101
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Okitsu N, Noda N, Chandler S, Tanaka Y. Flower Color and Its Engineering by Genetic Modification. HANDBOOK OF PLANT BREEDING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90698-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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102
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Watanabe K, Oda-Yamamizo C, Sage-Ono K, Ohmiya A, Ono M. Alteration of flower colour in Ipomoea nil through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4. Transgenic Res 2017; 27:25-38. [PMID: 29247330 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-017-0051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Japanese morning glory, Ipomoea nil, exhibits a variety of flower colours, except yellow, reflecting the accumulation of only trace amounts of carotenoids in the petals. In a previous study, we attributed this effect to the low expression levels of carotenogenic genes in the petals, but there may be other contributing factors. In the present study, we investigated the possible involvement of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD), which cleaves specific double bonds of the polyene chains of carotenoids, in the regulation of carotenoid accumulation in the petals of I. nil. Using bioinformatics analysis, seven InCCD genes were identified in the I. nil genome. Sequencing and expression analyses indicated potential involvement of InCCD4 in carotenoid degradation in the petals. Successful knockout of InCCD4 using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in the white-flowered cultivar I. nil cv. AK77 caused the white petals to turn pale yellow. The total amount of carotenoids in the petals of ccd4 plants was increased 20-fold relative to non-transgenic plants. This result indicates that in the petals of I. nil, not only low carotenogenic gene expression but also carotenoid degradation leads to extremely low levels of carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Watanabe
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Chihiro Oda-Yamamizo
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan.,Biological Resources and Post-Harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan
| | - Kimiyo Sage-Ono
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Gene Research Center, Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Akemi Ohmiya
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0852, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Ono
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan. .,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Gene Research Center, Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
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Raffa D, Maggio B, Raimondi MV, Plescia F, Daidone G. Recent discoveries of anticancer flavonoids. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 142:213-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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104
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Zha J, Koffas MAG. Production of anthocyanins in metabolically engineered microorganisms: Current status and perspectives. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2017; 2:259-266. [PMID: 29552650 PMCID: PMC5851914 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial production of plant-derived natural products by engineered microorganisms has achieved great success thanks to large extend to metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. Anthocyanins, the water-soluble colored pigments found in terrestrial plants that are responsible for the red, blue and purple coloration of many flowers and fruits, are extensively used in food and cosmetics industry; however, their current supply heavily relies on complex extraction from plant-based materials. A promising alternative is their sustainable production in metabolically engineered microbes. Here, we review the recent progress on anthocyanin biosynthesis in engineered bacteria, with a special focus on the systematic engineering modifications such as selection and engineering of biosynthetic enzymes, engineering of transportation, regulation of UDP-glucose supply, as well as process optimization. These promising engineering strategies will facilitate successful microbial production of anthocyanins in industry in the near future.
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Key Words
- 4CL, 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligase
- ANS, anthocyanidin synthase
- Anthocyanin
- CHI, chalcone isomerase
- CHS, chalcone synthase
- DFR, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase
- DSSC, dye-sensitized solar cell
- Enzyme engineering
- F3GT, flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase
- F3H, flavanone 3-hydroxylase
- F3′5′H, flavonoid 3′, 5′-hydroxylase
- F3′H, flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase
- FGT, flavonoid glucosyltransferase
- Metabolic engineering
- Microbial production
- UV, ultraviolet
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Mattheos A G Koffas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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105
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Boehm MMA, Ojeda DI, Cronk QCB. Dissecting the 'bacon and eggs' phenotype: transcriptomics of post-anthesis colour change in Lotus. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:563-575. [PMID: 28981620 PMCID: PMC5737274 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Post-anthesis colour change (PACC) is widely thought to be an adaptation to signal floral suitability to pollinators. Lotus filicaulis and Lotus sessilifolius are insect-pollinated herbaceous legumes with flowers that open yellow, shift to orange and finally red. This study examines the molecular basis for floral colour change in these Lotus species. METHODS Lotus filicaulis was cultivated in a glasshouse from which pollinating insects (bees) were excluded, and the rate of colour change was recorded in both unpollinated and manually pollinated flowers. Unpollinated flowers from both the yellow stage and the red stage were sampled for sequencing. The transcriptomes of L. filicaulis and L. sessilifolius of both colour stages were analysed for differentially expressed genes and enriched ontologies. KEY RESULTS The rate of progression through PACC doubled when L. filicaulis was hand-pollinated. De novo assembly of RNA-Seq reads from non-model Lotus species outperformed heterologous alignment of reads to the L. japonicus genome. Differential expression analysis suggested that the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway is upregulated at anthesis while the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway is upregulated with the onset of PACC in L. filicaulis and L. sessilifolius . CONCLUSION Pollination significantly accelerates PACC in L. filicaulis , consistent with the hypothesis that PACC increases pollination efficiency by directing pollinators to unpollinated flowers. RNA-Seq results show the synchronized upregulation of the entire cyanidin biosynthesis pathway in the red stage of PACC in L. filicaulis and L. sessilifolius . The genes implicated offer the basis for further investigations into how gene families, transcription factors and related pathways are likely to be involved in PACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mannfred M A Boehm
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6804 SW Marine Drive, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Dario I Ojeda
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av. F.D. Roosevelt, 50, CP 160/12, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Quentin C B Cronk
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6804 SW Marine Drive, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
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106
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Lim W, Li J. Synergetic effect of the Onion CHI gene on the PAP1 regulatory gene for enhancing the flavonoid profile of tomato skin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12377. [PMID: 28959020 PMCID: PMC5620076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomatoes are known to have ameliorative effects on cardiovascular disease and cancer. The nutritional value of tomatoes can be enhanced by increasing flavonoids content through genetic modification. The regulatory gene PAP1 (production of anthocyanin pigment 1) from Arabidopsis is reported to increase initial flavonoid flux and anthocyanin content. The structural gene CHI from Alium cepa increases flavonol content. However, the number of structural genes that can be transferred to plants is limited. To solve this problem, for the first time, we produced gene stacking transgenic tomato, in which Arabidopsis PAP1 (production of anthocyanin pigment 1) was stacked with an onion CHI by crossing. This procedure resulted in increased rutin and total anthocyanin content of as much as 130 and 30 times more, respectively, than the content in wild tomato skin, compared with 2.3 and 3 times more flavonol content, and 1 and 1.5 times more anthocyanin content in unstacked FLS and PAP1 tomatoes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wansang Lim
- HFRR, Throckmorton Kansas State University Manhattan, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Jiarui Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Throckmorton Kansas State University Manhattan, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
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107
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Biochemical and Comparative Transcriptomic Analyses Identify Candidate Genes Related to Variegation Formation in Paeonia rockii. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081364. [PMID: 28817092 PMCID: PMC6152351 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Paeonia rockii is a wild tree peony species with large and dark purple variegations at the base of its petals. It is the genetic resource for various variegation patterns in tree peony cultivars, which is in contrast to the pure white petals of Paeonia ostii. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the formation of variegation in this plant is still unknown. Here, we conducted Illumina transcriptome sequencing for P. rockii, P. ostii (with pure white petals) and their F1 individuals (with purple-red variegation). A total of 181,866 unigenes were generated, including a variety of unigenes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and sequestration and the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. The dark purple or purple-red variegation patterns mainly occurred due to the proportions of cyanidin (Cy)- and peonidin (Pn)-based anthocyanins. The variegations of P. rockii exhibited a “Cy > Pn” phenotype, whereas the F1 progeny showed a “Pn > Cy” phenotype. The CHS, DFR, ANS, and GST genes might play key roles in variegation pigmentation in P. rockii according to gene expression and interaction network analysis. Two R2R3-MYB transcription factors (c131300.graph_c0 and c133735.graph_c0) regulated variegation formation by controlling CHS, ANS and GST genes. Our results indicated that the various variegation patterns were caused by transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, and the transcription profiles of the R2R3-MYBs provided clues to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this trait. The petal transcriptome data produced in this study will provide a valuable resource for future association investigations of the genetic regulation of various variegation patterns in tree peonies.
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108
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Noman A, Aqeel M, Deng J, Khalid N, Sanaullah T, Shuilin H. Biotechnological Advancements for Improving Floral Attributes in Ornamental Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:530. [PMID: 28473834 PMCID: PMC5397496 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Developing new ornamental cultivars with improved floral attributes is a major goal in floriculture. Biotechnological approach together with classical breeding methods has been used to modify floral color, appearance as well as for increasing disease resistance. Transgenic strategies possess immense potential to produce novel flower phenotypes that are not found in nature. Adoption of Genetic engineering has supported the idea of floral trait modification. Ornamental plant attributes like floral color, fragrance, disease resistance, and vase life can be improved by means of genetic manipulation. Therefore, we witness transgenic plant varieties of high aesthetic and commercial value. This review focuses on biotechnological advancements in manipulating key floral traits that contribute in development of diverse ornamental plant lines. Data clearly reveals that regulation of biosynthetic pathways related to characteristics like pigment production, flower morphology and fragrance is both possible and predictable. In spite of their great significance, small number of genetically engineered varieties of ornamental plants has been field tested. Today, novel flower colors production is regarded as chief commercial benefit obtained from transgenic plants. But certain other floral traits are much more important and have high commercial potential. Other than achievements such as novel architecture, modified flower color, etc., very few reports are available regarding successful transformation of other valuable horticultural characteristics. Our review also summarized biotechnological efforts related to enhancement of fragrance and induction of early flowering along with changes in floral anatomy and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Noman
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Department of Botany, Government College UniversityFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aqeel
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Science, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Jianming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Science, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Noreen Khalid
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University SialkotSialkot, Pakistan
| | | | - He Shuilin
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
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109
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Zou B, Wan D, Li R, Han X, Li G, Wang R. Calmodulin-binding protein CBP60g functions as a negative regulator in Arabidopsis anthocyanin accumulation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173129. [PMID: 28253311 PMCID: PMC5333885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins, a kind of flavonoid, normally accumulate in the flowers and fruits and make them colorful. Anthocyanin accumulation is regulated via the different temporal and spatial expression of anthocyanin regulatory and biosynthetic genes. CBP60g, a calmodulin binding protein, has previously been shown to have a role in pathogen resistance, drought tolerance and ABA sensitivity. In this study, we found that CBP60g repressed anthocyanin accumulation induced by drought, sucrose and kinetin. The expression pattern of CBP60g was in accordance with the anthocyanin accumulation tissues. Real-time qPCR analysis revealed that the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes CHS, CHI and DFR, as well as two members of MBW complex, PAP1, a MYB transcription factor, and TT8, a bHLH transcription factor, were down regulated by CBP60g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zou
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Dongli Wan
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P. R. China
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Ruili Li
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P. R. China
- Wulanchabu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jining, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Han
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P. R. China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, P. R. China
| | - Guojing Li
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Ruigang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Transcriptomic Analysis of Leaf in Tree Peony Reveals Differentially Expressed Pigments Genes. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020324. [PMID: 28230761 PMCID: PMC6155769 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews) is an important traditional flower in China. Besides its beautiful flower, the leaf of tree peony has also good ornamental value owing to its leaf color change in spring. So far, the molecular mechanism of leaf color change in tree peony is unclear. In this study, the pigment level and transcriptome of three different color stages of tree peony leaf were analyzed. The purplish red leaf was rich in anthocyanin, while yellowish green leaf was rich in chlorophyll and carotenoid. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 4302 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were upregulated, and 4225 were downregulated in the purplish red leaf vs. yellowish green leaf. Among these DEGs, eight genes were predicted to participate in anthocyanin biosynthesis, eight genes were predicted involved in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, and 10 genes were predicted to participate in carotenoid metabolism. In addition, 27 MYBs, 20 bHLHs, 36 WD40 genes were also identified from DEGs. Anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) is the key gene that controls the anthocyanin level in tree peony leaf. Protochlorophyllide oxido-reductase (POR) is the key gene which regulated the chlorophyll content in tree peony leaf.
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111
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Kang L, Park SC, Ji CY, Kim HS, Lee HS, Kwak SS. Metabolic engineering of carotenoids in transgenic sweetpotato. BREEDING SCIENCE 2017; 67:27-34. [PMID: 28465665 PMCID: PMC5407916 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.16118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam], which contains high levels of antioxidants such as ascorbate and carotenoids in its storage root, is one of the healthiest foods, as well as one of the best starch crops for growth on marginal lands. In plants, carotenoid pigments are involved in light harvesting for photosynthesis and are also essential for photo-protection against excess light. As dietary antioxidants in humans, these compounds benefit health by alleviating aging-related diseases. The storage root of sweetpotato is a good source of both carotenoids and carbohydrates for human consumption. Therefore, metabolic engineering of sweetpotato to increase the content of useful carotenoids represents an important agricultural goal. This effort has been facilitated by cloning of most of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes, as well as the Orange gene involved in carotenoid accumulation. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the regulation of biosynthesis, accumulation and catabolism of carotenoids in sweetpotato. A deeper understanding of these topics should contribute to development of new sweetpotato cultivars with higher levels of nutritional carotenoids and abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Kang
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB),
Daejeon 34141,
Republic of Korea
- Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST),
Daejeon 305-350,
Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB),
Daejeon 34141,
Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Yoon Ji
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB),
Daejeon 34141,
Republic of Korea
- Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST),
Daejeon 305-350,
Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Soo Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB),
Daejeon 34141,
Republic of Korea
| | - Haeng-Soon Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB),
Daejeon 34141,
Republic of Korea
- Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST),
Daejeon 305-350,
Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Kwak
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB),
Daejeon 34141,
Republic of Korea
- Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST),
Daejeon 305-350,
Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
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112
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Song Z, Zhang H. Repression of MYBL2 by Both microRNA858a and HY5 Leads to the Activation of Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Pathway in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:1395-1405. [PMID: 27450422 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Extensive studies in various plants show that the anthocyanin biosynthetic process is affected by environmental factors and regulated by many transcription factors through sophisticated regulatory networks. However, it remains largely unclear about the roles of microRNA in this process. Here, we demonstrate that miR858a is a positive regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis seedlings. Overexpression of miR858a enhances the accumulation of anthocyanins, whereas the reduced miR858a activity results in low levels of anthocyanins in STTM858 transgenic plants. We found that miR858a inhibits the expression of MYBL2, a key negative regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis, by translational repression. In addition, ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) was shown to directly bind the MYBL2 promoter and represses its expression via specific histone modifications. Interestingly, we found that miR858a exhibits light-responsive expression in an HY5-dependent manner. Together, these results delineate the HY5-MIR858a-MYBL2 loop as a cellular mechanism for modulating anthocyanin biosynthesis, suggesting that integration of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation is critical for governing proper anthocyanin accumulation in response to light and other environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhaoqing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Huiyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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113
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Suzuki K, Suzuki T, Nakatsuka T, Dohra H, Yamagishi M, Matsuyama K, Matsuura H. RNA-seq-based evaluation of bicolor tepal pigmentation in Asiatic hybrid lilies (Lilium spp.). BMC Genomics 2016; 17:611. [PMID: 27516339 PMCID: PMC4982199 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2995-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Color patterns in angiosperm flowers are produced by spatially and temporally restricted deposition of pigments. Identifying the mechanisms responsible for restricted pigment deposition is a topic of broad interest. Some dicots species develop bicolor petals, which are often caused by the post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) of chalcone synthase (CHS) genes. An Asiatic hybrid lily (Lilium spp.) cultivar Lollypop develops bicolor tepals with pigmented tips and white bases. Here, we analyzed the global transcription of pigmented and non-pigmented tepal parts from Lollypop, to determine the main transcriptomic differences. RESULTS De novo assembly of RNA-seq data yielded 49,239 contigs (39,426 unigenes), which included a variety of novel transcripts, such as those involved in flavonoid-glycosylation and sequestration and in regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Additionally, 1258 of the unigenes exhibited significantly differential expression between the tepal parts (false discovery rates <0.05). The pigmented tepal parts accumulated more anthocyanins, and unigenes annotated as anthocyanin biosynthesis genes (e.g., CHS, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, and anthocyanidin synthase) were expressed 7-30-fold higher than those in non-pigmented parts. These results indicate that the transcriptional regulation of biosynthesis genes is more likely involved in the development of bicolor lily tepals rather than the PTGS of CHS genes. In addition, the expression level of a unigene homologous to LhMYB12, which often regulates full-tepal anthocyanin pigmentation in lilies, was >2-fold higher in the pigmented parts. Thus, LhMYB12 should be involved in the transcriptional regulation of the biosynthesis genes in bicolor tepals. Other factors that potentially suppress or enhance the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, including a WD40 gene, were identified, and their involvement in bicolor development is discussed. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the bicolor trait of Lollypop tepals is caused by the transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes and that the transcription profile of LhMYB12 provides a clue for elucidating the mechanisms of the trait. The tepal transcriptome constructed in this study will accelerate investigations of the genetic controls of anthocyanin color patterns, including the bicolor patterns, of Lilium spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Suzuki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Suzuki
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529 Japan
- Present address: Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505 Japan
| | - Takashi Nakatsuka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529 Japan
| | - Hideo Dohra
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529 Japan
| | - Masumi Yamagishi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
| | - Kohei Matsuyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
| | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
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114
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Su X, Xu J, Rhodes D, Shen Y, Song W, Katz B, Tomich J, Wang W. Identification and quantification of anthocyanins in transgenic purple tomato. Food Chem 2016; 202:184-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Park CH, Baskar TB, Park SY, Kim SJ, Valan Arasu M, Al-Dhabi NA, Kim JK, Park SU. Metabolic Profiling and Antioxidant Assay of Metabolites from Three Radish Cultivars (Raphanus sativus). Molecules 2016; 21:157. [PMID: 26828471 PMCID: PMC6273575 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 13 anthocyanins and 33 metabolites; including organic acids, phenolic acids, amino acids, organic compounds, sugar acids, sugar alcohols, and sugars, were profiled in three radish cultivars by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS)-based metabolite profiling. Total phenolics and flavonoids and their in vitro antioxidant activities were assessed. Pelargonidins were found to be the major anthocyanin in the cultivars studied. The cultivar Man Tang Hong showed the highest level of anthocyanins (1.89 ± 0.07 mg/g), phenolics (0.0664 ± 0.0033 mg/g) and flavonoids (0.0096 ± 0.0004 mg/g). Here; the variation of secondary metabolites in the radishes is described, as well as their association with primary metabolites. The low-molecular-weight hydrophilic metabolite profiles were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), Pearson’s correlation analysis. PCA fully distinguished the three radish cultivars tested. The polar metabolites were strongly correlated between metabolites that participate in the TCA cycle. The chemometrics results revealed that TCA cycle intermediates and free phenolic acids as well as anthocyanins were higher in the cultivar Man Tang Hong than in the others. Furthermore; superoxide radical scavenging activities and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging were investigated to elucidate the antioxidant activity of secondary metabolites in the cultivars. Man Tang Hong showed the highest superoxide radical scavenging activity (68.87%) at 1000 μg/mL, and DPPH activity (20.78%), followed by Seo Ho and then Hong Feng No. 1. The results demonstrate that GC-TOFMS-based metabolite profiling, integrated with chemometrics, is an applicable method for distinguishing phenotypic variation and determining biochemical reactions connecting primary and secondary metabolism. Therefore; this study might provide information on the relationship between primary and secondary metabolites and a synergistic antioxidant ability derived from the secondary metabolites in the radish cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ha Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Thanislas Bastin Baskar
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Soo-Yun Park
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 565-851, Korea.
| | - Sun-Ju Kim
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Bio-Resource and Environmental Center, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-772, Korea.
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
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Naing AH, Ai TN, Jeon SM, Park KI, Lim KB, Kim CK. Expression of RsMYB1 in chrysanthemum regulates key anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Al Sane KO, Hesham AEL. Biochemical and genetic evidences of anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in a selected tomato mutant. RENDICONTI LINCEI 2015; 26:293-306. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-015-0446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Shi Q, Zhou L, Wang Y, Li K, Zheng B, Miao K. Transcriptomic Analysis of Paeonia delavayi Wild Population Flowers to Identify Differentially Expressed Genes Involved in Purple-Red and Yellow Petal Pigmentation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135038. [PMID: 26267644 PMCID: PMC4534100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews) is a very famous traditional ornamental plant in China. P. delavayi is a species endemic to Southwest China that has aroused great interest from researchers as a precious genetic resource for flower color breeding. However, the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of flower pigmentation in this plant is limited, hindering the genetic engineering of novel flower color in tree peonies. In this study, we conducted a large-scale transcriptome analysis based on Illumina HiSeq sequencing of cDNA libraries generated from yellow and purple-red P. delavayi petals. A total of 90,202 unigenes were obtained by de novo assembly, with an average length of 721 nt. Using Blastx, 44,811 unigenes (49.68%) were found to have significant similarity to accessions in the NR, NT, and Swiss-Prot databases. We also examined COG, GO and KEGG annotations to better understand the functions of these unigenes. Further analysis of the two digital transcriptomes revealed that 6,855 unigenes were differentially expressed between yellow and purple-red flower petals, with 3,430 up-regulated and 3,425 down-regulated. According to the RNA-Seq data and qRT-PCR analysis, we proposed that four up-regulated key structural genes, including F3H, DFR, ANS and 3GT, might play an important role in purple-red petal pigmentation, while high co-expression of THC2'GT, CHI and FNS II ensures the accumulation of pigments contributing to the yellow color. We also found 50 differentially expressed transcription factors that might be involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. This study is the first to report genetic information for P. delavayi. The large number of gene sequences produced by transcriptome sequencing and the candidate genes identified using pathway mapping and expression profiles will provide a valuable resource for future association studies aimed at better understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying flower pigmentation in tree peonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Baoqiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Kun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
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Chen L, Li L, Dai Y, Wang X, Duan Y, Yang G. De novo transcriptome analysis of Osmanthus serrulatus Rehd. flowers and leaves by Illumina sequencing. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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120
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Jia X, Shen J, Liu H, Li F, Ding N, Gao C, Pattanaik S, Patra B, Li R, Yuan L. Small tandem target mimic-mediated blockage of microRNA858 induces anthocyanin accumulation in tomato. PLANTA 2015; 242:283-93. [PMID: 25916310 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Our work strongly suggests that microRNA858 regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in tomato by modulating the expression of two R2R3 MYB transcription factors, underscoring the importance of microRNAs in the gene regulatory network controlling specialized metabolism in plants. The biological functions of microRNA858 (miR858), a recently identified small RNA, are not well understood. Here, we identified miR858 as a negative regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). RNA ligase-mediated 5'RACE cleavage assay showed that miR858 mediates the cleavage of SlMYB7-like and SlMYB48-like transcripts in tomato. Expression analysis revealed an inverse correlation between the accumulation of miR858 and its target SlMYB7-like mRNA, in different tissues of tomato. Subsequently, a small tandem target mimic construct for blocking miR858 (STTM858) was generated and transformed into tomato. The majority of endogenous miR858 was blocked in STTM858 over-expressing tomato plants, whereas SlMYB7-like transcripts increased significantly. Concomitantly, upregulated expression was detected for several anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, including PAL, CHS, DFR, ANS and 3GT. As a result, anthocyanins were highly accumulated in young seedlings, leaves, stems and leaf buds of the transgenic plants under normal growth conditions. In addition, over-expression of STTM858 in tomato activated another MYB transcription factor, SlMYB48, implicating the possible involvement of SlMYB48 in anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Jia
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
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Al-Dhabi NA, Arasu MV, Kim SJ, RomijUddin M, Park WT, Lee SY, Park SU. Methyl Jasmonate- and Light-Induced Glucosinolate and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Radish Seedlings. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radish sprouts and young seedlings are considered important dietary vegetables in Asian countries. In this study, we investigated the levels of glucosinolate and anthocyanin accumulation in radish seedlings in response to light and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatments. MeJA facilitated the accumulation of glucosinolate and anthocyanins under light conditions. The glucosinolate and anthocyanin contents in the radish seedlings that were exposed to light after MeJA treatment were higher than those of the seedlings that were grown in the dark without MeJA. At a concentration of 100 μM, MeJA led to the greatest accumulation of the most glucosinolates under both light and dark conditions. Under light conditions, the levels of glucoraphenin, glucoerucin, and glucotropaeolin accumulation were 1.53-, 1.60-, and 1.30-fold higher, respectively, than those of the control. Remarkable accumulations of glucobrassicin were observed under light conditions (4.4-, 6.7-, and 7.8-fold higher than that of the control following the application of 100, 300, and 500 μM MeJA, respectively). The level of cyanidin in the 300μM MeJA-treated seedlings was double of that in the control without MeJA treatment. The highest level of pelargonidin was observed after treatment with 500 μMMeJA under light conditions; this level was 1.73times higher than that in the control. A similar trend of anthocyaninaccumulation was observed in the radish seedlings following MeJA treatment under dark conditions, but the levels of anthocyanins were considerably lower in the seedlings that were grown in the dark. Our findings suggest that light and low concentrations of MeJA enhance the accumulations of glucosinolates and anthocyanins during the development of radish seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sun Ju Kim
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305–764, Korea
| | - Md. RomijUddin
- Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Woo Tae Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
| | - Sook Young Lee
- Regional Innovation Center for Dental Science & Engineering, Chosun University, 309Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-759, Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
- Visiting Professor Program (VPP), King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Shin DH, Cho M, Choi MG, Das PK, Lee SK, Choi SB, Park YI. Identification of genes that may regulate the expression of the transcription factor production of anthocyanin pigment 1 (PAP1)/MYB75 involved in Arabidopsis anthocyanin biosynthesis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:805-15. [PMID: 25604992 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1743-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A putative RNA-binding protein with a single RNA Recognition Motif (At3G63450) is involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis via its ability to modulate the transcript level of a major positive regulator PAP1 in Arabidopsis. The R2R3 MYB-activator production of anthocyanin pigment 1 (PAP1)/MYB75 plays a major role in anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis in combination with one of three bHLH activators including transparent test 8 (TT8), enhancer of glabra3 (EGL3), glabra3 (GL3), and the WD-repeat transcription factor transparent testa 1 (TTG1), forming ternary MYB-basic HLH-WD40 complexes. Transcriptional activation of PAP1 expression is largely triggered by changes in light color and intensity, temperature fluctuations, nutrient status, and sugar and hormone treatments. However, the immediate upstream and downstream regulatory factors for PAP1 transcription are largely unknown. In the present study, using a T-DNA insertional mutagenesis approach, we transformed pap1-Dominant (pap1D) plants to modulate the levels of endogenous PAP1 transcripts. We employed Restriction Site Extension (RSE)-PCR analysis of 247 homogenous T3 genetic mutant lines exhibiting variations in anthocyanin accumulation compared to pap1D and identified 92 lines with T-DNA integrated in either intra- or inter-genic locations. This analysis revealed 80 novel candidate proteins, including a putative RNA-binding protein with a single RNA Recognition Motif (At3G63450), which may directly or indirectly regulate PAP1 expression at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ho Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehagro, Youseong, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
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Hong Y, Tang X, Huang H, Zhang Y, Dai S. Transcriptomic analyses reveal species-specific light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in chrysanthemum. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:202. [PMID: 25887322 PMCID: PMC4404602 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The flower colour of agricultural products is very important for their commercial value, which is mainly attributed to the accumulation of anthocyanins. Light is one of the key environmental factors that affect the anthocyanin biosynthesis. However, the deep molecular mechanism remains elusive, and many problems regarding the phenotypic change and the corresponding gene regulation are still unclear. In the present study, Chrysanthemum × morifolium 'Purple Reagan', a light-responding pigmentation cultivar, was selected to investigate the mechanism of light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis using transcriptomic analyses. RESULTS Only cyanidin derivatives were identified based on the analyses of the pigmentation in ray florets. Shading experiments revealed that the capitulum was the key organ and that its bud stage was the key phase responding to light. These results were used to design five libraries for transcriptomic analyses, including three capitulum developmental stages and two light conditions. RNA sequences were de novo assembled into 103,517 unigenes, of which 60,712 were annotated against four public protein databases. As many as 2,135 unigenes were differentially expressed between the light and dark libraries with 923 up-regulated and 1,212 down-regulated unigenes in response to shading. Next, interactive pathway analysis showed that the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway was the only complete metabolic pathway both modulated in response to light and related to capitulum development. Following the shading treatment, nearly all structural genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway were down-regulated. Moreover, three CmMYB genes and one CmbHLH gene were identified as key transcription factors that might participate in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis under light conditions based on clustering analysis and validation by RT-qPCR. Finally, a light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in chrysanthemums was inferred. CONCLUSION The pigmentation of the ray florets of chrysanthemum cultivar 'Purple Reagan' is dependent on light. During the light-induced pigmentation process, the expression of seven structural genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway (regulated by at least four transcription factors in response to light) are the main contributors to the pigmentation of chrysanthemums. This information will further our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in ornamental plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hong
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Xingjiao Tang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - He Huang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Silan Dai
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Park SC, Kim SH, Park S, Lee HU, Lee JS, Park WS, Ahn MJ, Kim YH, Jeong JC, Lee HS, Kwak SS. Enhanced accumulation of carotenoids in sweetpotato plants overexpressing IbOr-Ins gene in purple-fleshed sweetpotato cultivar. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 86:82-90. [PMID: 25438140 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] is an important root crop that produces low molecular weight antioxidants such as carotenoids and anthocyanin. The sweetpotato orange (IbOr) protein is involved in the accumulation of carotenoids. To increase the levels of carotenoids in the storage roots of sweetpotato, we generated transgenic sweetpotato plants overexpressing IbOr-Ins under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter in an anthocyanin-rich purple-fleshed cultivar (referred to as IbOr plants). IbOr plants exhibited increased carotenoid levels (up to 7-fold) in their storage roots compared to wild type (WT) plants, as revealed by HPLC analysis. The carotenoid contents of IbOr plants were positively correlated with IbOr transcript levels. The levels of zeaxanthin were ∼ 12 times elevated in IbOr plants, whereas β-carotene increased ∼ 1.75 times higher than those of WT. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that most carotenoid biosynthetic pathway genes were up-regulated in the IbOr plants, including PDS, ZDS, LCY-β, CHY-β, ZEP and Pftf, whereas LCY-ɛ was down-regulated. Interestingly, CCD1, CCD4 and NCED, which are related to the degradation of carotenoids, were also up-regulated in the IbOr plants. Anthocyanin contents and transcription levels of associated biosynthetic genes seemed to be altered in the IbOr plants. The yields of storage roots and aerial parts of IbOr plants and WT plants were not significantly different under field cultivation. Taken together, these results indicate that overexpression of IbOr-Ins can increase the carotenoid contents of sweetpotato storage roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Chul Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ha Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyeon Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong-Un Lee
- Bioenergy Crop Research Center, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan 534-833, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Seol Lee
- Bioenergy Crop Research Center, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan 534-833, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Sung Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Ahn
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology Education, College of Education, IALS, PMBBRC, Gyeongsang Naional University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Cheol Jeong
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeng-Soon Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Kwak
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea.
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Zipor G, Duarte P, Carqueijeiro I, Shahar L, Ovadia R, Teper-Bamnolker P, Eshel D, Levin Y, Doron-Faigenboim A, Sottomayor M, Oren-Shamir M. In planta anthocyanin degradation by a vacuolar class III peroxidase in Brunfelsia calycina flowers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:653-65. [PMID: 25256351 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to detailed knowledge regarding the biosynthesis of anthocyanins, the largest group of plant pigments, little is known about their in planta degradation. It has been suggested that anthocyanin degradation is enzymatically controlled and induced when beneficial to the plant. Here we investigated the enzymatic process in Brunfelsia calycina flowers, as they changed color from purple to white. We characterized the enzymatic process by which B. calycina protein extracts degrade anthocyanins. A candidate peroxidase was partially purified and characterized and its intracellular localization was determined. The transcript sequence of this peroxidase was fully identified. A basic peroxidase, BcPrx01, is responsible for the in planta degradation of anthocyanins in B. calycina flowers. BcPrx01 has the ability to degrade complex anthocyanins, it co-localizes with these pigments in the vacuoles of petals, and both the mRNA and protein levels of BcPrx01 are greatly induced parallel to the degradation of anthocyanins. Both isoelectric focusing (IEF) gel analysis and 3D structure prediction indicated that BcPrx01 is cationic. Identification of BcPrx01 is a significant breakthrough both in the understanding of anthocyanin catabolism in plants and in the field of peroxidases, where such a consistent relationship between expression levels, in planta subcellular localization and activity has seldom been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadi Zipor
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Agriculture Research Organization, The Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Beit Dagan, 50250, Israel
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Mouradov A, Spangenberg G. Flavonoids: a metabolic network mediating plants adaptation to their real estate. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:620. [PMID: 25426130 PMCID: PMC4226159 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
From an evolutionary perspective, the emergence of the sophisticated chemical scaffolds of flavonoid molecules represents a key step in the colonization of Earth's terrestrial environment by vascular plants nearly 500 million years ago. The subsequent evolution of flavonoids through recruitment and modification of ancestors involved in primary metabolism has allowed vascular plants to cope with pathogen invasion and damaging UV light. The functional properties of flavonoids as a unique combination of different classes of compounds vary significantly depending on the demands of their local real estate. Apart from geographical location, the composition of flavonoids is largely dependent on the plant species, their developmental stage, tissue type, subcellular localization, and key ecological influences of both biotic and abiotic origin. Molecular and metabolic cross-talk between flavonoid and other pathways as a result of the re-direction of intermediate molecules have been well investigated. This metabolic plasticity is a key factor in plant adaptive strength and is of paramount importance for early land plants adaptation to their local ecosystems. In human and animal health the biological and pharmacological activities of flavonoids have been investigated in great depth and have shown a wide range of anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer properties. In this paper we review the application of advanced gene technologies for targeted reprogramming of the flavonoid pathway in plants to understand its molecular functions and explore opportunities for major improvements in forage plants enhancing animal health and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidyn Mouradov
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology UniversityBundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - German Spangenberg
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Biosciences Research Division, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscienceBundoora, VIC, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University – AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscienceBundoora, VIC, Australia
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Martínez-Lüscher J, Sánchez-Díaz M, Delrot S, Aguirreolea J, Pascual I, Gomès E. Ultraviolet-B Radiation and Water Deficit Interact to Alter Flavonol and Anthocyanin Profiles in Grapevine Berries through Transcriptomic Regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 55:1925-36. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Qi Y, Lou Q, Li H, Yue J, Liu Y, Wang Y. Anatomical and biochemical studies of bicolored flower development in Muscari latifolium. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:1273-81. [PMID: 23677687 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The inflorescence of the broad-leafed grape hyacinth, Muscari latifolium, shows an interesting, two-tone appearance with the upper flowers being pale blue and the lower ones purple. To elucidate the mechanism of the differential color development, anatomical research was carried out and a cytological study of the colored protoplasts in which the shapes of the cells accumulating anthocyanin were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Next, vacuolar pH was recorded using a pH meter with a micro combination pH electrode, and the sap's metal-ion content was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The anthocyanin and co-pigment composition was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Chemical analyses reveal that the difference in metal-ion content of the two parts was not great. The vacuolar pHs of the upper and lower flowers were 5.91 and 5.84, respectively, with the difference being nonsignificant. HPLC results indicate that the dihydroflavonol and flavonol contents are also very similar in the two sorts of flower. However, the upper flowers contained only delphinidin, whereas the lower flowers also contained cyanidin. The total anthocyanin content in the lower flowers was 4.36 mg g(-1), which is approximately seven times higher than in the upper flowers, while the delphinidin content is four times higher. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis established that the two-tone flower was a result of different expressions of the F3'5'H, F3'H and DFR genes, and these lead to different amounts of anthocyanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyan Qi
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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130
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He H, Ke H, Keting H, Qiaoyan X, Silan D. Flower colour modification of chrysanthemum by suppression of F3'H and overexpression of the exogenous Senecio cruentus F3'5'H gene. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74395. [PMID: 24250783 PMCID: PMC3826725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium) is one of the most important ornamental plants in the world. They are typically used as cut flowers or potted plants. Chrysanthemum can exhibit red, purple, pink, yellow and white flowers, but lack bright red and blue flowers. In this study, we identified two chrysanthemum cultivars, C × morifolium 'LPi' and C × morifolium 'LPu', that only accumulate flavonoids in their ligulate flowers. Next, we isolated seven anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, namely CmCHS, CmF3H, CmF3'H, CmDFR, CmANS, CmCHI and Cm3GT in these cultivars. RT-PCR and qRT-PCR analyses showed that CmF3'H was the most important enzyme required for cyanidin biosynthsis. To rebuild the delphinidin pathway, we downregulated CmF3'H using RNAi and overexpressed the Senecio cruentus F3'5'H (PCFH) gene in chrysanthemum. The resultant chrysanthemum demonstrated a significantly increased content of cyanidin and brighter red flower petals but did not accumulate delphinidin. These results indicated that CmF3'H in chrysanthemum is important for anthocyanin accumulation, and Senecio cruentus F3'5'H only exhibited F3'H activity in chrysanthemum but did not rebuild the delphinidin pathway to form blue flower chrysanthemum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang He
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Ke
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Keting
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Qiaoyan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Speciality Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dai Silan
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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131
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Sun Y, Huang H, Meng L, Hu K, Dai SL. Isolation and functional analysis of a homolog of flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase gene from Pericallis × hybrida. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 149:151-9. [PMID: 23397982 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of blue flower color pigments, flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) can catalyze the conversion of its major substrates, 2-S naringenin and dihydrokaempferol, into 3',4',5'-hydroxylated pentahydroxyflavanone and dihydromyricetin, respectively. Unlike other F3'5'Hs belonging to the CYP75A subfamily, Asteraceae-specific F3'5'Hs belong to the CYP75B subfamily. Furthermore, cineraria F3'5'H expressed in yeast exhibited not only F3'H (flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase) activity but also F3'5'H activity in vitro. In this study, Southern blotting showed that there was only one copy of a homolog of the F3'5'H gene PCFH in the Pericallis × hybrida genome. This gene could be detected by Northern blot in the primary developmental stages of ligulate florets of the purple- and blue-flowered cultivars, and its transcripts also accumulated in the leaves. Heterologous expression of PCFH could produce new delphinidin derivatives in the corollas of transgenic tobacco plants, increased the content of cyanidin derivatives and lead to the blue- and red-shifting of flower color in T₀ generation plants. These results indicate that cineraria F3'5'H exhibited both F3'5'H- and F3'H-activity in vivo. The types and contents of anthocyanins and flower color phenotypes of the T₁ generation were similar to those of T₀ generation plants. PCFH exhibited stable inheritance and normal functions between generations. This study supplies new evidence to understand Asteraceae-specific F3'5'Hs and provides important references for the further study of molecular breeding of blue-flowered chrysanthemums using the PCFH gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Forestry and Fruit Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
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132
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Imai A, Takahashi S, Nakayama K, Satoh H. The promoter of the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4a-5 gene of Chrysanthemum morifolium (CmCCD4a-5) drives petal-specific transcription of a conjugated gene in the developing flower. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:1295-1299. [PMID: 23643306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids comprise one of the major groups of pigments in flowers. Because carotenoids are physiologically indispensable pigments for all photosynthetic plants, their catabolism must be discretely regulated in photosynthetic organs and non-photosynthetic organs such as petals or fruits. In the chrysanthemum, carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4a (CmCCD4a), which is dominantly expressed in petals, cleaves carotenoid, leading to a white flower. CmCCD4a-5 was recently identified as a new member of the CmCCD4a family, but its detailed expression profile in plant tissues has not yet been established. In this study, we sequenced a 1094-bp region upstream of CmCCD4a-5 and assessed its petal-specific promoter activity. To evaluate the activity of this gene, we constructed two types of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana that possessed, respectively, a fusion gene of a 1090-bp or 505-bp segment of the upstream region plus the β-d-glucuronidase (GUS) gene (1090bUR::GUS and 505bUR::GUS). GUS activity in the 505bUR::GUS strain was observed mainly in the anthers/pollen in flower buds, whereas GUS activity of the 1090bUR::GUS strain was observed in immature petals of the flower buds. Among the cis-acting elements located between positions -505 and -1090, no elements that have previously been reported to enhance the expression in petals or to suppress it in anthers/pollen were detected by PLACE analysis, indicating the existence of unknown cis-element(s). A semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that CmCCD4a-5 transcription was prominent in petals but was undetectable in roots, stems and leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Imai
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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133
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Fischer JJ, Beatty PH, Good AG, Muench DG. Manipulation of microRNA expression to improve nitrogen use efficiency. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 210:70-81. [PMID: 23849115 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is the key limiting nutrient required for plant growth. The application of nitrogen-based fertilizers to crops has risen dramatically in recent years, resulting in significant yield increases. However, increased production has come at the cost of substantial negative environmental consequences. Higher crop production costs, increased consumption of food and fertilizer, and a growing global population have led to calls for a "second green revolution" using modern genetic manipulation techniques to improve the production, yield, and quality of crops. Considerable research is being directed toward the study and engineering of nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants. The end goal is to reduce the amount of nitrogen-based fertilizer used and thereby reduce production costs and environmental damage while increasing yields. In this review, we present an overview of recent advances in understanding the regulation of nitrogen metabolism by the action of microRNAs with a view toward engineering crops with increased nitrogen use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Fischer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
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134
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Chromoplast biogenesis and carotenoid accumulation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 539:102-9. [PMID: 23851381 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chromoplasts are special organelles that possess superior ability to synthesize and store massive amounts of carotenoids. They are responsible for the distinctive colors found in fruits, flowers, and roots. Chromoplasts exhibit various morphologies and are derived from either pre-existing chloroplasts or other non-photosynthetic plastids such as proplastids, leucoplasts or amyloplasts. While little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying chromoplast biogenesis, research progress along with proteomics study of chromoplast proteomes signifies various processes and factors important for chromoplast differentiation and development. Chromoplasts act as a metabolic sink that enables great biosynthesis and high storage capacity of carotenoids. The formation of chromoplasts enhances carotenoid metabolic sink strength and controls carotenoid accumulation in plants. The objective of this review is to provide an integrated view on our understanding of chromoplast biogenesis and carotenoid accumulation in plants.
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135
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Park WT, Kim YB, Seo JM, Kim SJ, Chung E, Lee JH, Park SU. Accumulation of anthocyanin and associated gene expression in radish sprouts exposed to light and methyl jasmonate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:4127-32. [PMID: 23560394 DOI: 10.1021/jf400164g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Radish (Raphanus sativus) sprouts have received attention as an important dietary vegetable in Asian countries. The flavonoid pathway leading to anthocyanin biosynthesis in radishes is induced by multiple regulatory genes as well as various developmental and environmental factors. This study investigated anthocyanin accumulation and the transcript level of associated genes in radish sprouts exposed to light and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The anthocyanin content of sprouts exposed to light and treated with MeJA was higher than that of sprouts grown under dark conditions without MeJA, and the highest anthocyanin content was observed within 6-9 days after sowing (DAS). Transcript levels of almost all genes were increased in radish sprouts grown in light conditions with 100 μM MeJA relative to sprouts grown under dark conditions with or without MeJA treatment, especially at 3 DAS. The results suggest that light and MeJA treatment applied together during radish seedling development enhance anthocyanin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Tae Park
- Department of Crop Science and ‡Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Chungnam National University , 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
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136
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cDNA cloning of the phytoene synthase (PSY) and expression analysis of PSY and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase genes in Osmanthus fragrans. Biologia (Bratisl) 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-013-0002-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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137
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Tanaka Y, Brugliera F. Flower colour and cytochromes P450. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120432. [PMID: 23297355 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 play important roles in biosynthesis of flavonoids and their coloured class of compounds, anthocyanins, both of which are major floral pigments. The number of hydroxyl groups on the B-ring of anthocyanidins (the chromophores and precursors of anthocyanins) impact the anthocyanin colour, the more the bluer. The hydroxylation pattern is determined by two cytochromes P450, flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) and thus they play a crucial role in the determination of flower colour. F3'H and F3'5'H mostly belong to CYP75B and CYP75A, respectively, except for the F3'5'Hs in Compositae that were derived from gene duplication of CYP75B and neofunctionalization. Roses and carnations lack blue/violet flower colours owing to the deficiency of F3'5'H and therefore lack the B-ring-trihydroxylated anthocyanins based upon delphinidin. Successful redirection of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway to delphinidin was achieved by expressing F3'5'H coding regions resulting in carnations and roses with novel blue hues that have been commercialized. Suppression of F3'5'H and F3'H in delphinidin-producing plants reduced the number of hydroxyl groups on the anthocyanidin B-ring resulting in the production of monohydroxylated anthocyanins based on pelargonidin with a shift in flower colour to orange/red. Pelargonidin biosynthesis is enhanced by additional expression of a dihydroflavonol 4-reductase that can use the monohydroxylated dihydrokaempferol (the pelargonidin precursor). Flavone synthase II (FNSII)-catalysing flavone biosynthesis from flavanones is also a P450 (CYP93B) and contributes to flower colour, because flavones act as co-pigments to anthocyanins and can cause blueing and darkening of colour. However, transgenic plants expression of a FNSII gene yielded paler flowers owing to a reduction of anthocyanins because flavanones are precursors of anthocyanins and flavones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Institute for Plant Science, Suntory Business Expert Ltd., Shimamoto, Osaka 618-8503, Japan.
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138
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Kazama Y, Fujiwara MT, Takehisa H, Ohbu S, Saito H, Ichida H, Hayashi Y, Abe T. Characterization of a heavy-ion induced white flower mutant of allotetraploid Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:11-9. [PMID: 22930364 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE : We characterized a white flower mutant of allotetraploid N. tabacum as a DFR-deficient mutant; one copy of DFR has a cultivar-specific frameshift, while the other was deleted by heavy-ion irradiation. In most plants, white-flowered mutants have some kind of deficiency or defect in their anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. Nicotiana tabacum normally has pink petals, in which cyanidin is the main colored anthocyanidin. When a relevant gene in the cyanidin biosynthetic pathway is mutated, the petals show a white color. Previously, we generated white-flowered mutants of N. tabacum by heavy-ion irradiation, which is accepted as an effective mutagen. In this study, we determined which gene was responsible for the white-flowered phenotype of one of these mutants, cv. Xanthi white flower 1 (xwf1). Southern blot analysis using a DNA fragment of the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) gene as a probe showed that the xwf1 mutant lacked signals that were present in wild-type genomic DNAs. Sequence analysis demonstrated that one copy of the DFR gene (NtDFR2) was absent from the genome of the xwf1 mutant. The other copy of the DFR gene (NtDFR1) contained a single-base deletion resulting in a frameshift mutation, which is a spontaneous mutation in cv. Xanthi. Introduction of NtDFR2 cDNA into the petal limbs of xwf1 by particle bombardment resulted in production of the pink-colored cells, whereas introduction of NtDFR1 cDNA did not. These results indicate that xwf1 is a DFR-deficient mutant. One copy of NtDFR1 harbors a spontaneous frameshift mutation, while the other copy of NtDFR2 was deleted by heavy-ion beam irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kazama
- RIKEN Innovation Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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139
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Chandler SF, Sanchez C. Genetic modification; the development of transgenic ornamental plant varieties. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2012; 10:891-903. [PMID: 22537268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant transformation technology (hereafter abbreviated to GM, or genetic modification) has been used to develop many varieties of crop plants, but only a few varieties of ornamental plants. This disparity in the rate and extent of commercialisation, which has been noted for more than a decade, is not because there are no useful traits that can be engineered into ornamentals, is not due to market potential and is not due to a lack of research and development activity. The GM ornamental varieties which have been released commercially have been accepted in the marketplace. In this article, progress in the development of transgenic ornamentals is reviewed and traits useful to both consumers and producers are identified. In considering possible factors limiting the release of genetically modified ornamental products it is concluded that the most significant barrier to market is the difficulty of managing, and the high cost of obtaining, regulatory approval.
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140
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Falcone Ferreyra ML, Rius SP, Casati P. Flavonoids: biosynthesis, biological functions, and biotechnological applications. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:222. [PMID: 23060891 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are widely distributed secondary metabolites with different metabolic functions in plants. The elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways, as well as their regulation by MYB, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), and WD40-type transcription factors, has allowed metabolic engineering of plants through the manipulation of the different final products with valuable applications. The present review describes the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis, as well as the biological functions of flavonoids in plants, such as in defense against UV-B radiation and pathogen infection, nodulation, and pollen fertility. In addition, we discuss different strategies and achievements through the genetic engineering of flavonoid biosynthesis with implication in the industry and the combinatorial biosynthesis in microorganisms by the reconstruction of the pathway to obtain high amounts of specific compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L Falcone Ferreyra
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Universidad Nacional de Rosario Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
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141
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Dixon RA, Liu C, Jun JH. Metabolic engineering of anthocyanins and condensed tannins in plants. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2012; 24:329-35. [PMID: 22901316 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Monomeric anthocyanins and polymeric proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) contribute to important plant traits such as flower and fruit pigmentation, fruit astringency, disease resistance and forage quality. Recent advances in our understanding of the transcriptional control mechanisms that regulate anthocyanin and condensed tannin formation in plants suggest new approaches for the engineering of quality traits associated with these molecules. In particular, MYB family transcription factors are emerging as central players in the coordinated activation of sets of genes specific for the anthocyanin and tannin pathways. Mutations in these genes underlie potentially valuable crop traits, and ectopic over- or under-expression of MYB transcription factors provides routes for engineering of these complex pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Dixon
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA.
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142
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Hao H, Ma L, Cong H, Li Q, Yu X. Isolation and characterization of a muskmelon cDNA encoding Lycopene Beta-cyclase. Gene 2012; 503:147-51. [PMID: 22575730 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Lycopene Beta-cyclase (LCY-B) is thought to play a critical role in Beta-carotene synthesis in fruit. A full-length cDNA clone encoding Lycopene Beta-cyclase was isolated from muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) by RT-PCR and RACE. The clone, designated CmLcyb1, contains 1871 nucleotides, with an open reading frame of 1512 nucleotides. The deduced 504-amino-acid sequence showed high identities with other plant Lycopene Beta-cyclases. Real time quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated that CmLcyb1 was expressed in all tissues and organs of muskmelon inbred M01-3 with white mesocarp and, 'Homoka', an orange mesocarp cultivar. The expression levels of CmLcyb1 in roots, stems, leaves and flowers in the two genotypes differed little. The expression level was highest in mature fruit of 'Homoka' and was much higher than that in mature fruit of M01-3. Moreover, the mRNA level of CmLcyb1 was very low in fruits before fruit-size fixation and increased dramatically in the size-fixed fruits of these two genotypes. The mRNA levels of CmLcyb1 during fruit development of 'Homoka' were all higher than those of M01-3. Interestingly, Beta-carotene content showed almost the same change trend as mRNA levels during fruit development in these two genotypes, suggesting that Beta-carotene accumulation may be linked to the CmLcyb1 transcript level in muskmelon fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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143
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Bueno JM, Sáez-Plaza P, Ramos-Escudero F, Jiménez AM, Fett R, Asuero AG. Analysis and Antioxidant Capacity of Anthocyanin Pigments. Part II: Chemical Structure, Color, and Intake of Anthocyanins. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2011.632314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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144
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Falcone Ferreyra ML, Rius SP, Casati P. Flavonoids: biosynthesis, biological functions, and biotechnological applications. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:222. [PMID: 23060891 PMCID: PMC3460232 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 743] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are widely distributed secondary metabolites with different metabolic functions in plants. The elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways, as well as their regulation by MYB, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), and WD40-type transcription factors, has allowed metabolic engineering of plants through the manipulation of the different final products with valuable applications. The present review describes the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis, as well as the biological functions of flavonoids in plants, such as in defense against UV-B radiation and pathogen infection, nodulation, and pollen fertility. In addition, we discuss different strategies and achievements through the genetic engineering of flavonoid biosynthesis with implication in the industry and the combinatorial biosynthesis in microorganisms by the reconstruction of the pathway to obtain high amounts of specific compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paula Casati
- *Correspondence: Paula Casati, Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina. e-mail:
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145
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Maeda H, Dudareva N. The shikimate pathway and aromatic amino Acid biosynthesis in plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 63:73-105. [PMID: 22554242 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 728] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
L-tryptophan, L-phenylalanine, and L-tyrosine are aromatic amino acids (AAAs) that are used for the synthesis of proteins and that in plants also serve as precursors of numerous natural products, such as pigments, alkaloids, hormones, and cell wall components. All three AAAs are derived from the shikimate pathway, to which ≥30% of photosynthetically fixed carbon is directed in vascular plants. Because their biosynthetic pathways have been lost in animal lineages, the AAAs are essential components of the diets of humans, and the enzymes required for their synthesis have been targeted for the development of herbicides. This review highlights recent molecular identification of enzymes of the pathway and summarizes the pathway organization and the transcriptional/posttranscriptional regulation of the AAA biosynthetic network. It also identifies the current limited knowledge of the subcellular compartmentalization and the metabolite transport involved in the plant AAA pathways and discusses metabolic engineering efforts aimed at improving production of the AAA-derived plant natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Maeda
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA.
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146
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Stephenson PG, Moore CM, Terry MJ, Zubkov MV, Bibby TS. Improving photosynthesis for algal biofuels: toward a green revolution. Trends Biotechnol 2011; 29:615-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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147
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Sinilal B, Ovadia R, Nissim-Levi A, Perl A, Carmeli-Weissberg M, Oren-Shamir M. Increased accumulation and decreased catabolism of anthocyanins in red grape cell suspension culture following magnesium treatment. PLANTA 2011; 234:61-71. [PMID: 21369922 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are the largest and best studied group of plant pigments. However, not very much is known about the fate of these phenolic pigments after they have accumulated in the cell vacuoles of plant tissues. We have previously shown that magnesium treatment of ornamentals during the synthesis of anthocyanins in the flowers or foliage caused an increase in the pigment concentration. In this study, we characterized the effect of magnesium on the accumulation of anthocyanin in red cell suspension originating from Vitis vinifera cv. Gamay Red grapes. Magnesium treatment of the cells caused a 2.5- to 4.5-fold increase in anthocyanin concentration, with no substantial induction of the biosynthetic genes. This treatment inhibited the degradation of anthocyanins occurring in the cells, and changed the ratio between different anthocyanins determining cell color, with an increase in the relative concentration of the less stable pigment molecules. The process by which magnesium treatment affects anthocyanin accumulation is still not clear. However, the results presented suggest at least part of its effect on anthocyanin accumulation stems from inhibition of the pigments' catabolism. When anthocyanin biosynthesis was inhibited, magnesium treatments prevented the constant degradation of anthocyanins in the cell suspension. Future understanding of the catabolic processes undergone by anthocyanins in plants may enable more efficient inhibition of this process and increased accumulation of these pigments, and possibly of additional phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskaran Sinilal
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
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148
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Park NI, Xu H, Li X, Jang IH, Park S, Ahn GH, Lim YP, Kim SJ, Park SU. Anthocyanin accumulation and expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in radish (Raphanus sativus). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:6034-9. [PMID: 21548630 DOI: 10.1021/jf200824c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Radish [Raphanus sativus (Rs)] is an important dietary vegetable in Asian countries, especially China, Japan, and Korea. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin accumulation in radish, the gene expression of enzymes directly involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis was analyzed. These genes include phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS). RsDFR and RsANS were found to accumulate in the flesh or skin of two radish cultivars (Man Tang Hong and Hong Feng No.1). Radish skin contained higher CHS, CHI, and F3H transcript levels than radish flesh in all three cultivars. In the red radish, 16 anthocyanins were separated and identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and elctrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Some of them were acylated with coumaroyl, malonoyl, feruoyl, and caffeoyl moieties. Furthermore (-)-epicatechin and ferulic acid were also identified in the three cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Il Park
- Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, 79 Daehangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea
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149
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Kortstee AJ, Khan SA, Helderman C, Trindade LM, Wu Y, Visser RGF, Brendolise C, Allan A, Schouten HJ, Jacobsen E. Anthocyanin production as a potential visual selection marker during plant transformation. Transgenic Res 2011; 20:1253-64. [PMID: 21340526 PMCID: PMC3210953 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-011-9490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A mutant allele of the transcription factor gene MYB10 from apple induces anthocyanin production throughout the plant. This gene, including its upstream promoter, gene coding region and terminator sequence, was introduced into apple, strawberry and potato plants to determine whether it could be used as a visible selectable marker for plant transformation as an alternative to chemically selectable markers, such as kanamycin resistance. After transformation, red coloured calli, red shoots and red well-growing plants were scored. Red and green shoots were harvested from apple explants and examined for the presence of the MYB10 gene by PCR analysis. Red shoots of apple explants always contained the MYB10 gene but not all MYB10 containing shoots were red. Strawberry plants transformed with the MYB10 gene showed anthocyanin accumulation in leaves and roots. No visible accumulation of anthocyanin could be observed in potato plants grown in vitro, even the ones carrying the MYB10 gene. However, acid methanol extracts of potato shoots or roots carrying the MYB10 gene contained up to four times higher anthocyanin content than control plants. Therefore anthocyanin production as result of the apple MYB10 gene can be used as a selectable marker for apple, strawberry and potato transformation, replacing kanamycin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Kortstee
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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150
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel C Veitch
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW93AB, UK.
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