101
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Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Contacts in Reactive Astrocytes Promote Vascular Remodeling. Cell Metab 2020; 31:791-808.e8. [PMID: 32220306 PMCID: PMC7139200 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes have emerged for playing important roles in brain tissue repair; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We show that acute injury and blood-brain barrier disruption trigger the formation of a prominent mitochondrial-enriched compartment in astrocytic endfeet, which enables vascular remodeling. Integrated imaging approaches revealed that this mitochondrial clustering is part of an adaptive response regulated by fusion dynamics. Astrocyte-specific conditional deletion of Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) suppressed perivascular mitochondrial clustering and disrupted mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contact sites. Functionally, two-photon imaging experiments showed that these structural changes were mirrored by impaired mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake leading to abnormal cytosolic transients within endfeet in vivo. At the tissue level, a compromised vascular complexity in the lesioned area was restored by boosting mitochondrial-ER perivascular tethering in MFN2-deficient astrocytes. These data unmask a crucial role for mitochondrial dynamics in coordinating astrocytic local domains and have important implications for repairing the injured brain.
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102
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Baggio S, Zenki K, Martins Silva A, Dos Santos TG, Rech G, Lazzarotto G, Dias RD, Mussulini BH, Rico EP, de Oliveira DL. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders model alters the functionality of glutamatergic neurotransmission in adult zebrafish. Neurotoxicology 2020; 78:152-160. [PMID: 32173352 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) describe a wide range of ethanol-induced developmental disabilities, including craniofacial dysmorphology, and neurochemical and behavioral impairments. Zebrafish has become a popular animal model to evaluate the long-lasting effects of, both, severe and milder forms of FASD, including alterations to neurotransmission. Glutamate is one of the most affected neurotransmitter systems in ethanol-induced developmental disabilities. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the functionality of the glutamatergic neurotransmitter system in an adult zebrafish FASD model. Zebrafish larvae (24 h post-fertilization) were exposed to ethanol (0.1 %, 0.25 %, 0.5 %, and 1%) for 2 h. After 4 months, the animals were euthanized and their brains were removed. The following variables were measured: glutamate uptake, glutamate binding, glutamine synthetase activity, Na+/K + ATPase activity, and high-resolution respirometry. Embryonic ethanol exposure reduced Na+-dependent glutamate uptake in the zebrafish brain. This reduction was positively modulated by ceftriaxone treatment, a beta-lactam antibiotic that promotes the expression of the glutamate transporter EAAT2. Moreover, the 0.5 % and 1% ethanol groups demonstrated reduced glutamate binding to brain membranes and decreased Na+/K + ATPase activity in adulthood. In addition, ethanol reduced glutamine synthetase activity in the 1% EtOH group. Embryonic ethanol exposure did not alter the immunocontent of the glutamate vesicular transporter VGLUT2 and the mitochondrial energetic metabolism of the brain in adulthood. Our results suggest that embryonic ethanol exposure may cause significant alterations in glutamatergic neurotransmission in the adult zebrafish brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suelen Baggio
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurochemistry, Programa De Pós-graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento De Bioquímica, Instituto De Ciências Básicas Da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Kamila Zenki
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurochemistry, Programa De Pós-graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento De Bioquímica, Instituto De Ciências Básicas Da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alberto Martins Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurochemistry, Programa De Pós-graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento De Bioquímica, Instituto De Ciências Básicas Da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Thainá Garbino Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurochemistry, Programa De Pós-graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento De Bioquímica, Instituto De Ciências Básicas Da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Giovana Rech
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurochemistry, Programa De Pós-graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento De Bioquímica, Instituto De Ciências Básicas Da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Lazzarotto
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurochemistry, Programa De Pós-graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento De Bioquímica, Instituto De Ciências Básicas Da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Renato Dutra Dias
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurochemistry, Programa De Pós-graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento De Bioquímica, Instituto De Ciências Básicas Da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Mussulini
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C, Warsaw 02-097, Poland; ReMedy International Research Agenda Unit, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
| | - Eduardo Pacheco Rico
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Da Saúde, Universidade Do Extremo Sul Catarinense - UNESC, Av. Universitária, 1105, Bairro Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Diogo Losch de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurochemistry, Programa De Pós-graduação Em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento De Bioquímica, Instituto De Ciências Básicas Da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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103
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Dynamic PET/CT imaging of 18F-(2S, 4R)4-fluoroglutamine in healthy volunteers and oncological patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 47:2280-2292. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-019-04543-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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104
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Seyfried TN, Mukherjee P, Iyikesici MS, Slocum A, Kalamian M, Spinosa JP, Chinopoulos C. Consideration of Ketogenic Metabolic Therapy as a Complementary or Alternative Approach for Managing Breast Cancer. Front Nutr 2020; 7:21. [PMID: 32219096 PMCID: PMC7078107 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in women. Ultrastructural and biochemical evidence from breast biopsy tissue and cancer cells shows mitochondrial abnormalities that are incompatible with energy production through oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). Consequently, breast cancer, like most cancers, will become more reliant on substrate level phosphorylation (fermentation) than on oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) for growth consistent with the mitochondrial metabolic theory of cancer. Glucose and glutamine are the prime fermentable fuels that underlie therapy resistance and drive breast cancer growth through substrate level phosphorylation (SLP) in both the cytoplasm (Warburg effect) and the mitochondria (Q-effect), respectively. Emerging evidence indicates that ketogenic metabolic therapy (KMT) can reduce glucose availability to tumor cells while simultaneously elevating ketone bodies, a non-fermentable metabolic fuel. It is suggested that KMT would be most effective when used together with glutamine targeting. Information is reviewed for suggesting how KMT could reduce systemic inflammation and target tumor cells without causing damage to normal cells. Implementation of KMT in the clinic could improve progression free and overall survival for patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Purna Mukherjee
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Mehmet S. Iyikesici
- Medical Oncology, Kemerburgaz University Bahcelievler Medical Park Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdul Slocum
- Medical Oncology, Chemo Thermia Oncology Center, Istanbul, Turkey
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105
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Steele H, Gomez‐Duran A, Pyle A, Hopton S, Newman J, Stefanetti RJ, Charman SJ, Parikh JD, He L, Viscomi C, Jakovljevic DG, Hollingsworth KG, Robinson AJ, Taylor RW, Bottolo L, Horvath R, Chinnery PF. Metabolic effects of bezafibrate in mitochondrial disease. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11589. [PMID: 32107855 PMCID: PMC7059007 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders affect 1/5,000 and have no cure. Inducing mitochondrial biogenesis with bezafibrate improves mitochondrial function in animal models, but there are no comparable human studies. We performed an open-label observational experimental medicine study of six patients with mitochondrial myopathy caused by the m.3243A>G MTTL1 mutation. Our primary aim was to determine the effects of bezafibrate on mitochondrial metabolism, whilst providing preliminary evidence of safety and efficacy using biomarkers. The participants received 600-1,200 mg bezafibrate daily for 12 weeks. There were no clinically significant adverse events, and liver function was not affected. We detected a reduction in the number of complex IV-immunodeficient muscle fibres and improved cardiac function. However, this was accompanied by an increase in serum biomarkers of mitochondrial disease, including fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), plus dysregulation of fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. Thus, although potentially beneficial in short term, inducing mitochondrial biogenesis with bezafibrate altered the metabolomic signature of mitochondrial disease, raising concerns about long-term sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Steele
- Institute of Genetic MedicineNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Aurora Gomez‐Duran
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUK
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Angela Pyle
- Institute of Genetic MedicineNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Sila Hopton
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and ChildrenNewcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Jane Newman
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | | | - Sarah J Charman
- Institute of Cellular MedicineNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Jehill D Parikh
- Institute of Cellular MedicineNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Langping He
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and ChildrenNewcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Carlo Viscomi
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | | | - Alan J Robinson
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and ChildrenNewcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Leonardo Bottolo
- Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- The Alan Turing InstituteLondonUK
- MRC Biostatistics UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Rita Horvath
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUK
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUK
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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106
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Schwörer S, Berisa M, Violante S, Qin W, Zhu J, Hendrickson RC, Cross JR, Thompson CB. Proline biosynthesis is a vent for TGFβ-induced mitochondrial redox stress. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103334. [PMID: 32134147 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The production and secretion of matrix proteins upon stimulation of fibroblasts by transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) play a critical role in wound healing. How TGFβ supports the bioenergetic cost of matrix protein synthesis is not fully understood. Here, we show that TGFβ promotes protein translation at least in part by increasing the mitochondrial oxidation of glucose and glutamine carbons to support the bioenergetic demand of translation. Surprisingly, we found that in addition to stimulating the entry of glucose and glutamine carbon into the TCA cycle, TGFβ induced the biosynthesis of proline from glutamine in a Smad4-dependent fashion. Metabolic manipulations that increased mitochondrial redox generation promoted proline biosynthesis, while reducing mitochondrial redox potential and/or ATP synthesis impaired proline biosynthesis. Thus, proline biosynthesis acts as a redox vent, preventing the TGFβ-induced increase in mitochondrial glucose and glutamine catabolism from generating damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS) when TCA cycle activity exceeds the ability of oxidative phosphorylation to convert mitochondrial redox potential into ATP. In turn, the enhanced synthesis of proline supports TGFβ-induced production of matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schwörer
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mirela Berisa
- Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara Violante
- Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Weige Qin
- Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiajun Zhu
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald C Hendrickson
- Microchemistry and Proteomics Core, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin R Cross
- Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Craig B Thompson
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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107
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Ha SY, Qiu XM, Lai ZZ, Yang HL, Wang Y, Ruan LY, Shi JW, Zhu XY, Li DJ, Li MQ. Excess palmitate induces decidual stromal cell apoptosis via the TLR4/JNK/NF-kB pathways and possibly through glutamine oxidation. Mol Hum Reprod 2020; 26:88-100. [PMID: 31977025 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During gestation, excess palmitate (PA) is enriched in decidua. Both excess PA and decidual dysfunctions are associated with numerous adverse pregnancy outcomes such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia and preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction. Here, mRNA data about the effects of PA were collected from multiple databases and analyzed. Human decidual tissues were obtained from clinically normal pregnancies, terminated for non-medical reasons, during the first trimester, and decidual stromal cells (DSCs) were isolated and exposed to PA, alone or together with the inhibitors of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), nuclear factor-kappa-gene binding (NF-kB) or glutamine (GLN) oxidation. Furthermore, DSCs were transfected with lentiviral particles overexpressing human TLR4. We demonstrate that excess PA interacting with its receptor TLR4 disturbs DSC hemostasis during the first trimester. Specifically, high PA signal induced DSC apoptosis and formed an inflammatory program (elevated interleukin-1 beta and decreased interleukin-10) via the activation of TLR4/JNK/NF-kB pathways. A complexed cross-talk was found between TLR4/JNK/NF-kB signals and PA deposition in DSCs. Besides, under an excess PA environment, GLN oxidation was significantly enhanced in DSCs and the suppression of GLN oxidation further augmented PA-mediated DSC apoptosis and inflammatory responses. In conclusion, excess PA induces apoptosis and inflammation in DSCs via the TLR4/JNK/NF-kB pathways, which can be augmented by the suppression of GLN oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yao Ha
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Min Qiu
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Lai
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Li Yang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Yu Ruan
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Wei Shi
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yong Zhu
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Jin Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Qing Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
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108
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Suliman HB, Nozik-Grayck E. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Metabolic Drivers of Pulmonary Hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:843-857. [PMID: 30604624 PMCID: PMC6751393 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive disease characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling and lung vasculopathy. The disease displays progressive dyspnea, pulmonary artery uncoupling and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. The overall survival rate is ranging from 28-72%. Recent Advances: The molecular events that promote the development of PH are complex and incompletely understood. Metabolic impairment has been proposed to contribute to the pathophysiology of PH with evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction involving the electron transport chain proteins, antioxidant enzymes, apoptosis regulators, and mitochondrial quality control. Critical Issues: It is vital to characterize the mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to PH pathogenesis. This review focuses on the currently available publications that supports mitochondrial mechanisms in PH pathophysiology. Future Directions: Further studies of these metabolic mitochondrial alterations in PH could be viable targets of diagnostic and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagir B Suliman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Eva Nozik-Grayck
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Labs and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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109
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Chinopoulos C, Seyfried TN. Mitochondrial Substrate-Level Phosphorylation as Energy Source for Glioblastoma: Review and Hypothesis. ASN Neuro 2019; 10:1759091418818261. [PMID: 30909720 PMCID: PMC6311572 DOI: 10.1177/1759091418818261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and malignant of the primary adult brain cancers. Ultrastructural and biochemical evidence shows that GBM cells exhibit mitochondrial abnormalities incompatible with energy production through oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). Under such conditions, the mitochondrial F0-F1 ATP synthase operates in reverse at the expense of ATP hydrolysis to maintain a moderate membrane potential. Moreover, expression of the dimeric M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase in GBM results in diminished ATP output, precluding a significant ATP production from glycolysis. If ATP synthesis through both glycolysis and OxPhos was impeded, then where would GBM cells obtain high-energy phosphates for growth and invasion? Literature is reviewed suggesting that the succinate-CoA ligase reaction in the tricarboxylic acid cycle can substantiate sufficient ATP through mitochondrial substrate-level phosphorylation (mSLP) to maintain GBM growth when OxPhos is impaired. Production of high-energy phosphates would be supported by glutaminolysis—a hallmark of GBM metabolism—through the sequential conversion of glutamine → glutamate → alpha-ketoglutarate → succinyl CoA → succinate. Equally important, provision of ATP through mSLP would maintain the adenine nucleotide translocase in forward mode, thus preventing the reverse-operating F0-F1 ATP synthase from depleting cytosolic ATP reserves. Because glucose and glutamine are the primary fuels driving the rapid growth of GBM and most tumors for that matter, simultaneous restriction of these two substrates or inhibition of mSLP should diminish cancer viability, growth, and invasion.
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110
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Chan F, Lax NZ, Voss CM, Aldana BI, Whyte S, Jenkins A, Nicholson C, Nichols S, Tilley E, Powell Z, Waagepetersen HS, Davies CH, Turnbull DM, Cunningham MO. The role of astrocytes in seizure generation: insights from a novel in vitro seizure model based on mitochondrial dysfunction. Brain 2019; 142:391-411. [PMID: 30689758 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately one-quarter of patients with mitochondrial disease experience epilepsy. Their epilepsy is often severe and resistant towards conventional antiepileptic drugs. Despite the severity of this epilepsy, there are currently no animal models available to provide a mechanistic understanding of mitochondrial epilepsy. We conducted neuropathological studies on patients with mitochondrial epilepsy and found the involvement of the astrocytic compartment. As a proof of concept, we developed a novel brain slice model of mitochondrial epilepsy by the application of an astrocytic-specific aconitase inhibitor, fluorocitrate, concomitant with mitochondrial respiratory inhibitors, rotenone and potassium cyanide. The model was robust and exhibited both face and predictive validity. We then used the model to assess the role that astrocytes play in seizure generation and demonstrated the involvement of the GABA-glutamate-glutamine cycle. Notably, glutamine appears to be an important intermediary molecule between the neuronal and astrocytic compartment in the regulation of GABAergic inhibitory tone. Finally, we found that a deficiency in glutamine synthetase is an important pathogenic process for seizure generation in both the brain slice model and the human neuropathological study. Our study describes the first model for mitochondrial epilepsy and provides a mechanistic insight into how astrocytes drive seizure generation in mitochondrial epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Chan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nichola Z Lax
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Caroline Marie Voss
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Blanca Irene Aldana
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shuna Whyte
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alistair Jenkins
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Claire Nicholson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sophie Nichols
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elizabeth Tilley
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Zoe Powell
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ceri H Davies
- Neural Pathways DPU, GSK, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore
| | - Doug M Turnbull
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mark O Cunningham
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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111
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p53 prevents doxorubicin cardiotoxicity independently of its prototypical tumor suppressor activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:19626-19634. [PMID: 31488712 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904979116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent that causes dose-dependent cardiotoxicity in a subset of treated patients, but the genetic determinants of this susceptibility are poorly understood. Here, we report that a noncanonical tumor suppressor activity of p53 prevents cardiac dysfunction in a mouse model induced by doxorubicin administered in divided low doses as in the clinics. While relatively preserved in wild-type (p53 +/+ ) state, mice deficient in p53 (p53 -/- ) developed left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction after doxorubicin treatment. This functional decline in p53 -/- mice was associated with decreases in cardiac oxidative metabolism, mitochondrial mass, and mitochondrial genomic DNA (mtDNA) homeostasis. Notably, mice with homozygous knockin of the p53 R172H (p53 172H/H ) mutation, which like p53 -/- state lacks the prototypical tumor suppressor activities of p53 such as apoptosis but retains its mitochondrial biogenesis capacity, showed preservation of LV function and mitochondria after doxorubicin treatment. In contrast to p53-null state, wild-type and mutant p53 displayed distinct mechanisms of transactivating mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and p53-inducible ribonucleotide reductase 2 (p53R2), which are involved in mtDNA transcription and maintenance. Importantly, supplementing mice with a precursor of NAD+ prevented the mtDNA depletion and cardiac dysfunction. These findings suggest that loss of mtDNA contributes to cardiomyopathy pathogenesis induced by doxorubicin administered on a schedule simulating that in the clinics. Given a similar mtDNA protection role of p53 in doxorubicin-treated human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes, the mitochondrial markers associated with cardiomyopathy development observed in blood and skeletal muscle cells may have prognostic utility.
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112
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Chen TY, Hsieh YT, Huang JM, Liu CJ, Chuang LT, Huang PC, Kuo TY, Chia HY, Chou CY, Chang CW, Chen YF, Chen HM, Lo JF, Li WC. Determination of Pyruvate Metabolic Fates Modulates Head and Neck Tumorigenesis. Neoplasia 2019; 21:641-652. [PMID: 31100640 PMCID: PMC6522776 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Even with increasing evidence for roles of glycolytic enzymes in controlling cancerous characteristics, the best target of candidate metabolic enzymes for lessening malignancy remains under debate. Pyruvate is a main glycolytic metabolite that could be mainly converted into either lactate by Lactate Dehydrogenase A (LDHA) or acetyl-CoA by Pyruvate Dehydrogenase E1 component α subunit (PDHA1) catalytic complex. In tumor cells, accumulating lactate is produced whereas the conversion of pyruvate into mitochondrial acetyl-CoA is less active compared with their normal counterparts. This reciprocal molecular association makes pyruvate metabolism a potential choice of anti-cancer target. Cellular and molecular changes were herein assayed in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) cells in response to LDHA and PDHA1 loss in vitro, in vivo and in clinic. By using various human cancer databases and clinical samples, LDHA and PDHA1 levels exhibit reversed prognostic roles. In vitro analysis demonstrated that decreased cell growth and motility accompanied by an increased sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents was found in cells with LDHA loss whereas PDHA1-silencing exhibited opposite phenotypes. At the molecular level, it was found that oncogenic Protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) and Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) singling pathways contribute to pyruvate metabolism mediated HNSCC cell growth. Furthermore, LDHA/PDHA1 changes in HNSCC cells resulted in a broad metabolic reprogramming while intracellular molecules including polyunsaturated fatty acids and nitrogen metabolism related metabolites underlie the malignant changes. Collectively, our findings reveal the significance of pyruvate metabolic fates in modulating HNSCC tumorigenesis and highlight the impact of metabolic plasticity in HNSCC cells.
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Key Words
- 4-nqo, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide
- 5-fu, 5-fluouracil
- abc, atp-binding cassette
- acacb, acetyl-coa carboxylase beta
- aldh, aldehyde dehydrogenase
- cddp, cisplatin
- dca, dicholoroacetate
- dlat, dihydrolipoamide s-acetyltransferase
- dld, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase
- don, 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norlucine
- ecm, extracellular matrix
- egcg, epigallocatechin gallate
- emt, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- eno, enolase
- erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- fasn, fatty acid synthase
- hoscc, human oral squamous cell carcinoma
- gc-fid, gas chromatograph-flame ionization detector
- gls1, glutaminase 1
- gluts, glucose transporters
- glud1/2, glutamine dehydrogenase 1/2
- g3pdh, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- hnscc, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
- ic50, half maximal inhibitory concentration
- inn, silibinin
- ldha, lactate dehydrogenase a
- lc–ms, liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry
- mufas, monounsaturated fatty acids
- mtt, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- nhok, normal human oral keratinocytes
- ocr, oxygen consumption rate
- os, overall survival
- oxphos, oxidative phosphorylation
- pdc, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
- pdha1, pyruvate dehydrogenase e1 component α subunit
- pdk1, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1
- pdp1, pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase 1
- pep, phosphoenolpyruvate
- pfk1, phosphofructokinase 1
- pgam1, phosphoglycerate mutase 1
- pkb/akt, protein kinase b
- pkm2, pyruvate kinase m2
- ppp, pentose phosphate pathway
- pufas, polyunsaturated fatty acids
- ros, reactive oxygen species
- scd1, stearoyl-coa desaturase 1
- sfas, saturated fatty acids
- shrna, short-hairpin rna
- srebf1/2, sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1/2
- taxol, paclitaxel
- tca, tricarboxylic acid
- tcga, the cancer genomic atlas
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Ying Chen
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ta Hsieh
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Min Huang
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ji Liu
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Te Chuang
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Huang
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tz-Yu Kuo
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yuan Chia
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Chou
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Chang
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fen Chen
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ming Chen
- School of Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Fan Lo
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chun Li
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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113
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The multifaceted contribution of α-ketoglutarate to tumor progression: An opportunity to exploit? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 98:26-33. [PMID: 31175937 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The thriving field that constitutes cancer metabolism has unveiled some groundbreaking facts over the past two decades, at the heart of which is the TCA cycle and its intermediates. As such and besides its metabolic role, α-ketoglutarate was shown to withstand a wide range of physiological reactions from protection against oxidative stress, collagen and bone maintenance to development and immunity. Most importantly, it constitutes the rate-limiting substrate of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases family enzymes, which are involved in hypoxia sensing and in the shaping of cellular epigenetic landscape, two major drivers of oncogenic transformation. Based on literature reports, we hereby review the benefits of this metabolite as a possible novel adjuvant therapeutic opportunity to target tumor progression. This article is part of the special issue "Mitochondrial metabolic alterations in cancer cells and related therapeutic targets".
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114
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Spyrou J, Gardner DK, Harvey AJ. Metabolism Is a Key Regulator of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Reprogramming. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:7360121. [PMID: 31191682 PMCID: PMC6525803 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7360121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming to pluripotency involves drastic restructuring of both metabolism and the epigenome. However, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) retain transcriptional memory, epigenetic memory, and metabolic memory from their somatic cells of origin and acquire aberrant characteristics distinct from either other pluripotent cells or parental cells, reflecting incomplete reprogramming. As a critical link between the microenvironment and regulation of the epigenome, nutrient availability likely plays a significant role in the retention of somatic cell memory by iPSC. Significantly, relative nutrient availability impacts iPSC reprogramming efficiency, epigenetic regulation and cell fate, and differentially alters their ability to respond to physiological stimuli. The significance of metabolites during the reprogramming process is central to further elucidating how iPSC retain somatic cell characteristics and optimising culture conditions to generate iPSC with physiological phenotypes to ensure their reliable use in basic research and clinical applications. This review serves to integrate studies on iPSC reprogramming, memory retention and metabolism, and identifies areas in which current knowledge is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Spyrou
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - David K. Gardner
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Alexandra J. Harvey
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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115
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Wu Q, Zhang W, Xue L, Wang Y, Fu M, Ma L, Song Y, Zhan QM. APC/C-CDH1–Regulated IDH3β Coordinates with the Cell Cycle to Promote Cell Proliferation. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3281-3293. [PMID: 31053633 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingnan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Liyan Xue
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi-Min Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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116
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The Fate of Glutamine in Human Metabolism. The Interplay with Glucose in Proliferating Cells. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9050081. [PMID: 31027329 PMCID: PMC6571637 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9050081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-scale models of metabolism (GEM) are used to study how metabolism varies in different physiological conditions. However, the great number of reactions involved in GEM makes it difficult to understand these variations. In order to have a more understandable tool, we developed a reduced metabolic model of central carbon and nitrogen metabolism, C2M2N with 77 reactions, 54 internal metabolites, and 3 compartments, taking into account the actual stoichiometry of the reactions, including the stoichiometric role of the cofactors and the irreversibility of some reactions. In order to model oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) functioning, the proton gradient through the inner mitochondrial membrane is represented by two pseudometabolites DPH (∆pH) and DPSI (∆ψ). To illustrate the interest of such a reduced and quantitative model of metabolism in mammalian cells, we used flux balance analysis (FBA) to study all the possible fates of glutamine in metabolism. Our analysis shows that glutamine can supply carbon sources for cell energy production and can be used as carbon and nitrogen sources to synthesize essential metabolites. Finally, we studied the interplay between glucose and glutamine for the formation of cell biomass according to ammonia microenvironment. We then propose a quantitative analysis of the Warburg effect.
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117
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Mazat JP, Ransac S. The Fate of Glutamine in Human Metabolism. The Interplay with Glucose in Proliferating Cells. Metabolites 2019. [PMID: 31027329 DOI: 10.1101/477224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-scale models of metabolism (GEM) are used to study how metabolism varies in different physiological conditions. However, the great number of reactions involved in GEM makes it difficult to understand these variations. In order to have a more understandable tool, we developed a reduced metabolic model of central carbon and nitrogen metabolism, C2M2N with 77 reactions, 54 internal metabolites, and 3 compartments, taking into account the actual stoichiometry of the reactions, including the stoichiometric role of the cofactors and the irreversibility of some reactions. In order to model oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) functioning, the proton gradient through the inner mitochondrial membrane is represented by two pseudometabolites DPH (∆pH) and DPSI (∆ψ). To illustrate the interest of such a reduced and quantitative model of metabolism in mammalian cells, we used flux balance analysis (FBA) to study all the possible fates of glutamine in metabolism. Our analysis shows that glutamine can supply carbon sources for cell energy production and can be used as carbon and nitrogen sources to synthesize essential metabolites. Finally, we studied the interplay between glucose and glutamine for the formation of cell biomass according to ammonia microenvironment. We then propose a quantitative analysis of the Warburg effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Mazat
- IBGC CNRS UMR 5095 & Université de Bordeaux, 1, rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux-CEDEX, France.
| | - Stéphane Ransac
- IBGC CNRS UMR 5095 & Université de Bordeaux, 1, rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux-CEDEX, France.
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118
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Lozoya OA, Wang T, Grenet D, Wolfgang TC, Sobhany M, Ganini da Silva D, Riadi G, Chandel N, Woychik RP, Santos JH. Mitochondrial acetyl-CoA reversibly regulates locus-specific histone acetylation and gene expression. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:e201800228. [PMID: 30737248 PMCID: PMC6369536 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of mitochondrial dysfunction in epigenetics is emerging, but our understanding of this relationship and its effect on gene expression remains incomplete. We previously showed that acute mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) loss leads to histone hypoacetylation. It remains to be defined if these changes are maintained when mitochondrial dysfunction is chronic and if they alter gene expression. To fill these gaps of knowledge, we here studied a progressive and a chronic model of mtDNA depletion using biochemical, pharmacological, genomics, and genetic assays. We show that histones are primarily hypoacetylated in both models. We link these effects to decreased histone acetyltransferase activity unrelated to changes in ATP citrate lyase, acetyl coenzyme A synthetase 2, or pyruvate dehydrogenase activities, which can be reversibly modulated by altering the mitochondrial pool of acetyl-coenzyme A. Also, we determined that the accompanying changes in histone acetylation regulate locus-specific gene expression and physiological outcomes, including the production of prostaglandins. These results may be relevant to the pathophysiology of mtDNA depletion syndromes and to understanding the effects of environmental agents that lead to physical or functional mtDNA loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswaldo A Lozoya
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tianyuan Wang
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dagoberto Grenet
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Taylor C Wolfgang
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mack Sobhany
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Douglas Ganini da Silva
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gonzalo Riadi
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Navdeep Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Richard P Woychik
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Janine H Santos
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
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119
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Untargeted Metabolite Profiling of Cerebrospinal Fluid Uncovers Biomarkers for Severity of Late Infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (CLN2, Batten Disease). Sci Rep 2018; 8:15229. [PMID: 30323181 PMCID: PMC6189193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33449-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN2 disease) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by a monogenetic deficiency of tripeptidyl peptidase-1 (TPP1). Despite knowledge that lipofuscin is the hallmark disease product, the relevant TPP1 substrate and its role in neuronal physiology/pathology is unknown. We hypothesized that untargeted metabolite profiling of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could be used as an effective tool to identify disease-associated metabolic disruptions in CLN2 disease, offering the potential to identify biomarkers that inform on disease severity and progression. Accordingly, a mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolite profiling approach was employed to differentiate CSF from normal vs. CLN2 deficient individuals. Of 1,433 metabolite features surveyed, 29 linearly correlated with currently employed disease severity scores. With tandem mass spectrometry 8 distinct metabolite identities were structurally confirmed based on retention time and fragmentation pattern matches, vs. standards. These putative CLN2 biomarkers include 7 acetylated species - all attenuated in CLN2 compared to controls. Because acetate is the major bioenergetic fuel for support of mitochondrial respiration, deficient acetylated species in CSF suggests a brain energy defect that may drive neurodegeneration. Targeted analysis of these metabolites in CSF of CLN2 patients offers a powerful new approach for monitoring CLN2 disease progression and response to therapy.
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120
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Kimoloi S. Modulation of the de novo purine nucleotide pathway as a therapeutic strategy in mitochondrial myopathy. Pharmacol Res 2018; 138:37-42. [PMID: 30267763 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial myopathy (MM) is characterised by muscle weakness, exercise intolerance and various histopathological changes. Recently, a subset of MM has also been associated with aberrant activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in skeletal muscle. This aberrant mTORC1 activation promotes increased de novo nucleotide synthesis, which contributes to abnormal expansion and imbalance of skeletal muscle deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTP) pools. However, the exact mechanism via which mTORC1-stimulated de novo nucleotide biosynthesis ultimately disturbs muscle dNTP pools remains unclear. In this article, it is proposed that mTORC1-stimulated de novo nucleotide synthesis in skeletal muscle cells with respiratory chain dysfunction promotes an asymmetric increase of purine nucleotides, probably due to NAD+ deficiency. This in turn could disrupt purine nucleotide-dependent allosteric feedback regulatory mechanisms, ultimately leading to dNTP pools aberration. Pharmacological down-modulation of aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase/inosine monophosphate cyclohydrolase (ATIC) activity is also proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy in MM exhibiting mTORC1-driven abnormal metabolic reprogramming, including aberrant dNTPs pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy Kimoloi
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Robert Koch Street 39, Cologne, Germany; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya.
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121
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Targeting cancer stem cells and their niche: perspectives for future therapeutic targets and strategies. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 53:139-155. [PMID: 30081228 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A small subpopulation of cells within the bulk of tumors share features with somatic stem cells, in that, they are capable of self-renewal, they differentiate, and are highly resistant to conventional therapy. These cells have been referred to as cancer stem cells (CSCs). Recent reports support the central importance of a cancer stem cell-like niche that appears to help foster the generation and maintenance of CSCs. In response to signals provided by this microenvironment, CSCs express the tumorigenic characteristics that can drive tumor metastasis by the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) that in turn fosters the migration and recolonization of the cells as secondary tumors within metastatic niches. We summarize here recent advances in cancer stem cell research including the characterization of their genetic and epigenetic features, metabolic specialities, and crosstalk with aging-associated processes. Potential strategies for targeting CSCs, and their niche, by regulating CSCs plasticity, or therapeutic sensitivity is discussed. Finally, it is hoped that new strategies and related therapeutic approaches as outlined here may help prevent the formation of the metastatic niche, as well as counter tumor progression and metastatic growth.
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122
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Abstract
Mutations in mtDNA associated with OXPHOS defects preclude energy harnessing by OXPHOS. The work of Chen et al. (2018) is previewed, reporting flux pathways of glutamine catabolism in mtDNA mutant cells yielding high-energy phosphates through substrate-level phosphorylation and the influence exerted by the severity of OXPHOS impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Chinopoulos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1094, Hungary.
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123
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Yadav UP, Singh T, Kumar P, Sharma P, Kaur H, Sharma S, Singh S, Kumar S, Mehta K. [Morbidity in primary medical services in the jurisdiction of Huamantla, Tlaxcala]. SALUD PUBLICA DE MEXICO 1982; 10:1010. [PMID: 32670883 PMCID: PMC7330710 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Prasad Yadav
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Tashvinder Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Pramit Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Harsimrat Kaur
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
- Desh Bhagat Dental College, Mandi Gobindgarh, India
| | - Sadhana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Kapil Mehta
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
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