101
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Adashek JJ, Kato S, Lippman SM, Kurzrock R. The paradox of cancer genes in non-malignant conditions: implications for precision medicine. Genome Med 2020; 12:16. [PMID: 32066498 PMCID: PMC7027240 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-020-0714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing has enabled patient selection for targeted drugs, some of which have shown remarkable efficacy in cancers that have the cognate molecular signatures. Intriguingly, rapidly emerging data indicate that altered genes representing oncogenic drivers can also be found in sporadic non-malignant conditions, some of which have negligible and/or low potential for transformation to cancer. For instance, activating KRAS mutations are discerned in endometriosis and in brain arteriovenous malformations, inactivating TP53 tumor suppressor mutations in rheumatoid arthritis synovium, and AKT, MAPK, and AMPK pathway gene alterations in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. Furthermore, these types of alterations may also characterize hereditary conditions that result in diverse disabilities and that are associated with a range of lifetime susceptibility to the development of cancer, varying from near universal to no elevated risk. Very recently, the repurposing of targeted cancer drugs for non-malignant conditions that are associated with these genomic alterations has yielded therapeutic successes. For instance, the phenotypic manifestations of CLOVES syndrome, which is characterized by tissue overgrowth and complex vascular anomalies that result from the activation of PIK3CA mutations, can be ameliorated by the PIK3CA inhibitor alpelisib, which was developed and approved for breast cancer. In this review, we discuss the profound implications of finding molecular alterations in non-malignant conditions that are indistinguishable from those driving cancers, with respect to our understanding of the genomic basis of medicine, the potential confounding effects in early cancer detection that relies on sensitive blood tests for oncogenic mutations, and the possibility of reverse repurposing drugs that are used in oncology in order to ameliorate non-malignant illnesses and/or to prevent the emergence of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Adashek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Shumei Kato
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Scott M Lippman
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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102
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Strub T, Ballotti R, Bertolotto C. The "ART" of Epigenetics in Melanoma: From histone "Alterations, to Resistance and Therapies". Theranostics 2020; 10:1777-1797. [PMID: 32042336 PMCID: PMC6993228 DOI: 10.7150/thno.36218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer. It originates from melanocytic cells and can also arise at other body sites. Early diagnosis and appropriate medical care offer excellent prognosis with up to 5-year survival rate in more than 95% of all patients. However, long-term survival rate for metastatic melanoma patients remains at only 5%. Indeed, malignant melanoma is known for its notorious resistance to most current therapies and is characterized by both genetic and epigenetic alterations. In cutaneous melanoma (CM), genetic alterations have been implicated in drug resistance, yet the main cause of this resistance seems to be non-genetic in nature with a change in transcription programs within cell subpopulations. This change can adapt and escape targeted therapy and immunotherapy cytotoxic effects favoring relapse. Because they are reversible in nature, epigenetic changes are a growing focus in cancer research aiming to prevent or revert the drug resistance with current therapies. As such, the field of epigenetic therapeutics is among the most active area of preclinical and clinical research with effects of many classes of epigenetic drugs being investigated. Here, we review the multiplicity of epigenetic alterations, mainly histone alterations and chromatin remodeling in both cutaneous and uveal melanomas, opening opportunities for further research in the field and providing clues to specifically control these modifications. We also discuss how epigenetic dysregulations may be exploited to achieve clinical benefits for the patients, the limitations of these therapies, and recent data exploring this potential through combinatorial epigenetic and traditional therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Strub
- Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Inserm, C3M, France
- Biology and pathologies of melanocytes, Equipe labellisée ARC 2019, C3M, team 1, France
| | - Robert Ballotti
- Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Inserm, C3M, France
- Biology and pathologies of melanocytes, Equipe labellisée ARC 2019, C3M, team 1, France
| | - Corine Bertolotto
- Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Inserm, C3M, France
- Biology and pathologies of melanocytes, Equipe labellisée ARC 2019, C3M, team 1, France
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103
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La transplantation de cellules tumorales chez le poisson zèbre : de la recherche translationnelle à la médecine personnalisée. Bull Cancer 2020; 107:30-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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104
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ZeOncoTest: Refining and Automating the Zebrafish Xenograft Model for Drug Discovery in Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 13:ph13010001. [PMID: 31878274 PMCID: PMC7169390 DOI: 10.3390/ph13010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The xenograft of human cancer cells in model animals is a powerful tool for understanding tumor progression and metastatic potential. Mice represent a validated host, but their use is limited by the elevated experimental costs and low throughput. To overcome these restrictions, zebrafish larvae might represent a valuable alternative. Their small size and transparency allow the tracking of transplanted cells. Therefore, tumor growth and early steps of metastasis, which are difficult to evaluate in mice, can be addressed. In spite of its advantages, the use of this model has been hindered by lack of experimental homogeneity and validation. Considering these facts, the aim of our work was to standardize, automate, and validate a zebrafish larvae xenograft assay with increased translatability and higher drug screening throughput. The ZeOncoTest reliability is based on the optimization of different experimental parameters, such as cell labeling, injection site, automated individual sample image acquisition, and analysis. This workflow implementation finally allows a higher precision and experimental throughput increase, when compared to previous reports. The approach was validated with the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, the colorectal cancer cells HCT116, and the prostate cancer cells PC3; and known drugs, respectively RKI-1447, Docetaxel, and Mitoxantrone. The results recapitulate growth and invasion for all tested tumor cells, along with expected efficacy of the compounds. Finally, the methodology has proven useful for understanding specific drugs mode of action. The insights gained bring a step further for zebrafish larvae xenografts to enter the regulated preclinical drug discovery path.
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105
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Multiscale Imaging of Metastasis in Zebrafish. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:766-778. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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106
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Hason M, Bartůněk P. Zebrafish Models of Cancer-New Insights on Modeling Human Cancer in a Non-Mammalian Vertebrate. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10110935. [PMID: 31731811 PMCID: PMC6896156 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a valuable non-mammalian vertebrate model widely used to study development and disease, including more recently cancer. The evolutionary conservation of cancer-related programs between human and zebrafish is striking and allows extrapolation of research outcomes obtained in fish back to humans. Zebrafish has gained attention as a robust model for cancer research mainly because of its high fecundity, cost-effective maintenance, dynamic visualization of tumor growth in vivo, and the possibility of chemical screening in large numbers of animals at reasonable costs. Novel approaches in modeling tumor growth, such as using transgene electroporation in adult zebrafish, could improve our knowledge about the spatial and temporal control of cancer formation and progression in vivo. Looking at genetic as well as epigenetic alterations could be important to explain the pathogenesis of a disease as complex as cancer. In this review, we highlight classic genetic and transplantation models of cancer in zebrafish as well as provide new insights on advances in cancer modeling. Recent progress in zebrafish xenotransplantation studies and drug screening has shown that zebrafish is a reliable model to study human cancer and could be suitable for evaluating patient-derived xenograft cell invasiveness. Rapid, large-scale evaluation of in vivo drug responses and kinetics in zebrafish could undoubtedly lead to new applications in personalized medicine and combination therapy. For all of the above-mentioned reasons, zebrafish is approaching a future of being a pre-clinical cancer model, alongside the mouse. However, the mouse will continue to be valuable in the last steps of pre-clinical drug screening, mostly because of the highly conserved mammalian genome and biological processes.
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107
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Horak V, Palanova A, Cizkova J, Miltrova V, Vodicka P, Kupcova Skalnikova H. Melanoma-Bearing Libechov Minipig (MeLiM): The Unique Swine Model of Hereditary Metastatic Melanoma. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E915. [PMID: 31717496 PMCID: PMC6895830 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
National cancer databases document that melanoma is the most aggressive and deadly cutaneous malignancy with worldwide increasing incidence in the Caucasian population. Around 10% of melanomas occur in families. Several germline mutations were identified that might help to indicate individuals at risk for preventive interventions and early disease detection. More than 50% of sporadic melanomas carry mutations in Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/MEK) pathway, which may represent aims of novel targeted therapies. Despite advances in targeted therapies and immunotherapies, the outcomes in metastatic tumor are still unsatisfactory. Here, we review animal models that help our understanding of melanoma development and treatment, including non-vertebrate, mouse, swine, and other mammal models, with an emphasis on those with spontaneously developing melanoma. Special attention is paid to the melanoma-bearing Libechov minipig (MeLiM). This original swine model of hereditary metastatic melanoma enables studying biological processes underlying melanoma progression, as well as spontaneous regression. Current histological, immunohistochemical, biochemical, genetic, hematological, immunological, and skin microbiome findings in the MeLiM model are summarized, together with development of new therapeutic approaches based on tumor devitalization. The ongoing study of molecular and immunological base of spontaneous regression in MeLiM model has potential to bring new knowledge of clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Helena Kupcova Skalnikova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses and Research Center PIGMOD, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; (V.H.); (A.P.); (J.C.); (V.M.); (P.V.)
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108
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Sun Q, Lee W, Mohri Y, Takeo M, Lim CH, Xu X, Myung P, Atit RP, Taketo MM, Moubarak RS, Schober M, Osman I, Gay DL, Saur D, Nishimura EK, Ito M. A novel mouse model demonstrates that oncogenic melanocyte stem cells engender melanoma resembling human disease. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5023. [PMID: 31685822 PMCID: PMC6828673 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, the deadliest skin cancer, remains largely incurable at advanced stages. Currently, there is a lack of animal models that resemble human melanoma initiation and progression. Recent studies using a Tyr-CreER driven mouse model have drawn contradictory conclusions about the potential of melanocyte stem cells (McSCs) to form melanoma. Here, we employ a c-Kit-CreER-driven model that specifically targets McSCs to show that oncogenic McSCs are a bona fide source of melanoma that expand in the niche, and then establish epidermal melanomas that invade into the underlying dermis. Further, normal Wnt and Endothelin niche signals during hair anagen onset are hijacked to promote McSC malignant transformation during melanoma induction. Finally, molecular profiling reveals strong resemblance of murine McSC-derived melanoma to human melanoma in heterogeneity and gene signatures. These findings provide experimental validation of the human melanoma progression model and key insights into the transformation and heterogeneity of McSC-derived melanoma. Currently, few mouse models exist to recapitulate human melanomagenesis. Here, the authors establish a c-Kit-CreER-driven model to target melanocyte stem cells (McSCs) and show that oncogenic McSCs give rise to epidermal melanoma that invade into the dermis, similar to human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Wendy Lee
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Yasuaki Mohri
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeo
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Chae Ho Lim
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Peggy Myung
- Department of Dermatology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Radhika P Atit
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - M Mark Taketo
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Rana S Moubarak
- Department of Pathology, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Markus Schober
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Iman Osman
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Denise L Gay
- Inserm UMR_967, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/iRCM/LRTS, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses cedex, France
| | - Dieter Saur
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Translational Cancer Research and Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Emi K Nishimura
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ito
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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109
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Travnickova J, Wojciechowska S, Khamseh A, Gautier P, Brown DV, Lefevre T, Brombin A, Ewing A, Capper A, Spitzer M, Dilshat R, Semple CA, Mathers ME, Lister JA, Steingrimsson E, Voet T, Ponting CP, Patton EE. Zebrafish MITF-Low Melanoma Subtype Models Reveal Transcriptional Subclusters and MITF-Independent Residual Disease. Cancer Res 2019; 79:5769-5784. [PMID: 31582381 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The melanocyte-inducing transcription factor (MITF)-low melanoma transcriptional signature is predictive of poor outcomes for patients, but little is known about its biological significance, and animal models are lacking. Here, we used zebrafish genetic models with low activity of Mitfa (MITF-low) and established that the MITF-low state is causal of melanoma progression and a predictor of melanoma biological subtype. MITF-low zebrafish melanomas resembled human MITF-low melanomas and were enriched for stem and invasive (mesenchymal) gene signatures. MITF-low activity coupled with a p53 mutation was sufficient to promote superficial growth melanomas, whereas BRAFV600E accelerated MITF-low melanoma onset and further promoted the development of MITF-high nodular growth melanomas. Genetic inhibition of MITF activity led to rapid regression; recurrence occurred following reactivation of MITF. At the regression site, there was minimal residual disease that was resistant to loss of MITF activity (termed MITF-independent cells) with very low-to-no MITF activity or protein. Transcriptomic analysis of MITF-independent residual disease showed enrichment of mesenchymal and neural crest stem cell signatures similar to human therapy-resistant melanomas. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed MITF-independent residual disease was heterogeneous depending on melanoma subtype. Further, there was a shared subpopulation of residual disease cells that was enriched for a neural crest G0-like state that preexisted in the primary tumor and remained present in recurring melanomas. These findings suggest that invasive and stem-like programs coupled with cellular heterogeneity contribute to poor outcomes for MITF-low melanoma patients and that MITF-independent subpopulations are an important therapeutic target to achieve long-term survival outcomes. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides a useful model for MITF-low melanomas and MITF-independent cell populations that can be used to study the mechanisms that drive these tumors as well as identify potential therapeutic options.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/22/5769/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Travnickova
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,CRUK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Wojciechowska
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,CRUK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ava Khamseh
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Higgs Centre for Theoretical Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Gautier
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel V Brown
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Thomas Lefevre
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alessandro Brombin
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,CRUK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ailith Ewing
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Capper
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,CRUK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michaela Spitzer
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ramile Dilshat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Colin A Semple
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marie E Mathers
- Department of Pathology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James A Lister
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Eiríkur Steingrimsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thierry Voet
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chris P Ponting
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - E Elizabeth Patton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. .,CRUK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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110
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Couto GK, Segatto NV, Oliveira TL, Seixas FK, Schachtschneider KM, Collares T. The Melding of Drug Screening Platforms for Melanoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:512. [PMID: 31293965 PMCID: PMC6601395 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The global incidence of cancer is rising rapidly and continues to be one of the leading causes of death in the world. Melanoma deserves special attention since it represents one of the fastest growing types of cancer, with advanced metastatic forms presenting high mortality rates due to the development of drug resistance. The aim of this review is to evaluate how the screening of drugs and compounds for melanoma has been performed over the last seven decades. Thus, we performed literature searches to identify melanoma drug screening methods commonly used by research groups during this timeframe. In vitro and in vivo tests are essential for the development of new drugs; however, incorporation of in silico analyses increases the possibility of finding more suitable candidates for subsequent tests. In silico techniques, such as molecular docking, represent an important and necessary first step in the screening process. However, these techniques have not been widely used by research groups to date. Our research has shown that the vast majority of research groups still perform in vitro and in vivo tests, with emphasis on the use of in vitro enzymatic tests on melanoma cell lines such as SKMEL and in vivo tests using the B16 mouse model. We believe that the union of these three approaches (in silico, in vitro, and in vivo) is essential for improving the discovery and development of new molecules with potential antimelanoma action. This workflow would provide greater confidence and safety for preclinical trials, which will translate to more successful clinical trials and improve the translatability of new melanoma treatments into clinical practice while minimizing the unnecessary use of laboratory animals under the principles of the 3R's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Klein Couto
- Research Group in Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry and Bioprospecting, Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Center for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Natália Vieira Segatto
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Molecular and Cellular Oncology Research Group, Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Thaís Larré Oliveira
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Molecular and Cellular Oncology Research Group, Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Kömmling Seixas
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Molecular and Cellular Oncology Research Group, Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Kyle M Schachtschneider
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Tiago Collares
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Molecular and Cellular Oncology Research Group, Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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111
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Gaudenzi G, Vitale G. Transplantable zebrafish models of neuroendocrine tumors. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2019; 80:149-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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112
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McConnell AM, Mito JK, Ablain J, Dang M, Formichella L, Fisher DE, Zon LI. Neural crest state activation in NRAS driven melanoma, but not in NRAS-driven melanocyte expansion. Dev Biol 2019; 449:107-114. [PMID: 29883661 PMCID: PMC6281797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
NRAS mutations are frequently found in many deadly malignancies and are the second most common oncogene driving malignant melanoma. Here, we generate a rapid transient transgenic zebrafish model of NRASQ61R-mutant melanoma. These fish develop extensive melanocytic proliferation in approximately 4 weeks. The majority of these lesions do not engraft upon transplantation and lack overt histologic features of malignancy. Our previous work demonstrated that activation of a neural crest cell transcriptional program is a key initiating event in zebrafish BRAF/p53-driven melanomas using the fluorescent reporter crestin:EGFP. By 8-12 weeks of age, some lesions progress to malignant melanoma and have cytologic atypia, destructive tissue invasion, and express neural crest progenitor markers, including crestin:EGFP. Our studies demonstrate that NRASQ61R induces extensive melanocyte expansion, which arise during zebrafish development and lack a transformed phenotype. These early lesions are highly predisposed to reactivate a neural crest progenitor fate and form malignant melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M McConnell
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Mito
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Julien Ablain
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michelle Dang
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Luke Formichella
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David E Fisher
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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113
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Haraoka Y, Akieda Y, Ishitani T. [Live-imaging Analyses Using Small Fish Models Reveal New Mechanisms That Regulate Primary Tumorigenesis]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2019; 139:733-741. [PMID: 31061343 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.18-00185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since the 1980s, zebrafish (Danio rerio) have been used as a valuable model system to investigate developmental processes because they: 1) grow outside their mothers; 2) are transparent during the embryonic stage; and 3) have organs similar to those in humans. Recently, zebrafish have emerged as a powerful model animal for studying not only developmental biology but also human diseases, especially cancer. Owing to the significant advantages of zebrafish, such as low-cost breeding, high efficiency of transgenesis, and ease of in vivo imaging and oncogenic/tumor cell induction, zebrafish offer a unique opportunity to unveil novel mechanisms of cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis. In addition, the small size of zebrafish larvae enables high-throughput chemical screening, and this advantage contributes to generating useful platforms for antitumor drug discovery. Owing to these various merits, which other model animals (such as fly, mouse, and rat) do not possess, zebrafish could achieve a unique status in cancer research. In this review, we discuss the availability of zebrafish for studying cancer and introduce recent cancer studies that have used zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinari Haraoka
- Laboratory of Integrated Signaling Systems, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University.,Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University
| | - Yuki Akieda
- Laboratory of Integrated Signaling Systems, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University
| | - Tohru Ishitani
- Laboratory of Integrated Signaling Systems, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University.,Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University
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114
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Cagan RL, Zon LI, White RM. Modeling Cancer with Flies and Fish. Dev Cell 2019; 49:317-324. [PMID: 31063751 PMCID: PMC6506185 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has joined heart disease as the leading source of mortality in the US. In an era of organoids, patient-derived xenografts, and organs on a chip, model organisms continue to thrive with a combination of powerful genetic tools, rapid pace of discovery, and affordability. Model organisms enable the analysis of both the tumor and its associated microenvironment, aspects that are particularly relevant to our understanding of metastasis and drug resistance. In this Perspective, we explore some of the strengths of fruit flies and zebrafish for addressing fundamental cancer questions and how these two organisms can contribute to identifying promising therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross L Cagan
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Richard M White
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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115
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Mancera N, Smalley KSM, Margo CE. Melanoma of the eyelid and periocular skin: Histopathologic classification and molecular pathology. Surv Ophthalmol 2019; 64:272-288. [PMID: 30578807 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma, a potentially lethal malignancy of the periocular skin, represents only a small proportion of the roughly 87,000 new cases of cutaneous melanoma diagnosed annually in the United States. Most of our understanding of melanoma of the eyelid skin is extrapolated from studies of cutaneous melanoma located elsewhere. Recent years have witnessed major breakthroughs in molecular biology and genomics of cutaneous melanoma, some of which have led to the development of targeted therapies. The molecular insights have also kindled interest in rethinking how cutaneous melanomas are classified and assessed for risk. We provide a synopsis of the epidemiology, histopathologic classification, and clinical experience of eyelid melanoma since 1990 and then review major advances in the molecular biology of cutaneous melanoma, exploring how this impacts our understanding of classification and predicting risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto Mancera
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
| | - Keiran S M Smalley
- Departments of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA; Cutaneous Oncology The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Curtis E Margo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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116
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Loontiens S, Depestel L, Vanhauwaert S, Dewyn G, Gistelinck C, Verboom K, Van Loocke W, Matthijssens F, Willaert A, Vandesompele J, Speleman F, Durinck K. Purification of high-quality RNA from a small number of fluorescence activated cell sorted zebrafish cells for RNA sequencing purposes. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:228. [PMID: 30894119 PMCID: PMC6425699 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transgenic zebrafish lines with the expression of a fluorescent reporter under the control of a cell-type specific promoter, enable transcriptome analysis of FACS sorted cell populations. RNA quality and yield are key determinant factors for accurate expression profiling. Limited cell number and FACS induced cellular stress make RNA isolation of sorted zebrafish cells a delicate process. We aimed to optimize a workflow to extract sufficient amounts of high-quality RNA from a limited number of FACS sorted cells from Tg(fli1a:GFP) zebrafish embryos, which can be used for accurate gene expression analysis. Results We evaluated two suitable RNA isolation kits (the RNAqueous micro and the RNeasy plus micro kit) and determined that sorting cells directly into lysis buffer is a critical step for success. For low cell numbers, this ensures direct cell lysis, protects RNA from degradation and results in a higher RNA quality and yield. We showed that this works well up to 0.5× dilution of the lysis buffer with sorted cells. In our sort settings, this corresponded to 30,000 and 75,000 cells for the RNAqueous micro kit and RNeasy plus micro kit respectively. Sorting more cells dilutes the lysis buffer too much and requires the use of a collection buffer. We also demonstrated that an additional genomic DNA removal step after RNA isolation is required to completely clear the RNA from any contaminating genomic DNA. For cDNA synthesis and library preparation, we combined SmartSeq v4 full length cDNA library amplification, Nextera XT tagmentation and sample barcoding. Using this workflow, we were able to generate highly reproducible RNA sequencing results. Conclusions The presented optimized workflow enables to generate high quality RNA and allows accurate transcriptome profiling of small populations of sorted zebrafish cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5608-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siebe Loontiens
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine & Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lisa Depestel
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine & Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Suzanne Vanhauwaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine & Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Givani Dewyn
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine & Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Gistelinck
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine & Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Karen Verboom
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine & Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Van Loocke
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine & Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Matthijssens
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine & Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andy Willaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine & Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Vandesompele
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine & Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Speleman
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine & Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kaat Durinck
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine & Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium. .,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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117
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Lin Y, Cai X, Wang G, Ouyang G, Cao H. Model construction of Niemann-Pick type C disease in zebrafish. Biol Chem 2019; 399:903-910. [PMID: 29897878 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC) is a rare human disease, with limited effective treatment options. Most cases of NPC disease are associated with inactivating mutations of the NPC1 gene. However, cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the NPC1 pathogenesis remain poorly defined. This is partly due to the lack of a suitable animal model to monitor the disease progression. In this study, we used CRISPR to construct an NPC1-/- zebrafish model, which faithfully reproduced the cardinal pathological features of this disease. In contrast to the wild type (WT), the deletion of NPC1 alone caused significant hepatosplenomegaly, ataxia, Purkinje cell death, increased lipid storage, infertility and reduced body length and life span. Most of the NPC1-/- zebrafish died within the first month post fertilization, while the remaining specimens developed slower than the WT and died before reaching 8 months of age. Filipin-stained hepatocytes of the NPC1-/- zebrafish were clear, indicating abnormal accumulation of unesterified cholesterol. Lipid profiling showed a significant difference between NPC1-/- and WT zebrafish. An obvious accumulation of seven sphingolipids was detected in livers of NPC1-/- zebrafish. In summary, our results provide a valuable model system that could identify promising therapeutic targets and treatments for the NPC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7#, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaolian Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7#, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Guiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7#, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Gang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7#, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7#, Wuhan 430072, China
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118
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Dissecting metabolism using zebrafish models of disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:305-315. [PMID: 30700500 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are becoming an increasingly powerful model organism to study the role of metabolism in disease. Since its inception, the zebrafish model has relied on unique attributes such as the transparency of embryos, high fecundity and conservation with higher vertebrates, to perform phenotype-driven chemical and genetic screens. In this review, we describe how zebrafish have been used to reveal novel mechanisms by which metabolism regulates embryonic development, obesity, fatty liver disease and cancer. In addition, we will highlight how new approaches in advanced microscopy, transcriptomics and metabolomics using zebrafish as a model system have yielded fundamental insights into the mechanistic underpinnings of disease.
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119
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Lee HM, Okuda KS, González FE, Patel V. Current Perspectives on Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1164:11-34. [PMID: 31576537 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22254-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Of the ~129,079 new cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and 72,987 associated deaths estimated for 2018, the majority will be geographically localized to South East Asia, and likely to show an upward trend annually. It is thought that disparities in dietary habits, lifestyle, and exposures to harmful environmental factors are likely the root cause of NPC incidence rates to differ geographically. Genetic differences due to ethnicity and the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) are likely contributing factors. Pertinently, NPC is associated with poor prognosis which is largely attributed to lack of awareness of the salient symptoms of NPC. These include nose hemorrhage and headaches and coupled with detection and the limited therapeutic options. Treatment options include radiotherapy or chemotherapy or combination of both. Surgical excision is generally the last option considered for advanced and metastatic disease, given the close proximity of nasopharynx to brain stem cell area, major blood vessels, and nerves. To improve outcome of NPC patients, novel cellular and in vivo systems are needed to allow an understanding of the underling molecular events causal for NPC pathogenesis and for identifying novel therapeutic targets and effective therapies. While challenges and gaps in current NPC research are noted, some advances in targeted therapies and immunotherapies targeting EBV NPCs are discussed in this chapter, which may offer improvements in outcome of NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Mei Lee
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kazuhida Shaun Okuda
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Fermín E González
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology and Cancer, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vyomesh Patel
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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120
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Yamakawa N, Vanbeselaere J, Chang LY, Yu SY, Ducrocq L, Harduin-Lepers A, Kurata J, Aoki-Kinoshita KF, Sato C, Khoo KH, Kitajima K, Guerardel Y. Systems glycomics of adult zebrafish identifies organ-specific sialylation and glycosylation patterns. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4647. [PMID: 30405127 PMCID: PMC6220181 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06950-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of zebrafish Danio rerio as a versatile model organism provides the unique opportunity to monitor the functions of glycosylation throughout vertebrate embryogenesis, providing insights into human diseases caused by glycosylation defects. Using a combination of chemical modifications, enzymatic digestion and mass spectrometry analyses, we establish here the precise glycomic profiles of eight individual zebrafish organs and demonstrate that the protein glycosylation and glycosphingolipid expression patterns exhibits exquisite specificity. Concomitant expression screening of a wide array of enzymes involved in the synthesis and transfer of sialic acids shows that the presence of organ-specific sialylation motifs correlates with the localized activity of the corresponding glycan biosynthesis pathways. These findings provide a basis for the rational design of zebrafish lines expressing desired glycosylation profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Yamakawa
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F- 59000, Lille, France.,Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Jorick Vanbeselaere
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F- 59000, Lille, France
| | - Lan-Yi Chang
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F- 59000, Lille, France.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Yi Yu
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F- 59000, Lille, France
| | - Lucie Ducrocq
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F- 59000, Lille, France
| | - Anne Harduin-Lepers
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F- 59000, Lille, France
| | - Junichi Kurata
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-8577, Japan
| | | | - Chihiro Sato
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kay-Hooi Khoo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ken Kitajima
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yann Guerardel
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F- 59000, Lille, France.
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121
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Seitz-Alghrouz R, Hidalgo JV, Kayser C, Kreutz C, Technau-Hafsi K, Diaz C, von Deimling A, Timmer J, Werner M, Malkovsky M, Fisch P. BRAF V600E Mutations in Nevi and Melanocytic Tumors of Uncertain Malignant Potential. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2489-2491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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122
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Callahan SJ, Tepan S, Zhang YM, Lindsay H, Burger A, Campbell NR, Kim IS, Hollmann TJ, Studer L, Mosimann C, White RM. Cancer modeling by Transgene Electroporation in Adult Zebrafish (TEAZ). Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.034561. [PMID: 30061297 PMCID: PMC6177007 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.034561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic animals are invaluable for modeling cancer genomics, but often require complex crosses of multiple germline alleles to obtain the desired combinations. Zebrafish models have advantages in that transgenes can be rapidly tested by mosaic expression, but typically lack spatial and temporal control of tumor onset, which limits their utility for the study of tumor progression and metastasis. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a method referred to as Transgene Electroporation in Adult Zebrafish (TEAZ). TEAZ can deliver DNA constructs with promoter elements of interest to drive fluorophores, oncogenes or CRISPR-Cas9-based mutagenic cassettes in specific cell types. Using TEAZ, we created a highly aggressive melanoma model via Cas9-mediated inactivation of Rb1 in the context of BRAFV600E in spatially constrained melanocytes. Unlike prior models that take ∼4 months to develop, we found that TEAZ leads to tumor onset in ∼7 weeks, and these tumors develop in fully immunocompetent animals. As the resulting tumors initiated at highly defined locations, we could track their progression via fluorescence, and documented deep invasion into tissues and metastatic deposits. TEAZ can be deployed to other tissues and cell types, such as the heart, with the use of suitable transgenic promoters. The versatility of TEAZ makes it widely accessible for rapid modeling of somatic gene alterations and cancer progression at a scale not achievable in other in vivo systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Callahan
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Cancer Biology and Genetics and Department of Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Developmental Biology, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Gerstner Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stephanie Tepan
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 2017 Summer Clinical Oncology Research Experience (SCORE) Program, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Hunter College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yan M Zhang
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Cancer Biology and Genetics and Department of Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Helen Lindsay
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Alexa Burger
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Nathaniel R Campbell
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Isabella S Kim
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Cancer Biology and Genetics and Department of Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Travis J Hollmann
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Pathology, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lorenz Studer
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christian Mosimann
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Richard M White
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Cancer Biology and Genetics and Department of Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA .,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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123
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Palmieri G, Colombino M, Casula M, Manca A, Mandalà M, Cossu A. Molecular Pathways in Melanomagenesis: What We Learned from Next-Generation Sequencing Approaches. Curr Oncol Rep 2018; 20:86. [PMID: 30218391 PMCID: PMC6153571 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-018-0733-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Conventional clinico-pathological features in melanoma patients should be integrated with new molecular diagnostic, predictive, and prognostic factors coming from the expanding genomic profiles. Cutaneous melanoma (CM), even differing in biological behavior according to sun-exposure levels on the skin areas where it arises, is molecularly heterogeneous. The next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches are providing data on mutation landscapes in driver genes that may account for distinct pathogenetic mechanisms and pathways. The purpose was to group and classify all somatic driver mutations observed in the main NGS-based studies. RECENT FINDINGS Whole exome and whole genome sequencing approaches have provided data on spectrum and distribution of genetic and genomic alterations as well as allowed to discover new cancer genes underlying CM pathogenesis. After evaluating the mutational status in a cohort of 686 CM cases from the most representative NGS studies, three molecular CM subtypes were proposed: BRAFmut, RASmut, and non-BRAFmut/non-RASmut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Palmieri
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Traversa La Crucca 3, Baldinca Li Punti, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Colombino
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Traversa La Crucca 3, Baldinca Li Punti, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Milena Casula
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Traversa La Crucca 3, Baldinca Li Punti, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonella Manca
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Traversa La Crucca 3, Baldinca Li Punti, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Mario Mandalà
- PAPA GIOVANNI XXIII Cancer Center Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cossu
- Institute of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU), Sassari, Italy
| | - for the Italian Melanoma Intergroup (IMI)
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Traversa La Crucca 3, Baldinca Li Punti, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- PAPA GIOVANNI XXIII Cancer Center Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
- Institute of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU), Sassari, Italy
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124
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Cxcr1 mediates recruitment of neutrophils and supports proliferation of tumor-initiating astrocytes in vivo. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13285. [PMID: 30185911 PMCID: PMC6125480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are first-responders to sites of infection and tissue damage including the inflamed tumor microenvironment. Increasing evidence suggests that crosstalk between tumors and neutrophils can affect the progression of established tumors. However, there is a gap in our understanding of the early events that lead to neutrophil recruitment to oncogene-transformed cells and how these pathways alter tumor progression. Here, we use optically transparent zebrafish larvae to probe the early signals that mediate neutrophil recruitment to Kras-transformed astrocytes. We show that zebrafish larvae with impaired neutrophil function exhibit reduced proliferation of transformed astrocytes supporting a critical role for tumor-associated neutrophils in the early progression of tumorigenesis. Moreover, using mutants and pharmacological inhibition, we show that the chemokine receptor Cxcr1 promotes neutrophil recruitment, proliferation of tumor-initiating cells, and neoplastic mass formation. These findings highlight the power of the larval zebrafish system to image and probe early events in the tumor-initiating microenvironment and demonstrate the potential for neutrophil recruitment signaling pathways such as Cxcl8-Cxcr1 as targets for anti-cancer therapies.
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125
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Codon-specific translation reprogramming promotes resistance to targeted therapy. Nature 2018; 558:605-609. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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126
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Zhang M, Di Martino JS, Bowman RL, Campbell NR, Baksh SC, Simon-Vermot T, Kim IS, Haldeman P, Mondal C, Yong-Gonzales V, Abu-Akeel M, Merghoub T, Jones DR, Zhu XG, Arora A, Ariyan CE, Birsoy K, Wolchok JD, Panageas KS, Hollmann T, Bravo-Cordero JJ, White RM. Adipocyte-Derived Lipids Mediate Melanoma Progression via FATP Proteins. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:1006-1025. [PMID: 29903879 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Advanced, metastatic melanomas frequently grow in subcutaneous tissues and portend a poor prognosis. Though subcutaneous tissues are largely composed of adipocytes, the mechanisms by which adipocytes influence melanoma are poorly understood. Using in vitro and in vivo models, we find that adipocytes increase proliferation and invasion of adjacent melanoma cells. Additionally, adipocytes directly transfer lipids to melanoma cells, which alters tumor cell metabolism. Adipocyte-derived lipids are transferred to melanoma cells through the FATP/SLC27A family of lipid transporters expressed on the tumor cell surface. Among the six FATP/SLC27A family members, melanomas significantly overexpress FATP1/SLC27A1. Melanocyte-specific FATP1 expression cooperates with BRAFV600E in transgenic zebrafish to accelerate melanoma development, an effect that is similarly seen in mouse xenograft studies. Pharmacologic blockade of FATPs with the small-molecule inhibitor Lipofermata abrogates lipid transport into melanoma cells and reduces melanoma growth and invasion. These data demonstrate that stromal adipocytes can drive melanoma progression through FATP lipid transporters and represent a new target aimed at interrupting adipocyte-melanoma cross-talk.Significance: We demonstrate that stromal adipocytes are donors of lipids that mediate melanoma progression. Adipocyte-derived lipids are taken up by FATP proteins that are aberrantly expressed in melanoma. Inhibition of FATPs decreases melanoma lipid uptake, invasion, and growth. We provide a mechanism for how stromal adipocytes drive tumor progression and demonstrate a novel microenvironmental therapeutic target. Cancer Discov; 8(8); 1006-25. ©2018 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 899.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maomao Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Julie S Di Martino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Robert L Bowman
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nathaniel R Campbell
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, New York.,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sanjeethan C Baksh
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, New York
| | - Theresa Simon-Vermot
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Isabella S Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Pearce Haldeman
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Chandrani Mondal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Vladimir Yong-Gonzales
- Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mohsen Abu-Akeel
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Drew R Jones
- Metabolomics Core Resource Library, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Xiphias Ge Zhu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Arshi Arora
- Department of Epidemiology-Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Charlotte E Ariyan
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kivanç Birsoy
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Katherine S Panageas
- Department of Epidemiology-Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Travis Hollmann
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jose Javier Bravo-Cordero
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Richard M White
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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127
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Noguchi K, Dincman TA, Dalton AC, Howley BV, McCall BJ, Mohanty BK, Howe PH. Interleukin-like EMT inducer (ILEI) promotes melanoma invasiveness and is transcriptionally up-regulated by upstream stimulatory factor-1 (USF-1). J Biol Chem 2018; 293:11401-11414. [PMID: 29871931 PMCID: PMC6065179 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-like EMT inducer (ILEI, FAM3C) is a secreted factor that contributes to the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a cell-biological process that confers metastatic properties to a tumor cell. However, very little is known about how ILEI is regulated. Here we demonstrate that ILEI is an in vivo regulator of melanoma invasiveness and is transcriptionally up-regulated by the upstream stimulatory factor-1 (USF-1), an E-box-binding, basic-helix-loop-helix family transcription factor. shRNA-mediated knockdown of ILEI in melanoma cell lines attenuated lung colonization but not primary tumor formation. We also identified the mechanism underlying ILEI transcriptional regulation, which was through a direct interaction of USF-1 with the ILEI promoter. Of note, stimulation of endogenous USF-1 by UV-mediated activation increased ILEI expression, whereas shRNA-mediated USF-1 knockdown decreased ILEI gene transcription. Finally, we report that knocking down USF-1 decreases tumor cell migration. In summary, our work reveals that ILEI contributes to melanoma cell invasiveness in vivo without affecting primary tumor growth and is transcriptionally up-regulated by USF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Noguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Toros A Dincman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina 29425; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Annamarie C Dalton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Breege V Howley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Buckley J McCall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Bidyut K Mohanty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Philip H Howe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina 29425; Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29425.
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128
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Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma derives from the tumoral transformation of melanocytes. These pigmented cells produce melanin prior transmitting it to the surrounding keratinocytes of the skin, hair and mane. The main function of melanin is to protect cells and their DNA from damage caused by ultraviolet light. Melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer whose incidence has increased steadily in recent decades. Advances in basic research have resulted in a better understanding of the molecular and cellular events responsible for the initiation and progression of melanomas. In this review, we present an overview of the knowledge gained in recent years and show how recent advances lead to new targeted and more efficient therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Gesbert
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Inserm U1021, Développement normal et pathologique des mélanocytes, 91405 Orsay, France - Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, 91405 Orsay, France - Équipe labellisée Ligue contre le cancer, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Inserm U1021, Développement normal et pathologique des mélanocytes, 91405 Orsay, France - Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, 91405 Orsay, France - Équipe labellisée Ligue contre le cancer, 91405 Orsay, France
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129
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Inamura K. Clinicopathological Characteristics and Mutations Driving Development of Early Lung Adenocarcinoma: Tumor Initiation and Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041259. [PMID: 29690599 PMCID: PMC5979290 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with lung adenocarcinoma representing the most common lung cancer subtype. Among all lung adenocarcinomas, the most prevalent subset develops via tumorigenesis and progression from atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) to adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), to minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA), to overt invasive adenocarcinoma with a lepidic pattern. This stepwise development is supported by the clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of these tumors. In the 2015 World Health Organization classification, AAH and AIS are both defined as preinvasive lesions, whereas MIA is identified as an early invasive adenocarcinoma that is not expected to recur if removed completely. Recent studies have examined the molecular features of lung adenocarcinoma tumorigenesis and progression. EGFR-mutated adenocarcinoma frequently develops via the multistep progression. Oncogene-induced senescence appears to decrease the frequency of the multistep progression in KRAS- or BRAF-mutated adenocarcinoma, whose tumor evolution may be associated with epigenetic alterations and kinase-inactive mutations. This review summarizes the current knowledge of tumorigenesis and tumor progression in early lung adenocarcinoma, with special focus on its clinicopathological characteristics and their associations with driver mutations (EGFR, KRAS, and BRAF) as well as on its molecular pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Inamura
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan.
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130
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Völkel P, Dupret B, Le Bourhis X, Angrand PO. [The zebrafish model in oncology]. Med Sci (Paris) 2018; 34:345-353. [PMID: 29658479 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20183404016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cell culture and mouse models will remain a cornerstone of cancer research, the unique capabilities of the zebrafish outline the potential of this model for shedding light on cancer biology in vivo. Zebrafish develops cancers spontaneously, after chemical mutagenesis or through genetic manipulations. Furthermore, zebrafish cancers are similar to human tumors at the histological and molecular levels allowing the study of tumor initiation, progression and heterogeneity. Xenotransplantation of human cancer cells in embryos or adult zebrafish presents the advantage of following cancer cell behavior in vivo. Finally, zebrafish embryos are used in molecule screens and contribute to the identification of novel anti-cancer therapeutic strategies. Here, we review different involvements of the zebrafish model in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Völkel
- CNRS Lille, Inserm U908, Université de Lille, Bâtiment SN3, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Babara Dupret
- Inserm U908, Université de Lille, Bâtiment SN3, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Xuefen Le Bourhis
- Inserm U908, Université de Lille, Bâtiment SN3, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Angrand
- Inserm U908, Université de Lille, Bâtiment SN3, Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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131
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Kiuru M, Tartar DM, Qi L, Chen D, Yu L, Konia T, McPherson JD, Murphy WJ, Fung MA. Improving classification of melanocytic nevi: Association of BRAF V600E expression with distinct histomorphologic features. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018; 79:221-229. [PMID: 29653212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subset of melanomas carrying a B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase gene (BRAF) V600E mutation, which is the most common targetable mutation in melanoma, arise in association with a melanocytic nevus that is also harboring a BRAF V600E mutation. The detailed histomorphologic characteristics of nevi positive for BRAF V600E have not been systematically documented. OBJECTIVE To identify histomorphologic features correlating with BRAF V600E status in nevi. METHODS We retrospectively identified melanocytic nevi from our laboratory reporting system. We performed a histomorphologic analysis and analysis of BRAF V600E expression by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Thirteen nevi (14.8%) were negative and 76 (86.4%) were positive for BRAF V600E. The nevi positive for BRAF V600E were predominantly dermal (predominantly dermal growth in 55.3% of nevi positive for BRAF V600E and 15.4% of nevi negative for BRAF V600E [P = .01]) and showed a congenital growth pattern (congenital growth pattern in 51.3% of nevi positive for BRAF V600E and 15.4% of nevi negative for BRAF V600E [P = .02]). Compared with nevi negative for BRAF V600E, those that were positive for BRAF V600E often exhibited predominantly nested intraepidermal melanocytes, larger junctional nests, abrupt lateral circumscription, and larger cell size. Architectural disorder and inflammatory infiltrates were seen more often in nevi negative for BRAF V600E. BRAF sequencing of a subset of nevi confirmed the immunohistochemical results. LIMITATIONS Limitations include the study's retrospective design and the small sample size of nevi negative for BRAF V600E. CONCLUSIONS BRAF V600E is associated with distinct histomorphologic features in nevi. These features may contribute to improving the accuracy of classification and diagnosis of melanocytic neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Kiuru
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento and Davis, California; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento and Davis, California.
| | - Danielle M Tartar
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento and Davis, California
| | - Lihong Qi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento and Davis, California
| | - Danyang Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento and Davis, California
| | - Lan Yu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento and Davis, California
| | - Thomas Konia
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento and Davis, California; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento and Davis, California
| | - John D McPherson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento and Davis, California
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento and Davis, California; Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento and Davis, California
| | - Maxwell A Fung
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento and Davis, California; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento and Davis, California
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132
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Perry EB, Makohon-Moore A, Zheng C, Kaufman CK, Cai J, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, White RM. Tumor diversity and evolution revealed through RADseq. Oncotarget 2018; 8:41792-41805. [PMID: 28611298 PMCID: PMC5522028 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is an evolutionary disease, and there is increasing interest in applying tools from evolutionary biology to understand cancer progression. Restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) was developed for the field of evolutionary genetics to study adaptation and identify evolutionary relationships among populations. Here we apply RADseq to study tumor evolution, which allows for unbiased sampling of any desired frequency of the genome, overcoming the selection bias and cost limitations inherent to exome or whole-genome sequencing. We apply RADseq to both human pancreatic cancer and zebrafish melanoma samples. Using either a low-frequency (SbfI, 0.4% of the genome) or high-frequency (NsiI, 6-9% of the genome) cutter, we successfully identify single nucleotide substitutions and copy number alterations in tumors, which can be augmented by performing RADseq on sublineages within the tumor. We are able to infer phylogenetic relationships between primary tumors and metastases. These same methods can be used to identify somatic mosaicism in seemingly normal, non-cancerous tissues. Evolutionary studies of cancer that focus on rates of tumor evolution and evolutionary relationships among tumor lineages will benefit from the flexibility and efficiency of restriction-site associated DNA sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Perry
- Cancer Biology & Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alvin Makohon-Moore
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Caihong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Christine A Iacobuzio-Donahue
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Richard M White
- Cancer Biology & Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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133
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Kenyon A, Gavriouchkina D, Zorman J, Chong-Morrison V, Napolitani G, Cerundolo V, Sauka-Spengler T. Generation of a double binary transgenic zebrafish model to study myeloid gene regulation in response to oncogene activation in melanocytes. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm030056. [PMID: 29666124 PMCID: PMC5963855 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex network of inflammatory genes is closely linked to somatic cell transformation and malignant disease. Immune cells and their associated molecules are responsible for detecting and eliminating cancer cells as they establish themselves as the precursors of a tumour. By the time a patient has a detectable solid tumour, cancer cells have escaped the initial immune response mechanisms. Here, we describe the development of a double binary zebrafish model that enables regulatory programming of the myeloid cells as they respond to oncogene-activated melanocytes to be explored, focussing on the initial phase when cells become the precursors of cancer. A hormone-inducible binary system allows for temporal control of expression of different Ras oncogenes (NRasQ61K, HRasG12V and KRasG12V) in melanocytes, leading to proliferation and changes in morphology of the melanocytes. This model was coupled to binary cell-specific biotagging models allowing in vivo biotinylation and subsequent isolation of macrophage or neutrophil nuclei for regulatory profiling of their active transcriptomes. Nuclear transcriptional profiling of neutrophils, performed as they respond to the earliest precursors of melanoma in vivo, revealed an intricate landscape of regulatory factors that may promote progression to melanoma, including Serpinb1l4, Fgf1, Fgf6, Cathepsin H, Galectin 1 and Galectin 3. The model presented here provides a powerful platform to study the myeloid response to the earliest precursors of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Kenyon
- University of Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
- University of Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Daria Gavriouchkina
- University of Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Jernej Zorman
- University of Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Chong-Morrison
- University of Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Napolitani
- University of Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- University of Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Tatjana Sauka-Spengler
- University of Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
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134
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Perez DE, Henle AM, Amsterdam A, Hagen HR, Lees JA. Uveal melanoma driver mutations in GNAQ/11 yield numerous changes in melanocyte biology. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2018; 31:604-613. [PMID: 29570931 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular cancer and has a high incidence of metastasis, which lacks any effective treatment. Here, we present zebrafish models of UM, which are driven by melanocyte-specific expression of activating GNAQ or GNA11 alleles, GNAQ/11Q209L , the predominant initiating mutations for human UM. When combined with mutant tp53, GNAQ/11Q209L transgenics develop various melanocytic tumors, including UM, with near complete penetrance. These tumors display nuclear YAP localization and thus phenocopy human UM. We show that GNAQ/11Q209L expression induces profound melanocyte defects independent of tp53 mutation, which are apparent within 3 days of development. First, increases in melanocyte number, melanin content, and subcellular melanin distribution result in hyperpigmentation. Additionally, altered melanocyte migration, survival properties, and evasion of normal boundary cues lead to aberrant melanocyte localization and stripe patterning. Collectively, these data show that GNAQ/11Q209L is sufficient to induce numerous protumorigenic changes within melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahlia E Perez
- Department of Biology and The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrea M Henle
- Department of Biology and The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Biology Department, Carthage College, Kenosha, WI, USA
| | - Adam Amsterdam
- Department of Biology and The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hannah R Hagen
- Department of Biology and The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Lees
- Department of Biology and The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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135
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Symonová R, Howell WM. Vertebrate Genome Evolution in the Light of Fish Cytogenomics and rDNAomics. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9020096. [PMID: 29443947 PMCID: PMC5852592 DOI: 10.3390/genes9020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the cytogenomic evolution of vertebrates, we must first unravel the complex genomes of fishes, which were the first vertebrates to evolve and were ancestors to all other vertebrates. We must not forget the immense time span during which the fish genomes had to evolve. Fish cytogenomics is endowed with unique features which offer irreplaceable insights into the evolution of the vertebrate genome. Due to the general DNA base compositional homogeneity of fish genomes, fish cytogenomics is largely based on mapping DNA repeats that still represent serious obstacles in genome sequencing and assembling, even in model species. Localization of repeats on chromosomes of hundreds of fish species and populations originating from diversified environments have revealed the biological importance of this genomic fraction. Ribosomal genes (rDNA) belong to the most informative repeats and in fish, they are subject to a more relaxed regulation than in higher vertebrates. This can result in formation of a literal 'rDNAome' consisting of more than 20,000 copies with their high proportion employed in extra-coding functions. Because rDNA has high rates of transcription and recombination, it contributes to genome diversification and can form reproductive barrier. Our overall knowledge of fish cytogenomics grows rapidly by a continuously increasing number of fish genomes sequenced and by use of novel sequencing methods improving genome assembly. The recently revealed exceptional compositional heterogeneity in an ancient fish lineage (gars) sheds new light on the compositional genome evolution in vertebrates generally. We highlight the power of synergy of cytogenetics and genomics in fish cytogenomics, its potential to understand the complexity of genome evolution in vertebrates, which is also linked to clinical applications and the chromosomal backgrounds of speciation. We also summarize the current knowledge on fish cytogenomics and outline its main future avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Symonová
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Hradec Králové, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - W Mike Howell
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Samford University, Birmingham, AL 35229, USA.
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136
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Yu Y, Schleich K, Yue B, Ji S, Lohneis P, Kemper K, Silvis MR, Qutob N, van Rooijen E, Werner-Klein M, Li L, Dhawan D, Meierjohann S, Reimann M, Elkahloun A, Treitschke S, Dörken B, Speck C, Mallette FA, Zon LI, Holmen SL, Peeper DS, Samuels Y, Schmitt CA, Lee S. Targeting the Senescence-Overriding Cooperative Activity of Structurally Unrelated H3K9 Demethylases in Melanoma. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:322-336.e8. [PMID: 29438700 PMCID: PMC5977991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oncogene-induced senescence, e.g., in melanocytic nevi, terminates the expansion of pre-malignant cells via transcriptional silencing of proliferation-related genes due to decoration of their promoters with repressive trimethylated histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) marks. We show here that structurally distinct H3K9-active demethylases-the lysine-specific demethylase-1 (LSD1) and several Jumonji C domain-containing moieties (such as JMJD2C)-disable senescence and permit Ras/Braf-evoked transformation. In mouse and zebrafish models, enforced LSD1 or JMJD2C expression promoted Braf-V600E-driven melanomagenesis. A large subset of established melanoma cell lines and primary human melanoma samples presented with a collective upregulation of related and unrelated H3K9 demethylase activities, whose targeted inhibition restored senescence, even in Braf inhibitor-resistant melanomas, evoked secondary immune effects and controlled tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yu
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kolja Schleich
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Virchow Campus, and Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bin Yue
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Virchow Campus, and Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sujuan Ji
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Virchow Campus, and Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Lohneis
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pathology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristel Kemper
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark R Silvis
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences Center & Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Nouar Qutob
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ellen van Rooijen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Melanie Werner-Klein
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI) and University Medical Center of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; Experimental Medicine and Therapy Research, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lianjie Li
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Virchow Campus, and Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dhriti Dhawan
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Virchow Campus, and Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Svenja Meierjohann
- University of Würzburg, Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maurice Reimann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Virchow Campus, and Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Steffi Treitschke
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Dörken
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Virchow Campus, and Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (German Cancer Consortium), Partner Site Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Speck
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, and MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Frédérick A Mallette
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sheri L Holmen
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences Center & Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Daniel S Peeper
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yardena Samuels
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Clemens A Schmitt
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Virchow Campus, and Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (German Cancer Consortium), Partner Site Berlin, Germany.
| | - Soyoung Lee
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Virchow Campus, and Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (German Cancer Consortium), Partner Site Berlin, Germany
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137
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Lee E, Wei Y, Zou Z, Tucker K, Rakheja D, Levine B, Amatruda JF. Genetic inhibition of autophagy promotes p53 loss-of-heterozygosity and tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:67919-67933. [PMID: 27655644 PMCID: PMC5356529 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation pathway that plays an essential role in enabling eukaryotic organisms to adapt to nutrient deprivation and other forms of environmental stress. In metazoan organisms, autophagy is essential for differentiation and normal development; however, whether the autophagy pathway promotes or inhibits tumorigenesis is controversial, and the possible mechanisms linking defective autophagy to cancer remain unclear. To determine if autophagy is important for tumor suppression, we inhibited autophagy in transgenic zebrafish via stable, tissue-specific expression of a dominant-negative autophagy protein Atg5K130R. In heterozygous tp53 mutants, expression of dominant-negative atg5K130R increased tumor incidence and decreased tumor latency compared to non-transgenic heterozygous tp53 mutant controls. In a tp53-deficient background, Tg(mitfa:atg5K130R) mutantsdeveloped malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), neuroendocrine tumors and small-cell tumors. Expression of a Sox10-dependent GFP transgene in the tumors demonstrated their origin from neural crest cells, lending support to a model in which mitfa-expressing cells can arise from sox10+ Schwann cell precursors. Tumors from the transgenic animals exhibited increased DNA damage and loss-of-heterozygosity of tp53. Taken together, our data indicate that genetic inhibition of autophagy promotes tumorigenesis in tp53 mutant zebrafish, and suggest a possible role for autophagy in the regulation of genome stability during oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunmyong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Yongjie Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Zhongju Zou
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kathryn Tucker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Beth Levine
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - James F Amatruda
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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138
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Lopez-Baez JC, Simpson DJ, LLeras Forero L, Zeng Z, Brunsdon H, Salzano A, Brombin A, Wyatt C, Rybski W, Huitema LFA, Dale RM, Kawakami K, Englert C, Chandra T, Schulte-Merker S, Hastie ND, Patton EE. Wilms Tumor 1b defines a wound-specific sheath cell subpopulation associated with notochord repair. eLife 2018; 7:30657. [PMID: 29405914 PMCID: PMC5811212 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative therapy for degenerative spine disorders requires the identification of cells that can slow down and possibly reverse degenerative processes. Here, we identify an unanticipated wound-specific notochord sheath cell subpopulation that expresses Wilms Tumor (WT) 1b following injury in zebrafish. We show that localized damage leads to Wt1b expression in sheath cells, and that wt1b+cells migrate into the wound to form a stopper-like structure, likely to maintain structural integrity. Wt1b+sheath cells are distinct in expressing cartilage and vacuolar genes, and in repressing a Wt1b-p53 transcriptional programme. At the wound, wt1b+and entpd5+ cells constitute separate, tightly-associated subpopulations. Surprisingly, wt1b expression at the site of injury is maintained even into adult stages in developing vertebrae, which form in an untypical manner via a cartilage intermediate. Given that notochord cells are retained in adult intervertebral discs, the identification of novel subpopulations may have important implications for regenerative spine disorder treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Lopez-Baez
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,CRUK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Simpson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Laura LLeras Forero
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW & UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany.,CiM Cluster of Excellence, Münster, Germany
| | - Zhiqiang Zeng
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,CRUK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Brunsdon
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,CRUK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Salzano
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Brombin
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,CRUK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron Wyatt
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Witold Rybski
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,CRUK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rodney M Dale
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Christoph Englert
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Tamir Chandra
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Schulte-Merker
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW & UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany.,CiM Cluster of Excellence, Münster, Germany
| | - Nicholas D Hastie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - E Elizabeth Patton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,CRUK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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139
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Das TK, Cagan RL. Non-mammalian models of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:T91-T104. [PMID: 29348307 PMCID: PMC5935467 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-five years ago, RET was identified as the primary driver of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) syndrome. MEN2 is characterized by several transformation events including pheochromocytoma, parathyroid adenoma and, especially penetrant, medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Overall, MTC is a rare but aggressive type of thyroid cancer for which no effective treatment currently exists. Surgery, radiation, radioisotope treatment and chemotherapeutics have all shown limited success, and none of these approaches have proven durable in advanced disease. Non-mammalian models that incorporate the oncogenic RET isoforms associated with MEN2 and other RET-associated diseases have been useful in delineating mechanisms underlying disease progression. These models have also identified novel targeted therapies as single agents and as combinations. These studies highlight the importance of modeling disease in the context of the whole animal, accounting for the complex interplay between tumor and normal cells in controlling disease progression as well as response to therapy. With convenient access to whole genome sequencing data from expanded thyroid cancer patient cohorts, non-mammalian models will become more complex, sophisticated and continue to complement future mammalian studies. In this review, we explore the contributions of non-mammalian models to our understanding of thyroid cancer including MTC, with a focus on Danio rerio and Drosophila melanogaster (fish and fly) models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirtha K Das
- Department of Cell Developmental and Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ross L Cagan
- Department of Cell Developmental and Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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140
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Grigura V, Barbier M, Zarov AP, Kaufman CK. Feeding amount significantly alters overt tumor onset rate in a zebrafish melanoma model. Biol Open 2018; 7:7/1/bio030726. [PMID: 29362277 PMCID: PMC5829507 DOI: 10.1242/bio.030726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The manner in which zebrafish are fed may have important impacts on the behavior of disease models. We examined the effect of different feeding regimens on the rate of overt melanoma tumor onset in a p53/BRAF-dependent model, a commonly used read-out in this and many other cancer models. We demonstrate that increased feeding leads to more rapid melanoma onset. The ability to modulate overt tumor onset rates with this regimen indicates additional flexibility to ‘tune’ the system to more quickly generate tumors for study and to begin to address questions related to cancer metabolism using the zebrafish model. Summary: The rate of tumor formation in a BRAF-driven zebrafish melanoma model can be significantly altered by increased feeding and opens a new avenue for studying the underlying metabolic pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Grigura
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, 4518 McKinley Ave., CB 8069, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Megan Barbier
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, 4518 McKinley Ave., CB 8069, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anna P Zarov
- School of Arts and Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Charles K Kaufman
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, 4518 McKinley Ave., CB 8069, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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141
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Lee SH, Kim JE, Jang HS, Park KH, Oh BH, Shin SJ, Chung KY, Roh MR, Rha SY. Genetic Alterations among Korean Melanoma Patients Showing Tumor Heterogeneity: A Comparison between Primary Tumors and Corresponding Metastatic Lesions. Cancer Res Treat 2018; 50:1378-1387. [PMID: 29361821 PMCID: PMC6192908 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2017.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Melanoma is a highly heterogeneous neoplasm, composed of subpopulations of tumor cells with distinct molecular and biological phenotypes and genotypes. In this study, to determine the genetic heterogeneity between primary and metastatic melanoma in Korean melanoma patients, we evaluated several well-known genetic alterations of melanoma. In addition, to elucidate the clinical relevance of each genetic alteration and heterogeneity between primary and metastatic lesions, clinical features and patient outcome were collected. Materials and Methods In addition to clinical data, BRAF, NRAS, GNAQ/11 mutation and KIT amplification data was acquired from an archived primary Korean melanoma cohort (KMC) of 188 patients. Among these patients, 43 patients were included for investigation of tumor heterogeneity between primary melanoma and its corresponding metastatic lesions. Results Overall incidence of genetic aberrations of the primary melanomas in KMC was 17.6% of BRAF V600, 12.6% of NRAS mutation, and 28.6% of KIT amplification. GNAQ/11 mutation was seen in 66.6% of the uveal melanoma patients. Patients with BRAF mutation were associated with advanced stage and correlated to poor prognosis (p < 0.01). Among 43 patients, 55.8% showed heterogeneity between primary and metastatic lesion. The frequency of BRAF mutation and KIT amplification significantly increased in the metastatic lesions compared to primary melanomas. GNAQ/11 mutation showed 100% homogeneity in uveal melanoma patients. Conclusion Our data demonstrated heterogeneity between primary melanomas and corresponding metastatic lesions for BRAF, NRAS mutation and KIT amplification. However, GNAQ/11 mutation was genetically homogeneous between primary and metastatic melanoma lesions in uveal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Hyung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Eun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Sun Jang
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Hyun Park
- Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Ho Oh
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Joon Shin
- Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee Yang Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Ryung Roh
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Young Rha
- Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Seoul, Korea
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142
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Mouti MA, Dee C, Coupland SE, Hurlstone AFL. Minimal contribution of ERK1/2-MAPK signalling towards the maintenance of oncogenic GNAQQ209P-driven uveal melanomas in zebrafish. Oncotarget 2018; 7:39654-39670. [PMID: 27166257 PMCID: PMC5129960 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations affecting Gαq proteins are pervasive in uveal melanoma (UM), suggesting they ‘drive’ UM pathogenesis. The ERK1/2-MAPK pathway is critical for cutaneous melanoma development and consequently an important therapeutic target. Defining the contribution of ERK1/2-MAPK signalling to UM development has been hampered by the lack of an informative animal model that spontaneously develops UM. Towards this end, we engineered transgenic zebrafish to express oncogenic GNAQQ209P in the melanocyte lineage. This resulted in hyperplasia of uveal melanocytes, but with no evidence of malignant progression, nor perturbation of skin melanocytes. Combining expression of oncogenic GNAQQ209P with p53 inactivation resulted in earlier onset and even more extensive hyperplasia of uveal melanocytes that progressed to UM. Immunohistochemistry revealed only weak immunoreactivity to phosphorylated (p)ERK1/2 in established uveal tumours—in contrast to strong immunoreactivity in oncogenic RAS-driven skin lesions—but ubiquitous positive staining for nuclear Yes-associated protein (YAP). Moreover, no changes were observed in pERK1/2 levels upon transient knockdown of GNAQ or phospholipase C-beta (PLC-β) inhibition in the majority of human UM cell lines we tested harbouring GNAQ mutations. In summary, our findings demonstrate a weak correlation between oncogenic GNAQQ209P mutation and sustained ERK1/2-MAPK activation, implying that ERK1/2 signalling is unlikely to be instrumental in the maintenance of GNAQQ209P-driven UMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Abdel Mouti
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Dee
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Coupland
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Adam F L Hurlstone
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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143
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Roh-Johnson M, Shah AN, Stonick JA, Poudel KR, Kargl J, Yang GH, di Martino J, Hernandez RE, Gast CE, Zarour LR, Antoku S, Houghton AM, Bravo-Cordero JJ, Wong MH, Condeelis J, Moens CB. Macrophage-Dependent Cytoplasmic Transfer during Melanoma Invasion In Vivo. Dev Cell 2018; 43:549-562.e6. [PMID: 29207258 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages play critical roles in the initiation of tumor cell motility. To capture the cellular interactions of the tumor microenvironment with high-resolution imaging, we directly visualized tumor cells and their interactions with macrophages in zebrafish. Live imaging in zebrafish revealed that macrophages are dynamic, yet maintain sustained contact with tumor cells. In addition, the recruitment of macrophages to tumor cells promotes tumor cell dissemination. Using a Cre/LoxP strategy, we found that macrophages transfer cytoplasm to tumor cells in zebrafish and mouse models. Remarkably, macrophage cytoplasmic transfer correlated with melanoma cell dissemination. We further found that macrophages transfer cytoplasm to tumor cells upon cell contact in vitro. Thus, we present a model in which macrophage/tumor cell contact allows for the transfer of cytoplasmic molecules from macrophages to tumor cells corresponding to increased tumor cell motility and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Roh-Johnson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Basic Sciences Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Arish N Shah
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Basic Sciences Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jason A Stonick
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Basic Sciences Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kumud R Poudel
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Basic Sciences Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Julia Kargl
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Grace H Yang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Julie di Martino
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Charles E Gast
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, The Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Luai R Zarour
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Surgery, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Susumu Antoku
- Columbia University, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - A McGarry Houghton
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jose Javier Bravo-Cordero
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Melissa H Wong
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, The Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - John Condeelis
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Cecilia B Moens
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Basic Sciences Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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144
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Venkatesan AM, Vyas R, Gramann AK, Dresser K, Gujja S, Bhatnagar S, Chhangawala S, Gomes CBF, Xi HS, Lian CG, Houvras Y, Edwards YJK, Deng A, Green M, Ceol CJ. Ligand-activated BMP signaling inhibits cell differentiation and death to promote melanoma. J Clin Invest 2017; 128:294-308. [PMID: 29202482 DOI: 10.1172/jci92513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenomic studies indicate that copy number variation (CNV) alters genes involved in tumor progression; however, identification of specific driver genes affected by CNV has been difficult, as these rearrangements are often contained in large chromosomal intervals among several bystander genes. Here, we addressed this problem and identified a CNV-targeted oncogene by performing comparative oncogenomics of human and zebrafish melanomas. We determined that the gene encoding growth differentiation factor 6 (GDF6), which is the ligand for the BMP family, is recurrently amplified and transcriptionally upregulated in melanoma. GDF6-induced BMP signaling maintained a trunk neural crest gene signature in melanomas. Additionally, GDF6 repressed the melanocyte differentiation gene MITF and the proapoptotic factor SOX9, thereby preventing differentiation, inhibiting cell death, and promoting tumor growth. GDF6 was specifically expressed in melanomas but not melanocytes. Moreover, GDF6 expression levels in melanomas were inversely correlated with patient survival. Our study has identified a fundamental role for GDF6 and BMP signaling in governing an embryonic cell gene signature to promote melanoma progression, thus providing potential opportunities for targeted therapy to treat GDF6-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind M Venkatesan
- Program in Molecular Medicine.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology
| | - Rajesh Vyas
- Program in Molecular Medicine.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology
| | - Alec K Gramann
- Program in Molecular Medicine.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology
| | | | | | - Sanchita Bhatnagar
- Program in Molecular Medicine.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sagar Chhangawala
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Camilla Borges Ferreira Gomes
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Christine G Lian
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yariv Houvras
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Green
- Program in Molecular Medicine.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Craig J Ceol
- Program in Molecular Medicine.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology
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145
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Astone M, Dankert EN, Alam SK, Hoeppner LH. Fishing for cures: The alLURE of using zebrafish to develop precision oncology therapies. NPJ Precis Oncol 2017; 1. [PMID: 29376139 PMCID: PMC5784449 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-017-0043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish have proven to be a valuable model to study human cancer biology with the ultimate aim of developing new therapies. Danio rerio are amenable to in vivo imaging, high-throughput drug screening, mutagenesis, and transgenesis, and they share histological and genetic similarities with Homo sapiens. The significance of zebrafish in the field of precision oncology is rapidly emerging. Indeed, modeling cancer in zebrafish has already been used to identify tumor biomarkers, define therapeutic targets and provide an in vivo platform for drug discovery. New zebrafish studies are starting to pave the way to direct individualized clinical applications. Patient-derived cancer cell xenograft models have demonstrated the feasibility of using zebrafish as a real-time avatar of prognosis and drug response to identify the most ideal therapy for an individual patient. Genetic cancer modeling in zebrafish, now facilitated by rapidly evolving genome editing techniques, represents another innovative approach to recapitulate human oncogenesis and develop individualized treatments. Utilizing zebrafish to design customizable precision therapies will improve the clinical outcome of patients afflicted with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Astone
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912
| | - Erin N Dankert
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912
| | - Sk Kayum Alam
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912
| | - Luke H Hoeppner
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912
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146
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Neiswender JV, Kortum RL, Bourque C, Kasheta M, Zon LI, Morrison DK, Ceol CJ. KIT Suppresses BRAF V600E-Mutant Melanoma by Attenuating Oncogenic RAS/MAPK Signaling. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5820-5830. [PMID: 28947418 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase KIT promotes survival and migration of melanocytes during development, and excessive KIT activity hyperactivates the RAS/MAPK pathway and can drive formation of melanomas, most notably of rare melanomas that occur on volar and mucosal surfaces of the skin. The much larger fraction of melanomas that occur on sun-exposed skin is driven primarily by BRAF- or NRAS-activating mutations, but these melanomas exhibit a surprising loss of KIT expression, which raises the question of whether loss of KIT in these tumors facilitates tumorigenesis. To address this question, we introduced a kit(lf) mutation into a strain of Tg(mitfa:BRAFV600E); p53(lf) melanoma-prone zebrafish. Melanoma onset was accelerated in kit(lf); Tg(mitfa:BRAFV600E); p53(lf) fish. Tumors from kit(lf) animals were more invasive and had higher RAS/MAPK pathway activation. KIT knockdown also increased RAS/MAPK pathway activation in a BRAFV600E-mutant human melanoma cell line. We found that pathway stimulation upstream of BRAFV600E could paradoxically reduce signaling downstream of BRAFV600E, and wild-type BRAF was necessary for this effect, suggesting that its activation can dampen oncogenic BRAFV600E signaling. In vivo, expression of wild-type BRAF delayed melanoma onset, but only in a kit-dependent manner. Together, these results suggest that KIT can activate signaling through wild-type RAF proteins, thus interfering with oncogenic BRAFV600E-driven melanoma formation. Cancer Res; 77(21); 5820-30. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Neiswender
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Robert L Kortum
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland.,Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Caitlin Bourque
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Melissa Kasheta
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deborah K Morrison
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Craig J Ceol
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
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147
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Zebrafish in Translational Cancer Research: Insight into Leukemia, Melanoma, Glioma and Endocrine Tumor Biology. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8090236. [PMID: 28930163 PMCID: PMC5615369 DOI: 10.3390/genes8090236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 15 years, zebrafish have emerged as a powerful tool for studying human cancers. Transgenic techniques have been employed to model different types of tumors, including leukemia, melanoma, glioblastoma and endocrine tumors. These models present histopathological and molecular conservation with their human cancer counterparts and have been fundamental for understanding mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, xenotransplantation of human cancer cells in embryos or adult zebrafish offers the advantage of studying the behavior of human cancer cells in a live organism. Chemical-genetic screens using zebrafish embryos have uncovered novel druggable pathways and new therapeutic strategies, some of which are now tested in clinical trials. In this review, we will report on recent advances in using zebrafish as a model in cancer studies—with specific focus on four cancer types—where zebrafish has contributed to novel discoveries or approaches to novel therapies.
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148
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Kirchberger S, Sturtzel C, Pascoal S, Distel M. Quo natas, Danio? -Recent Progress in Modeling Cancer in Zebrafish. Front Oncol 2017; 7:186. [PMID: 28894696 PMCID: PMC5581328 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, zebrafish has proven to be a powerful model in cancer research. Zebrafish form tumors that histologically and genetically resemble human cancers. The live imaging and cost-effective compound screening possible with zebrafish especially complement classic mouse cancer models. Here, we report recent progress in the field, including genetically engineered zebrafish cancer models, xenotransplantation of human cancer cells into zebrafish, promising approaches toward live investigation of the tumor microenvironment, and identification of therapeutic strategies by performing compound screens on zebrafish cancer models. Given the recent advances in genome editing, personalized zebrafish cancer models are now a realistic possibility. In addition, ongoing automation will soon allow high-throughput compound screening using zebrafish cancer models to be part of preclinical precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kirchberger
- St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Innovative Cancer Models, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caterina Sturtzel
- St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Innovative Cancer Models, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susana Pascoal
- St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Innovative Cancer Models, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Distel
- St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Innovative Cancer Models, Vienna, Austria
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149
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Feng Z, Nam S, Hamouri F, Aujard I, Ducos B, Vriz S, Volovitch M, Jullien L, Lin S, Weiss S, Bensimon D. Optical Control of Tumor Induction in the Zebrafish. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9195. [PMID: 28835665 PMCID: PMC5569104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09697-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish has become an increasingly popular and valuable cancer model over the past few decades. While most zebrafish cancer models are generated by expressing mammalian oncogenes under tissue-specific promoters, here we describe a method that allows for the precise optical control of oncogene expression in live zebrafish. We utilize this technique to transiently or constitutively activate a typical human oncogene, kRASG12V, in zebrafish embryos and investigate the developmental and tumorigenic phenotypes. We demonstrate the spatiotemporal control of oncogene expression in live zebrafish, and characterize the different tumorigenic probabilities when kRASG12V is expressed transiently or constitutively at different developmental stages. Moreover, we show that light can be used to activate oncogene expression in selected tissues and single cells without tissue-specific promoters. Our work presents a novel approach to initiate and study cancer in zebrafish, and the high spatiotemporal resolution of this method makes it a valuable tool for studying cancer initiation from single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Feng
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
| | - Suzy Nam
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fatima Hamouri
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- IBENS, CNRS-UMR8197, INSERM-U1024, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Aujard
- École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Département de Chimie, PASTEUR, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, ENS, CNRS, PASTEUR, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Ducos
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- IBENS, CNRS-UMR8197, INSERM-U1024, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Vriz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, and CNRS UMR 7241, and INSERM U1050, Paris, France
- Department of Life Sciences, Paris-Diderot University, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Michel Volovitch
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, and CNRS UMR 7241, and INSERM U1050, Paris, France
- Department of Biology, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Jullien
- École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Département de Chimie, PASTEUR, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, ENS, CNRS, PASTEUR, Paris, France
| | - Shuo Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shimon Weiss
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - David Bensimon
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
- IBENS, CNRS-UMR8197, INSERM-U1024, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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150
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Schachtschneider KM, Schwind RM, Newson J, Kinachtchouk N, Rizko M, Mendoza-Elias N, Grippo P, Principe DR, Park A, Overgaard NH, Jungersen G, Garcia KD, Maker AV, Rund LA, Ozer H, Gaba RC, Schook LB. The Oncopig Cancer Model: An Innovative Large Animal Translational Oncology Platform. Front Oncol 2017; 7:190. [PMID: 28879168 PMCID: PMC5572387 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an improved understanding of cancer molecular biology, immune landscapes, and advancements in cytotoxic, biologic, and immunologic anti-cancer therapeutics, cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide. More than 8.2 million deaths were attributed to cancer in 2012, and it is anticipated that cancer incidence will continue to rise, with 19.3 million cases expected by 2025. The development and investigation of new diagnostic modalities and innovative therapeutic tools is critical for reducing the global cancer burden. Toward this end, transitional animal models serve a crucial role in bridging the gap between fundamental diagnostic and therapeutic discoveries and human clinical trials. Such animal models offer insights into all aspects of the basic science-clinical translational cancer research continuum (screening, detection, oncogenesis, tumor biology, immunogenicity, therapeutics, and outcomes). To date, however, cancer research progress has been markedly hampered by lack of a genotypically, anatomically, and physiologically relevant large animal model. Without progressive cancer models, discoveries are hindered and cures are improbable. Herein, we describe a transgenic porcine model—the Oncopig Cancer Model (OCM)—as a next-generation large animal platform for the study of hematologic and solid tumor oncology. With mutations in key tumor suppressor and oncogenes, TP53R167H and KRASG12D, the OCM recapitulates transcriptional hallmarks of human disease while also exhibiting clinically relevant histologic and genotypic tumor phenotypes. Moreover, as obesity rates increase across the global population, cancer patients commonly present clinically with multiple comorbid conditions. Due to the effects of these comorbidities on patient management, therapeutic strategies, and clinical outcomes, an ideal animal model should develop cancer on the background of representative comorbid conditions (tumor macro- and microenvironments). As observed in clinical practice, liver cirrhosis frequently precedes development of primary liver cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma. The OCM has the capacity to develop tumors in combination with such relevant comorbidities. Furthermore, studies on the tumor microenvironment demonstrate similarities between OCM and human cancer genomic landscapes. This review highlights the potential of this and other large animal platforms as transitional models to bridge the gap between basic research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Regina M Schwind
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | | | - Mark Rizko
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nasya Mendoza-Elias
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Paul Grippo
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Daniel R Principe
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alex Park
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nana H Overgaard
- Division of Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- Division of Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kelly D Garcia
- Biologic Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ajay V Maker
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Laurie A Rund
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Howard Ozer
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ron C Gaba
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lawrence B Schook
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
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