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Collins C, Ventrella R, Mitchell BJ. Building a ciliated epithelium: Transcriptional regulation and radial intercalation of multiciliated cells. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 145:3-39. [PMID: 34074533 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis of the Xenopus embryo has emerged as a powerful tool for studying the development of a ciliated epithelium. Interspersed throughout the epithelium are multiciliated cells (MCCs) with 100+ motile cilia that beat in a coordinated manner to generate fluid flow over the surface of the cell. MCCs are essential for various developmental processes and, furthermore, ciliary dysfunction is associated with numerous pathologies. Therefore, understanding the cellular mechanisms involved in establishing a ciliated epithelium are of particular interest. MCCs originate in the inner epithelial layer of Xenopus skin, where Notch signaling plays a critical role in determining which progenitors will adopt a ciliated cell fate. Then, activation of various transcriptional regulators, such as GemC1 and MCIDAS, initiate the MCC transcriptional program, resulting in centriole amplification and the formation of motile cilia. Following specification and differentiation, MCCs undergo the process of radial intercalation, where cells apically migrate from the inner layer to the outer epithelial layer. This process involves the cooperation of various cytoskeletal networks, activation of various signaling molecules, and changes in cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesion. Coordination of these cellular processes is required for complete incorporation into the outer epithelial layer and generation of a functional ciliated epithelium. Here, we highlight recent advances made in understanding the transcriptional cascades required for MCC specification and differentiation and the coordination of cellular processes that facilitate radial intercalation. Proper regulation of these signaling pathways and processes are the foundation for developing a ciliated epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Collins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rosa Ventrella
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Brian J Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
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102
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Dumm RE, Wellford SA, Moseman EA, Heaton NS. Heterogeneity of Antiviral Responses in the Upper Respiratory Tract Mediates Differential Non-lytic Clearance of Influenza Viruses. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108103. [PMID: 32877682 PMCID: PMC7462569 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses initiate infection in the upper respiratory tract (URT), but early viral tropism and the importance of cell-type-specific antiviral responses in this tissue remain incompletely understood. By infecting transgenic lox-stop-lox reporter mice with a Cre-recombinase-expressing influenza B virus, we identify olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) as a major viral cell target in the URT. These cells become infected, then eliminate the virus and survive in the host post-resolution of infection. OSN responses to infection are characterized by a strong induction of interferon-stimulated genes and more rapid clearance of viral protein relative to other cells in the epithelium. We speculate that this cell-type-specific response likely serves to protect the central nervous system from infection. More broadly, these results highlight the importance of evaluating antiviral responses across different cell types, even those within the same tissue, to more fully understand the mechanisms of viral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah E Dumm
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sebastian A Wellford
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - E Ashley Moseman
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Nicholas S Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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103
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Nechipurenko IV. The Enigmatic Role of Lipids in Cilia Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:777. [PMID: 32850869 PMCID: PMC7431879 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are specialized cellular structures that project from the surface of most cell types in metazoans and mediate transduction of major signaling pathways. The ciliary membrane is contiguous with the plasma membrane, yet it exhibits distinct protein and lipid composition, which is essential for ciliary function. Diffusion barriers at the base of a cilium are responsible for establishing unique molecular composition of this organelle. Although considerable progress has been made in identifying mechanisms of ciliary protein trafficking in and out of cilia, it remains largely unknown how the distinct lipid identity of the ciliary membrane is achieved. In this mini review, I summarize recent developments in characterizing lipid composition and organization of the ciliary membrane and discuss the emerging roles of lipids in modulating activity of ciliary signaling components including ion channels and G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna V. Nechipurenko
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
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104
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zheng J, Wang J, Duan S, Zhang W, Yan X, Zhu X. Vertebrate Dynein-f depends on Wdr78 for axonemal localization and is essential for ciliary beat. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 11:383-394. [PMID: 30060180 PMCID: PMC7727262 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjy043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia and flagella are microtubule-based organelles important for cell locomotion and extracellular liquid flow through beating. Although axonenal dyneins that drive ciliary beat have been extensively studied in unicellular Chlamydomonas, to what extent such knowledge can be applied to vertebrate is poorly known. In Chlamydomonas, Dynein-f controls flagellar waveforms but is dispensable for beating. The flagellar assembly of its heavy chains (HCs) requires its intermediate chain (IC) IC140 but not IC138. Here we show that, unlike its Chlamydomonas counterpart, vertebrate Dynein-f is essential for ciliary beat. We confirmed that Wdr78 is the vertebrate orthologue of IC138. Wdr78 associated with Dynein-f subunits such as Dnah2 (a HC) and Wdr63 (IC140 orthologue). It was expressed as a motile cilium-specific protein in mammalian cells. Depletion of Wdr78 or Dnah2 by RNAi paralyzed mouse ependymal cilia. Zebrafish Wdr78 morphants displayed ciliopathy-related phenotypes, such as curved bodies, hydrocephalus, abnormal otolith, randomized left-right asymmetry, and pronephric cysts, accompanied with paralyzed pronephric cilia. Furthermore, all the HCs and ICs of Dynein-f failed to localize in the Wdr78-depleted mouse ependymal cilia. Therefore, both the functions and subunit dependency of Dynein-f are altered in evolution, probably to comply with ciliary roles in higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yawen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Shichao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiumin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, China
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105
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Bearce EA, Grimes DT. On being the right shape: Roles for motile cilia and cerebrospinal fluid flow in body and spine morphology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 110:104-112. [PMID: 32693941 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
How developing and growing organisms attain their proper shape is a central problem of developmental biology. In this review, we investigate this question with respect to how the body axis and spine form in their characteristic linear head-to-tail fashion in vertebrates. Recent work in the zebrafish has implicated motile cilia and cerebrospinal fluid flow in axial morphogenesis and spinal straightness. We begin by introducing motile cilia, the fluid flows they generate and their roles in zebrafish development and growth. We then describe how cilia control body and spine shape through sensory cells in the spinal canal, a thread-like extracellular structure called the Reissner fiber, and expression of neuropeptide signals. Last, we discuss zebrafish mutants in which spinal straightness breaks down and three-dimensional curves form. These curves resemble the common but little-understood human disease Idiopathic Scoliosis. Zebrafish research is therefore poised to make progress in our understanding of this condition and, more generally, how body and spine shape is acquired and maintained through development and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Bearce
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
| | - Daniel T Grimes
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
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106
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Heydeck W, Bayless BA, Stemm-Wolf AJ, O'Toole ET, Fabritius AS, Ozzello C, Nguyen M, Winey M. Tetrahymena Poc5 is a transient basal body component that is important for basal body maturation. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.240838. [PMID: 32350068 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.240838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal bodies (BBs) are microtubule-based organelles that act as a template for and stabilize cilia at the cell surface. Centrins ubiquitously associate with BBs and function in BB assembly, maturation and stability. Human POC5 (hPOC5) is a highly conserved centrin-binding protein that binds centrins through Sfi1p-like repeats and is required for building full-length, mature centrioles. Here, we use the BB-rich cytoskeleton of Tetrahymena thermophila to characterize Poc5 BB functions. Tetrahymena Poc5 (TtPoc5) uniquely incorporates into assembling BBs and is then removed from mature BBs prior to ciliogenesis. Complete genomic knockout of TtPOC5 leads to a significantly increased production of BBs, yet a markedly reduced ciliary density, both of which are rescued by reintroduction of TtPoc5. A second Tetrahymena POC5-like gene, SFR1, is similarly implicated in modulating BB production. When TtPOC5 and SFR1 are co-deleted, cell viability is compromised and BB overproduction is exacerbated. Overproduced BBs display defective transition zone formation and a diminished capacity for ciliogenesis. This study uncovers a requirement for Poc5 in building mature BBs, providing a possible functional link between hPOC5 mutations and impaired cilia.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Westley Heydeck
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Brian A Bayless
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alexander J Stemm-Wolf
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Eileen T O'Toole
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Amy S Fabritius
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Courtney Ozzello
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Marina Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mark Winey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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107
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CAMSAP3 facilitates basal body polarity and the formation of the central pair of microtubules in motile cilia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13571-13579. [PMID: 32482850 PMCID: PMC7306751 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907335117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are composed of hundreds of proteins whose identities and functions are far from being completely understood. In this study, we determined that calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated protein 3 (CAMSAP3) plays an important role for the function of motile cilia in multiciliated cells (MCCs). Global knockdown of CAMSAP3 protein expression in mice resulted in defects in ciliary structures, polarity, and synchronized beating in MCCs. These animals also displayed signs and symptoms reminiscent of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), including a mild form of hydrocephalus, subfertility, and impaired mucociliary clearance that leads to hyposmia, anosmia, rhinosinusitis, and otitis media. Functional characterization of CAMSAP3 enriches our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the generation and function of motile cilia in MCCs. Synchronized beating of cilia on multiciliated cells (MCCs) generates a directional flow of mucus across epithelia. This motility requires a “9 + 2” microtubule (MT) configuration in axonemes and the unidirectional array of basal bodies of cilia on the MCCs. However, it is not fully understood what components are needed for central MT-pair assembly as they are not continuous with basal bodies in contrast to the nine outer MT doublets. In this study, we discovered that a homozygous knockdown mouse model for MT minus-end regulator calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated protein 3 (CAMSAP3), Camsap3tm1a/tm1a, exhibited multiple phenotypes, some of which are typical of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a condition caused by motile cilia defects. Anatomical examination of Camsap3tm1a/tm1a mice revealed severe nasal airway blockage and abnormal ciliary morphologies in nasal MCCs. MCCs from different tissues exhibited defective synchronized beating and ineffective generation of directional flow likely underlying the PCD-like phenotypes. In normal mice, CAMSAP3 localized to the base of axonemes and at the basal bodies in MCCs. However, in Camsap3tm1a/tm1a, MCCs lacked CAMSAP3 at the ciliary base. Importantly, the central MT pairs were missing in the majority of cilia, and the polarity of the basal bodies was disorganized. These phenotypes were further confirmed in MCCs of Xenopus embryos when CAMSAP3 expression was knocked down by morpholino injection. Taken together, we identified CAMSAP3 as being important for the formation of central MT pairs, proper orientation of basal bodies, and synchronized beating of motile cilia.
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108
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Noncanonical Wnt planar cell polarity signaling in lung development and disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:231-243. [PMID: 32096543 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway is a potent developmental regulator of directional cell behaviors such as migration, asymmetric division and morphological polarization that are critical for shaping the body axis and the complex three-dimensional architecture of tissues and organs. PCP is considered a noncanonical Wnt pathway due to the involvement of Wnt ligands and Frizzled family receptors in the absence of the beta-catenin driven gene expression observed in the canonical Wnt cascade. At the heart of the PCP mechanism are protein complexes capable of generating molecular asymmetries within cells along a tissue-wide axis that are translated into polarized actin and microtubule cytoskeletal dynamics. PCP has emerged as an important regulator of developmental, homeostatic and disease processes in the respiratory system. It acts along other signaling pathways to create the elaborately branched structure of the lung by controlling the directional protrusive movements of cells during branching morphogenesis. PCP operates in the airway epithelium to establish and maintain the orientation of respiratory cilia along the airway axis for anatomically directed mucociliary clearance. It also regulates the establishment of the pulmonary vasculature. In adult tissues, PCP dysfunction has been linked to a variety of chronic lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, stemming chiefly from the breakdown of proper tissue structure and function and aberrant cell migration during regenerative wound healing. A better understanding of these (impaired) PCP mechanisms is needed to fully harness the therapeutic opportunities of targeting PCP in chronic lung diseases.
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109
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Rayamajhi D, Roy S. Multiciliated Cells: Rise and Fall of the Deuterosomes. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:259-262. [PMID: 32200804 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Esoteric organelles called deuterosomes have been implicated in the explosive production of hundreds of basal bodies in multiciliated cells (MCCs). A new study by Meunier, Holland, and colleagues now shows that deuterosomes are dispensable, re-igniting the quest for mechanisms driving basal body biogenesis in this specialized ciliated cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Rayamajhi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543; Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Ling School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119288.
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110
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Xie H, Kang Y, Wang S, Zheng P, Chen Z, Roy S, Zhao C. E2f5 is a versatile transcriptional activator required for spermatogenesis and multiciliated cell differentiation in zebrafish. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008655. [PMID: 32196499 PMCID: PMC7112233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
E2f5 is a member of the E2f family of transcription factors that play essential roles during many cellular processes. E2f5 was initially characterized as a transcriptional repressor in cell proliferation studies through its interaction with the Retinoblastoma (Rb) protein for inhibition of target gene transcription. However, the precise roles of E2f5 during embryonic and post-embryonic development remain incompletely investigated. Here, we report that zebrafish E2f5 plays critical roles during spermatogenesis and multiciliated cell (MCC) differentiation. Zebrafish e2f5 mutants develop exclusively as infertile males. In the mutants, spermatogenesis is arrested at the zygotene stage due to homologous recombination (HR) defects, which finally leads to germ cell apoptosis. Inhibition of cell apoptosis in e2f5;tp53 double mutants rescued ovarian development, although oocytes generated from the double mutants were still abnormal, characterized by aberrant distribution of nucleoli. Using transcriptome analysis, we identified dmc1, which encodes an essential meiotic recombination protein, as the major target gene of E2f5 during spermatogenesis. E2f5 can bind to the promoter of dmc1 to promote HR, and overexpression of dmc1 significantly increased the fertilization rate of e2f5 mutant males. Besides gametogenesis defects, e2f5 mutants failed to develop MCCs in the nose and pronephric ducts during early embryonic stages, but these cells recovered later due to redundancy with E2f4. Moreover, we demonstrate that ion transporting principal cells in the pronephric ducts, which remain intercalated with the MCCs, do not contain motile cilia in wild-type embryos, while they generate single motile cilia in the absence of E2f5 activity. In line with this, we further show that E2f5 activates the Notch pathway gene jagged2b (jag2b) to inhibit the acquisition of MCC fate as well as motile cilia differentiation by the neighboring principal cells. Taken together, our data suggest that E2f5 can function as a versatile transcriptional activator and identify novel roles of the protein in spermatogenesis as well as MCC differentiation during zebrafish development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Xie
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yunsi Kang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Pengfei Zheng
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Ling School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chengtian Zhao
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
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111
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Roberson EC, Tran NK, Konjikusic MJ, Fitch RD, Gray RS, Wallingford JB. A comparative study of the turnover of multiciliated cells in the mouse trachea, oviduct, and brain. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:898-905. [PMID: 32133718 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mammals, multiciliated cells (MCCs) line the lumen of the trachea, oviduct, and brain ventricles, where they drive fluid flow across the epithelium. Each MCC population experiences vastly different local environments that may dictate differences in their lifetime and turnover rates. However, with the exception of MCCs in the trachea, the turnover rates of these multiciliated epithelial populations at extended time scales are not well described. RESULTS Here, using genetic lineage-labeling techniques we provide a direct comparison of turnover rates of MCCs in these three different tissues. CONCLUSION We find that oviduct turnover is similar to that in the airway (~6 months), while multiciliated ependymal cells turnover more slowly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elle C Roberson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Patterson Labs, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Ngan K Tran
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Patterson Labs, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Mia J Konjikusic
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Patterson Labs, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca D Fitch
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Patterson Labs, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Ryan S Gray
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Patterson Labs, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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112
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Nawroth JC, van der Does AM, Ryan (Firth) A, Kanso E. Multiscale mechanics of mucociliary clearance in the lung. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190160. [PMID: 31884926 PMCID: PMC7017338 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance (MCC) is one of the most important defence mechanisms of the human respiratory system. Its failure is implicated in many chronic and debilitating airway diseases. However, due to the complexity of lung organization, we currently lack full understanding on the relationship between these regional differences in anatomy and biology and MCC functioning. For example, it is unknown whether the regional variability of airway geometry, cell biology and ciliary mechanics play a functional role in MCC. It therefore remains unclear whether the regional preference seen in some airway diseases could originate from local MCC dysfunction. Though great insights have been gained into the genetic basis of cilia ultrastructural defects in airway ciliopathies, the scaling to regional MCC function and subsequent clinical phenotype remains unpredictable. Understanding the multiscale mechanics of MCC would help elucidate genotype-phenotype relationships and enable better diagnostic tools and treatment options. Here, we review the hierarchical and variable organization of ciliated airway epithelium in human lungs and discuss how this organization relates to MCC function. We then discuss the relevancy of these structure-function relationships to current topics in lung disease research. Finally, we examine how state-of-the-art computational approaches can help address existing open questions. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne M. van der Does
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amy Ryan (Firth)
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Eva Kanso
- Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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113
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Hagen KD, McInally SG, Hilton ND, Dawson SC. Microtubule organelles in Giardia. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 107:25-96. [PMID: 32122531 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is a widespread parasitic protist with a complex MT cytoskeleton that is critical for motility, attachment, mitosis and cell division, and transitions between its two life cycle stages-the infectious cyst and flagellated trophozoite. Giardia trophozoites have both highly dynamic and highly stable MT organelles, including the ventral disc, eight flagella, the median body and the funis. The ventral disc, an elaborate MT organelle, is essential for the parasite's attachment to the intestinal villi to avoid peristalsis. Giardia's four flagellar pairs enable swimming motility and may also promote attachment. They are maintained at different equilibrium lengths and are distinguished by their long cytoplasmic regions and novel extra-axonemal structures. The functions of the median body and funis, MT organelles unique to Giardia, remain less understood. In addition to conserved MT-associated proteins, the genome is enriched in ankyrins, NEKs, and novel hypothetical proteins that also associate with the MT cytoskeleton. High-resolution ultrastructural imaging and a current inventory of more than 300 proteins associated with Giardia's MT cytoskeleton lay the groundwork for future mechanistic analyses of parasite attachment to the host, motility, cell division, and encystation/excystation. Giardia's unique MT organelles exemplify the capacity of MT polymers to generate intricate structures that are diverse in both form and function. Thus, beyond its relevance to pathogenesis, the study of Giardia's MT cytoskeleton informs basic cytoskeletal biology and cellular evolution. With the availability of new molecular genetic tools to disrupt gene function, we anticipate a new era of cytoskeletal discovery in Giardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari D Hagen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UC Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Shane G McInally
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UC Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas D Hilton
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UC Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Scott C Dawson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UC Davis, Davis, CA, United States.
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McInally SG, Kondev J, Dawson SC. Length-dependent disassembly maintains four different flagellar lengths in Giardia. eLife 2019; 8:e48694. [PMID: 31855176 PMCID: PMC6992383 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
With eight flagella of four different lengths, the parasitic protist Giardia is an ideal model to evaluate flagellar assembly and length regulation. To determine how four different flagellar lengths are maintained, we used live-cell quantitative imaging and mathematical modeling of conserved components of intraflagellar transport (IFT)-mediated assembly and kinesin-13-mediated disassembly in different flagellar pairs. Each axoneme has a long cytoplasmic region extending from the basal body, and transitions to a canonical membrane-bound flagellum at the 'flagellar pore'. We determined that each flagellar pore is the site of IFT accumulation and injection, defining a diffusion barrier functionally analogous to the transition zone. IFT-mediated assembly is length-independent, as train size, speed, and injection frequencies are similar for all flagella. We demonstrate that kinesin-13 localization to the flagellar tips is inversely correlated to flagellar length. Therefore, we propose a model where a length-dependent disassembly mechanism controls multiple flagellar lengths within the same cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane G McInally
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Jane Kondev
- Department of PhysicsBrandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Scott C Dawson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
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115
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Sim HJ, Yun S, Kim HE, Kwon KY, Kim GH, Yun S, Kim BG, Myung K, Park TJ, Kwon T. Simple Method To Characterize the Ciliary Proteome of Multiciliated Cells. J Proteome Res 2019; 19:391-400. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gun-Hwa Kim
- Drug & Disease Target Group, Korea Basic Science Institute (KSBI), Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28119, Republic of Korea
- Tunneling Nanotube Research Center, Division of Life Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Yun
- Drug & Disease Target Group, Korea Basic Science Institute (KSBI), Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Gyu Kim
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjae Myung
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Park
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejoon Kwon
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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116
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Nemajerova A, Moll UM. Tissue-specific roles of p73 in development and homeostasis. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/19/jcs233338. [PMID: 31582429 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.233338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
p73 (TP73) belongs to the p53 family of transcription factors. Its gene locus encodes two opposing types of isoforms, the transcriptionally active TAp73 class and the dominant-negative DNp73 class, which both play critical roles in development and homeostasis in an astonishingly diverse array of biological systems within specific tissues. While p73 has functions in cancer, this Review focuses on the non-oncogenic activities of p73. In the central and peripheral nervous system, both isoforms cooperate in complex ways to regulate neural stem cell survival, self-renewal and terminal differentiation. In airways, oviduct and to a lesser extent in brain ependyma, TAp73 is the master transcriptional regulator of multiciliogenesis, enabling fluid and germ cell transport across tissue surfaces. In male and female reproduction, TAp73 regulates gene networks that control cell-cell adhesion programs within germinal epithelium to enable germ cell maturation. Finally, p73 participates in the control of angiogenesis in development and cancer. While many open questions remain, we discuss here key findings that provide insight into the complex functions of this gene at the organismal, cellular and molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Nemajerova
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8691, USA
| | - Ute M Moll
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8691, USA
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117
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Abdi K, Neves G, Pyun J, Kiziltug E, Ahrens A, Kuo CT. EGFR Signaling Termination via Numb Trafficking in Ependymal Progenitors Controls Postnatal Neurogenic Niche Differentiation. Cell Rep 2019; 28:2012-2022.e4. [PMID: 31433979 PMCID: PMC6768562 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialized microenvironments, called niches, control adult stem cell proliferation and differentiation. The brain lateral ventricular (LV) neurogenic niche is generated from distinct postnatal radial glial progenitors (pRGPs), giving rise to adult neural stem cells (NSCs) and niche ependymal cells (ECs). Cellular-intrinsic programs govern stem versus supporting cell maturation during adult niche assembly, but how they are differentially initiated within a similar microenvironment remains unknown. Using chemical approaches, we discovered that EGFR signaling powerfully inhibits EC differentiation by suppressing multiciliogenesis. We found that EC pRGPs actively terminated EGF activation through receptor redistribution away from CSF-contacting apical domains and that randomized EGFR membrane targeting blocked EC differentiation. Mechanistically, we uncovered spatiotemporal interactions between EGFR and endocytic adaptor protein Numb. Ca2+-dependent basolateral targeting of Numb is necessary and sufficient for proper EGFR redistribution. These results reveal a previously unknown cellular mechanism for neighboring progenitors to differentially engage environmental signals, initiating adult stem cell niche assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadar Abdi
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gabriel Neves
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joon Pyun
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Emre Kiziltug
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Angelica Ahrens
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Chay T Kuo
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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118
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Xu L, Jiang Y. Mathematical Modeling of Mucociliary Clearance: A Mini-Review. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070736. [PMID: 31323757 PMCID: PMC6678682 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance is an important innate host defense of the mammalian respiratory system, as it traps foreign substances, including pollutants, pathogens, and allergens, and transports them out of the airway. The underlying mechanism of the actuation and coordination of cilia, the interplay between the cilia and mucus, and the formation of the metachronal wave have been explored extensively both experimentally and mathematically. In this mini-review, we provide a survey of the mathematical models of mucociliary clearance, from the motion of one single cilium to the emergence of the metachronal wave in a group of them, from the fundamental theoretical study to the state-of-the-art three-dimensional simulations. The mechanism of cilium actuation is discussed, together with the mathematical simplification and the implications or caveats of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xu
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA.
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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119
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Lee M, Hwang YS, Yoon J, Sun J, Harned A, Nagashima K, Daar IO. Developmentally regulated GTP-binding protein 1 modulates ciliogenesis via an interaction with Dishevelled. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2659-2676. [PMID: 31270137 PMCID: PMC6683737 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201811147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study reveals Drg1 as a new binding partner of Dishevelled. The Drg1–Dishevelled association regulates Daam1 and RhoA interactions and activity, leading to polymerization and stability of the actin cytoskeleton, a process that is essential for proper multiciliation. Cilia are critical for proper embryonic development and maintaining homeostasis. Although extensively studied, there are still significant gaps regarding the proteins involved in regulating ciliogenesis. Using the Xenopus laevis embryo, we show that Dishevelled (Dvl), a key Wnt signaling scaffold that is critical to proper ciliogenesis, interacts with Drg1 (developmentally regulated GTP-binding protein 1). The loss of Drg1 or disruption of the interaction with Dvl reduces the length and number of cilia and displays defects in basal body migration and docking to the apical surface of multiciliated cells (MCCs). Moreover, Drg1 morphants display abnormal rotational polarity of basal bodies and a decrease in apical actin and RhoA activity that can be attributed to disruption of the protein complex between Dvl and Daam1, as well as between Daam1 and RhoA. These results support the concept that the Drg1–Dvl interaction regulates apical actin polymerization and stability in MCCs. Thus, Drg1 is a newly identified partner of Dvl in regulating ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jaeho Yoon
- National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Jian Sun
- National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Adam Harned
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Kunio Nagashima
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Ira O Daar
- National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
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120
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Abstract
An elegant new study shows that multiciliated cells in the noses of aquatic vertebrates generate flow fields that help odor detection and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan C F Neuhauss
- University of Zurich, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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121
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Lalioti ME, Arbi M, Loukas I, Kaplani K, Kalogeropoulou A, Lokka G, Kyrousi C, Mizi A, Georgomanolis T, Josipovic N, Gkikas D, Benes V, Politis PK, Papantonis A, Lygerou Z, Taraviras S. GemC1 governs multiciliogenesis through direct interaction with and transcriptional regulation of p73. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.228684. [PMID: 31028178 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.228684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A distinct combination of transcription factors elicits the acquisition of a specific fate and the initiation of a differentiation program. Multiciliated cells (MCCs) are a specialized type of epithelial cells that possess dozens of motile cilia on their apical surface. Defects in cilia function have been associated with ciliopathies that affect many organs, including brain and airway epithelium. Here we show that the geminin coiled-coil domain-containing protein 1 GemC1 (also known as Lynkeas) regulates the transcriptional activation of p73, a transcription factor central to multiciliogenesis. Moreover, we show that GemC1 acts in a trimeric complex with transcription factor E2F5 and tumor protein p73 (officially known as TP73), and that this complex is important for the activation of the p73 promoter. We also provide in vivo evidence that GemC1 is necessary for p73 expression in different multiciliated epithelia. We further show that GemC1 regulates multiciliogenesis through the control of chromatin organization, and the epigenetic marks/tags of p73 and Foxj 1. Our results highlight novel signaling cues involved in the commitment program of MCCs across species and tissues.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Eleni Lalioti
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Marina Arbi
- Department of General Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Ioannis Loukas
- Department of General Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Konstantina Kaplani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Argyro Kalogeropoulou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Georgia Lokka
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Christina Kyrousi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Athanasia Mizi
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Theodore Georgomanolis
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Natasa Josipovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Gkikas
- Department of Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Street, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Vladimir Benes
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Core Facilities and Services, Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Panagiotis K Politis
- Department of Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Street, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Argyris Papantonis
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zoi Lygerou
- Department of General Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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122
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Ji Y, Chae S, Lee HK, Park I, Kim C, Ismail T, Kim Y, Park JW, Kwon OS, Kang BS, Lee DS, Bae JS, Kim SH, Moon PG, Baek MC, Park MJ, Kil IS, Rhee SG, Kim J, Huh YH, Shin JY, Min KJ, Kwon TK, Jang DG, Woo HA, Kwon T, Park TJ, Lee HS. Peroxiredoxin5 Controls Vertebrate Ciliogenesis by Modulating Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1731-1745. [PMID: 30191719 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Peroxiredoxin5 (Prdx5), a thioredoxin peroxidase, is an antioxidant enzyme that is widely studied for its antioxidant properties and protective roles in neurological and cardiovascular disorders. This study is aimed at investigating the functional significance of Prdx5 in mitochondria and at analyzing its roles in ciliogenesis during the process of vertebrate development. RESULTS We found that several Prdx genes were strongly expressed in multiciliated cells in developing Xenopus embryos, and their peroxidatic functions were crucial for normal cilia development. Depletion of Prdx5 increased levels of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), consequently leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and abnormal cilia formation. Proteomic and transcriptomic approaches revealed that excessive ROS accumulation on Prdx5 depletion subsequently reduced the expression level of pyruvate kinase (PK), a key metabolic enzyme in energy production. We further confirmed that the promotor activity of PK was significantly reduced on Prdx5 depletion and that the reduction in PK expression and its promoter activity led to ciliary defects observed in Prdx5-depleted cells. INNOVATION Our data revealed the novel relationship between ROS and Prdx5 and the consequent effects of this interaction on vertebrate ciliogenesis. The normal process of ciliogenesis is interrupted by the Prdx5 depletion, resulting in excessive ROS levels and suggesting cilia as vulnerable targets of ROS. CONCLUSION Prdx5 plays protective roles in mitochondria and is critical for normal cilia development by regulating the levels of ROS. The loss of Prdx5 is associated with excessive production of ROS, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and aberrant ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurim Ji
- 1 KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Soomin Chae
- 1 KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Lee
- 1 KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Inji Park
- 1 KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chowon Kim
- 1 KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Tayaba Ismail
- 1 KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Youni Kim
- 1 KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jeen-Woo Park
- 1 KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Oh-Shin Kwon
- 1 KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Beom-Sik Kang
- 1 KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Lee
- 1 KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jong-Sup Bae
- 2 College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- 3 Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Pyung-Gon Moon
- 4 Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Moon-Chang Baek
- 4 Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Mae-Ja Park
- 5 Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, South Korea
| | - In Sup Kil
- 6 Yonsei Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sue Goo Rhee
- 6 Yonsei Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon Kim
- 7 Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering , Taejon, South Korea
| | - Yang Hoon Huh
- 8 Electron Microscopy Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju-si , Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Jong-Yeon Shin
- 9 Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University , Macrogen, Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Min
- 10 Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- 10 Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University , Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dong Gil Jang
- 11 School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ae Woo
- 12 College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Taejoon Kwon
- 11 School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Tae Joo Park
- 11 School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Shik Lee
- 1 KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, South Korea
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Nanjundappa R, Kong D, Shim K, Stearns T, Brody SL, Loncarek J, Mahjoub MR. Regulation of cilia abundance in multiciliated cells. eLife 2019; 8:e44039. [PMID: 31025935 PMCID: PMC6504233 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCC) contain hundreds of motile cilia used to propel fluid over their surface. To template these cilia, each MCC produces between 100-600 centrioles by a process termed centriole amplification. Yet, how MCC regulate the precise number of centrioles and cilia remains unknown. Airway progenitor cells contain two parental centrioles (PC) and form structures called deuterosomes that nucleate centrioles during amplification. Using an ex vivo airway culture model, we show that ablation of PC does not perturb deuterosome formation and centriole amplification. In contrast, loss of PC caused an increase in deuterosome and centriole abundance, highlighting the presence of a compensatory mechanism. Quantification of centriole abundance in vitro and in vivo identified a linear relationship between surface area and centriole number. By manipulating cell size, we discovered that centriole number scales with surface area. Our results demonstrate that a cell-intrinsic surface area-dependent mechanism controls centriole and cilia abundance in multiciliated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Nanjundappa
- Nephrology Division, Department of MedicineWashington UniversitySt LouisUnited States
| | - Dong Kong
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteFrederickUnited States
| | - Kyuhwan Shim
- Nephrology Division, Department of MedicineWashington UniversitySt LouisUnited States
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of BiologyStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Steven L Brody
- Pulmonary Division, Department of MedicineWashington UniversitySt LouisUnited States
| | - Jadranka Loncarek
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteFrederickUnited States
| | - Moe R Mahjoub
- Nephrology Division, Department of MedicineWashington UniversitySt LouisUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyWashington UniversitySt LouisUnited States
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124
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Iroquois transcription factor irx2a is required for multiciliated and transporter cell fate decisions during zebrafish pronephros development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6454. [PMID: 31015532 PMCID: PMC6478698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42943-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic regulation of nephron patterning during kidney organogenesis remains poorly understood. Nephron tubules in zebrafish are composed of segment populations that have unique absorptive and secretory roles, as well as multiciliated cells (MCCs) that govern fluid flow. Here, we report that the transcription factor iroquois 2a (irx2a) is requisite for zebrafish nephrogenesis. irx2a transcripts localized to the developing pronephros and maturing MCCs, and loss of function altered formation of two segment populations and reduced MCC number. Interestingly, irx2a deficient embryos had reduced expression of an essential MCC gene ets variant 5a (etv5a), and were rescued by etv5a overexpression, supporting the conclusion that etv5a acts downstream of irx2a to control MCC ontogeny. Finally, we found that retinoic acid (RA) signaling affects the irx2a expression domain in renal progenitors, positioning irx2a downstream of RA. In sum, this work reveals new roles for irx2a during nephrogenesis, identifying irx2a as a crucial connection between RA signaling, segmentation, and the control of etv5a mediated MCC formation. Further investigation of the genetic players involved in these events will enhance our understanding of the molecular pathways that govern renal development, which can be used help create therapeutics to treat congenital and acquired kidney diseases.
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125
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Garrido-Jimenez S, Roman AC, Carvajal-Gonzalez JM. Diminished Expression of Fat and Dachsous PCP Proteins Impaired Centriole Planar Polarization in Drosophila. Front Genet 2019; 10:328. [PMID: 31031805 PMCID: PMC6473044 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper ciliary basal body positioning within a cell is key for cilia functioning. Centriole and basal body positioning depends on signaling pathways such as the planar cell polarity pathway (PCP) governed by Frizzled (Fz-PCP). There have been described two PCP pathways controlled by different protein complexes, the Frizzled-PCP and the Fat-PCP pathway. Centriole planar polarization in non-dividing cells is a dynamic process that depends on the Fz-PCP pathway to properly occur during development from flies to humans. However, the function of the Ft-PCP pathway in centrioles polarization is elusive. Here, we present a descriptive initial analysis of centrioles polarization in Fat-PCP loss of function (LOF) conditions. We found that Fat (Ft) and Dachsous (Ds) LOF showed a marked centrioles polarization defect similar to what we have previously reported in Fz-PCP alterations. Altogether, our data suggest that centriole planar polarization in Drosophila wings depends on both Ft-PCP and Fz-PCP pathways. Further analyses in single and double mutant conditions will be required to address the functional connection between PCP and centriole polarization in flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Garrido-Jimenez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - Jose Maria Carvajal-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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126
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Prostaglandin signaling regulates renal multiciliated cell specification and maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:8409-8418. [PMID: 30948642 PMCID: PMC6486750 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813492116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCCs) have core roles in organ formation and function, where they control fluid flow and particle displacement. MCCs direct fluid movement in the brain and spinal cord, clearance of respiratory mucus, and ovum transport from the ovary to the uterus. Deficiencies in MCC functionality lead to hydrocephalus, chronic respiratory infections, and infertility. Prostaglandins are lipids that are used to coordinate cellular functions. Here, we discovered that prostaglandin signaling is required for MCC development in the embryonic zebrafish kidney. Understanding renal MCC genesis can lend insights into the puzzling origins of MCCs in several chronic kidney diseases, where it is unclear whether MCCs are a cause or phenotypic outcome of the condition. Multiciliated cells (MCCs) are specialized epithelia with apical bundles of motile cilia that direct fluid flow. MCC dysfunction is associated with human diseases of the respiratory, reproductive, and central nervous systems. Further, the appearance of renal MCCs has been cataloged in several kidney conditions, where their function is unknown. Despite their pivotal health importance, many aspects of MCC development remain poorly understood. Here, we utilized a chemical screen to identify molecules that affect MCC ontogeny in the zebrafish embryo kidney, and found prostaglandin signaling is essential both for renal MCC progenitor formation and terminal differentiation. Moreover, we show that prostaglandin activity is required downstream of the transcription factor ets variant 5a (etv5a) during MCC fate choice, where modulating prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels rescued MCC number. The discovery that prostaglandin signaling mediates renal MCC development has broad implications for other tissues, and could provide insight into a multitude of pathological states.
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127
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Leys SP, Kahn AS. Oxygen and the Energetic Requirements of the First Multicellular Animals. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 58:666-676. [PMID: 29889237 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icy051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The appearance of multicellular animals during the Neoproterozoic Era is thought to have coincided with oxygenation of the oceans; however, we know little about the physiological needs of early animals or about the environment they lived in. Approaches using biomarkers, fossils, and phylogenomics have provided some hints of the types of animals that may have been present during the Neoproterozoic, but extant animals are our best modern links to the theoretical ancestors of animals. Neoproterozoic oceans were low energy habitats, with low oxygen concentrations and sparse food availability for the first animals. We examined tolerance of extant ctenophores and sponges-as representatives of extant lineages of the earliest known metazoan groups-to feeding and oxygen use. A review of respiration rates in species across several phyla suggests that suspension feeders in general have a wide range of metabolic rates, but sponges have some of the highest of invertebrates and ctenophores some of the lowest. Our own studies on the metabolism of two groups of deep water sponges show that sponges have different approaches to deal with the cost of filtration and low food availability. We also confirmed that deep water sponges tolerate periods of hypoxia, but at the cost of filtration, indicating that normal feeding is energetically expensive. Predictions of oxygen levels in the Neoproterozoic suggest the last common ancestor of multicellular animals was unlikely to have filtered like modern sponges. Getting enough food at low oxygen would have been a more important driver of the evolution of early body plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally P Leys
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Amanda S Kahn
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
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128
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Zhao H, Chen Q, Fang C, Huang Q, Zhou J, Yan X, Zhu X. Parental centrioles are dispensable for deuterosome formation and function during basal body amplification. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e46735. [PMID: 30833343 PMCID: PMC6446193 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian epithelial cells use a pair of parental centrioles and numerous deuterosomes as platforms for efficient basal body production during multiciliogenesis. How deuterosomes form and function, however, remain controversial. They are proposed to arise either spontaneously for massive de novo centriole biogenesis or in a daughter centriole-dependent manner as shuttles to carry away procentrioles assembled at the centriole. Here, we show that both parental centrioles are dispensable for deuterosome formation. In both mouse tracheal epithelial and ependymal cells (mTECs and mEPCs), discrete deuterosomes in the cytoplasm are initially procentriole-free. They emerge at widely dispersed positions in the cytoplasm and then enlarge, concomitant with their increased ability to form procentrioles. More importantly, deuterosomes still form efficiently in mEPCs whose daughter centriole or even both parental centrioles are eliminated through shRNA-mediated depletion or drug inhibition of Plk4, a kinase essential to centriole biogenesis in both cycling cells and multiciliated cells. Therefore, deuterosomes can be assembled autonomously to mediate de novo centriole amplification in multiciliated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingxia Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuyu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiongping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiumin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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129
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Lu H, Anujan P, Zhou F, Zhang Y, Chong YL, Bingle CD, Roy S. Mcidas mutant mice reveal a two-step process for the specification and differentiation of multiciliated cells in mammals. Development 2019; 146:146/6/dev172643. [PMID: 30877126 DOI: 10.1242/dev.172643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Motile cilia on multiciliated cells (MCCs) function in fluid clearance over epithelia. Studies with Xenopus embryos and individuals with the congenital respiratory disorder reduced generation of multiple motile cilia (RGMC), have implicated the nuclear protein MCIDAS (MCI), in the transcriptional regulation of MCC specification and differentiation. Recently, a paralogous protein, geminin coiled-coil domain containing (GMNC), was also shown to be required for MCC formation. Surprisingly, in contrast to the presently held view, we find that Mci mutant mice can specify MCC precursors. However, these precursors cannot produce multiple basal bodies, and mature into single ciliated cells. We identify an essential role for MCI in inducing deuterosome pathway components for the production of multiple basal bodies. Moreover, GMNC and MCI associate differentially with the cell-cycle regulators E2F4 and E2F5, which enables them to activate distinct sets of target genes (ciliary transcription factor genes versus basal body amplification genes). Our data establish a previously unrecognized two-step model for MCC development: GMNC functions in the initial step for MCC precursor specification. GMNC induces Mci expression that drives the second step of basal body production for multiciliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673
| | - Priyanka Anujan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673.,Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - Feng Zhou
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673
| | - Yiliu Zhang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673
| | - Yan Ling Chong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673
| | - Colin D Bingle
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673 .,Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119288.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
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130
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Li C, Wu YT, Zhu Q, Zhang HY, Huang Z, Zhang D, Qi H, Liang GL, He XQ, Wang XF, Tang X, Huang HF, Zhang J. TRPV4 is involved in levonorgestrel-induced reduction in oviduct ciliary beating. J Pathol 2019; 248:77-87. [PMID: 30632164 PMCID: PMC6593834 DOI: 10.1002/path.5233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies revealed the increasing risk of tubal pregnancy following failure of levonorgestrel (LNG)‐induced emergency contraception, which was attributed to the reduced ciliary motility in response to LNG. However, understanding of the mechanism of LNG‐induced reduction in the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) is limited. The transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) 4 channel is located widely in the female reproductive tract and generates an influx of Ca2+ following its activation under normal physiological conditions, which regulates the CBF. The present study aimed to explore whether LNG reduced the CBF in the Fallopian tubes by modulating TRPV4 channels, leading to embryo retention in the Fallopian tubes and subsequent tubal pregnancy. The study provided evidence that the expression of TRPV4 was downregulated in the Fallopian tubes among patients with tubal pregnancy and negatively correlated with the serum level of progesterone. LNG downregulated the expression of TRPV4, limiting the calcium influx to reduce the CBF in mouse oviducts. Furthermore, the distribution of ciliated cells and the morphology of cilia did not change following the administration of LNG. LNG‐induced reduction in the CBF and embryo retention in the Fallopian tubes and in mouse oviducts were partially reversed by the progesterone receptor antagonist RU486 or the TRPV4 agonist 4α‐phorbol 12,13‐didecanoate (4α‐PDD). The results indicated that LNG could downregulate the expression of TRPV4 to reduce the CBF in both humans and mice, suggesting the possible mechanism of tubal pregnancy. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, PR China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yan-Ting Wu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, PR China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qian Zhu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hui-Yu Zhang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhen Huang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, PR China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Duo Zhang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hang Qi
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Gui-Ling Liang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiao-Qing He
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xue Tang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - He-Feng Huang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, PR China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, PR China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
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131
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Ott T, Kaufmann L, Granzow M, Hinderhofer K, Bartram CR, Theiß S, Seitz A, Paramasivam N, Schulz A, Moog U, Blum M, Evers CM. The Frog Xenopus as a Model to Study Joubert Syndrome: The Case of a Human Patient With Compound Heterozygous Variants in PIBF1. Front Physiol 2019; 10:134. [PMID: 30858804 PMCID: PMC6397843 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JS) is a congenital autosomal-recessive or—in rare cases–X-linked inherited disease. The diagnostic hallmark of the so-called molar tooth sign describes the morphological manifestation of the mid- and hind-brain in axial brain scans. Affected individuals show delayed development, intellectual disability, ataxia, hyperpnea, sleep apnea, abnormal eye, and tongue movements as well as hypotonia. At the cellular level, JS is associated with the compromised biogenesis of sensory cilia, which identifies JS as a member of the large group of ciliopathies. Here we report on the identification of novel compound heterozygous variants (p.Y503C and p.Q485*) in the centrosomal gene PIBF1 in a patient with JS via trio whole exome sequencing. We have studied the underlying disease mechanism in the frog Xenopus, which offers fast assessment of cilia functions in a number of embryological contexts. Morpholino oligomer (MO) mediated knockdown of the orthologous Xenopus pibf1 gene resulted in defective mucociliary clearance in the larval epidermis, due to reduced cilia numbers and motility on multiciliated cells. To functionally assess patient alleles, mutations were analyzed in the larval skin: the p.Q485* nonsense mutation resulted in a disturbed localization of PIBF1 to the ciliary base. This mutant failed to rescue the ciliation phenotype following knockdown of endogenous pibf1. In contrast, the missense variant p.Y503C resulted in attenuated rescue capacity compared to the wild type allele. Based on these results, we conclude that in the case of this patient, JS is the result of a pathogenic combination of an amorphic and a hypomorphic PIBF1 allele. Our study underscores the versatility of the Xenopus model to study ciliopathies such as JS in a rapid and cost-effective manner, which should render this animal model attractive for future studies of human ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Ott
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lilian Kaufmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Granzow
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Claus R Bartram
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Theiß
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angelika Seitz
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nagarajan Paramasivam
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angela Schulz
- Genomics & Proteomics Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Moog
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Blum
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina M Evers
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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132
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Avidor-Reiss T, Fishman EL. It takes two (centrioles) to tango. Reproduction 2019; 157:R33-R51. [PMID: 30496124 PMCID: PMC6494718 DOI: 10.1530/rep-18-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cells that divide during embryo development require precisely two centrioles during interphase and four centrioles during mitosis. This precise number is maintained by allowing each centriole to nucleate only one centriole per cell cycle (i.e. centriole duplication). Yet, how the first cell of the embryo, the zygote, obtains two centrioles has remained a mystery in most mammals and insects. The mystery arose because the female gamete (oocyte) is thought to have no functional centrioles and the male gamete (spermatozoon) is thought to have only one functional centriole, resulting in a zygote with a single centriole. However, recent studies in fruit flies, beetles and mammals, including humans, suggest an alternative explanation: spermatozoa have a typical centriole and an atypical centriole. The sperm typical centriole has a normal structure but distinct protein composition, whereas the sperm atypical centriole is distinct in both. During fertilization, the atypical centriole is released into the zygote, nucleates a new centriole and participates in spindle pole formation. Thus, the spermatozoa's atypical centriole acts as a second centriole in the zygote. Here, we review centriole biology in general and especially in reproduction, we describe the discovery of the spermatozoon atypical centriole, and we provide an updated model for centriole inherence during sexual reproduction. While we focus on humans and other non-rodent mammals, we also provide a broader evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Avidor-Reiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Rd., Wolfe Hall 4259, Toledo, OH 43606
| | - Emily L. Fishman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Rd., Wolfe Hall 4259, Toledo, OH 43606
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133
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Zheng J, Liu H, Zhu L, Chen Y, Zhao H, Zhang W, Li F, Xie L, Yan X, Zhu X. Microtubule-bundling protein Spef1 enables mammalian ciliary central apparatus formation. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 11:67-77. [PMID: 30535028 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjy014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are cellular protrusions containing nine microtubule (MT) doublets and function to propel cell movement or extracellular liquid flow through beating or sense environmental stimuli through signal transductions. Cilia require the central pair (CP) apparatus, consisting of two CP MTs covered with projections of CP proteins, for planar strokes. How the CP MTs of such '9 + 2' cilia are constructed, however, remains unknown. Here we identify Spef1, an evolutionarily conserved microtubule-bundling protein, as a core CP MT regulator in mammalian cilia. Spef1 was selectively expressed in mammalian cells with 9 + 2 cilia and specifically localized along the CP. Its depletion in multiciliated mouse ependymal cells by RNAi completely abolished the CP MTs and markedly attenuated ciliary localizations of CP proteins such as Hydin and Spag6, resulting in rotational beat of the ependymal cilia. Spef1, which binds to MTs through its N-terminal calponin-homologous domain, formed homodimers through its C-terminal coiled coil region to bundle and stabilize MTs. Disruption of either the MT-binding or the dimerization activity abolished the ability of exogenous Spef1 to restore the structure and functions of the CP apparatus. We propose that Spef1 bundles and stabilizes central MTs to enable the assembly and functions of the CP apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai0, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai0, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai0, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yawen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai0, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai0, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai0, China
| | - Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai0, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lele Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai0, China
| | - Xiumin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai0, China
| | - Xueliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai0, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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134
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Wan KY. Coordination of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:829-838. [PMID: 30464007 PMCID: PMC6281475 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20180029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Propulsion by slender cellular appendages called cilia and flagella is an ancient means of locomotion. Unicellular organisms evolved myriad strategies to propel themselves in fluid environments, often involving significant differences in flagella number, localisation and modes of actuation. Remarkably, these appendages are highly conserved, occurring in many complex organisms such as humans, where they may be found generating physiological flows when attached to surfaces (e.g. airway epithelial cilia), or else conferring motility to male gametes (e.g. undulations of sperm flagella). Where multiple cilia arise, their movements are often observed to be highly coordinated. Here I review the two main mechanisms for motile cilia coordination, namely, intracellular and hydrodynamic, and discuss their relative importance in different ciliary systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Y Wan
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K.
- College of Engineering Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K
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135
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Garrido-Jimenez S, Roman AC, Alvarez-Barrientos A, Carvajal-Gonzalez JM. Centriole planar polarity assessment in Drosophila wings. Development 2018; 145:dev.169326. [PMID: 30389850 DOI: 10.1242/dev.169326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, planar polarization of ciliary basal bodies has been associated with actin polymerization that occurs downstream of the Frizzled-planar cell polarity (Fz-PCP) pathway. In Drosophila wing epithelial cells, which do not have cilia, centrioles also polarize in a Fz-PCP-dependent manner, although the relationship with actin polymerization remains unknown. By combining existing and new quantitative methods, we unexpectedly found that known PCP effectors linked to actin polymerization phenotypes affect neither final centriole polarization nor apical centriole distribution. But actin polymerization is required upstream of Fz-PCP to maintain the centrioles in restricted areas in the apical-most planes of those epithelial cells before and after the actin-based hair is formed. Furthermore, in the absence of proper core Fz-PCP signalling, actin polymerization is insufficient to drive this off-centred centriole migration. Altogether, the results reveal that there are at least two pathways controlling centriole positioning in Drosophila pupal wings - an upstream actin-dependent mechanism involved in centriole distribution that is PCP independent, and an unknown mechanism that links core Fz-PCP and centriole polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Garrido-Jimenez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Angel-Carlos Roman
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Avenida de Brasilia, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Alberto Alvarez-Barrientos
- Servicio de Técnicas Aplicadas a las Biociencias (STAB), Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Jose Maria Carvajal-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
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136
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Konjikusic MJ, Yeetong P, Boswell CW, Lee C, Roberson EC, Ittiwut R, Suphapeetiporn K, Ciruna B, Gurnett CA, Wallingford JB, Shotelersuk V, Gray RS. Mutations in Kinesin family member 6 reveal specific role in ependymal cell ciliogenesis and human neurological development. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007817. [PMID: 30475797 PMCID: PMC6307780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid flow is crucial for neurodevelopment and homeostasis of the ventricular system of the brain, with localized flow being established by the polarized beating of the ependymal cell (EC) cilia. Here, we report a homozygous one base-pair deletion, c.1193delT (p.Leu398Glnfs*2), in the Kinesin Family Member 6 (KIF6) gene in a child displaying neurodevelopmental defects and intellectual disability. To test the pathogenicity of this novel human KIF6 mutation we engineered an analogous C-terminal truncating mutation in mouse. These mutant mice display severe, postnatal-onset hydrocephalus. We generated a Kif6-LacZ transgenic mouse strain and report expression specifically and uniquely within the ependymal cells (ECs) of the brain, without labeling other multiciliated mouse tissues. Analysis of Kif6 mutant mice with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and immunofluorescence (IF) revealed specific defects in the formation of EC cilia, without obvious effect of cilia of other multiciliated tissues. Dilation of the ventricular system and defects in the formation of EC cilia were also observed in adult kif6 mutant zebrafish. Finally, we report Kif6-GFP localization at the axoneme and basal bodies of multi-ciliated cells (MCCs) of the mucociliary Xenopus epidermis. Overall, this work describes the first clinically-defined KIF6 homozygous null mutation in human and defines KIF6 as a conserved mediator of neurological development with a specific role for EC ciliogenesis in vertebrates. Cerebrospinal fluid flow is crucial for neurodevelopment and homeostasis of the ventricular system of the brain. Localized flows of cerebrospinal fluid throughout the ventricular system of the brain are established from the polarized beating of the ependymal cell (EC) cilia. Here, we identified a homozygous truncating mutation in KIF6 in a child displaying neurodevelopmental defects and intellectual disability. To test the function of KIF6 in vivo, we engineered mutations of Kif6 in mouse. These Kif6 mutant mice display severe hydrocephalus, coupled with defects in the formation of EC cilia. Similarly, we observed hydrocephalus and a reduction in EC cilia in kif6 mutant zebrafish. Overall, this work describes the first clinically-defined KIF6 mutation in human, while our animal studies demonstrate the pathogenicity of mutations in KIF6 and establish KIF6 as a conserved mediator of ciliogenesis in ECs in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia J. Konjikusic
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Patterson Labs, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Patra Yeetong
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Curtis W. Boswell
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chanjae Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Patterson Labs, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elle C. Roberson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Patterson Labs, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rungnapa Ittiwut
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanya Suphapeetiporn
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Brian Ciruna
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina A. Gurnett
- Department of Neurology, Division Pediatric Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - John B. Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Patterson Labs, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vorasuk Shotelersuk
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Medical Genetics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (VS); (RSG)
| | - Ryan S. Gray
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (VS); (RSG)
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137
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Zhu L, Liu H, Chen Y, Yan X, Zhu X. Rsph9 is critical for ciliary radial spoke assembly and central pair microtubule stability. Biol Cell 2018; 111:29-38. [PMID: 30383886 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201800060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION In the "9+2"-type motile cilia, radial spokes (RSs) protruded from the nine peripheral microtubule doublets surround and interact with the central pair (CP) apparatus to regulate ciliary beat. RSPH9 is the human homologue of the essential protozoan RS head protein Rsp9. Its mutations in human primary ciliary dyskinesia patients, however, cause CP loss in a small portion of airway cilia without affecting the ciliary localization of other head proteins. RESULTS We characterized mouse Rsph9 and investigated its function in ependymal motile cilia. Rsph9 was specifically expressed in mouse tissues containing motile cilia and upregulated during multiciliation. Its ciliary localization complied with its putative role as an RS subunit. Depletion of Rsph9 by RNAi in mouse ependymal cilia resulted in a near complete CP loss and altered the ciliary beat pattern from planar to rotational. Multiple RS proteins, including those in the head, were also markedly downregulated in the Rsph9-depleted cilia. CONCLUSION Rsph9 is essential for both the RS head assembly and the CP maintenance in mammalian ependymal cilia. SIGNIFICANCE Our results help to understand the assembly and functions of mammalian RS and pathology of RS-related ciliopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yawen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiumin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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138
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CDC20B is required for deuterosome-mediated centriole production in multiciliated cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4668. [PMID: 30405130 PMCID: PMC6220262 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCCs) harbor dozens to hundreds of motile cilia, which generate hydrodynamic forces important in animal physiology. In vertebrates, MCC differentiation involves massive centriole production by poorly characterized structures called deuterosomes. Here, single-cell RNA sequencing reveals that human deuterosome stage MCCs are characterized by the expression of many cell cycle-related genes. We further investigated the uncharacterized vertebrate-specific cell division cycle 20B (CDC20B) gene, which hosts microRNA-449abc. We show that CDC20B protein associates to deuterosomes and is required for centriole release and subsequent cilia production in mouse and Xenopus MCCs. CDC20B interacts with PLK1, a kinase known to coordinate centriole disengagement with the protease Separase in mitotic cells. Strikingly, over-expression of Separase rescues centriole disengagement and cilia production in CDC20B-deficient MCCs. This work reveals the shaping of deuterosome-mediated centriole production in vertebrate MCCs, by adaptation of canonical and recently evolved cell cycle-related molecules.
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139
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Becker CG, Becker T, Hugnot JP. The spinal ependymal zone as a source of endogenous repair cells across vertebrates. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 170:67-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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140
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Sun DI, Tasca A, Haas M, Baltazar G, Harland RM, Finkbeiner WE, Walentek P. Na+/H+ Exchangers Are Required for the Development and Function of Vertebrate Mucociliary Epithelia. Cells Tissues Organs 2018; 205:279-292. [PMID: 30300884 DOI: 10.1159/000492973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs) represent a highly conserved family of ion transporters that regulate pH homeostasis. NHEs as well as other proton transporters were previously linked to the regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway, cell polarity signaling, and mucociliary function. Furthermore, mutations in the gene SLC9A3 (encoding NHE3) were detected as additional risk factors for airway infections in cystic fibrosis patients. Here, we used the Xenopus embryonic mucociliary epidermis as well as human airway epithelial cells (HAECs) as models to investigate the functional roles of NHEs in mucociliary development and regeneration. In Xenopus embryos, NHEs 1-3 were expressed during epidermal development, and loss of NHE function impaired mucociliary clearance in tadpoles. Clearance defects were caused by reduced cilia formation, disrupted alignment of basal bodies in multiciliated cells (MCCs), and dysregulated mucociliary gene expression. These data also suggested that NHEs may contribute to the activation of Wnt signaling in mucociliary epithelia. In HAECs, pharmacological inhibition of NHE function also caused defective ciliation and regeneration in airway MCCs. Collectively, our data revealed a requirement for NHEs in vertebrate mucociliary epithelia and linked NHE activity to cilia formation and function in differentiating MCCs. Our results provide an entry point for the understanding of the contribution of NHEs to signaling, development, and pathogenesis in the human respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyuan I Sun
- Genetics, Genomics and Development Division, Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alexia Tasca
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University Freiburg Medical Center and ZBSA - Center for Systems Biological Analysis, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Haas
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University Freiburg Medical Center and ZBSA - Center for Systems Biological Analysis, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Grober Baltazar
- Genetics, Genomics and Development Division, Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.,Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard M Harland
- Genetics, Genomics and Development Division, Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Walter E Finkbeiner
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter Walentek
- Genetics, Genomics and Development Division, Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley, California, .,Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University Freiburg Medical Center and ZBSA - Center for Systems Biological Analysis, Freiburg, .,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg,
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141
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Bosveld F, Wang Z, Bellaïche Y. Tricellular junctions: a hot corner of epithelial biology. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 54:80-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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142
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Chong YL, Zhang Y, Zhou F, Roy S. Distinct requirements of E2f4 versus E2f5 activity for multiciliated cell development in the zebrafish embryo. Dev Biol 2018; 443:165-172. [PMID: 30218642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCCs) differentiate arrays of motile cilia that beat to drive fluid flow over epithelia. Recent studies have established two Geminin family coiled-coil containing nuclear regulatory proteins, Gmnc and Multicilin (Mci), in the specification and differentiation of the MCCs. Both Gmnc and Mci are devoid of a DNA binding domain: they regulate transcription by associating with E2f family transcription factors, notably E2f4 and E2f5. Here, we have studied the relative contribution of these two E2f factors in MCC development using the zebrafish embryo, which differentiates MCCs within kidney tubules and the nose. We found that while E2f4 is fully dispensable, E2f5 is essential for MCCs to form in the kidney tubules. Moreover, using a variety of double mutant combinations we show that E2f5 has a more prominent role in MCC development in the zebrafish than E2f4. This contrasts with current evidence from the mouse, where E2f4 seems to be more important. Thus, distinct combinatorial activities of the E2f4 and E2f5 proteins regulate the specification and differentiation of MCCs in zebrafish and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ling Chong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Yiliu Zhang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Feng Zhou
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119288, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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143
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Kulkarni SS, Griffin JN, Date PP, Liem KF, Khokha MK. WDR5 Stabilizes Actin Architecture to Promote Multiciliated Cell Formation. Dev Cell 2018; 46:595-610.e3. [PMID: 30205038 PMCID: PMC6177229 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is critical to shape cells and pattern intracellular organelles, which collectively drives tissue morphogenesis. In multiciliated cells (MCCs), apical actin drives expansion of the cell surface necessary to host hundreds of cilia. The apical actin also forms a lattice to uniformly distribute basal bodies. This apical actin network is dynamically remodeled, but the molecules that regulate its architecture remain poorly understood. We identify the chromatin modifier, WDR5, as a regulator of apical F-actin in MCCs. Unexpectedly in MCCs, WDR5 has a function independent of chromatin modification. We discover a scaffolding role for WDR5 between the basal body and F-actin. Specifically, WDR5 binds to basal bodies and migrates apically, where F-actin organizes around WDR5. Using a monomer trap for G-actin, we show that WDR5 stabilizes F-actin to maintain lattice architecture. In summary, we identify a non-chromatin role for WDR5 in stabilizing F-actin in MCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh S Kulkarni
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - John N Griffin
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Priya P Date
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Karel F Liem
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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144
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Vladar EK, Stratton MB, Saal ML, Salazar-De Simone G, Wang X, Wolgemuth D, Stearns T, Axelrod JD. Cyclin-dependent kinase control of motile ciliogenesis. eLife 2018; 7:36375. [PMID: 30152757 PMCID: PMC6145839 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cycling cells maintain centriole number at precisely two per cell in part by limiting their duplication to S phase under the control of the cell cycle machinery. In contrast, postmitotic multiciliated cells (MCCs) uncouple centriole assembly from cell cycle progression and produce hundreds of centrioles in the absence of DNA replication to serve as basal bodies for motile cilia. Although some cell cycle regulators have previously been implicated in motile ciliogenesis, how the cell cycle machinery is employed to amplify centrioles is unclear. We use transgenic mice and primary airway epithelial cell culture to show that Cdk2, the kinase responsible for the G1 to S phase transition, is also required in MCCs to initiate motile ciliogenesis. While Cdk2 is coupled with cyclins E and A2 during cell division, cyclin A1 is required during ciliogenesis, contributing to an alternative regulatory landscape that facilitates centriole amplification without DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter K Vladar
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | | | - Maxwell L Saal
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | | | - Xiangyuan Wang
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Debra Wolgemuth
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Axelrod
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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145
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Kim S, Ma L, Shokhirev MN, Quigley I, Kintner C. Multicilin and activated E2f4 induce multiciliated cell differentiation in primary fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12369. [PMID: 30120325 PMCID: PMC6098136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCCs) are specialized epithelial cells that project hundreds of motile cilia. To form these cilia, MCCs differentiate by dramatically expanding centriole number, using assembly factors required for centriole duplication during the cell cycle and multiple, novel assembly sites, called the deuterosome. The small coiled-coil protein, Multicilin, acting in a complex with the E2F proteins can initiate multiciliated cell differentiation, but reportedly only in a limited range of epithelial progenitors. To examine the nature of this restricted activity, we analyzed Multicilin activity in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), a cell type distant from the epithelial lineages where MCCs normally arise. We show that Multicilin transcriptional activity is markedly attenuated in MEFs, where it induces only limited centriole expansion in a small fraction of cells. We further show that this transcriptional block is largely bypassed by expressing Multicilin along with a form of E2f4 where a generic activation domain from HSV1 VP16 (E2f4VP16) is fused to the carboxy terminus. MEFs respond to Multicilin and E2f4VP16 by undergoing massive centriole expansion via the deuterosome pathway, recapitulating a temporal sequence of organelle biogenesis that occurs in epithelial progenitors during MCC differentiation. These results suggest that the pattern of organelle biogenesis occurring in differentiating MCCs is largely determined by the transcriptional changes induced by Multicilin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjae Kim
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Lina Ma
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Ian Quigley
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Chris Kintner
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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146
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Gupta A, Fabian L, Brill JA. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate regulates cilium transition zone maturation in Drosophila melanogaster. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.218297. [PMID: 30054387 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.218297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are cellular antennae that are essential for human development and physiology. A large number of genetic disorders linked to cilium dysfunction are associated with proteins that localize to the ciliary transition zone (TZ), a structure at the base of cilia that regulates trafficking in and out of the cilium. Despite substantial effort to identify TZ proteins and their roles in cilium assembly and function, processes underlying maturation of TZs are not well understood. Here, we report a role for the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) in TZ maturation in the Drosophila melanogaster male germline. We show that reduction of cellular PIP2 levels through ectopic expression of a phosphoinositide phosphatase or mutation of the type I phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase Skittles induces formation of longer than normal TZs. These hyperelongated TZs exhibit functional defects, including loss of plasma membrane tethering. We also report that the onion rings (onr) allele of DrosophilaExo84 decouples TZ hyperelongation from loss of cilium-plasma membrane tethering. Our results reveal a requirement for PIP2 in supporting ciliogenesis by promoting proper TZ maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alind Gupta
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Lacramioara Fabian
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Julie A Brill
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada .,Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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147
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Willsey HR, Walentek P, Exner CRT, Xu Y, Lane AB, Harland RM, Heald R, Santama N. Katanin-like protein Katnal2 is required for ciliogenesis and brain development in Xenopus embryos. Dev Biol 2018; 442:276-287. [PMID: 30096282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule remodeling is critical for cellular and developmental processes underlying morphogenetic changes and for the formation of many subcellular structures. Katanins are conserved microtubule severing enzymes that are essential for spindle assembly, ciliogenesis, cell division, and cellular motility. We have recently shown that a related protein, Katanin-like 2 (KATNAL2), is similarly required for cytokinesis, cell cycle progression, and ciliogenesis in cultured mouse cells. However, its developmental expression pattern, localization, and in vivo role during organogenesis have yet to be characterized. Here, we used Xenopus embryos to reveal that Katnal2 (1) is expressed broadly in ciliated and neurogenic tissues throughout embryonic development; (2) is localized to basal bodies, ciliary axonemes, centrioles, and mitotic spindles; and (3) is required for ciliogenesis and brain development. Since human KATNAL2 is a risk gene for autism spectrum disorders, our functional data suggest that Xenopus may be a relevant system for understanding the relationship of mutations in this gene to autism and the underlying molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Rankin Willsey
- Department of Molecular&Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Peter Walentek
- Department of Molecular&Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
| | - Cameron R T Exner
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Yuxiao Xu
- Department of Molecular&Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Andrew B Lane
- Department of Molecular&Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Richard M Harland
- Department of Molecular&Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Rebecca Heald
- Department of Molecular&Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Niovi Santama
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Cyprus.
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148
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Abstract
Although tumours initiate from oncogenic changes in a cancer cell, subsequent tumour progression and therapeutic response depend on interactions between the cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment (TME). The primary monocilium, or cilium, provides a spatially localized platform for signalling by Hedgehog, Notch, WNT and some receptor tyrosine kinase pathways and mechanosensation. Changes in ciliation of cancer cells and/or cells of the TME during tumour development enforce asymmetric intercellular signalling in the TME. Growing evidence indicates that some oncogenic signalling pathways as well as some targeted anticancer therapies induce ciliation, while others repress it. The links between the genomic profile of cancer cells, drug treatment and ciliary signalling in the TME likely affect tumour growth and therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Anna A Kiseleva
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Erica A Golemis
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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149
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Ependymal cilia beating induces an actin network to protect centrioles against shear stress. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2279. [PMID: 29891944 PMCID: PMC5996024 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04676-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiciliated ependymal cells line all brain cavities. The beating of their motile cilia contributes to the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, which is required for brain homoeostasis and functions. Motile cilia, nucleated from centrioles, persist once formed and withstand the forces produced by the external fluid flow and by their own cilia beating. Here, we show that a dense actin network around the centrioles is induced by cilia beating, as shown by the disorganisation of the actin network upon impairment of cilia motility. Moreover, disruption of the actin network, or specifically of the apical actin network, causes motile cilia and their centrioles to detach from the apical surface of ependymal cell. In conclusion, cilia beating controls the apical actin network around centrioles; the mechanical resistance of this actin network contributes, in turn, to centriole stability. Ependymal ciliary beating contributes to the flow of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles and these cilia resist the flow forces. Here the authors show that the assembly of a dense actin network around the centrioles is induced by cilia beating to protect centrioles against the shear stress generated by ciliary motility.
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150
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Abdi K, Lai CH, Paez-Gonzalez P, Lay M, Pyun J, Kuo CT. Uncovering inherent cellular plasticity of multiciliated ependyma leading to ventricular wall transformation and hydrocephalus. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1655. [PMID: 29695808 PMCID: PMC5916891 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03812-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialized, differentiated cells often perform unique tasks that require them to maintain a stable phenotype. Multiciliated ependymal cells (ECs) are unique glial cells lining the brain ventricles, important for cerebral spinal fluid circulation. While functional ECs are needed to prevent hydrocephalus, they have also been reported to generate new neurons: whether ECs represent a stable cellular population remains unclear. Via a chemical screen we found that mature ECs are inherently plastic, with their multiciliated state needing constant maintenance by the Foxj1 transcription factor, which paradoxically is rapidly turned over by the ubiquitin-proteasome system leading to cellular de-differentiation. Mechanistic analyses revealed a novel NF-κB-independent IKK2 activity stabilizing Foxj1 in mature ECs, and we found that known IKK2 inhibitors including viruses and growth factors robustly induced Foxj1 degradation, EC de-differentiation, and hydrocephalus. Although mature ECs upon de-differentiation can divide and regenerate multiciliated ECs, we did not detect evidence supporting EC’s neurogenic potential. Multiciliated ependymal cells (ECs) in the mammalian brain are glial cells facilitating cerebral spinal fluid movement. This study describes an inherent cellular plasticity of ECs as maintained by Foxj1 and IKK2 signaling, and shows resulting hydrocephalus when EC de-differentiation is triggered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadar Abdi
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Chun-Hsiang Lai
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Mark Lay
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Joon Pyun
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Chay T Kuo
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Brumley Neonatal/Perinatal Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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