 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cataloguing the effects of different types of stress on behaviour and physiology in rodent models has not been comprehensively attempted. Here, we systematically review whether chronic exposure to physical stress, psychosocial stress, or both types of stress can induce different behavioural and neurobiological outcomes in male and female rodents. We found that physical stress consistently increased depressive-like behaviour, impaired social interaction and decreased body weight, while psychosocial stress consistently increased both anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour, impaired social interaction and learning and memory, increased HPA axis activity, peripheral inflammation and microglial activation, and decreased hippocampal neurogenesis in male rodents. Moreover, we found that the combined effect of both stress types resulted in a more severe pathological state defined by increased anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour, impaired social interaction and learning and memory, increased HPA axis activity and central inflammation, and reduced hippocampal neurogenesis and neural plasticity in male rodents. Phenotypes for females were less consistent, irrespective of the type of stress exposure, on account of the limited number of studies using females. This review highlights that the type of stress may indeed matter and will help animal researchers to more appropriately choose a stress/depression model that fits their research purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Du Preez
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
| | - Josephine Eum
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Inez Eiben
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Paola Eiben
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Patricia A Zunszain
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Sandrine Thuret
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Cathy Fernandes
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Baker AJL, LeBlanc S, Adebayo T, Mathews B. Training for mandated reporters of child abuse and neglect: Content analysis of state-sponsored curricula. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 113:104932. [PMID: 33484982 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.104932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child abuse and neglect is a public health concern around the world, with well-established impacts and costs to children, families, and society. While mandated reporters make the majority of reports, child abuse is still under-reported and many mandated reporters fail to report known and suspected cases. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to evaluate the content of US state-sponsored online mandated reporter training in order to identify gaps and need for improvement in mandated reporter training. METHODS A deductive qualitative content analysis of the publicly available curricula was conducted. Variables coded were identified through a literature review and consultation with experts. RESULTS Numerous gaps were identified in the curricula including: few trainings identified reasons why reports should be made, only about one fourth included a definition, indicators, and examples of each type of maltreatment, the average number of suggestions for responding to a disclosure made by a child was 3, and few curricula addressed barriers to reporting or the impact of reporting on the reporter. CONCLUSIONS The trainings as a whole are not providing mandated reporters with comprehensive information about definitions, examples, and indicators of the major types of childhood maltreatment. In addition, the trainings contain only limited information to motivate reporters to see their role as part of a collective endeavor to protect children, and they are failing to adequately address reluctance about reporting. However, improvements are readily achievable. A partnership approach to curriculum design and delivery is recommended to develop effective training that will promote sound reporting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy J L Baker
- Fontana Center for Child Protection of the New York Foundling, 590 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10014, United States.
| | | | - Trinae Adebayo
- Fontana Center for Child Protection of the New York Foundling, 590 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10014, United States.
| | - Ben Mathews
- Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Zhang L, Bo A, Lu W. To Unfold the Immigrant Paradox: Maltreatment Risk and Mental Health of Racial-Ethnic Minority Children. Front Public Health 2021; 9:619164. [PMID: 33681132 PMCID: PMC7925415 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.619164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Children of immigrants are often considered to be at increased risk of mental health problems due to families' immigration-related stress and perceived discrimination and prejudice from the host country. However, many studies found them to have better developmental outcomes than children with native-born parents in the U.S. This study aims to unfold this paradoxical phenomenon using data from a population-based cohort of children born in large U.S. cities. Specifically, we investigated differences in mental health outcomes between children of immigrants and those with native-born parents, stratified by children's race-ethnicity. We also explored the mediating role of child maltreatment risk in the association of parental nativity status and race-ethnicity with children's mental health. Our findings supported the immigrant paradox, with better self-reported and parent-reported internalizing and externalizing outcomes in Hispanic and Black children of immigrants than their same race-ethnicity peers and White children of native-born. Such immigrant-native variations were partially explained by parents' physically and psychologically abusive behaviors. Hispanic and Black children with immigrant parents were less likely to be physically or psychologically abused than their peers of native-born at ages 4-5, which translated into mental health advantages of children of immigrants at age 9. Our findings shed light on future research to further clarify the mechanism underlying different parenting practices between same race-ethnicity immigrants and native-born families so that culturally responsive interventions can be developed to safeguard racial-ethnic minority children's mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Zhang
- School of Social Work, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Ai Bo
- Department of Social Work, Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Wenhua Lu
- Department of Community Health and Social Medicine, School of Medicine, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Gajwani R, Dinkler L, Lundström S, Lichtenstein P, Gillberg C, Minnis H. Mania symptoms in a Swedish longitudinal population study: The roles of childhood trauma and neurodevelopmental disorders. J Affect Disord 2021; 280:450-456. [PMID: 33242716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult psychiatric disorders are associated with both childhood traumatic experiences (CTEs) and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). CTEs and NDDs frequently co-occur in childhood, but their combined risk effect on the emergence of juvenile mania symptoms has not yet been examined. METHODS In a population-representative Swedish twin study, CTEs and NDDs were assessed in 3,348 nine-year old twins born between 1998 and 2001, and treated as dichotomous predictors (any CTEs, any NDDs). Follow-up data were gathered at age 15 through parental reports of mania symptoms, yielding a symptom count score. RESULTS Both CTEs and NDDs at age 9 contributed uniquely to an increase in mania symptoms at age 15. Children with both risk factors had 1.6 times the rate of mania symptoms as children with CTEs-only (Incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.63, 95% CI 1.37-1.93), and 1.3 times the rate of mania symptoms as children with NDDs-only (IRR 1.26, 95% CI 1.06-1.50). There was no evidence for an interactive effect of CTEs and NDDs. NDDs showed a trend towards having a larger effect on mania symptoms than CTEs (NDDs-only vs. CTEs-only: IRR 1.29, 95% CI 0.99-1.68). LIMITATIONS Although it is a strength of the study that the data on exposures and outcome were collected prospectively, parental recall of CTEs was required and CTEs may be under-reported. CONCLUSIONS NDDs are at least as important as CTEs in the development of mania symptoms, and their risk is additive. Those with a history of both CTEs and NDDs should be monitored closely for the development of more severe psychiatric presentations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Gajwani
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Lisa Dinkler
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Lundström
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Gillberg
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helen Minnis
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Maternal adverse childhood experiences and postpartum depressive symptoms in young, low-income women. Psychiatry Res 2021; 296:113679. [PMID: 33385783 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), such as child maltreatment and family dysfunction, is highly prevalent. Previous research has shown an association between ACEs and adult depression. The aim of the current study was to expand the existing literature by testing the association between ACEs and postpartum depression (PPD) symptoms in an urban, ethnically diverse sample of women. METHODS Participants (N = 746; ages 18-47; mean age = 27.3) were recruited at a large, urban university medical center as part of the Longitudinal Infant and Family Environment (LIFE) study. The association between ACEs and PPD symptoms were tested via hierarchical linear regression models. RESULTS The majority of the participants (61%) reported experiencing at least one type of ACEs prior to age 18. ACEs were positively associated with PPD symptoms (β = .29, p < .001), controlling for maternal race/ethnicity, age, educational attainment, marital status, household income, and infant gender and birth order. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that exposure to ACEs was related to PPD symptoms among low-income women. Screenings for ACEs during prenatal checkups may help identify women at risk of depression and facilitate timely prevention and treatment efforts.
Collapse
|
107
|
Tschoeke S, Bichescu-Burian D, Steinert T, Flammer E. History of Childhood Trauma and Association With Borderline and Dissociative Features. J Nerv Ment Dis 2021; 209:137-143. [PMID: 33208712 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Both borderline personality features and dissociative symptoms have been associated with different types of childhood trauma. The aim of this investigation was to analyze to what extent emotional, physical, and sexual child maltreatment predict borderline personality features and dissociative symptoms. For this purpose, we analyzed data from 86 consecutively admitted patients who completed the Borderline Symptom List, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and the German version of the Dissociative Experiences Scale for differential diagnosis of a borderline personality disorder. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that borderline features were mainly predicted by emotional abuse, whereas pathological dissociation was best predicted by sexual and physical abuse. This evidence supports the hypothesis that different kinds of maltreatment may lead to different psychopathological symptoms in adulthood and should be taken into account in the therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Tschoeke
- Centre for Psychiatry Südwürttemberg, Ulm University, Ravensburg-Weissenau, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
108
|
Niu L, Brown J, Till Hoyt L, Salandy A, Nucci-Sack A, Shankar V, Burk RD, Schlecht NF, Diaz A. Profiles of Childhood Maltreatment: Associations with Sexual Risk Behavior during Adolescence in a Sample of Racial/Ethnic Minority Girls. Child Dev 2021; 92:1421-1438. [PMID: 33442867 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study examines associations between childhood maltreatment and developmental trajectories of sexual risk behaviors (SRBs) in a sample of 882 sexually active adolescent girls, predominantly Hispanic or Black, assessed every 6 months between 13 and 23 years. Latent profile analyses revealed four distinct maltreatment profiles: Low Maltreatment (76%), Moderate Emotional Neglect Only (15%), Severe Physical/Emotional Abuse (3%), and Severe Sexual Abuse (6%). Multilevel growth analyses showed the Moderate Emotional Neglect Only and Severe Sexual Abuse profiles exhibited more SRBs starting in late adolescence, and the Severe Sexual Abuse profile also exhibited a faster increase than the Low Maltreatment profile. Understanding heterogeneity within maltreated populations may have important implications for healthy sexual development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Niu
- Fordham University.,Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicolas F Schlecht
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine.,Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Angela Diaz
- Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
BUHAŞ CL, JUDEA-PUSTA C, BUHAŞ BA, BUNGAU S, JUDEA AS, SAVA C, POPA VC, CIOCA G, TIT DM. Physical, Psychological and Sexual Abuse of the Minor in the Families from the Northwestern Region of Romania- Social and Medical Forensics. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 50:121-129. [PMID: 34178770 PMCID: PMC8213634 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v50i1.5078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Romania, the abuse within the family of the minor child is a widespread phenomenon, its extent is insufficiently known because of ignorance/not reporting all the existing cases. METHODS The participants of the research are represented by two independent groups from the NW Romania 2007-2011, one for sociological study (1544 parents and 1283 children) and another for forensic statistical study (2761 cases of abused children). The sociological study was carried out by analyzing questionnaires applied in schools located in Bihor County, both to children and parents. The statistical analysis was carried out by studying the cases of the physically, sexually, and psychologically abused minors, recorded at Bihor County Forensic Service. RESULTS Physical neglect and physical abuse are the most common forms of child abuse. The forensic analysis highlight that most of the victims are male from urban areas. Physical abuse is more common in the 16-18 age group, psychological abuse in children aged between 6-10 yr, and sexual abuse in children under the age of 14 years. Girls were subject to sexual abuse, neglect, and emotional abuse, more frequently in rural areas; boys were most often victims of exploitation, physical, and emotional abuse in both urban and rural areas. CONCLUSION The results of the study led to the formulation of general guidelines on this phenomenon and highlight the need for proposals to improve the current situation of child abuse within the family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camelia Liana BUHAŞ
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Claudia JUDEA-PUSTA
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | | | - Simona BUNGAU
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Adrian Sorin JUDEA
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Cristian SAVA
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Recovery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Viorel Cristian POPA
- Faculty of Orthodox Theology “Episcop Dr. Vasile Coman”, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Gabriela CIOCA
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Sibiu, Romania
| | - Delia Mirela TIT
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Hoeboer C, de Roos C, van Son GE, Spinhoven P, Elzinga B. The effect of parental emotional abuse on the severity and treatment of PTSD symptoms in children and adolescents. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 111:104775. [PMID: 33158585 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maltreatment by a primary caregiver is an important risk factor for the development of PTSD symptoms. Whereas meta-analyses indicate that parental emotional abuse is one of the most common forms of maltreatment, the impact of emotional abuse on PTSD symptoms and treatment effectiveness is still unclear, especially in children. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the impact of parental emotional abuse on PTSD symptom severity and effectiveness of trauma treatment in children and adolescents. METHOD In an outpatient sample (N = 287, mean age = 15.5 years), emotional abuse, index traumatic event, and PTSD symptoms were assessed at baseline. Thereafter, patients received evidence-based treatment for trauma-related symptoms embedded in a broader (systemic) treatment package. In a subsample (n = 130, mean age = 15.3 years) PTSD symptoms were assessed again 6 and 12 months after baseline. RESULTS Emotional abuse (rather than any other type of maltreatment) was associated with more severe PTSD symptoms in all symptom clusters. This was independent of whether emotional abuse was reported as index traumatic event or not. Moreover, PTSD symptoms were significantly reduced 6 months after the start of trauma-focused treatment, and emotional abuse was associated with more severe PTSD symptoms over the course of treatment. CONCLUSIONS These findings underline the detrimental nature of emotional maltreatment in the context of PTSD symptomatology and treatment effectiveness. This calls for routine assessment of parental emotional abuse in the diagnostic phase, even when this is not the reason of referral.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Hoeboer
- Leiden University, Institute of Psychology, Section Clinical Psychology, Leiden, the Netherlands; Parnassiagroep, PsyQ The Hague, the Netherlands.
| | - Carlijn de Roos
- Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Philip Spinhoven
- Leiden University, Institute of Psychology, Section Clinical Psychology, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, the Netherlands.
| | - Bernet Elzinga
- Leiden University, Institute of Psychology, Section Clinical Psychology, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Brassard MR, Hart SN, Glaser D. Psychological maltreatment: An international challenge to children's safety and well being. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 110:104611. [PMID: 32660756 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child psychological maltreatment (PM), also known as emotional abuse and neglect, mental violence, and emotional maltreatment, is the least recognized and addressed of the four major forms of child maltreatment. OBJECTIVES This article provides an 1) the history of PM and its relationship to children's rights, 2) an overview of the current state of knowledge, 3) implications of diversity for the topic of PM, 4) an example of a topic-relevant intervention, and 5) a vision for further progress in addressing this form of child maltreatment. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS NA. METHOD Literature review, intervention description of fabricated or induced illness, and expert opinion. RESULTS PM is directly implicated in seven of the articles of the Convention. PM is common, reliable definitions of PM exist and need to be applied to practice and public health surveillance, harmfulness has been empirically established but is not fully appreciated, and countries vary dramatically in terms of incidence. CONCLUSIONS PM is a human rights issue that must be addressed through child protection and promotion of child wellbeing. Adoption of reliable definitions of the different aspects of PM for Child Protective Service practice is a top policy goal. The development of empirically supported curricula on PM for training professionals and parents and culturally sensitive interventions to change social norms on the use of psychologically aggressive disciplinary practices and other forms of PM are critical research needs. Well-validated interventions to support quality parent-child relationships and support families exist and need to be widely adopted. Individual child protective measures should be confined to cases of ongoing serious PM when interventions have failed to reduce harm to the child.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart N Hart
- Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, USA
| | - Danya Glaser
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and University College, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Mishra AA, Marceau K. Co-occurring childhood maltreatment exposure and depressive symptoms in adulthood: Testing differential effects of stress dysregulation and perceived stress. Aging Ment Health 2020; 24:1837-1846. [PMID: 31155911 PMCID: PMC6889051 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2019.1619166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Objectives were to explore: 1) the association between sub-groups with different multi-type childhood maltreatment exposures and depressive symptoms in late adulthood, and 2) the mediating effects of dysregulated physiological stress system function and perceived stress in midlife on the aforementioned associations.Methods: Data come from the Biomarker project (n = 1,053) of the Midlife Development in the United States study. Latent profile analysis was used to identify sub-groups with differing childhood maltreatment type and chronicity. We then test our mediation hypothesis using a product of coefficients method procedure.Results: Two vulnerable sub-groups were identified (Class 2: Emotional and physical maltreatment class, n = 52, and Class 3: Sexual abuse class, n = 79) along with a normative sub-group (Class 1: Normative class, n = 922) comprising of a majority of adults. Both vulnerable sub-groups had higher levels of perceived stress in late adulthood. Perceived stress mediated the association between both vulnerable sub-groups and depressive symptoms. Physiological stress dysregulation mediated the association only between the emotional and physical maltreatment class and depressive symptoms in late adulthood.Conclusion: Therapeutic approaches targeted at prevention of perceived stress for both vulnerable sub-groups identified in this study and those targeting physiological dysregulation in addition for the emotional and physical maltreatment class could be critical for depressive symptom recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Mishra
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Kristine Marceau
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
A longitudinal twin study of victimization and loneliness from childhood to young adulthood. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 34:367-377. [PMID: 33046153 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420001005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study used a longitudinal and discordant twin design to explore in depth the developmental associations between victimization and loneliness from mid-childhood to young adulthood. The data were drawn from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a birth cohort of 2,232 individuals born in England and Wales during 1994-1995. Diverse forms of victimization were considered, differing across context, perpetrator, and timing of exposure. The results indicated that exposure to different forms of victimization was associated with loneliness in a dose-response manner. In childhood, bullying victimization was uniquely associated with loneliness, over and above concurrent psychopathology, social isolation, and genetic risk. Moreover, childhood bullying victimization continued to predict loneliness in young adulthood, even in the absence of ongoing victimization. Within-twin pair analyses further indicated that this longitudinal association was explained by genetic confounds. In adolescence, varied forms of victimization were correlated with young adult loneliness, with maltreatment, neglect, and cybervictimization remaining robust to controls for genetic confounds. These findings indicate that vulnerability to loneliness in victimized young people varies according to the specific form of victimization in question, and also to the developmental period in which it was experienced.
Collapse
|
114
|
Du Preez A, Law T, Onorato D, Lim YM, Eiben P, Musaelyan K, Egeland M, Hye A, Zunszain PA, Thuret S, Pariante CM, Fernandes C. The type of stress matters: repeated injection and permanent social isolation stress in male mice have a differential effect on anxiety- and depressive-like behaviours, and associated biological alterations. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:325. [PMID: 32958745 PMCID: PMC7505042 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01000-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress can alter the immune system, adult hippocampal neurogenesis and induce anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour in rodents. However, previous studies have not discriminated between the effect(s) of different types of stress on these behavioural and biological outcomes. We investigated the effect(s) of repeated injection vs. permanent social isolation on behaviour, stress responsivity, immune system functioning and hippocampal neurogenesis, in young adult male mice, and found that the type of stress exposure does indeed matter. Exposure to 6 weeks of repeated injection resulted in an anxiety-like phenotype, decreased systemic inflammation (i.e., reduced plasma levels of TNFα and IL4), increased corticosterone reactivity, increased microglial activation and decreased neuronal differentiation in the dentate gyrus (DG). In contrast, exposure to 6 weeks of permanent social isolation resulted in a depressive-like phenotype, increased plasma levels of TNFα, decreased plasma levels of IL10 and VEGF, decreased corticosterone reactivity, decreased microglial cell density and increased cell density for radial glia, s100β-positive cells and mature neuroblasts-all in the DG. Interestingly, combining the two distinct stress paradigms did not have an additive effect on behavioural and biological outcomes, but resulted in yet a different phenotype, characterized by increased anxiety-like behaviour, decreased plasma levels of IL1β, IL4 and VEGF, and decreased hippocampal neuronal differentiation, without altered neuroinflammation or corticosterone reactivity. These findings demonstrate that different forms of chronic stress can differentially alter both behavioural and biological outcomes in young adult male mice, and that combining multiple stressors may not necessarily cause more severe pathological outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Du Preez
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Law
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Diletta Onorato
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yau M Lim
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paola Eiben
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ksenia Musaelyan
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Martin Egeland
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Abdul Hye
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Patricia A Zunszain
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sandrine Thuret
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cathy Fernandes
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Cho Y, Kim D, Kim SH. Prevalence and clinical correlates of childhood trauma among inpatients diagnosed with bipolar disorder: a matched comparison with schizophrenia. PSYCHOSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17522439.2020.1801818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Daeho Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Trauma and Stress Program, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, South Korea
| | - Seok-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Womersley JS, Hemmings SMJ, Ziegler C, Gutridge A, Ahmed-Leitao F, Rosenstein D, Domschke K, Seedat S. Childhood emotional neglect and oxytocin receptor variants: Association with limbic brain volumes. World J Biol Psychiatry 2020; 21:513-528. [PMID: 30806136 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2019.1584331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Childhood emotional neglect (EN) is a predictor for the development of affective disorders. Oxytocin (OXT) may mediate the interplay between EN and changes in stress biological systems, brain development, and mental health outcomes. We investigated, in a cross-sectional study, the associations between EN, (epi)genetic variation in the OXT receptor (OXTR) gene, and amygdalar and hippocampal volumes, two brain regions implicated in emotional processing.Methods: We recruited 63 Caucasian South African adults (35 women) with and without social anxiety disorder. Childhood EN was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. rs53576 and rs2254298 genotypes, as well as methylation status, was determined using DNA purified from whole blood. Bilateral amygdalar and hippocampal volumes were determined by structural magnetic resonance imaging. The relationships between these variables were investigated using linear regression.Results: The interaction of the rs2254298 A risk allele and EN was nominally associated with reduced left hippocampal volume. The rs2254298 A risk allele was independently associated with reduced bilateral amygdalar volumes. We found no association between EN, OXTR methylation and amygdalar or hippocampal volumes. The rs53576 GG risk genotype was, however, associated with decreased OXTR methylation.Conclusions: The rs2254298 A allele may increase susceptibility to the structural brain effects of EN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Samantha Womersley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Sian Megan Joanna Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Christiane Ziegler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 70104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ashley Gutridge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Fatima Ahmed-Leitao
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - David Rosenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 70104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
O'Loughlin JI, Rellini AH, Brotto LA. How Does Childhood Trauma Impact Women's Sexual Desire? Role of Depression, Stress, and Cortisol. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2020; 57:836-847. [PMID: 31809591 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2019.1693490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between childhood trauma and adult sexual dysfunction is well documented; however, there is a paucity of research that examines the physiological and psychological mechanisms that may potentiate this relationship. As depression, perceived stress, and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation are correlates of childhood trauma and sexual dysfunction, the current study sought to examine the association of each of these domains with low sexual desire in a sample of (N = 275 [n = 137 women with low sexual desire; n = 138 sexually healthy women]) non-clinically depressed women. First, we assessed the relative contributions of HPA axis dysregulation (as indexed by the diurnal cortisol slope), childhood trauma, depression symptoms and perceived daily stress on low sexual desire. Next, we examined the degree to which HPA axis dysregulation, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms, respectively, mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and sexual desire. Results indicate that diurnal cortisol slope and depression symptoms contribute to low desire over and above perceived stress and childhood trauma and that childhood trauma is associated with low sexual desire predominantly through depressive symptomatology. Theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lori A Brotto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Annor FB, Gilbert LK, Davila EP, Massetti GM, Kress H, Onotu D, Ogbanufe O. Emotional violence in childhood and health conditions, risk-taking behaviors, and violence perpetration among young adults in Nigeria. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 106:104510. [PMID: 32447142 PMCID: PMC8299818 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, over 1 billion children are victims of violence against children annually. Studies examining the health consequences of childhood violence have mostly focused on childhood physical violence (PV) and sexual violence (SV). Recent evidence suggests that childhood emotional violence (EV) may also be deleterious to the health and wellbeing of victims. OBJECTIVE This study examines the independent association between EV and some health conditions, risk taking behaviors, and violence perpetration among Nigerian young adults ages 18-24 years. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data from 2014 Nigeria Violence Against Children Survey (n = 4,203), a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of individuals ages 13-24 were used. METHODS Childhood EV was defined as EV victimization before age 18 perpetrated by a parent, adult caregiver or other adult relative. Logistic regression analyses assessed the association between EV in childhood and mental distress in the past 30 days, ever self-harm behaviors and history of sexually transmitted infections; risk behaviors such as having multiple sex partners in the past 12 months; and ever violence perpetration. RESULTS After controlling for study covariates, EV in childhood was associated with mental distress in both males and females, and self-harm behaviors in females; excessive alcohol use and infrequent condom use in males, and multiple sexual partners in females; and PV perpetration in males and SV perpetration in females. CONCLUSION EV in childhood is associated with some health conditions, risk taking behaviors, and violence perpetration. Implementing programs that address all forms of violence in childhood, including EV may benefit children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis B Annor
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Leah K Gilbert
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Evelyn P Davila
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Greta M Massetti
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Howard Kress
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dennis Onotu
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Obinna Ogbanufe
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Gambaro E, Mastrangelo M, Sarchiapone M, Marangon D, Gramaglia C, Vecchi C, Airoldi C, Mirisola C, Costanzo G, Bartollino S, Baralla F, Zeppegno P. Resilience, trauma, and hopelessness: protective or triggering factor for the development of psychopathology among migrants? BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:358. [PMID: 32641011 PMCID: PMC7346618 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02729-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, many studies have investigated the role of migration on mental health. Nonetheless, only few focused on the consequences of childhood trauma, hopelessness, and resilience on migrants' psychopathology, including psychiatric disorders and symptoms. METHOD 119 migrants were recruited between May 2017 and April 2018, among those applying for assessment to the Mental Health Operational Unit of the National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty (NIHMP) in Rome, Italy. Assessment included the following: Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Beck's Suicide Intent Scale (SIS), Brief Aggression Questionnaire (BAQ), Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI). RESULTS 53.39% of migrants scored above the PCL-5 cut-off score (mean score was 39.45). SDS scores below the cutoff suggested the presence of depression in 42.37%, while According to SAS scores anxiety levels were low in 38.98% of migrants. During childhood, physical abuse and neglect were reported respectively by 56.78 and 69.49% of migrants. CONCLUSION We found that Post Traumatic Stress Disorders play the role of mediators for the relation between the childhood traumatic experiences and aggressiveness, anxious and depressive symptomatology, while hopelessness is a mediator between the childhood traumatic experiences and the development of depression in adulthood. Hopelessness seems to influence the strength of the relation between childhood traumatic experiences and the individual's current intensity of suicidal attitudes, plans, and behaviors. Further developments and future perspectives of the research project are to address key gaps in the field of resilience by means of a longitudinal evaluation study in migrants, including a native population control group, acceding to NIHMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Gambaro
- Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Western Piedmont, via Solaroli, 17, 28100, Novara, Italy.
- Psychiatric Ward, Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Corso Mazzini 18, 28100, Novara, Italy.
| | - Martina Mastrangelo
- Department of Medicine and Health Science, University of Molise, Via De Santis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Marco Sarchiapone
- Department of Medicine and Health Science, University of Molise, Via De Santis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
- National Institute of Migration and Poverty, Via San Gallicano 25, Rome, Italy
- National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Debora Marangon
- Psychiatric Ward, Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Corso Mazzini 18, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Carla Gramaglia
- Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Western Piedmont, via Solaroli, 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
- Psychiatric Ward, Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Corso Mazzini 18, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Camilla Vecchi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Western Piedmont, via Solaroli, 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Airoldi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Western Piedmont, via Solaroli, 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Concetta Mirisola
- National Institute of Migration and Poverty, Via San Gallicano 25, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Costanzo
- National Institute of Migration and Poverty, Via San Gallicano 25, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Bartollino
- Department of Medicine and Health Science, University of Molise, Via De Santis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Francesca Baralla
- Department of Medicine and Health Science, University of Molise, Via De Santis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zeppegno
- Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Western Piedmont, via Solaroli, 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
- Psychiatric Ward, Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Corso Mazzini 18, 28100, Novara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Pandey R, Gupta S, Upadhyay A, Gupta RP, Shukla M, Mishra RC, Arya YK, Singh T, Niraula S, Lau JYF, Kumari V. Childhood maltreatment and its mental health consequences among Indian adolescents with a history of child work. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2020; 54:496-508. [PMID: 32156147 PMCID: PMC7227131 DOI: 10.1177/0004867420909524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although the prevalence and mental health consequences of childhood maltreatment among adolescents have been studied widely, there are few data addressing these issues in Asian lower middle-income countries. Here, we assessed the prevalence and types of childhood maltreatment and, for the first time, examined their association with current mental health problems in Indian adolescents with a history of child work. METHODS One hundred and thirty-two adolescents (12-18 years; 114 males, 18 females) with a history of child work were interviewed using the Child Maltreatment, Conventional Crime, and Witnessing and Indirect Victimisation modules of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire. Potential psychiatric diagnoses and current emotional and behavioural problems were assessed using the culturally adapted Hindi versions of the Youth's Inventory-4R and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, respectively. RESULTS A large proportion of the sample reported childhood abuse or neglect (83.36%), direct or indirect victimisation (100%) and experienced symptoms of one or more psychiatric disorders (83.33%). Of the most common maltreatment types, physical abuse was present for 72.73% (extra-familial 56.25%, intra-familial 42.71%), emotional abuse for 47.7% (extra-familial 74.6%, intra-familial 12.9%), general neglect for 17.4% and unsafe home for 45.5% of the adolescents. All these maltreatment types were associated with poor mental health, with emotional abuse showing the strongest and wide-ranging impact. CONCLUSIONS Indian adolescents with a history of child work are at an extremely high risk of extra-familial physical and emotional abuse as well as victimisation. They also experience a range of psychiatric symptoms, especially if they suffered emotional abuse. There is an urgent need for routine mental health screening and to consider emotional abuse in all current and future top-down and bottom-up approaches to address childhood maltreatment, as well as in potential interventions to ameliorate its adverse effects on mental health and well-being, of child and adolescent workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Pandey
- Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shulka Gupta
- Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Rajendra Prasad Gupta
- Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.,Department of Psychology, Tilak Dhari Post Graduate College, Jaunpur, India
| | - Meenakshi Shukla
- Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.,Department of Psychology, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya, India
| | | | | | - Tushar Singh
- Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shanta Niraula
- Central Department of Psychology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jennifer Yun Fai Lau
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Veena Kumari
- Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Subramaniam M, Abdin E, Seow E, Vaingankar JA, Shafie S, Shahwan S, Lim M, Fung D, James L, Verma S, Chong SA. Prevalence, socio-demographic correlates and associations of adverse childhood experiences with mental illnesses: Results from the Singapore Mental Health Study. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 103:104447. [PMID: 32171798 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with deleterious consequences throughout the lifespan of the individual, including an increased risk of mental disorders. However, an in-depth understanding of ACEs in diverse populations is still lacking especially in Asian populations, with few studies done at a population level. OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to establish the (i) prevalence of ACEs and its socio-demographic correlates, and, (ii) association of ACEs with mental disorders and suicidality in a multiethnic Asian country. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Singapore residents aged 18 years and older were recruited from the community as part of a nation-wide cross-sectional epidemiological study. METHODS Trained interviewers conducted face-to-face interviews with participants, and administered the Adverse Childhood Experiences - International Questionnaire and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS A total of 6126 participants completed the survey. The lifetime prevalence of ACEs in the sample was 63.9 %. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that odds of any ACE were higher among those above 65 years (OR = 1.7) and those without university education (OR = 2.2, 1.9, and 1.5 among those with primary and below, secondary and vocational education respectively). The presence of any ACE was significantly associated with increased odds of mood (OR = 3.7, 95 % CI: 2.3-6.0), anxiety (OR = 3.9, 95 % CI: 2.3-6.8) and alcohol use (OR = 1.7, 95 % CI: 1.1-3.0) disorders. CONCLUSIONS ACEs are not uncommon in Asian populations. There is a need to build trauma-informed communities that can incorporate the knowledge of the impact of early trauma into policies and programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mythily Subramaniam
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore.
| | | | - Esmond Seow
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | | | - Saleha Shafie
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | | | - Mathew Lim
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Fung
- Medical Board, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | - Lyn James
- Epidemiology & Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Singapore
| | - Swapna Verma
- Department of Psychosis, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | - Siow Ann Chong
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Wildschut M, Swart S, Langeland W, Smit JH, Draijer N. An Emotional Neglect-Personality Disorder Approach: Quantifying a Dimensional Transdiagnostic Model of Trauma-Related and Personality Disorders. J Pers Disord 2020; 34:250-261. [PMID: 30650032 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2019_33_381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Are personality disorders (PDs) associated with emotional neglect? Draijer (2003) developed a dimensional model of trauma-related disorders and PD. The first dimension consists of the severity of the trauma endured. The second dimension consists of emotional neglect, which is assumed to be related primarily to personality pathology. In this article, we investigate whether an association between retrospective reports of emotional neglect and the presence and severity of PD exists. A sample of 150 patients was systematically assessed. Results indicate that there is little evidence to support a link between emotional neglect and problematic personality functioning at the disorder level; however, there might be a link between emotional neglect and problematic personality functioning in a dimensional way. Findings indicate a relationship between lack of parental warmth and problematic personality functioning, supporting the existence of the emotional neglectaxis of the proposed model in a dimensional framework of viewing personality pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Willemien Langeland
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Research & Innovation GGZ InGeest Specialist Mental Healthcare, Amsterdam
| | - Jan H Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Research & Innovation GGZ InGeest Specialist Mental Healthcare, Amsterdam
| | - Nel Draijer
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Research & Innovation GGZ InGeest Specialist Mental Healthcare, Amsterdam
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Jones MS, Burge SW, Sharp SF, McLeod DA. Childhood adversity, mental health, and the perpetration of physical violence in the adult intimate relationships of women prisoners: A life course approach. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 101:104237. [PMID: 31981933 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are common, with nearly two-thirds of adult samples reporting exposure to at least one and one-quarter reporting exposure to three or more distinct types of ACEs. ACEs have been linked to various negative outcomes across the life course, including mental health problems, and the perpetration of physical violence in intimate relationships. However, little is known about the relationships between ACEs, PTSD symptomology, and use of physical violence against an adult intimate partner among incarcerated women. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between ACEs, PTSD symptoms, and the perpetration of the physical violence in the adult intimate relationships of women prisoners. METHODS Using data from the 2014 Oklahoma Study of Incarcerated Mothers and Their Children (N = 349) and structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques, we investigate the potential mediating effect of PTSD symptoms in the relationship between ACEs and perpetrating violence against an intimate partner. RESULTS Our findings indicate that PTSD symptomology fully mediates the relationship between ACEs and the perpetration of physical violence against an adult intimate partner, indicating that PTSD experiences may be central to understanding women's pathways toward violence. CONCLUSIONS Women prisoners who were exposed to ACEs during childhood were at a particularly elevated risk of developing PTSD symptomology and perpetrating physical violence against an adult intimate partner. Based on the current study's findings, treatment programs that address these complex relationships between ACEs, particularly focusing on the central role of mental health in these processes, are needed for incarcerated women.
Collapse
|
124
|
Terock J, Van der Auwera S, Janowitz D, Wittfeld K, Frenzel S, Klinger-König J, Grabe HJ. Childhood trauma and adult declarative memory performance in the general population: The mediating effect of alexithymia. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 101:104311. [PMID: 31877447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggested that childhood maltreatment is associated with altered memory performance in adulthood. Deficits in identifying and describing feelings as captured by the alexithymia construct are strongly linked with childhood trauma and may mediate the associations with memory function. OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations of childhood trauma with verbal declarative memory performance and the putative mediating role of alexithymia. METHOD Associations of the different dimensions of childhood trauma with adult declarative memory performance were tested in two large, independent general population samples comprising a total of N = 5574 participants. Moreover, we tested whether associations were mediated by alexithymia. RESULTS In both samples, childhood emotional neglect, but not abuse emerged as a negative statistical predictor of early (sample 1: β=-1.79; p < 0.001, sample 2: β=-0.26; p < 0.001) as well as delayed recall (β=-0.78; p < 0.001; β=-0.24; p < 0.05). Likewise, childhood emotional neglect was the strongest predictor for alexithymia (β = 3.2; p < 0.001; β = 3.54; p < 0.001). Finally, the association between childhood emotional neglect and early (Total Mediated Effect (TME): 13.2, CI: 0.087-0.302; TME: 20.1; CI: 0.123-0.619) as well as late recall (TME: 13.2, CI: 0.086-0.301; TME: 9; CI: -0.442-0.699) was significantly mediated by alexithymia. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that childhood emotional neglect is particularly detrimental to memory functioning in adulthood. In comparison, childhood abuse was not associated with reduced declarative memory capacity. Our results contribute to explain the mechanism underlying the relation of childhood trauma and memory deficits: Finding specific associations with emotional neglect and a mediating role of alexithymia highlights the relevance of emotion processing capacities for memory functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Terock
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS Hanseklinikum Stralsund, Rostocker Chaussee 70, 18437 Stralsund, Germany.
| | - Sandra Van der Auwera
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases DZNE, Site Rostock/ Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Deborah Janowitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases DZNE, Site Rostock/ Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Frenzel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Johanna Klinger-König
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases DZNE, Site Rostock/ Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Childhood maltreatment, anxiety disorders and outcome in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res 2020; 284:112688. [PMID: 31784066 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anxiety disorders are a frequent in borderline personality disorder (BPD) and are associated with more severe symptomatology and poorer functional outcomes. Their presence in BPD is also believed to be the consequence of early life adversities. The aim of our study was to examine the relationship between comorbid anxiety disorders, childhood maltreatment and severity of BPD. METHODS 388 BPD outpatients were assessed for lifetime anxiety disorders and history of childhood maltreatment. Severity of BPD was measured by the number of DSM-IV BPD criteria, history of suicide attempts, hospitalizations, psychotic symptoms, comorbid substance use disorder, other comorbid disorders, level of depression, hopelessness, impulsivity and trait anger. We used logistic regressions to test the association between childhood maltreatment and anxiety disorders and the effect of those factors on severity indicators RESULTS: More than half of the participants suffered from two or more anxiety disorders. The most common comorbidity was social phobia. Childhood maltreatment was associated with an increased number of anxiety disorders. Both anxiety disorders and childhood maltreatment had, independently from one another, an effect on severity indicators. Anxiety disorders were significantly associated with the number of DSM-IV BPD criteria, suicide attempts and psychotic symptoms. Anxiety disorders had an impact on the level of depression and hopelessness, whereas childhood maltreatment impacted impulsivity and anger trait. CONCLUSION Our results show the importance of comorbid anxiety disorders in BPD, as well as their impact on severity. Anxiety disorders and childhood maltreatment should be considered by healthcare professionals to ensure optimal care. Furthermore, interventions targeting those issues need to be developed.
Collapse
|
126
|
Mathews B, Pacella R, Dunne MP, Simunovic M, Marston C. Improving measurement of child abuse and neglect: A systematic review and analysis of national prevalence studies. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227884. [PMID: 31990913 PMCID: PMC6986759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Child maltreatment through physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, and exposure to domestic violence, causes substantial adverse health, educational and behavioural consequences through the lifespan. The generation of reliable data on the prevalence and characteristics of child maltreatment in nationwide populations is essential to plan and evaluate public health interventions to reduce maltreatment. Measurement of child maltreatment must overcome numerous methodological challenges. Little is known to date about the extent, nature and methodological quality of these national studies. This study aimed to systematically review the most comprehensive national studies of the prevalence of child maltreatment, and critically appraise their methodologies to help inform the design of future studies. METHODS Guided by PRISMA and following a published protocol, we searched 22 databases from inception to 31 May 2019 to identify nationwide studies of the prevalence of either all five or at least four forms of child maltreatment. We conducted a formal quality assessment and critical analysis of study design. RESULTS This review identified 30 national prevalence studies of all five or at least four forms of child maltreatment, in 22 countries. While sound approaches are available for different settings, methodologies varied widely in nature and robustness. Some instruments are more reliable and obtain more detailed and useful information about the characteristics of the maltreatment, including its nature, frequency, and the relationship between the child and the person who inflicted the maltreatment. Almost all studies had limitations, especially in the level of detail captured about maltreatment, and the adequacy of constructs of maltreatment types. CONCLUSIONS Countries must invest in rigorous national studies of the prevalence of child maltreatment. Studies should use a sound instrument containing appropriate maltreatment constructs, and obtain nuanced information about its nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Mathews
- Director, Childhood Adversity Research Program, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Adjunct Professor, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore MD, United States of America
| | - Rosana Pacella
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Dunne
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marko Simunovic
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cicely Marston
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Flores-Torres MH, Comerford E, Signorello L, Grodstein F, Lopez-Ridaura R, de Castro F, Familiar I, Ortiz-Panozo E, Lajous M. Impact of adverse childhood experiences on cardiovascular disease risk factors in adulthood among Mexican women. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 99:104175. [PMID: 31710961 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood adversities are prevalent worldwide and might affect adult cardiovascular health. However, in middle-income countries such as Mexico, research on the impact of childhood adversities on cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adulthood is lacking. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and their association with risk factors for CVD in adult Mexican women. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The study population comprised 9853 women from the Mexican Teachers´ Cohort. METHODS Participants responded to an online questionnaire including a 10-item instrument on ACEs and questions on CVD risk factors, between 2014 and 2017. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between ACEs and adult behavioral and medical CVD risk factors. RESULTS About 61% of participants reported at least one ACE and 14% reported four or more. After multivariable adjustment, women who reported ≥4 ACEs had 58% (95%CI 1.37, 1.81) higher odds of having ever smoked and 17% (95%CI 0.69, 0.99) lower odds of being physically active, compared with women who reported no ACEs. Women who reported ≥4 ACEs also had higher odds of hypertension (OR = 1.19; 95%CI 1.00, 1.43), diabetes (OR = 1.49; 95%CI 1.13, 1.96), high cholesterol (OR = 1.49; 95%CI 1.26, 1.75), and obesity (OR = 1.37; 95%CI 1.19, 1.57). In addition, individual ACE components were independently associated with several CVD risk factors. CONCLUSION ACEs are common and associated with CVD risk factors in adult Mexican women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario H Flores-Torres
- Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, 7ª Cerrada Fray Pedro de Gante # 50, Mexico City, 14000, Mexico
| | - Erin Comerford
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Lisa Signorello
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9712, United States
| | - Francine Grodstein
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Ruy Lopez-Ridaura
- Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, 7ª Cerrada Fray Pedro de Gante # 50, Mexico City, 14000, Mexico
| | - Filipa de Castro
- Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, 7ª Cerrada Fray Pedro de Gante # 50, Mexico City, 14000, Mexico
| | - Itziar Familiar
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, 220 Trowbridge Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States
| | - Eduardo Ortiz-Panozo
- Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, 7ª Cerrada Fray Pedro de Gante # 50, Mexico City, 14000, Mexico
| | - Martín Lajous
- Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, 7ª Cerrada Fray Pedro de Gante # 50, Mexico City, 14000, Mexico; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Behnke A, Rojas R, Karabatsiakis A, Kolassa IT. Childhood maltreatment compromises resilience against occupational trauma exposure: A retrospective study among emergency medical service personnel. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 99:104248. [PMID: 31731138 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment (CM) compromises resilience against stress and trauma throughout life. Therefore, it could present a major risk factor for the health of frequently trauma-exposed professionals such as emergency medical service (EMS) personnel. OBJECTIVE We investigated, whether EMS personnel's history of CM increased their risk for mental and physical stress symptoms after occupational trauma exposure. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data from 103 German EMS personnel (age: Mdn±QD = 26.00 ± 8.50 years) were collected as part of a cross-sectional survey distributed among employees of the regional German Red Cross EMS division (response rate 46.6%). The sample corresponded well to the division's entire staff in terms of socio-anagraphic characteristics. METHODS CM and occupational trauma exposure as well as posttraumatic, depressive, and somatic symptoms were assessed with self-report questionnaires. RESULTS Moderation analyses indicated stronger positive associations between occupational trauma exposure and the severity of posttraumatic (β = .30, p < .001), depressive (β = .20, p = .026), and somatic symptoms (β = .18, p = .059) among EMS personnel who reported a higher exposure to CM. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides initial evidence that CM could increase the EMS personnel's vulnerability to the detrimental consequences of critical incidents on duty. Future research is needed (i) to replicate and generalize our observation on various trauma-exposed professions as well as (ii) to develop preventive measures for targeting the mediating and protective factors which influence the relationship between CM and the negative consequences of occupational trauma exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Behnke
- Clinical and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Roberto Rojas
- University Psychotherapeutic Outpatient Clinic, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Karabatsiakis
- Clinical and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Iris-Tatjana Kolassa
- Clinical and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Li ET, Carracher E, Bird T. Linking childhood emotional abuse and adult depressive symptoms: The role of mentalizing incapacity. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 99:104253. [PMID: 31812024 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulated evidence suggests that childhood emotional abuse is particularly related to adulthood depression. However, this connection demands further explanation regarding potential intermediate factors. OBJECTIVE This study aims to disentangle the independent effects of emotional abuse on adulthood depressive symptoms by statistically controlling for other forms of childhood maltreatment, and to examine mentalizing incapacity (i.e., hypermentalizing, hypomentalizing) as a potential mediator in this relationship. PARTICIPANTS A general sample of 205 adults were assessed online. METHOD Participants completed a set of self-report measures assessing childhood maltreatment history, mentalizing and depression symptoms. Hierarchical multiple regression was employed to assess the independent effect of emotional abuse on depression. Bootstrap analysis was used to test mediation models. RESULTS Emotional abuse continued to exert a significant effect on adulthood depression after controlling for other forms of childhood maltreatment and mentalizing incapacity. A mediation effect between childhood emotional abuse and adulthood depression symptoms via mentalizing incapacity, both hypermentalizing (b = 2.02, 95 % CI [0.96, 3.25]) and hypomentalizing, (b = 1.26, 95 % CI [0.59, 1.99]), was established. CONCLUSIONS This study provided preliminary evidence for hypermentalizing and hypomentalizing as mechanisms whereby early emotional abuse can lead to later depression. A normal to high level of mentalizing capacity might serve as a protective factor to suspend the pathway from childhood maltreatment to subsequent depression and become a promising target in psychological treatments. As cross-sectional data does not allow conclusions to be drawn on causal relationships, longitudinal data in a more representative sample is needed to capture relevant context and further examine our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Tianyu Li
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, School of Health in Social Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Carracher
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, School of Health in Social Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Timothy Bird
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, School of Health in Social Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Fung HW, Chung HM, Ross CA. Demographic and mental health correlates of childhood emotional abuse and neglect in a Hong Kong sample. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 99:104288. [PMID: 31821980 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences are an important public health issue. It is well documented that they are associated with many health problems. Nevertheless, little is known about childhood emotional abuse and neglect (CEA and CEN) among Hong Kong people. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the demographic and mental health correlates of CEA and CEN in a Hong Kong sample. METHODS A total of N = 418 Hong Kong adults completed an online survey that included questions regarding demographic information and measures of adverse childhood experiences, depression, anxiety, borderline personality disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and somatoform dissociation. RESULTS The rates of CEA and CEN were 43.3 % and 44.5 % respectively in this convenience sample. Both CEA and CEN were associated with poor socioeconomic status. They were also associated with psychiatric service usage and all five types of mental health problems. Both CEA and CEN increased the chance of having mental health problems even after taking into account the effects of other forms of childhood abuse and neglect. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to show that CEA and CEN are significantly associated with poor socioeconomic status and mental health problems in the Hong Kong context. Implications are discussed. Further studies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang Fung
- The Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
| | - Hei Man Chung
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Colin A Ross
- The Colin A. Ross Institute for Psychological Trauma, Richardson, Texas, United States
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Relationship between childhood maltreatment and geriatric depression: the mediator effect of personality traits. Int Psychogeriatr 2019; 31:1759-1767. [PMID: 30827285 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610219000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment is an important factor associated with adverse mental health outcomes including geriatric depression and the "big five" personality characteristics. The objective of this study was to evaluate a model where personality characteristics mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and geriatric depression. METHOD In this cross-sectional study, elderly subjects from socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods of Porto Alegre, Brazil (n = 260) completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), and Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0 (MINI plus). We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to evaluate the mediation hypothesis. RESULTS The five personality factors (neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, openness, and conscientiousness) were related to childhood maltreatment and depression. Mediation analysis revealed that neuroticism and extraversion are complete mediators, agreeableness and conscientiousness are partial mediators, and openness is not a mediator. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the hypothesis in which childhood maltreatment is associated with geriatric depression and mediated by personality factors. These results suggest that reducing the maladaptive personality trait in elderly people who suffered childhood maltreatment could prevent geriatric depression.
Collapse
|
132
|
Dhakal S, Niraula S, Sharma NP, Sthapit S, Bennett E, Vaswani A, Pandey R, Kumari V, Lau JY. History of abuse and neglect and their associations with mental health in rescued child labourers in Nepal. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2019; 53:1199-1207. [PMID: 31185738 DOI: 10.1177/0004867419853882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Little is known about rates of childhood maltreatment in low-income countries, particularly among marginalised sectors of society. Economic hardships mean that in such countries, many children and young people are exploited in the labour force and/or are trafficked, placing them at greater risk for being exposed to other forms of maltreatment. Cultural norms endorsing the use of physical and emotional acts to discipline children further exacerbate this risk. Here, we assessed the rates of childhood victimisation experiences and associated mental health problems in Nepalese youth rescued from illegal child labour including trafficking. METHODS One hundred and three young people aged 12-18 years living in out-of-home care institutions and rescued from child labour/trafficking completed translated versions of selected modules from the Juvenile Victimisation Questionnaire, the Youth Inventory and the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. Care-home employees responsible for looking after the young people completed the Adolescent Symptom Inventory and the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. Analysis described maltreatment frequencies and compared individuals who had and had not experienced any form of maltreatment on the presence/absence of psychiatric diagnoses. RESULTS Seventy-two percent of participants experienced some form of maltreatment in their lifetime. Rates for each maltreatment type were 46.6% for physical abuse, 40.77% for emotional abuse, 27.2% for sexual abuse and 33% for neglect. Symptoms indicative of anxiety disorders and trauma were commonly reported especially in victims of childhood maltreatment. CONCLUSIONS Our estimates of physical abuse in this at-risk juvenile sample were commensurate to those reported in general-population youth samples in Nepal, but sexual and emotional abuse rates were somewhat lower. The potential presence of anxiety and trauma in this sample that may result from maltreatment requires replication, but underscores an urgent need for routine mental health screening in rescued child labourers during rehabilitation efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandesh Dhakal
- Central Department of Psychology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shanta Niraula
- Central Department of Psychology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Sabitri Sthapit
- Central Department of Psychology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Eleanor Bennett
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ayesha Vaswani
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rakesh Pandey
- Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Veena Kumari
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Jennifer Yf Lau
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Davis KA, Knight RA. Childhood maltreatment experiences and problematic sexual outcomes in adult males who have sexually offended: Further evidence of the potency of male caregiver psychological abuse. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 96:104097. [PMID: 31437771 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although research on the developmental antecedents of sexual offending has tended to focus on sexual abuse, recent research in juveniles and adults who have sexually offended suggests that psychological abuse perpetrated by a male caregiver may be a particularly important factor in the development of problematic sexual interests and behaviors. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to extend previous findings by investigating the association between psychological abuse by a male caregiver and problematic sexual outcomes in a sample of adult males who had sexually offended. PARTICIPANTS Participants were 529 adult males incarcerated for sexual offenses, 21% of whom were civilly committed. METHODS Childhood maltreatment and problematic sexual outcomes were assessed using the Multidimensional Assessment of Sex and Aggression, a contingency-based inventory that assesses domains related to sexual aggression. Hierarchical regressions were calculated examining the association between childhood abuse types and sexual outcomes. RESULTS Childhood sexual abuse was associated with child sexual (β = .247, p < .001) and other paraphilic interests (β = .189, p < .001). Male caregiver psychological abuse also emerged as marginally associated with child sexual interest (β = .100, p = .059), even after controlling for other abuse types. CONCLUSIONS These results partially replicate recent findings in a juvenile sample and challenge conventional developmental theories of sexual offending, by suggesting that male caregiver psychological abuse may play a role in the etiology of child sexual interest among males who have sexually offended. This study also suggests a possible gender symmetry effect moderating the developmental consequences of abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Davis
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States.
| | - Raymond A Knight
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Gardner MJ, Thomas HJ, Erskine HE. The association between five forms of child maltreatment and depressive and anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 96:104082. [PMID: 31374447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child maltreatment is a global public health issue that encompasses physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, and exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV). This systematic review and meta-analysis summarises the association between these five forms of child maltreatment and depressive and anxiety disorders. METHODS Published cohort and case-control studies were included if they reported associations between any form of child maltreatment (and/or a combination of), and depressive and anxiety disorders. A total of 604 studies were assessed for eligibility, 106 met inclusion criteria, and 96 were included in meta-analyses. The data were pooled in random effects meta-analyses, giving odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each form of child maltreatment. RESULTS All forms of child maltreatment were associated with depressive disorders (any child maltreatment [OR = 2.48, 2.14-2.87]; sexual abuse [OR = 2.11, 1.83-2.44]; physical abuse [OR = 1.78, 1.57-2.01]; emotional abuse [OR = 2.35, 1.74-3.18]; neglect [OR = 1.65, 1.35-2.02]; and exposure to IPV [OR = 1.68, 1.34-2.10]). Several forms of child maltreatment were significantly associated with anxiety disorders ('any child maltreatment' [OR = 1.68, 1.33-2.4]; sexual abuse [OR = 1.90, 1.6-2.25]; physical abuse [OR = 1.56, 1.39-1.76]; and neglect [OR = 1.34, 1.09-1.65]). Significant associations were also found between several forms of child maltreatment and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). CONCLUSIONS There is a robust association between five forms of child maltreatment and the development of mental disorders. The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) includes only sexual abuse as a risk factor for depressive and anxiety disorders. These findings support the inclusion of additional forms of child maltreatment as risk factors in GBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Gardner
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Queensland, Australia.
| | - H J Thomas
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Queensland, Australia; The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - H E Erskine
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Queensland, Australia; The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Terock J, Van der Auwera S, Hannemann A, Janowitz D, Homuth G, Teumer A, Grabe HJ. Interaction of childhood trauma with rs1360780 of the FKBP5 gene on trait resilience in a general population sample. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 116:104-111. [PMID: 31226578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Terock
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS Hanseklinikum Stralsund, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany.
| | | | - Anke Hannemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Deborah Janowitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hans Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases DZNE, Site Rostock/ Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Terock J, Hannemann A, Janowitz D, Van der Auwera S, Bahls M, Völzke H, Grabe HJ. Differential activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system in response to childhood and adulthood trauma. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 107:232-240. [PMID: 31174161 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous evidence suggested lasting and cumulative effects of traumatization on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS). However, it is unclear whether traumas during childhood and those experienced in adulthood differentially impact the RAAS. In this study, we sought to investigate main and putative interactive effects of childhood and adulthood trauma on RAAS functioning. METHODS Plasma concentrations of renin and aldosterone were measured in a general population sample (n = 2016). Childhood trauma was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), adulthood trauma was measured using the PTSD module of the Structured Clinical Interview of the DSM-IV. Linear regression models were calculated to assess the relations between childhood or adulthood traumatization with renin and aldosterone concentrations. RESULTS Exposure to (ß = 0.094; p = 0.01), severity of childhood trauma (ß = 0.004; p = 0.01) were associated with increased aldosterone, but not renin levels. Results were carried by all dimensions of abuse, while childhood neglect was not associated with altered RAAS activity. In contrast, adulthood traumas (ß = 0.113; p < 0.01) were significantly associated with increased renin concentrations. Subjects with PTSD (renin: ß = 0.345; p = 0.01; aldosterone: ß = 0.232; p = 0.04) and those who had been exposed to both childhood and adulthood trauma showed increases in renin (ß = 0.180; p < 0.01) and aldosterone (ß = 0.340; p < 0.01) levels. DISCUSSION These findings indicate that trauma is associated with differential alterations of the RAAS depending on the time of traumatization. Moreover, exposure to childhood or adulthood trauma may act synergistically on the RAAS, resulting in severe dysregulation of the RAAS. The results contribute to explain associations between trauma and enhanced risk for physical disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Terock
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS Hanseklinikum Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany.
| | - Anke Hannemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Deborah Janowitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sandra Van der Auwera
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases DZNE, Site Rostock/ Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Bahls
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases DZNE, Site Rostock/ Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Boccadoro S, Siugzdaite R, Hudson AR, Maeyens L, Van Hamme C, Mueller SC. Women with early maltreatment experience show increased resting-state functional connectivity in the theory of mind (ToM) network. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2019; 10:1647044. [PMID: 31489136 PMCID: PMC6713145 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2019.1647044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Experience of childhood maltreatment significantly increases the risk for the development of psychopathology and is associated with impairments in socio-cognitive skills including theory-of-mind (ToM). In turn, neural alterations in ToM processing might then influence future interpersonal interaction and social-emotional understanding. Objective: To assess resting-state activity in the theory-of-mind network in traumatized and non-traumatized persons. Methods: Thirty-five women with a history of childhood maltreatment and 31 unaffected women completed a resting-state scan and a ToM localizer task. The peak coordinates from the localizer were used as the seed regions for the resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) analyses (temporo-parietal junction, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, middle temporal gyrus and precuneus). Results: Child abuse was associated with increased RSFC between various ToM regions including the precuneus and the brainstem suggesting altered hierarchical processing in ToM regions. Number of types of abuse was driving the effect for the temporo-parietal junction and the brainstem, while the severity of abuse was linked to increased RSFC between the middle temporal gyrus and the frontal cortex. Post-hoc analyses of brainstem regions indicated the involvement of the serotonergic system (dorsal raphe). Conclusions: The data indicate a lasting impact of childhood maltreatment on the neural networks involved in social information processing that are integral to understanding others' emotional states. Indeed, such altered neural networks may account for some of the interpersonal difficulties victims of childhood maltreatment experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Boccadoro
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roma Siugzdaite
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anna R. Hudson
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien Maeyens
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Van Hamme
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven C. Mueller
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Walsh E, Blake Y, Donati A, Stoop R, von Gunten A. Early Secure Attachment as a Protective Factor Against Later Cognitive Decline and Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:161. [PMID: 31333443 PMCID: PMC6622219 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of neurodegenerative disorders such as dementia is complex and incompletely understood. Interest in a developmental perspective to these pathologies is gaining momentum. An early supportive social environment seems to have important implications for social, affective and cognitive abilities across the lifespan. Attachment theory may help to explain the link between these early experiences and later outcomes. This theory considers early interactions between an infant and its caregiver to be crucial to shaping social behavior and emotion regulation strategies throughout adult life. Furthermore, research has demonstrated that such early attachment experiences can, potentially through epigenetic mechanisms, have profound neurobiological and cognitive consequences. Here we discuss how early attachment might influence the development of affective, cognitive, and neurobiological resources that could protect against cognitive decline and dementia. We argue that social relations, both early and late in life, are vital to ensuring cognitive and neurobiological health. The concepts of brain and cognitive reserve are crucial to understanding how environmental factors may impact cognitive decline. We examine the role that attachment might play in fostering brain and cognitive reserve in old age. Finally, we put forward the concept of affective reserve, to more directly frame the socio-affective consequences of early attachment as protectors against cognitive decline. We thereby aim to highlight that, in the study of aging, cognitive decline and dementia, it is crucial to consider the role of affective and social factors such as attachment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Walsh
- Service of Old Age Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne Blake
- Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessia Donati
- Service of Old Age Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ron Stoop
- Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Armin von Gunten
- Service of Old Age Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Mwakanyamale AA, Yizhen Y. Psychological maltreatment and its relationship with self-esteem and psychological stress among adolescents in Tanzania: a community based, cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:176. [PMID: 31185991 PMCID: PMC6558809 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the growing recognition of childhood psychological maltreatment as a public health and human rights concern, it remains rampant in developing countries including Tanzania and has a negative impact on the victim's self-esteem during adolescence. There is a lack of published studies in Tanzania that examine the relationship between childhood psychological maltreatment and self-esteem during adolescence. This study describes the relationship between childhood psychological maltreatment and self-esteem and psychological distress among adolescents in Tanzania. METHODS This was a cross-sectional, community-based study of secondary school students that was conducted in randomly selected secondary schools in five regions in Tanzania between April 2016 and February 2017. A multistage cluster sampling technique was employed to obtain the required number of study participants. The Rosenberg self-esteem scale, Kessler psychological distress scale (K10) and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) questionnaires were used to measure the variables in the study. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyse the correlation between variables (Psychological maltreatment and self-esteem and psychological distress). RESULTS A sample of 1000 secondary school students was recruited for this study, of which 553 (55.3%) were males and 447 (44.7%) were females. The mean age at presentation was 16.45 ± 6.42 years. Out of the 1000 participants, 766 (76.6%) experienced psychological maltreatment. Emotional abuse was reported in 24.7% of the participants, while emotional neglect was reported in 51.9% of cases. There was a strong positive correlation between psychological maltreatment and self-esteem (r = 0.55, p < 0.001), whereas the correlation between psychological maltreatment and psychological distress was significantly but weak (r = - 0.086, p = 0.007). The results also show a strong positive correlation between psychological distress and self-esteem (r = 0.16, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Finding from this study demonstrated that childhood psychological maltreatment is prevalent in our setting and is associated with psychological distress and low self-esteem during adolescence. Urgent intervention targeting at reducing occurrence of childhood psychological maltreatment is necessary to reduce the incidence of low self-esteem and psychological distress among Tanzanian adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adela A. Mwakanyamale
- Department of surgical and medical nursing, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar es salaam, P.o Box 65300 Tanzania
| | - Yu Yizhen
- Department of surgical and medical nursing, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar es salaam, P.o Box 65300 Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Lange I, Goossens L, Bakker J, Michielse S, van Winkel R, Lissek S, Leibold N, Marcelis M, Wichers M, van Os J, van Amelsvoort T, Schruers K. Neurobehavioural mechanisms of threat generalization moderate the link between childhood maltreatment and psychopathology in emerging adulthood. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2019; 44:185-194. [PMID: 30540154 PMCID: PMC6488482 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.180053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment is a transdiagnostic risk factor for later psychopathology and has been associated with altered brain circuitry involved in the processing of threat and safety. Examining threat generalization mechanisms in young adults with childhood maltreatment and psychiatric symptoms may elucidate a pathway linking early-life adversities to the presence of subclinical psychopathology. METHODS We recruited youth aged 16–25 years with subclinical psychiatric symptomatology and healthy controls. They were dichotomized into 2 groups: 1 with a high level of childhood maltreatment (n = 58) and 1 with no or a low level of childhood maltreatment (n = 55). Participants underwent a functional MRI threat generalization paradigm, measuring self-reported fear, expectancy of an unconditioned stimulus (US) and neural responses. RESULTS We observed interactions between childhood maltreatment and threat generalization indices on subclinical symptom load. In individuals reporting high levels of childhood maltreatment, enhanced generalization in self-reported fear and US expectancy was related to higher levels of psychopathology. Imaging results revealed that in the group with high levels of childhood maltreatment, lower activation in the left hippocampus during threat generalization was associated with a higher symptom load. Associations between threat generalization and psychopathology were nonsignificant overall in the group with no or low levels of childhood maltreatment. LIMITATIONS The data were acquired in a cross-sectional manner, precluding definitive insight into the causality of childhood maltreatment, threat generalization and psychopathology. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that threat generalization mechanisms may moderate the link between childhood maltreatment and subclinical psychopathology during emerging adulthood. Threat generalization could represent a vulnerability factor for developing later psychopathology in individuals being exposed to childhood maltreatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Lange
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (Lange, Goossens, Bakker, Michielse, Leibold, Marcelis, van Os, van Amelsvoort, Schruers); Department of Neuroscience, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (van Winkel); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Lissek); Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands (Marcelis); Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands (Wichers); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, London, UK (van Os); Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (van Os); Faculty of Psychology, Center for Experimental and Learning Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Schruers)
| | - Liesbet Goossens
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (Lange, Goossens, Bakker, Michielse, Leibold, Marcelis, van Os, van Amelsvoort, Schruers); Department of Neuroscience, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (van Winkel); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Lissek); Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands (Marcelis); Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands (Wichers); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, London, UK (van Os); Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (van Os); Faculty of Psychology, Center for Experimental and Learning Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Schruers)
| | - Jindra Bakker
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (Lange, Goossens, Bakker, Michielse, Leibold, Marcelis, van Os, van Amelsvoort, Schruers); Department of Neuroscience, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (van Winkel); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Lissek); Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands (Marcelis); Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands (Wichers); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, London, UK (van Os); Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (van Os); Faculty of Psychology, Center for Experimental and Learning Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Schruers)
| | - Stijn Michielse
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (Lange, Goossens, Bakker, Michielse, Leibold, Marcelis, van Os, van Amelsvoort, Schruers); Department of Neuroscience, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (van Winkel); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Lissek); Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands (Marcelis); Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands (Wichers); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, London, UK (van Os); Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (van Os); Faculty of Psychology, Center for Experimental and Learning Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Schruers)
| | - Ruud van Winkel
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (Lange, Goossens, Bakker, Michielse, Leibold, Marcelis, van Os, van Amelsvoort, Schruers); Department of Neuroscience, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (van Winkel); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Lissek); Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands (Marcelis); Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands (Wichers); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, London, UK (van Os); Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (van Os); Faculty of Psychology, Center for Experimental and Learning Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Schruers)
| | - Shmuel Lissek
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (Lange, Goossens, Bakker, Michielse, Leibold, Marcelis, van Os, van Amelsvoort, Schruers); Department of Neuroscience, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (van Winkel); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Lissek); Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands (Marcelis); Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands (Wichers); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, London, UK (van Os); Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (van Os); Faculty of Psychology, Center for Experimental and Learning Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Schruers)
| | - Nicole Leibold
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (Lange, Goossens, Bakker, Michielse, Leibold, Marcelis, van Os, van Amelsvoort, Schruers); Department of Neuroscience, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (van Winkel); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Lissek); Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands (Marcelis); Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands (Wichers); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, London, UK (van Os); Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (van Os); Faculty of Psychology, Center for Experimental and Learning Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Schruers)
| | - Machteld Marcelis
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (Lange, Goossens, Bakker, Michielse, Leibold, Marcelis, van Os, van Amelsvoort, Schruers); Department of Neuroscience, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (van Winkel); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Lissek); Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands (Marcelis); Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands (Wichers); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, London, UK (van Os); Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (van Os); Faculty of Psychology, Center for Experimental and Learning Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Schruers)
| | - Marieke Wichers
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (Lange, Goossens, Bakker, Michielse, Leibold, Marcelis, van Os, van Amelsvoort, Schruers); Department of Neuroscience, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (van Winkel); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Lissek); Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands (Marcelis); Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands (Wichers); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, London, UK (van Os); Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (van Os); Faculty of Psychology, Center for Experimental and Learning Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Schruers)
| | - Jim van Os
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (Lange, Goossens, Bakker, Michielse, Leibold, Marcelis, van Os, van Amelsvoort, Schruers); Department of Neuroscience, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (van Winkel); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Lissek); Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands (Marcelis); Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands (Wichers); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, London, UK (van Os); Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (van Os); Faculty of Psychology, Center for Experimental and Learning Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Schruers)
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (Lange, Goossens, Bakker, Michielse, Leibold, Marcelis, van Os, van Amelsvoort, Schruers); Department of Neuroscience, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (van Winkel); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Lissek); Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands (Marcelis); Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands (Wichers); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, London, UK (van Os); Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (van Os); Faculty of Psychology, Center for Experimental and Learning Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Schruers)
| | - Koen Schruers
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (Lange, Goossens, Bakker, Michielse, Leibold, Marcelis, van Os, van Amelsvoort, Schruers); Department of Neuroscience, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (van Winkel); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Lissek); Institute for Mental Health Care Eindhoven (GGzE), Eindhoven, The Netherlands (Marcelis); Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands (Wichers); Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, London, UK (van Os); Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (van Os); Faculty of Psychology, Center for Experimental and Learning Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Schruers)
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Measuring the Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences by Survey Research Methods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16061048. [PMID: 30909523 PMCID: PMC6466446 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16061048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Child maltreatment has been firmly established as a fundamental risk factor for adult health. However, its quantification poses many questions methodologically, psychologically, and culturally alike. We carried out the first nationally representative survey research in Hungary and in Central⁻Eastern Europe to assess the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among adults. Methods: Data were collected by an opinion research company using a screening tool of the Adverse Childhood Experiences study. Results: 25% (n = 293) of adults reported any childhood adversity; 5% (n = 59) of them had four or more ACEs. The most prevalent forms of child maltreatment were emotional (5%, n = 59) and physical abuse (5%, n = 59), sexual abuse (1%, n = 12) being the least prevalent. The most frequent dysfunctional household condition was parental divorce or separation (13%, n = 153), followed by household substance abuse (11%, n = 129). Conclusions: Nationally representative surveys on ACEs found a range of overall prevalence of various forms of child maltreatment between 14.1 and 35.2% into which our results fall. Nevertheless, our survey most likely underestimates the prevalence of child maltreatment in Hungary, reflecting the impact of a host of factors influencing awareness. Survey research methods are appropriate to obtain nationally representative data on child maltreatment that not only contribute to designing interventions but can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of interventions to improve child and adult health in the long run.
Collapse
|
142
|
Decoding the impact of adverse childhood experiences on the progression of schizophrenia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mhp.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
143
|
Maltreatment, attachment, and substance use in adolescence: Direct and indirect pathways. Addict Behav 2019; 90:196-203. [PMID: 30415125 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Past research indicates that maltreatment increases risk for adolescent substance use; however, research is limited on how attachment between adolescents and their parents influences this relationship. The present study examined psychological and physical maltreatment, attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety, and substance use (i.e., cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and 'other drugs') among adolescents between the ages of 12 and 18 (N = 737; 59.3% female; Mage = 14.69, SD = 1.46). Psychological maltreatment was significantly related to cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana use, and physical maltreatment was related to cigarette and marijuana use. Exposure to both forms of maltreatment was also associated with increased attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety, but only attachment avoidance predicted substance use. Indirect paths indicated that attachment avoidance mediated the relationship between psychological maltreatment and cigarette (B = 0.14, CI [0.001, 0.314]) and alcohol use (B = 0.09, CI [0.011, 0.188]). Attachment avoidance also mediated the relationship between physical maltreatment and cigarette (B = 0.15, CI [0.031, 0.311]) and alcohol use (B = 0.09, CI [0.027, 0.185]). No significant mediated effects for attachment anxiety emerged. Attachment avoidance may increase risk for substance use because youth have a lower rate of disclosing their activities to their parents, and do not seek or accept their guidance. Instead, they may turn to peers who also engage in substance use as a source of support. Interventions designed to increase parent-teen attachment security and decrease attachment avoidance may be particularly useful in reducing risk for substance use.
Collapse
|
144
|
Konijnendijk AAJ, Boere-Boonekamp MM, Haasnoot ME, Need A. Professionals' preferences and experiences with inter-organizational consultation to assess suspicions of child abuse and neglect. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 88:58-70. [PMID: 30447503 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study addresses the following questions in cases of suspected child abuse and neglect (CAN) in children up to four years of age: 1) How many professionals intend to seek inter-organizational consultation? 2) What types of organizations do professionals prefer to consult? and 3) What factors can be identified as facilitator(s) or barrier(s) regarding inter-organizational consultation, based on professionals' experiences? Professionals working with children in 101 organizations in a medium-sized Dutch city were invited to fill in an online questionnaire. The questionnaire included a vignette about a suspected case. Quantitative, qualitative, and social network analysis approaches were used to analyze the data. Seventy-eight questionnaires were available for analysis. Fifty-five respondents (71%) intended to seek inter-organizational consultation. Ten different organization types were mentioned. The most frequently mentioned organization was preventive child healthcare. In total, 82 text fragments from 39 participants were available to analyze barriers and facilitators to inter-organizational consultation, 60 fragments that entailed a facilitator and 22 fragments that entailed a barrier. The text fragments were subdivided into twelve factors. The three factors that were most often identified as a facilitator were 'support', 'undertaking action', and 'regard'. Barriers were found in relation to all twelve factors. No specific barrier(s) stood out. This study demonstrated that most professionals are inclined to seek inter-organizational consultation when they suspect CAN. They are especially likely to seek consultation from preventive child health care organizations. Their experiences mainly revealed facilitators and few barriers. The implications for research and practice are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke A J Konijnendijk
- Departments of Health Technology and Services Research, and Public Administration, Institute of Innovation and Governance Studies, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Magda M Boere-Boonekamp
- Department of Health Technology and Services Research, Institute of Innovation and Governance Studies, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Maria E Haasnoot
- Department of Preventive Child Healthcare, Municipal Health Service GGD Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Ariana Need
- Department of Public Administration, Institute of Innovation and Governance Studies, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Berzenski SR, Madden AR, Yates TM. Childhood emotional abuse characteristics moderate associations with adult psychopathology and caregiving. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 87:77-87. [PMID: 29945739 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As the consequences of childhood maltreatment for adult adjustment become increasingly established in the literature, investigations of individual differences in these effects must evolve to examine more nuanced components of the maltreatment experience. This is particularly true for studies of childhood emotional abuse (CEA), which represents an umbrella label for numerous qualitatively different experiences. The present study examined the distinct contributions and potential interactive effects of CEA frequency and intensity on adult psychopathology, caregiving behaviors, and caregivers' representations of the caregiver-child relationship in a diverse sample of 62 female caregivers of 4-year-old children, all of whom had experienced CEA. Frequency and intensity emerged as orthogonal characteristics of CEA with differential effects on adult adaptation. Higher CEA frequency predicted increased adult psychopathology, whereas higher CEA intensity predicted increased boundary dissolution in caregivers' representations. Further, an interaction between frequency and intensity predicted negativity in caregivers' representations, such that higher frequency of high intensity, but not low intensity, CEA predicted decreased negativity. Neither frequency nor intensity of CEA predicted observed caregiving behaviors. These results provide evidence that characteristics of CEA signal important differences in its experience, with differential implications for later adjustment. The specific differences in caregiving representations associated with high vs. low intensity CEA suggest that diverging mechanisms by which these experiences eventuate in adult outcomes should also be investigated. Above all, this study suggests that the measurement of CEA, and childhood maltreatment broadly, will benefit from enhanced attention to specific characteristics of individuals' experiences.
Collapse
|
146
|
Gabrielli J, Jackson Y. Innovative methodological and statistical approaches to the study of child maltreatment: Introduction. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 87:1-4. [PMID: 30551809 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joy Gabrielli
- University of Florida, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, 1225 Center Dr., Rm 3130, Gainesville, FL, 32610.
| | - Yo Jackson
- Penn State University, Department of Psychology, 219 Moore Building, University Park, PA, 16801
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Alaazi DA, Salami B, Yohani S, Vallianatos H, Okeke-Ihejirika P, Nsaliwa C. Transnationalism, parenting, and child disciplinary practices of African immigrants in Alberta, Canada. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 86:147-157. [PMID: 30292095 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Child discipline remains a topic of public health interest across the globe. Despite this enduring interest, very little is known about the child disciplinary practices of African immigrants in Canada. This paper explores the disciplinary practices of African immigrant parents in Alberta, a Canadian province with a recent surge in the population of African immigrants. Employing a critical ethnographic methodology, informed by transnational theory, we collected data through in-depth qualitative interviews with a purposive sample of African community leaders (n = 14), African immigrant parents (n = 32), policymakers (n = 2), and health and immigrant settlement workers (n = 10). As members of the African immigrant community, we were deeply immersed in the research settings, which afforded us the opportunity to collect pertinent observational data in the form of reflexive notes. Thematic analysis of the data revealed child disciplinary approaches that incorporate Canadian and African parenting practices, as well as practices that appear somewhat unique to this demographic. We found that African immigrant parents used corporal discipline, persuasive discipline, and a hybrid of the two, as well as emerging practices involving transnational fostering and emotional isolation of children who persistently misbehaved. These practices, in their totality, appeared to be influenced by the transnational experiences of parents and precepts that are traceable to Canada's legal and educational systems. We present theoretical, policy, and service implications of our findings, including a recommendation to incorporate sociocultural dimensions of child discipline into Canadian child welfare policies and practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic A Alaazi
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Bukola Salami
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Sophie Yohani
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Helen Vallianatos
- Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
148
|
Karatekin C, Almy B, Mason SM, Borowsky I, Barnes A. Mental and Physical Health Profiles of Maltreated Youth. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 84:23-33. [PMID: 30036690 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To examine both mental and physical health profiles of children diagnosed as maltreated in the community, we studied diagnoses in the electronic health records (EHRs) of youth assigned maltreatment-related diagnoses (N = 406) and well-matched youth without a maltreatment-related diagnosis (N = 406) during a four-year period in a large healthcare system that covers eight hospitals and over 40 clinics. Data extracted automatically from the EHRs was supplemented by manual chart review. The odds of the maltreated group being assigned a code for mental illness was 2.69 times higher than the odds for the comparison group, with large differences in mood and anxiety disorders and suicidality. The odds of having an injury or poisoning diagnosis were 3.45 times higher in maltreated than in comparison youth. Maltreated youth were also less likely to have been immunized. Nevertheless, contrary to our hypothesis, maltreated youth had significantly lower rates of diagnoses across almost all major physical disease categories assessed and did not differ from comparison youth in terms of body mass index (BMI). Furthermore, maltreated youth were assigned fewer diagnoses than comparison youth whether they came in for at least one preventive visit or not. Findings suggest a need for health care professionals to be prepared to address the high rates of mental disorders in maltreated youth, to be more vigilant about possible physical disorders in this population, and to take greater advantage of opportunities to immunize these youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Canan Karatekin
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, United States.
| | - Brandon Almy
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, United States
| | | | - Iris Borowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, United States
| | - Andrew Barnes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, United States
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Spinazzola J, van der Kolk B, Ford JD. When Nowhere Is Safe: Interpersonal Trauma and Attachment Adversity as Antecedents of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Developmental Trauma Disorder. J Trauma Stress 2018; 31:631-642. [PMID: 30338544 PMCID: PMC6221128 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Developmental trauma disorder (DTD) has been proposed as clinical framework for the sequelae of complex trauma exposure in children. In this study, we investigated whether DTD is associated with different traumatic antecedents than posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In a multisite sample of 236 children referred from pediatric or mental health treatment, DTD was assessed using the DTD Structured Interview. Trauma history was assessed using the Traumatic Events Screening Instrument (TESI). On an unadjusted basis, both DTD, odds ratios (ORs) = 2.0-3.8, 95% CI [1.17, 7.19]; and PTSD, ORs = 1.8-3.0, 95% CI [1.04, 6.27], were associated with past physical assault and/or abuse, family violence, emotional abuse, neglect, and impaired caregivers; and DTD was associated community violence, OR = 2.7, 95% CI [1.35, 5.43]. On a multivariate basis after controlling for the effects of PTSD, DTD was associated with family and community violence and impaired caregivers, ORs = 2.0-2.5, 95% CI [1.09, 5.97], whereas PTSD was only associated with physical assault and/or abuse after controlling for the effects of DTD, OR = 2.4, 95% CI [1.07, 4.99]. Exposure to both interpersonal trauma and attachment adversity was associated with the highest DTD symptom count, controlling for the PTSD symptom count. Although childhood PTSD and DTD share several traumatic antecedents, DTD may be uniquely associated with pervasive exposure to violent environments and impaired caregiving. Therefore, DTD warrants further investigation as a framework for the assessment and treatment of children with histories of interpersonal victimization and attachment adversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bessel van der Kolk
- The Trauma CenterBrooklineMassachusetts,Department of PsychiatryBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Julian D. Ford
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Connecticut School of MedicineFarmingtonConnecticutUSA
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Lansing AE, Plante WY, Beck AN, Ellenberg M. Loss and Grief Among Persistently Delinquent Youth: The Contribution of Adversity Indicators and Psychopathy-Spectrum Traits to Broadband Internalizing and Externalizing Psychopathology. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2018; 11:375-389. [PMID: 30344839 PMCID: PMC6193500 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-018-0209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite profound adversity exposure (loss, trauma) among delinquents, with adversity linked to early-onset persistent delinquency [EOPD], externalizing syndromes (Conduct Disorder) continue to overshadow impairing internalizing syndromes. Three understudied factors potentially contribute to both syndromes among delinquents: bereavement-related distress [BRD] from death-exposures; psychopathy-spectrum traits associated with system-involvement; and emotional abuse, implicated in lifespan morbidities. Therefore, we characterized loss/BRD among 107 EOPD adolescent girls and boys, comparing: 1) psychopathology and maltreatment (emotional, physical and sexual abuse); and 2) adversity-related (BRD, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder [PTSD], maltreatment) and psychopathy-spectrum predictors of internalizing and externalizing syndromes. Death exposure was common, resulting in developmental disruptions (school difficulties: 49.4%) and clinically significant BRD (33.8%), with girls evidencing greater BRD severity. BRD and psychopathy-traits, not PTSD, positively predicted all youths' internalizing, and boys' externalizing, syndromes. More frequent physical abuse increased both syndromes among boys. Emotional abuse alone predicted girls' externalizing syndromes, highlighting the contribution of this overlooked maltreatment-type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Lansing
- University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0603, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603 USA
- San Diego State University, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Wendy Y. Plante
- University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0603, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603 USA
- San Diego State University, San Diego, CA USA
| | | | - Molly Ellenberg
- University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0603, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603 USA
| |
Collapse
|